A) the phage be temperate B) the prophage integrates into the host genome C) a piece of host genome is packaged into a phage particleCORRECT D) the F plasmid integrates into the host chromosome E) the F plasmid excises from the chromosome with a piece of host genome attached 27. A one day old infant experiences high fever and a bulging fontanelle. A lumbar puncture reveals PMNs, low glucose and elevated protein. Which of the following is LEAST LIKELY to be observed in a Gram stain of the CSF? A) encapsulated gram-negative rods B) gram positive rods C) gram-positive cocci D) gram-negative diplococciCORRECT 28. The major causes of blood in stool are: A) ischemia and tissue invasion by pathogens.CORRECT B) production of enterotoxins and viruses. C) dehydration and oxidative stress. D) ingestion of preformed toxins and constipation. E) electrolyte imbalance and defensins. 29. What is the relationship between the genetics of virulence of Enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC) and antibiotic treatment? A) antibiotics that result in DNA damage also induce Shiga-like toxin production from a lysogenic phage.CORRECT B) protein synthesis inhibitors increase copy number of a plasmid encoding the cellular invasion system C) beta-lactam antibiotics release chromosomally encoded beta-galactosidase that helps the bacteria grow in the intestines D) folic acid inhibitors cause the bacteria to stop replicating, hence transposon-encoded antibiotic resistances are not passed among bacteria E) None of the above
30. Why are antibiotics not indicated for
Enterohemorrhagic E. coli disease? A) They can stimulate production of toxin and cause hemolytic uremic syndrome CORRECT B) Lysing the bacteria in the vasculature can precipitate endotoxic shock. C) The bacteria are resistant to most antibiotics, so they would be useless. D) Clearing the normal flora of the gut leads to hemorrhagic colitis and hemolytic uremic syndrome. E) None of the above - antibiotics should always be used to treat EHEC. 31. Which of the following has the LEAST similar reservoirs? A) Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium and Campylobacter jejuni B) Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi and Shigella flexneri C) Enterohemorrhagic E. coli and Staphylococcus aureus..CORRECT D) Bacillus cereus and Clostridium botulinum E) Enterotoxinogenic E. coli and Enteraggregative E. coli 32. Enterotoxinogenic E. coli (ETEC) and Vibrio cholerae diseases are similar in the following ways EXCEPT: A) both should be treated with antibiotics. B) neither is endemic in the United States. C) both can cause severe, watery diarrhea. D) neither infection is invasive. E) both involve toxins that are encoded on bacteriophagecorrect 33. Foul smelling odor of sputum is usually indicative of: A) tuberculosis B) diphtheria C) fungal infection D) spore-forming infection E) anaerobic infectioncorrect
34. Helicobacter pylori is associated with:
A) hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS). B) severe vomiting disease. C) dysentery. D) peptic ulcers. E) colon cancer.
B) the bacteria are resistant to all known
antibiotics. C) a cell-mediated immune response is required to eliminate the bacteria during infection. D) there is no vaccine against the bacteria. E) NONE of the above are true.
35. What is the mechanism of resistance of
methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus?
38. Which of the following would most likely
be used to grow a fastidious bacterium?
A) It possesses an R plasmid with betalactamase.
B) It acquired resistant penicillin binding proteins in the pastCORRECT C) It is accumulating point mutations as patients fail to complete their courses of treatment. D) Methicillin is too large to fit through the porins. E) The bacteria pump the antibiotic out of the cell before it can be active.
A) glucose and salts
B) tissue culture cells such as macrophages C) blood agar platecorrect D) MacConkey agar plate E) NONE of the above - fastidious bacteria cannot be grown under any conditions in vitro
36. What is the relationship between E. coli
and the different diseases it causes? A) The bacteria are the same, it is the immune status of the host that differs. B) The bacteria are the same, it is the route of entry that differs. C) The bacteria possess different sets of virulence genesCORRECT D) The same bacteria express different sets of virulence genes depending on environmental conditions of the host. E) None of the above - E. coli is normal flora, hence cannot cause disease by definition. 37. Bacillus anthracis has most likely been used as an agent of bioterrorism because: A) the spores are very stable in the environment and constitute the infectious form of the bacteria CORRECT
39. Protein A (an Fc binding protein) of
Staphylococcus aureus allows the bacteria to cover themselves with antibodies and therefore: A) results in killing of the bacteria. B) protects the bacteria..correct C) is an example of antigenic variation. D) is an example of antigenic mimicry. E) stimulates complement binding. 40. A unique feature of the interaction between Enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC, O157:H7) and host cells of the intestinal tract is: A) the bacteria kill the host cells before attachment B) the bacteria inject a receptor and then bind to itcorrect C) the bacteria directly inject a cytotoxin into endothelial cells D) the bacteria colonize the intestinal tract without adhering to host cells E) the bacteria invade the host cells to cause dysentery