CHE COURSE

INTEGRATION 1
(ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS)

ENGR. JOHN LESTER MORILLO

BASIC RULES OF ALGEBRA

1. Commutative Property
addition: a + b = b + a
multiplication: ab = ba
2. Associative Property
addition: (a + b) + c = a + (b + c)
multiplication: (a b) c = a (b c)
3. Identity Property
addition: a + 0= 0 + a = a
multiplication: a 1= 1 a = a

BASIC RULES OF ALGEBRA

4. Inverse Property
addition: a + (-a) = (-a) + a = 0
multiplication: a (1/a) = (1/a) a = 1
5. Distributive Property of Multiplication
a ( b + c ) = ab + ac

PROPERTIES OF EQUALITY
1. Reflexive Property
a=a
2. Symmetric Property
if a = b, then b = a
3. Transitive Property
if a = b and b = c, then a = c

PROPERTIES OF EQUALITY
4. Zero Product Property
if ab=0, then a = 0 or b = 0 or both
a and b = 0
5. Addition Property of Equality
if a = b, then a + c = b + c
6. Multiplication Property of Equality
if a = b, then ac = bc

PROPERTIES OF EXPONENT
1. aman = am+n
2. am /an = am-n
3. (am) n = amn
4. (ab) m = ambm
5. (a/b) m = am /bm
6. a-m = 1 /am
7. a0 = 1

PROPERTIES OF LOGARITHM
1. log (xy) = log x + log y
2. log (x/y) = log x log y
3. log (x) = n log x
4. log 1 = 0
5. log a x = log x / log a
6. log e x = ln x

ARITHMETIC PROGRESSION
An = A1 + (n-1)d
Sn = (n/2)(A1 + An)
Sn = (n/2)[2A1 + (n-1)d]
An :
A1 :
n :
d :

last term
first term
number of terms
common difference

GEOMETRIC PROGRESSION
An = A1 + (n-1)d
aman = am+n
Gn = G1(r)n-1
Sn = G1(rn -1) / (r-1)
Infinite Geometric Series: Sn = G1 / (1-r)
Gn :
G1 :
n :
r :

last term
first term
number of terms
common ratio

TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
sin A = opposite side/ hypotenuse side
cos A = adjacent side/hypotenuse side
tan A = opposite side/ adjacent side
csc A = hypotenuse side / opposite side
sec A = hypotenuse side /adjacent side
cot A = adjacent side/ opposite side

LAW OF SINE
a/sinA = b/sinB = c/sinC
LAW OF COSINE (SSS, SAS)
a2 = b2 + c2 2bccos(A)
b2 = a2 + c2 2accos(B)
c2 = a2 + b2 2abcos(C)

Pythagorean Relation
sin2 A + cos2 A = 1
csc2 A= 1 + cot2 A
sec2 A= 1 + tan2 A

Sum and Difference of Angles

sin (A +/- B) = sinAcosB +/- cosAsinB
cos (A +/- B) = cosAcosB sinAsinB
tan (A +/- B) = (tanA +/- tanB)/(1 -/+ tanAtanB)
Double angle
sin (2A) = 2sinAcosA
cos (2A) = cos2 A - sin2 A = 2cos2 A 1
= 1 - 2sin2 A
tan (2A) = (2tanA)/(1 - tan2 A)

Area of Triangle
A = ab
A = [s(s-a)(s-b)(s-c)]
A = ab sinC
A = bc sinA
A = ac sinB

Triangle inscribed in a circle

A = abc/4r
Triangle circumscribing a circle
A = rs
Triangle with escribed circle
A = r(s-a)

Circle
Area:
A = r2
Circumference:
C = 2 r = d
Arc:
s= r
Area of Sector:
A = r2
Area of a segment: A =area of sector area
of triangle
= r2 ( sin )

Quadrilateral
Square
Rectangle
Rhombus
Trapezoid

A = s2
P = 4s
A = LW
P = 2(L + W)
A = bh = s2 sin = d1d2
P = 4s
A = (h/2) (b1 + b2)

Ellipse and Parabolic Segment

Ellipse
Parabolic Segment:

A = ab
A = 2/3 bh

REGULAR POLYGON
Sum of Interior Angle:
S = (n-2)(180)
Size of Interior Angle:
IA = (n-2)(180)/n
Number of Diagonals:
Diagonals = (n-3)(n/2)
Area:
A = (Perimeter)(apothem)
Perimeter:
P = n (side length)

REGULAR POLYGON
A = nL2 cot (180/n)
Regular Polygon circumscribing a circle:
A = nr2 tan (180/n)
P = 2nr tan (180/n)
Regular Polygon inscribed in a circle:
A = nr2 sin (360/n)
P = 2nr sin(180/n)

Volumes and Surface Areas

Cube:

V = s3
SA = 6s2
Rectangular Parallelepiped:
V = LWH
SA = 2(LW + WH + LH)
Right Prism and Right Cylinder
V = Bh
SA = 2 B + Lateral Area
Lateral area = (base perimeter)(h)

Oblique Prism and Cylinder

V = Bh = Ke
SA = 2 B + Lateral Area
Lateral Area = (perimeter of
the right section) x lateral edge
Pyramid and Cone:
V = 1/3 Bh

Truncated Prism:
V = Bh AVE
Frustum:
V = h/3 [B1 + B2 + (B1B2) ]
Prismatoid: (Prismoidal Formula)
V = L/6 (A1 + 4 Am + A2)

Sphere:

V = 4/3 r3 = d3 /6
SA = 4 r2 =
Zone:
A = 2rh
Spherical Segment: V = ( h2/3) (3r h)
Spherical Sector: V = 1/3 (Area of Zone) r
Torus:
V = 2 2 Rr2
A = 42Rr

Ellipsoid
V = 4/3 abc
Prolate Spheroid:
V = 4/3 ab2
Oblate Spheroid:
V = 4/3 a2b

ANALYTICAL GEOMETRY
Circle locus of pt that w/c moves so that it
is equidistant from a fixed pt called center.
1. Gen. Equation
x2+y2+Dx+Ey+F=0
2. Std Equation c(0,0) x2+y2=r2
3. Std Equation c(h,k) (x-h)2+(y-k)2=r2

Parabola locus of a pt w/c moves so that it

is always equidistant to a fixed pt called
focus and to fixed straight line called
directrix.
1. Gen. Equation
Axis parallel to the y axis: Ax2+Dx+Ey+F=0
Axis parallel to the x-axis: Cy2+Dx+Ey+F=0

2. Std. Equation, v(0,0)

Axis along the y-axis
Axis along the x-axis
3. Std. Equation, v(h,k)
Axis parallel to y-axis
Axis parallel to x-axis

x2=4ay
y2=4ax
(x-h) 2=4a(y-k)
(y-k) 2=4a(x-h)

4. Eccentricity
:
e=1
5. Length of Latus Rectum:
LR= 4a
6. Distance from vertex to directrix: a
7. Distance from vertex to focus: a
8. Distance from focus to directrix: 2a

Ellipse locus of a pt w/c moves so that the

sum of the distances to the two fixed
points called foci is constant and is equal
to the length of the major axis (2a).
1. General Equation: Ax2+Cy2+Dx+Ey+F=0
2. Std. Equation, c(0,0)
Major axis along y-axis y2/a2 + x2/b2 = 1
Major axis along x-axis x2/a2 + y2/b2 = 1

3. Std. equation, c(h,k)

Major axis parallel to y-axis
(y-k)2/a2 + (x-h)2/b2 = 1
Major axis parallel to x-axis
(x-h)2/a2 + (y-k)2/b2 = 1
4. Relationship bet. a, b and c : a2=b2+c2
5. Eccentricity
: e=c/a ( less than 1)
6. Length of Latus Rectum : LR=2b2/a

7. Length of major axis :

2a
8. Length of semi-major axis: a
9. Length of minor axis :
2b
10. Length of semi-minor axis: b
11. Distance between foci:
2c
12. Distance from the center to focus: c

Hyperbola locus of a pt w/c moves so that

the difference of its distance to the two fixed
pts called foci is constant and is equal to the
length of the transverse axis (2a).
1. General Equation: Ax2+Cy2+Dx+Ey+F=0
2. Std. Equation, c(0,0)
Transverse axis along the y-axis:y2/a2-x2/b2=1
Transverse axis along the x-axis:x2/a2-y2/b2=1

3. Std. equation, c(h,k)

Transverse axis parallel to y-axis
(y-k)2/a2 - (x-h)2/b2 = 1
Transverse axis parallel to x-axis
(x-h)2/a2 - (y-k)2/b2 = 1
4. Relationship bet. a, b and c : c2=a2+b2
5. Eccentricity
: e=c/a ( greater than 1)
6. Length of Latus Rectum : LR=2b2/a

7. Length of transverse axis :

2a
8. Length of semi-transverse axis: a
9. Length of conjugate axis
:
2b
10. Length of semi-conjugate axis: b
11. Distance between foci:
2c
12. Distance from the center to focus: c

Polar Coordinates:
1. x = rcos
2. y = rsin
3. r2 = x2 + y2
4. =arctan (y/x)

Differential Calculus
Derivative of Algebraic Functions:
1. d/dx(c) = 0
2. d/dx (x) = 1
3. d/dx (uv) = du/dx dv/dx
4. d/dx (uv) = u dv/dx + v du/dx
5. d/dx (u/v) = (v du/dx u dv/dx) / v2
6. d/dx (u) n = n un-1 du/dx

Derivative of Exponential Functions:

1. d/dx (a) u = au ln a du/dx
2. d/dx (e) u = eu d/dx
Derivative of Logarithmic Function
1. d/dx (log u) = 0.4343 (du/dx) / u
2. d/dx (ln u) = (du/dx) / u
3. d/dx(log b u) = log b (du/dx) / u

Derivative of trigonometric functions

1. d/dx (sin u) = cos u du/dx
2. d/dx (cos u) = -sin u du/dx
3. d/dx (tan u) = sec2 u du/dx
4. d/dx (cot u) = -csc2 u du/dx
5. d/dx (sec u) = sec u tan u du/dx
6. d/dx (csc u) = -csc u cot u du/dx

Derivative of Inverse Trigonometric Functions:

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

d/dx (arcsin u) = 1/(1-u2) 1/2 (du/dx)

d/dx (arccos u) = -1/(1-u2) 1/2 (du/dx)
d/dx (arctan u) = 1/(1+u2) (du/dx)
d/dx (arccot u) = -1/(1+u2) 1/2 (du/dx)
d/dx (arcsec u) = 1/u(u2-1) 1/2 (du/dx)
d/dx (arccsc u) = -1/u(u2-1) 1/2 (du/dx)

Critical Points:
1. At maximum point
y = 0 and y is negative
2. At Minimun point
y= 0 and y is positive
3. At point of Inflection
y = 0

LHopitals Rule:
lim xa f(x) / g(x) = f(a) / g(a) = 0/0 or /
lim xa f(x)/g(x) = lim xa f(x)/g(x) = f(a)/g(a)
1. Differentiate separately the numerator
and denominator.
2. Substitute the value of the limit to the
variables

Integral Calculus
Basic Integral:
1. du = u + C
2. a du = au + C
3. un du = (un+1) / (n+1) + C
4. du / u = ln u + C

Exponential and Logarothmic Functions:

1. e du = e + C
2. au du = au / ln a + C
3. ln u du = u ln u u + C

Trigonometric Functions:
1. sin u du = -cos u + C
2. cos u du = sin u + C
3. tan u du = ln sec u + C
= -ln cos u + C
4. cot u du
= ln sin u + C
= -ln csc u + C

5. sec u du = ln sec u + tan u + C

6. csc u du = ln csc u - cot u + C
7. sec2 u du = tan u + C
8. csc2 u du = -cot u + C
9. sec u tan u du = sec u + C
10. csc u cot u u du = -csc u + C

Inverse Trigonometric Functions

1. arcsin u du = u arcsin u + (1-u2) 1/2 + C
2. arccos u du = u arccos u - (1-u2) 1/2 + C
3. arctan u du = u arctan u - ln (1-u2) 1/2 +C
4. du/ (a2-u2) 1/2 = arcsin (u/a) + C
5. du/ (a2 +u 2)= (1/a) arctan (u/a) + C
6. du/ u(u2-u2) 1/2 = (1/a) arcsec (u/a) + C

Trigonometric Substitution:
1. (a2-u2) 1/2 du
Let: u = a sin and 1 sin2 = cos2
2. (a2+u2) 1/2 du
Let: u = a tan and 1 + tan2 = sec2
3. (u2-a2) 1/2 du
Let: u = a sec and sec2 1 = tan2

Integration by Parts
1. u dv = uv - v du

Wallis Formula:
1. sinm cosn d
Lower limit = 0 and upper limit = /2
=
Where = /2 if both m and n are even
= 1 if otherwise