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Introduction.
The use of fault location techniques is a present
requirement of the smart grid enabled distribution
management systems. The management strategies used in such
management systems call for the use of concepts like service
continuity, quality of service, reliability etc in the modern
interpretation of the role of the electric power systems which
implies an improvement in the precision of the fault location
methods used in distribution systems. Such fault location
methods are absolutely necessary since they make the job of
fault detection and elimination, easier and significantly
decreases the time used for such tasks. .[1]
Several techniques like reactance algorithms, travelling
wave, high frequency components, computational intelligence
etc, have been used to solve the problem of fault location in
electric power systems. [2] [3-8]. Most of these techniques
were developed for power transmission lines because of their
higher power levels, larger sizes, homogeneity, simpler
topology, etc.
Transmission lines carry higher power levels than any
other so their faults tend to have the worst, system
wide, consequences and are usually responsible for
affecting large amounts of users.
The distances in transmission lines range from several
dozens to a few hundred kilometers, longer than the
distances in any distribution lines.[5, 9-10]
Transmission lines are usually homogeneous, fully
transposed, topologically simple etc making them especially
suited for relatively simple and economic solutions in terms of
measurement resources and computing power. Reactance
algorithms like that developed by Takagi et al[2] which can be
Gonzlez Gmez Abel, works for Megger, LTD, in Toronto, Canada. (email: abel.gonzalez@megger.com)
NOMOGRAPHS
3.
From
0
1
1A
1A
1
2
2
3
3A
3A
3
To
1
1A
1A1
1A2
2
2A
3
3A
3B
3C
4
km
10
4.5
1
2
5
3.5
8
0.7
3
1.3
5
Case.
1
Location
0-1 30%
Case.
15
0-1 60%
16
1-1A 30%
17
1-1A 60%
1A-1A2
30%
1A-1A2
60%
18
1A2
1A1-1A2
30%
1A1-1A2
60%
21
5
6
7
8
9
19
20
22
23
Locati
on
2A
2-3
30%
2-3
60%
3-3A
30%
3-3A
60%
3A-3C
30%
3A-3C
60%
3C
3A-3B
30%
10
11
1A2
1-2 30%
24
25
12
1-2 60%
26
13
14
2-2A 30%
2-2A 60%
27
28
3A-3B
60%
3B
3-4
30%
3-4
60%
4
3 Phase Faults
12
10
8
Error in meters
6
4
2
0
250
150
100
50
0
10
12
Test Case
200
Error in meters
10
15
20
25
30
Test Case
Figure 12 Location Error. Phase to Ground Faults.
10 15 20 25 30
Test Case.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
[1]Y. Zhang and M. Prica, "Toward Smarter Current Relays for Power
Grids," in IEEE PES General Meetin, Montreal, Canada, 2006, p. 8.
[2] T. Takagi, et al., "Development of a New Type Fault Locator Using
the One Terminal Fault-Voltage and Current Data," IEEE
Proceedings on Power apparatus and Systems, vol. PAS 101, p. 7,
August, 1982 1982.
[3] D. Novosel, et al., "Unsynchronized two-terminal fault location
estimation," IEEE Trans. on Power Delivery, pp. 130-138, 1996.
[4] M. M. Saha, et al., "Review of fault location techniques for
distribution systems," presented at the Power Systems and
Communications Infrastructures for the Future, Beijing, 2002.
7
[3] D. Novosel, et al., "Unsynchronized two-terminal fault location
estimation," IEEE Trans. on Power Delivery, pp. 130-138, 1996.
[4] M. M. Saha, et al., "Review of fault location techniques for
distribution systems," presented at the Power Systems and
Communications Infrastructures for the Future, Beijing, 2002.
[5] T. Bouthiba. Fault location in ehv transmission lines using artificial
neural networks.
[6] A. S. Bretas, et al., "A BP neural network based technique for HIF
detection and location on distribution systems with distributed
generation," presented at the Proceedings of the 2006 international
conference on Intelligent computing: Part II, Kunming, China, 2006.
[7] M. Kezunovi, et al., "A Novel Method for Transmission Network
Fault Location Using Genetic Algorithms and Sparse Field
Recordings," in IEEE PES Summer Meeting, ed, 2002.
[8] S. Vasilic and M. Kezunovic, "New Design of a Neural Network
Algorithm for Detecting and Classifying Transmission Line Faults,"
in IEEE PES Transmission and Distribution Conf, ed, 2001.
[9] M. M. Saha, et al., Fault Location on Power Networks, 1st ed.
London: Springer, 2010.
[10] A. Gopalakrishnan, et al., "Fault Location Using Distributed
Parameter Transmission Line Model," IEEE Trans. on Power
Delivery, pp. 1169-1174, 2000.
[11] IEEE, "C37.114-2004 - IEEE Guide for Determining Fault Location
on AC Transmission and Distribution Lines," ed, 2004.
[12] J. J. Mora Flores, "Localizacin de faltas en sistemas de distribucin
de energa elctrica usando metodos basados en el modelo y
mtodos basados en el conocimiento," PhD Doctoral, Escola
Politcnica Superior, Universitat de Girona, Girona, 2006.
[13] Creating Nomographs Using the SEL-Profile Transmission Line
Fault
Analysis
Program.
Available:
http://www.selinc.com.cn/ResourceFolder/Articlefiles/20085/1358618.PDF
[14] Lipo Wang. Support Vector Machines: Theory and Applications
(Studies in Fuzziness and Soft Computing). Springer. 2005.
[15] Thukaram, D et al. Articial Neural Network and Support Vector
Machine Approach for Locating Faults in Radial Distribution
Biographies
Abel Gonzlez Gmez, Received his bachelor in
Electrical Engineering and his MSc in Electrical
Engineering from the Universidad Central de Las
Villas, Cuba in 1996 and 2000. From 1996 to 2000
Worked as an Assistant professor for the Faculty of
Electrical Engineering at the Universidad Central de
Las Villas, Cuba, from 2000 to 2010 as a Teletraffic
Engineer, Control Engineer and Head of the
Marketing Department for the Cuban
Telecommunications Company and a professor of Marketing for the
Universidad Central de Las Villas, Cuba. From 2010 to 2013 worked as a
Design Engineer for Arteche Medicion y Tecnologia in Zapopan, Jalisco,
Mexico. From 2013 works as an applications Engineer for Megger, LTD in
Markham, Ontario. His research areas are the analysis operation, control and
protection of electric power systems and the application of artificial
intelligence and soft computing techniques.