Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
WELDING OF TRANSMISSION
PIPELINES
Supplementary to BS 4515: 1996
December 1998
(Amended February 2000)
Doc. No.
GS 118-10
Issue Date
December 1998
February 2000
APPLICABILITY
Regional Applicability:
International
AMENDMENTS
Amd
Date
Page(s)
Description
___________________________________________________________________
01
01 Feb 2000
19-20 Reference BS EN 1435 replacing BS 2910
23-24 Amendment to Table 8(j)
29-30 Amendment to list of referenced standards.
.
John Hammond
DOCUMENT CUSTODIAN
Welding
Issued by:-
CONTENTS
Section
Page
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PART 1 - SUPPLEMENTARY TO BS 4515
PAGE i
DRAFT
GS 118-10
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PAGE ii
FOREWORD
Introduction to BP Group Recommended Practices and Specifications for Engineering
The Introductory Volume contains a series of documents that provide and introduction to the
BP Group Recommended Practices and Specifications for Engineering (RPSEs). In particular,
the General Foreword sets out the philosophy of the RPSEs. Other documents in the
Introductory Volume provide general guidance on using the RPSEs and background
information to Engineering Standards in BP. There are also recommendations for specific
definitions and requirements.
Value of this Guidance for Specification
This Guidance for Specification specifies all BP general requirements for welding of
transmission pipelines that are within its stated scope, and for use with a supplementary
specification to adapt it for each specific application.
This Guidance for Specification is based upon an industry specification.
The value of this Guidance for Specification to its users will be significantly enhanced by their
regular participation in its improvement and updating. For this reason, users are urged to
inform BP of their experiences in all aspects of its application.
Application
This Guidance for Specification is intended to guide the purchaser in the use or creation of fitfor-purpose specification for enquiry or purchasing activity.
This document may refer to certain local, national or international regulations but the
responsibility to ensure compliance with legislation and any other statutory requirements lies
with the user. The user should adapt or supplement this document to ensure compliance for
the specific application.
Previous Changes from Previous Editions
This document completely supersedes the earlier BP Standard 192 Part 1 (April 1986) which
was later reformatted into BP GS 118-10 (1986), both former documents being based on BS
4515:1984. This document is based on BS 4515:1996 and reflects the extensive revision of the
base document.
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PAGE iv
1.
GENERAL
1.1
1.1.1
1.1.2
1.3
Definitions
In this standard, the following definitions shall apply in addition to or
modifying or supplementing those of Section 1.3 of BS 4515:1996.
Any specific application of the terms and responsibilities for the parties
defined as follows is a matter for the Conditions of Contract on a
project.
1.3.1
(a) employer:
(b) BP
1.3.2
contractor:
1.3.22
inspector:
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batch:
1.3.24
duty:
1.3.25
service:
1.3.26
1.3.27
quality manual
a document setting out the general quality policies,
procedures and practices of an organisation
1.3.28
1.4
1.4.1
DRAFT
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
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PAGE 2
1.4.2
(iv)
(v)
(vi)
(vii)
(viii)
(ix)
(x)
DRAFT
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
(vi)
(vii)
(viii)
(ix)
GS 118-10
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PAGE 3
(x)
(xi)
(xii)
(xiii)
(xiv)
(xv)
(xvi)
Equipment
The contractor shall supply all necessary equipment for welding, heat
treatment, mechanical handling, testing and radiographic processing.
1.6
Welding Processes
The contractor shall specify in his tender the welding process, or
processes or combination of processes proposed for the pipelay welding
operation. Manual processes, semi-automatic or automatic welding
systems may be offered. Where a process or system is proposed of
which BP has no previous experience BP will specify welding and NDT
trials which are to be undertaken by the contractor and completed
successfully before the proposed technique can be approved for
qualification testing. Separate qualification of a manual metal arc
procedure may also be required, for possible use in the event of failure
of semi-automatic or automatic equipment in production welding.
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1.7
Welding Consumables
The contractor shall supply all necessary welding electrodes, filler
wires, fluxes, shielding and backing gases and all other consumable
items required for the work.
1.7.1
General
Where the duty of the pipeline is specified by BP as severe, each batch
of welding consumables shall pass the Charpy V-notch impact test
required for welding procedure qualification. This requirement will be
waived if further tests from the qualification weld still meet the
specified values when tested 20C below the specified test temperature.
All batch testing shall be completed prior to the start of field welding.
No re-tests are permitted unless a satisfactory explanation for the failure
can be given and is accepted by BP.
1.7.2
1.7.2.1
General
Each coil of filler wire, bag of flux and tin or packet of electrodes shall
be clearly marked with its batch number (and shall be stored completely
separated). The storage and handling of welding consumables shall be
generally in accordance with BP Group GS 118-4. The contractor's
detailed proposals shall form part of the quality plan.
1.7.2.1
argon,
carbon dioxide
gas mixtures that have been proved to be satisfactory as a result
of procedure approval tests.
When a gas mixture is used which has specified additions e.g. 2% O2,
5% CO2, the variation of such addition shall not exceed 10% of that
stated.
1.7.2.2
1.7.3
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General Requirements
1.8.1
1.8.2
1.8.3
Quality Assurance
1.8.3.1
Responsibility for quality assurance shall rest with the contractor. The
contractor shall devise and implement a quality plan for the systematic
control of the construction, inspection and testing required by the
particular contract. This quality plan, which shall be based on ISO
9002/9003 shall be submitted to BP for approval prior to production
welding, and shall include evidence that the inspector and his team are
independent of production management.
1.8.3.2
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2.
TESTING, QUALIFICATION
PROCEDURES
2.1
2.3
AND
APPROVAL
OF
WELDING
General
(a)
(c)
(h)
Welding Procedure
Procedure approval tests shall be carried out on pipe, made from the
same material, from the same source and in the same supply condition
that is to be used for pipeline construction.
2.4
Changes Affecting
Variables)
Qualification
Table 1.
Welding Procedure
Changes Affecting Approval.
and
Approval
Specification
(Essential
Details
and
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(i) Electrical
(j5)
Heat input
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All
runs
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2.5
2.5.1
Non-destructive Testing
All test joints shall be examined visually followed by:(i)
(ii)
(iii)
Destructive Testing
The following additional tests are required:-
2.5.2.1
Test Specimens
For pipe outside diameters up to and including 114.3 mm, two
transverse weld tensile test specimens shall be taken.
For pipe outside diameters up to and including 114.3 mm, two sets of
three Charpy impact specimens shall be taken at the 9 o'clock position.
For pipe outside diameters over 114.3 mm, two additional sets of three
specimens shall be taken at the 6 o'clock position.
When specified (separately) for severe duty pipelines, two sets of three
CTOD specimens shall be taken. An all weld tensile test to BS 709 :
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1983 is also required on each weld from which CTOD tests are taken,
on material from a location as close as possible to the CTOD tests.
2.5.2.2
2.5.2.2.1
Requirements
If any specimen breaks outside the weld at a tensile strength below the
specified minimum tensile strength, the material shall be considered
suspect and its physical properties shall be investigated before any
additional tests are made.
2.5.2.2.2
Method
The test specimens shall not be flattened before testing.
2.5.2.4
Hardness Survey
2.5.2.4.1
Requirements
In addition to the requirements of Table 4, where the pipeline service is
defined as sour, no individual hardness value shall exceed 248 HV10
(see BP Group RPSE GS 136-1).
2.5.2.4.2
Method
BP may require additional hardness surveys on macro-sections taken
from different locations.
A macro-photograph shall be supplied to show the location of all
hardness indents.
2.5.2.5
2.5.2.5.1
Requirements
Unless otherwise specified by BP, the impact test temperature shall be
the minimum design temperature and energy requirements for the weld
shall be 40 J minimum average of three specimens and 30 J minimum
individual value.
2.5.2.5.2
Method
For pipe diameters up to and including 114.3 mm, one set of Charpy Vnotch test specimens shall be notched in the weld metal and the other in
the heat affected zone.
For pipe diameters over 114.3 mm, the additional sets of Charpy tests
at the 6 o'clock position shall be notched and tested as the other
samples.
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For pipe wall thickness over 20 mm, both sets of test specimens at the 3
o'clock position shall be positioned at the weld root. One set of test
specimens shall be notched in the weld metal and the others in the heataffected zone. For weld metals, the percentage of shear area of each
fracture surface shall be estimated and reported. If the results are
inconsistent with the measured energy, BP may require further
investigation before approving the test results.
2.5.2.6
2.6
2.6.2.4
Hardness Survey
2.6.2.4.1
Requirements
In addition to the requirements of Table 4, where the pipeline service is
defined as sour, no individual hardness value shall exceed 248 HV10
(see BP Group GS 136-1).
2.6.2.4.2
2.7
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3.
General
Welders qualification tests shall be witnessed by a BP representative.
3.5
Changes Affecting
Variables)
Qualification
and
Approval
(Essential
If the following additional item is changed, the welder using the new
procedure shall require re-approval:(f)
3.6
Non-destructive Testing
For manual metal-arc, tungsten inert gas (TIG) and submerged-arc
welding the test weld shall be assessed by X-radiography as specified in
clause 5.4. For metal inert gas (MIG)/metal active gas (MAG), CO2
and non-shielded welding, the weld shall be assessed by X-radiography
to clause 5.4 and ultrasonic examination as specified in clause 5.5.
3.7
Destructive Testing
In addition to NDT, destructive testing shall be used for examination of
welds made by any process other than manual metal arc, TIG and
submerged arc.
3.8.
Retests
If, in the opinion of BP, An individual welder is responsible for a high
level of repairs in production, he/she shall be removed from the work
and shall undergo a re-training programme approved by BP before
being retested.
3.9
Records
The details of each welders approval test and test results shall be
recorded by the contractor and be available for inspection by BP. The
contractor shall submit all documentation relating to welder approval
tests to BP for approval prior to the welder commencing production
work. BP will specify the period for which records shall be maintained.
(The content and requirement for this may vary from project to project
and will be individually specified).
3.10.
Mechanized Welding
Welders for mechanised welding shall be approved for all parts of the
operation. The inspection, testing and re-testing of welds for approval
purposes and records shall be in accordance with the following:-
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(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
(vi)
PRODUCTION WELDING
4.1.
Proximity of Welds
Branches, fittings and attachments shall be sited away from other welds
(including longitudinal and circumferential welds) on the pipeline. The
minimum separation between any two welds shall be the largest of the
diameter of the branch or fitting, six times the wall thickness of the
thicker component, or 150 mm.
No two circumferential welds shall be closer than the diameter of the
pipe, but if a pup piece is used to replace a defective section, its length
shall not be less than twice its diameter, unless otherwise approved.
4.2
4.3.
Fusion Faces
Before welding, the pipe shall be cleaned inside and out using power
driven wire brushes, grinding or other method approved by BP, for a
minimum distance of 40 mm from the edge of the weld bevel.
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4.4
Alignment
Where misalignment exceeds 1.5 mm, corrective action shall be subject
to the approval of the BP representative in each case. Hammering of the
pipe to obtain correct alignment should be kept to a minimum and shall
be carried out using only a bronze headed hammer. The mass of the
bronze headed hammer shall not exceed 5 kg. Any surface
contamination of the pipe surface from the hammering shall be
removed. Heat shall not be used for corrective purposes.
4.5
4.5.1
Power operated internal clamps shall be used for pipe of over 150 mm
diameter, and they shall be demonstrated as capable of reducing the
maximum permitted out-of-roundness of the as-manufactured pipe
sufficiently to meet the alignment requirements of clause 4.4. External
clamps shall be used only when the root run is deposited by the verticalup technique.
4.5.2
For on-land pipelines, at least the root run and the second run shall be
completed before the pipe is lowered on to skids or, in the case of
fittings, the support is removed, unless the contractor is able to
demonstrate to the satisfaction of BP that the root run alone is adequate
to resist deformation and cracking.
4.6
Tack Welds
Tack welds are allowed for vertical up welding only. All tack welds
shall be deposited by approved welders and in accordance with the
welding procedure specification. Where pre-heat is required for the
root run, this shall be applied prior to tack welding and maintained until
the joint is completed.
4.8
Stray Arcs
Repair of stray arcs in sour service pipelines may be restricted by BP.
When repair is allowed this shall be bt grinding only. Repairs by
welding are not allowed.
If grinding to remove the effects of stray arcs reduces the wall thickness
below the minimum specified in the data sheet, the defective pipe
section shall be cut out and the pipe re-bevelled and re-welded. If a
pup piece has to be used to replace the defective section, its length
shall not be less than twice its diameter. Note that stray arcs are also
possible between the pipe and the return cable and shall be avoided by
good electrical connections.
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4.9
Weather Conditions
When necessary, the end of the pipe shall be covered to prevent water
being channelled into the weld root. Windshields shall be used when
necessary.
4.10
4.10.2
Preheating
Except as permitted under clause 4.13, preheating shall be maintained
throughout the entire welding of the joint.
4.10.3
4.10.4
4.11
Branches
Unless otherwise approved by BP, forged fittings shall be used for
branches and other pressure containing attachments. To simplify the
welding of some large fittings such as tees or elbows into the line, a
'pup' piece may be welded to the fitting and the length of such pup
pieces should be sufficient to accommodate the line-up clamp to be
used. Other large fittings may be girth welded directly into the pipeline
provide that wall thickness of the fitting and pipe are reasonably
matched and that suitable clamping can be accommodated.
Items such as weld-o-lets may be welded directly on to the pipeline,
using the appropriate qualified procedures. Large weld-o-lets and heavy
fittings may require special support, particularly when welded on to thin
section pipelines.
Where accessible, all welds to valves, flanges and fittings shall be
ground back smooth internally prior to radiography.
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4.12
Inter-run Cleaning
Each run shall be thoroughly cleaned by power tools.
4.13
Land Pipelines
The welding of fittings, tie-ins and repairs shall be completed in
one cycle. When production conditions are such that pipe-topipe joints have to be left partially completed, at least four weld
runs shall be completed prior to cooling unless a procedure
qualification test involving fewer runs has been carried out.
(ii)
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5.
5.1
General
The frequency of non-destructive testing shall be as specified under the
separate clauses 5.4, 5.5 and 5.7.
Prior to examination of the weld, each joint shall be thoroughly cleaned
using power driven wire brushes. All spatter, bonding media and any
inks or dyes used for crack detection, shall be removed. The completed
weld shall be examined visually prior to being examined by radiography.
Ultrasonic and magnetic particle flaw detection testing equipment shall
be available to supplement radiography on any area nominated by BP.
When automatic and semi-automatic welding systems have been
approved by BP, ultrasonic testing shall be required to supplement
radiography. The extent of this testing will be specified by BP.
5.2
Personnel Qualification
All inspection personnel shall be experienced in the appropriate
inspection and control and control techniques and shall hold current,
valid certificates demonstrating approval to either BGAS Transco,
CSWIP or PCN systems.
Note that the BGAS Transco and CSWIP examinations are run by TWI Training &
Examinations Dept. The Certification body for CSWIP is TWI Certification Ltd,
Granta Park, Great Abington, Cambridge, UK. PCN is administered by the British
Institute of Non-Destructive Testing (BINDT) at Northampton, UK).
Both Institutes are able to verify the validity of individual certificates. Certificates
are issued for specific periods only and an out-of-date certificate is invalid. Care
should be taken to ensure that the certificate and approval category covers
competence in the required skills for the job. e.g. BGAS Transco Senior Pipeline
Inspector covers welding inspection and radiographic interpretation, but CSWIP
welding inspector and radiographic interpreter are discrete and different
categories.
5.4
Radiographic Testing
5.4.1
General
100% radiographic testing is required in the following cases:-
DRAFT
(a)
(b)
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(c)
(d)
(e)
On a pipe-lay barge, the weld shall not be moved past the weld repair
station until the interpretation of the radiograph is complete and the
weld is judged satisfactory. Unless otherwise approved by BP, coating
and wrapping of the joint shall not begin until the weld is judged
satisfactory.
For normal duty pipelines, the first five welds of each thickness and
diameter made by each welder shall be 100% radiographically tested. If
any of these welds requires a repair, all subsequent welds by the same
welder shall be 100% radiographically tested until five consecutively
produced welds are judged to be satisfactory. Thereafter, BP will select
at least one weld from every ten welds, and radiograph this 100%. If
any of these one-in-ten welds should require repair, BP will require
some or all of the other nine to be radiographed 100%.
BP may specify 100% radiography for some normal duty pipelines.
Radiography shall be conducted using X-rays.
Under certain
circumstances BP may approve the use of Iridium 192, but other
sources of gamma rays are not permitted.
As exposure of any part of the human body to X-rays or gamma rays
can be injurious, it is essential that whenever X-ray equipment or
radioactive sources are in use, adequate precautions are taken to
protect the radiographer and all other personnel in the vicinity.
Note 1. The use of X-ray machines and gamma-radiography sealed sources in
factories and certain other premises and works coming within the scope of the
Factories Act is controlled by the Ionising Radiations (Sealed Sources) Regulations
1969 and th Radioactive Substances Act (1960).
Note 2. Attention I is drawn to the Code of Practice for Site Radiography prepared
by the Oil and Chemical Plant Contractors Association and published by KluwerHarrap Handbooks, Brentford. Attention is also drawn to the need for audible and
visual warning arrangements and for regular monitoring of radiation levels.
The above paragraph and two notes formed section 37.2 Protection of BS 4515:
1984 - but were not included in BS 4515:1996. The proposal of WEE/21/7 was that
the warning should be covered in separate regulations, rather than in the base
standard for pipeline welding but, as it is uncertain where such warnings are
covered elsewhere, it is deliberately included in this BP GS.
5.4.2
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been dropped and reference has been made to BS 2910. In 1997, BS 2910 was
superseded by BS EN 1435. Amendment No 1 of this GS draws on BS EN 1435 in
respect of the following details of radiographic technique and assessment of
radiogrpahic sensitivity. .
5.4.3
(a)
technique
(b)
type of film
(c)
intensifying
screens
(d)
limit of film
(e)
(f)
Processing
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5.5.1
General
BP will require ultrasonic testing of the following areas:-
5.5.4
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
5.6.
5.7
DRAFT
(a)
(b)
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(c)
(d)
Destructive Testing
BP will require completed welds to be removed for testing if there is
any suspicion that they have not been produced strictly in accordance
with the approved procedure. The contractor may attempt to guard
against this eventuality by qualifying welding procedures at the extreme
parameters which the welders may consider using.
The above requirement which related to 36.3 of BS 4515: 1984 was not included in
BS 4515: 1996 but is retained in this BP GS as the qualification of a welding
parameter range is routinely carried out.
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6.
6.1.1
General
The acceptance criteria for non destructive testing shall be in
accordance with 6.1.2.
Acceptance criteria based on engineering critical assessment to clause
6.1.3 of BS 4515:1996 do not apply to this Standard except in specific
instances, where the design of the pipeline specifies ECA in accordance
with PD 6493.
6.1.2
DRAFT
Acceptance Criteria
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(j) Porosity (other than elongated Not to exceed a total area, when
porosity in the root run)
projected radially through the weld of
1% of any 600 mm2 of projected weld
area. An isolated pore greater than
20% of the pipe thickness or 1.5 mm,
whichever is the smaller, in any
direction,
shall
be
considered
unacceptable.
(k) Tungsten inclusions
6.1.3
6.2
Rectification of Welds
6.2.2
6.2.2.1
6.2.3
Re-welding
Root sealing or single run repairs shall not be practised. There shall be
no internal welding on sour service pipelines. For severe duty pipelines
a repair shall only be attempted once, thereafter the weld shall be
completely removed. For normal duty pipeline a second repair may be
made. If this second repair fails to meet the requirements of clause 6.1
the entire circumferential weld shall be cut out and re-bevelled.
For offshore pipe-lay of submarine pipelines, the limits on size and
location of proposed weld repair excavations beyond the final tensioner
shall be submitted to BP for approval, supported with calculations and
appropriate diagrams.
NOTE: Stresses imposed by construction techniques existing at the time of making a
repair such as at a lay-barge repair station, may be such that to remove 20% of the
weld length may render this operation unsafe. In such cases, the permitted length of
a repair should be reduced to ensure that the stress applied to the weld under repair
does not exceed 80% of the specified yield stress of the pipe.
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DRAFT
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
(vi)
(vii)
(viii)
(ix)
Date of repair.
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APPENDIX A
DEFINITIONS AND ABBREVIATIONS
Definitions
Standardised definitions may be found in the BP Group RPSEs Introductory Volume.
Other definition which supersede, qualify or are an addition to Section 1.3 of BS 4515:1996
are found in the corresponding section of this standard
Abbreviations
API
BGAS Transco
BS
British Standard
CSWIP
CTOD
DIN
GMAW
HV
Vickers hardness
MAG
MDT
MIG
NACE
NDT
Non-Destructive testing
PCN
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SI
TIG
TWI
.
UNITS
WEE/21/7
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APPENDIX B
LIST OF REFERENCED DOCUMENTS
A reference invokes the latest published issue or amendment unless stated otherwise.
Reference standards may be replaced by equivalent standards that are internationally or
otherwise recognised provided that it can be shown to the satisfaction of the purchaser'
professional engineer that they meet or exceed the requirements of the referenced standards.
American Standards
API Standard 1104
British Standards
BS 709:1983
PD 6493:1991
BS 4515: 1996
BS 5996: 1993
BS 7448 Part 1: 1991: Fracture mechanics toughness tests. Part 1 Method for determination
of K1c, critical CTOD and critical J values of metallic materials
BS 7448 Part 2: 1998 Fracture mechanics toughness tests. Part 2 Method for determination
of fracture toughness of weldments in metallic materials.
BS EN 439: 1994
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BS EN 462-1: 1994
BS EN 462-2: 1994
BS EN 499: 1995
BS EN 584-1: 1995
BS EN 1435:1997
BS EN ISO 9002: 1994 Quality systems. Model for quality assurance in production,
installation and servicing.
BS EN ISO 9003: 1994 Quality systems. Model for quality assurance in final inspection and
test.
BP Group RPSE
GS 136-1
GS 118-4
GS 118-9
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German Standard
DIN 54 109 : Part 1 Nondestructive testing; image quality of radiographs of metallic
materials; definitions, image quality indicators, determination of image
quality index
Note:
1.
The definitions for employer and inspector replace those given in BS 4515:1996.
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APPENDIX C
Alternative Technique for Batch Testing of Welding Consumables
Batch tests of welding consumables are not intended to undertaken as a routine measure for all
pipelines, but may be required by BP for certain offshore pipelay operations and land-based
pipelines designed for certain categories of critical service. When batch testing is specified by
BP it shall be carried out in accordance with this Appendix by the consumable manufacturer
rather than by the pipe-welding contractor. All batch test welds shall be made as all-weldmetal deposits as defined in former standard BS 639: 1986. In the following list of steps, the
illustrative results (given in parenthesis) refer to this Addendum, Figure C1 :(i)
BP will define the Charpy test requirements for the welding procedure qualification
test (Average 50 J at -10C).
(ii)
The contractor shall obtain acceptable results from the welding procedure qualification
test at mid-wall thickness (Average 80 J at -10C).
(iii)
The consumable supplier shall prepare an all-weld-metal deposit using the same batch
of consumables that was used in the welding procedure qualification test. Where more
than one size of consumable is used, a separate deposit should be made for each size.
Consumables used for the root run only do not require batch testing.
(iv)
The consumable supplier shall test a set of three Charpy test pieces, of the same size as
those taken from the welding procedure qualification test, at the temperature of the
welding procedure qualification test (Average 160 J at -10C).
(v)
The consumable supplier shall test further sets of three Charpy test pieces, decreasing
temperature by -10C per set, until the average falls below that specified for the
welding procedure qualification test:150 J at -20C
140 J at -30C
90 J at -40C
40 J at -50C
(vi)
(vii)
All batch tests shall be carried out at this temperature, against the same energy
requirement as that specified for the welding procedure qualification test (50 J).
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FIGURE C1
Procedure for Establishing Batch Test Requirement
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