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Overview
Accelerator basics
LINAC
Cyclotron
Betatron
Synchrotron
Weak and Strong focusing
Focusing
Twiss matrix
FODO lattice
Betatron motion
Electrostatic acceleration
1 eV : kinetic energy gained by a unit charged particle after
passing an electrostatic potential of one volt
1 eV = 1.6 x 10-19 J
E-Field = V/d
[Joule]
eV E kin
( 1)mc 2
V = 1 Volt
d= distance anode
to kathode
mc 2
1
c
2
eV mc
V
d
eV
F eE e
Fd E kin
Energie
[Joule]
Velocity
Electron [511keV/c2]
Velocity
Proton [938 MeV/c2]
1 eV
1.6 x 10-19 J
593 km/s
0.002 c
14 km/s
0.00005 c
1 keV
1.6 x 10-16 J
18730 km/s
0.062 c
438 km/s
0.0015 c
1 MeV
1.6 x 10-13 J
282128 km/s
0.94 c
13832 km/s
0.046 c
1 GeV
1.6 x 10-10 J
299792 km/s
0.9999998 c
262338 km/s
0.88 c
1 TeV
1.6 x 10-7 J
299792 km/s
0.9999999999998 c
299792 km/s
0.9999996 c
7 TeV
1.1 x 10-8 J
299792 km/s
0.999999999999997 c
299792 km/s
0.999999991 c
Heinrich Greinacher
* 31 Mai 1880, St. Gallen
17 April 1974, Bern
Greinacher cascade
DC
Bern 1919
AC
Greinacher circuit
Greinacher cascade
Greinacher
Heinrich Greinacher
Greinacher war das einzige Kind des Schuhmachermeisters Heinrich Greinacher und seiner
Ehefrau Pauline geborene Mnzenmayer.
Er besuchte das Gymnasium in St. Gallen und studierte Physik in Zrich, Genf und Berlin.
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14 MV Pelletron
Accelerator Mass Spectrometry (AMS) with
14C, 7Be, 10Be, 26Al, 36Cl, 41Ca,
44Ti, 59Ni, 90Sr, 129I, 236U, 239Pu,
240Pu, 242Pu, 244Pu
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From DC acceleration to RF
today
future
complex devices
sparks
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Particle accelerator
First ring accelerator
1930 Ernest Lawrence
in Berkeley, USA.
Ernest Lawrence
* 8. August 1901
27. August 1958
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E ds
Fz zV e
E
E
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ds
dp
R
FLorentz
ev B e B v
dt
p
d
1 ds
dp
p
p
dt
dt
R dt
R
p dp
ds Rd
dp
p dp
dp p d
p
eBv v
R
BR Tm 3.3356p GeV
RLHC 4.25 km
p 7000 GeV
B 5.5 T
LHC: B=8.4 T, not only bending magnets in tunnel, but also straight sections for acceleration,
focussing
magnets
PD Dr. HP Beck
/ HS 2007(quadrupoles, hexapoles, octopoles), injection, beam dump (septum), etc.
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E1, p1
E2 , p 2
2
2
s (E1, p1 ) (E2 , p2 ) E1 E2 p1 p2
2
2
Etot
E
with:
p
,cm
1
2
1
2
2
2
s Etot
E
,cm
cm
2
2
Ecm E1 E2 p1 p 2
Fix Target
Collider
c 1
Lorentz invariant
Lorentz
invariant
E 2 p2 m 2
FT
2 4
2 4
2
2
E 2 , p 2 m2 , 0
Ecm 2ELab
E2 , p 2 ELab , p Lab
E1 7 TeV
Fix Target
E2 mPr oton
E1 7 TeV
Collider
7
TeV
2
PD Dr. HP Beck / HS 2007
Livingston Plot
FT
2
E Lab
Ecm
2mp
1 EeV
LHC
100 PeV
10 PeV
Tevatron
1 PeV
SppS
100 TeV
HERA
10 TeV
LEP
ISR
1 TeV
100 GeV
10 GeV
1 GeV
100 MeV
10 MeV
1 MeV
1930
1950
1970
1990
2010
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Luminosity
N Events
s
cm 2s 1
N1
nb N 1 N 2 f
4 x y
N2
A 4x y
x , y gaussian beam profiles
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1 particle/m2/year
knee
10000 particles/km2/year
LHC
1 particle/km2/year
ankle
Cosmic ray particles bang on the higher atmosphere at energies far higher than
the LHC can provide but at low rates and unknown directions
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s=62 GeV
=1.3x1032cm-2s-1
1971-1984 at Cern
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HERA
Hadron Elektron Ring Anlage: Elektron-Proton collider s=340 GeV; =7.5x1031cm-2s-1; 19922007
Positron Elektron Tandem Ring Anlage: s=38 GeV; =2x1030cm-2s-1; 1978 1990
At Deutschen Elektronen Synchrotron (DESY) in Hamburg
PD Dr. HP Beck / HS 2007
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Tevatron
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CERN
Conseille Europnne pour la Recherche Nuclaire
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