OVERVIEW OF SMOKING & HEALTH EFFECTS OF

SMOKING
Tobacco has a negative effect on almost every organ of the body. According
to the U.S. Department of Health & Human Services, tobacco use is the leading
preventable cause of death in the United States, resulting in more than 443,000
deaths each year. Worldwide, recent studies have shown that tobacco is responsible
for about 6 million deaths each year.
In March 2012, the U.S. Department of Health & Human Services reported
that, from 1975 to 2000, nearly 800,000 deaths from lung cancer in the United States
were prevented due to declines in smoking as a result of tobacco control
programs and policies. This data was presented in the Journal of the National
Cancer Institute (NCI) and the research was funded by the NCI. The U.S. Centers for
Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) reports that the overall rate of cigarette
smoking in adults over the age of 18 in the United States in 2012 was just over 18
percent, down from about 30 percent in 1985.
Cigar smokers and smokeless tobacco (chew or spit tobacco) users have
similar health risks as cigarette smokers.

Effects of Secondhand Smoke

Environmental tobacco smoke (ETS)or secondhand smokeresults in
approximately 3,000 lung cancer deaths per year in non-smokers. Secondhand
smoke is what is given off by the end of the burning cigarette and by the smoker's
exhalations.

Short-term Effects of Smoking

Short-term effects of smoking include more frequent respiratory illnesses such as
coughs, colds, bronchitis, and pneumonia. Among children and adolescents exposed
to secondhand smoke, rates of asthma, ear infection and lower respiratory infections
are higher.

Long-term Effects of Smoking

The long-term effects of smoking are extensive. There are numerous diseases linked
to smoking. Smoking can cause cancer of the mouth and throat and lung cancer, and
can increase the risk for stomach (gastric) cancer, kidney cancer, bladder cancer,
cervical cancer, and pancreatic cancer. About one third of all cancers are linked to
tobacco useand 90 percent of lung cancer cases are linked to smoking.
Smoking also causes chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, or COPD, (e.g.,
emphysema, chronic bronchitis), which is severe lung damage. Smoking reduces
blood circulation and narrows blood vessels, depriving the body of oxygen and
increasing the risk for heart disease. Non-smokers who are exposed to secondhand
smoke are 25 percent more likely to develop heart disease. Smoking also doubles
the risk for stroke and increases the risk for developing cataracts.
Smoking poses additional health risks for women. It increases the risk for rheumatoid
arthritis (RA) and leads to loss of bone density (osteoporosis), increasing the
chances of hip and spine fractures in postmenopausal women. Women of
childbearing age who smoke face higher rates of infertility and greater risks
for complications during pregnancy. Smoking during pregnancy also increases the
unborn baby's health risks (e.g., premature birth, respiratory illnesses, low birth
weight). After birth, the risk for sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)doubles for
babies exposed to secondhand smoke.
Children and teens are especially vulnerable to the hazards of smoking. Because
their bodies are not fully mature, smoking interferes with normal lung development in
those who begin smoking as children or adolescents. Young people who smoke may
become more strongly addicted to cigarettes and face an even greater risk for
developing lung cancer than those who start smoking later in life. Every day,
approximately 4,000 children under the age of 18 try a cigarette for the first time and
1,000 become regular smokers.Teenagers who smoke are more likely to have
depression or other psychological problems. They are also more likely to engage in
other dangerous behaviors, such as using alcohol and other drugs.
Electronic cigarettes (also known as e-cigarettes) are battery-operated devices
that often are designed to look, feel, and taste like tobacco cigarettes. These
devices, which may be marketed to young people and sold as a safer alternative to
smoking, contain nicotine, flavors, and other substances that are turned into a vapor
and are then inhaled.

In July 2009, several public health organizations, including the U.S. Food and Drug
Administration (FDA), the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, and the
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), determined that e-cigarettes
contain toxic chemicals and cancer-causing agents (carcinogens) and that health
claims made by manufacturers of these devices are unproven.
In February 2013, the CDC reported that the use of e-cigarettes increased from
about 10 percent of all adult smokers in 2010 to about 21 percent in 2010. It's
estimated that in 2011, 1 in 5 adults who smoke cigarettes tried electronic cigarettes.
According to the CDC, the impact of e-cigarettes on long-term health must be
studied further.
According to the FDA, steps were taken in February 2014 to stop the sale and
distribution of 4 tobacco products currently on the market in the United States (Sutra
Bidis Red, Sutra Bidis Menthol, Sutra Bidis Red Cone, and Sutra Bidis Menthol
Cone). This action marks the first time the Agency issued this order under the Family
Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control Act to regulate products that are not found
to be substantially equal to other marketed tobacco products. The Act required
companies to submit an application for these products to the FDA by March 2011.
Publication Review By: Karen Larson, M.D.,Stanley J. Swierzewski, III,
M.D.
Published: 15 Jul 2006
Last Modified: 14 May 2014