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Antacids
Abinaya Helbig
PERFORMED
03/11/2010
SUBMITTED
03/24/2010
SNC2D0-G
Mr. Shaughnessy, J.
BACKGROUND INFORMATION
/ PRE-LAB INFORMATION
The stomach contains a solution of hydrochloric acid called gastric juice, which has a normal pH
of about 1.5. Gastric juice is important for digestion, but it may irritate the stomach lining and cause
tenderness if the acid is too intense/ concentrated. This can result in symptoms of heartburn and
contribute to stomach ulcer. However all this can be prevented by consuming antacid tablets.
What are Antacids?
Antacids are substances that consist of weak bases (commonly hydroxide, and carbonate).These
substances are used to neutralize overdose of stomach acid and thus ease symptoms of heart burn. There
are several types of commercial antacids which prevent heart burn and stomach ulcers depending on
their effectiveness.
Neutralization
Antacids react with excess stomach acid by neutralization. It is a chemical reaction, (also called
a water forming reaction since a water molecule is formed during the process) in which an acid and a
base or alkali (soluble base) react to produce salt and water (H2O).
i.e. HCl + NaOH H2O + NaCl
During the process, hydrogen ions H+ from the acid and hydroxide ions OH or oxide ions O 2
from the base react together to form a water molecule H2O. In the process, a salt is also formed when
the anion from acid and the cation from base react together. Neutralization reactions are generally
classified as exothermic since heat is released into the surroundings.
Acids are generally pure substances which contain hydrogen ions (H+) or cause them to be
produced in solutions. Hydrochloric acid (HCl) and sulfuric acid (H2SO4) are common examples. In
water, these break apart into ions:
HCl H(aq) + Cl(aq) OR H2SO4 H+(aq) + HSO4(aq)
Bases are generally substances which contain hydroxide ion (OH-) or produce it in solution.
Alkalis are the soluble bases, i.e. a base which contains a metal from column 1 or 2 of the periodic table.
To produce hydroxide ions in water, the alkali breaks apart into ions as below:
NaOH Na(aq) + OH(aq)
Examples of bases include sodium hydroxide (NaOH), potassium hydroxide (KOH), magnesium
hydroxide (Mg(OH)2), and calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2). In this project, antacids are bases.
Antacid
Base Name
Formula
Baking
Soda
Rolaids
Sodium bicarbonate
NaHCO3
Eno
Calcium carbonate
+
Magnesium hydroxide
Sodium Citrate
CaCO3
+
Mg(OH)2
Na3C6H5O7
Gaviscon
Tums
Magnesium carbonate
Calcium carbonate
MgCO3
CaCO3
*Note: Rolaids has two different bases (Calcium carbonate + Magnesium hydroxide).
PURPOSE / PROBLEM
Purpose
The main purpose of this investigation is to test different types of commercial antacid tablets mild base that can neutralize acid - for their effectiveness in neutralizing stomach acids, to see if all
antacids are equally effective. Another purpose of this investigation is to learn the way of comparing
antacid tablets in their acid- neutralizing ability to baking soda. Finally another purpose of this
investigation is to determine the amount of acid neutralized by each type of antacid tablet. In other
words, which tablet is the best; as to which one takes the most drops of acid to obtain the pH of 2.
HYPOTHESIS / PREDICTION
Hypothesis
Commercial antacid tablets have a better acid neutralizing ability than baking soda because
antacids also consist of other chemical ingredients, which may affect the neutralization process. All
antacids will not be equally effective because they generally consist of different chemical ingredients.
The greater proportion of the active ingredient with stronger base in an antacid tablet will have the
greater neutralizing power. Also, the less the number of drops of acid required to neutralize 1 gram of
antacid, the greater is the chance that the antacid is effective to cure upset stomach.
Materials
Safety goggles
100 - ml beakers
Distilled water
10-ml graduated cylinder
Hydrochloric acid approximately 2.5% or 1.3 mol/L, pH 1.5
Sodium bicarbonate (baking soda)
Electric balance
5 different antacid tablets
Red Cabbage Juice
Mortar and pestle
Tissue
Ph sensor and GLX port
Ph buffer of pH 4 and pH 8 to calibrate
Flask
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PROCEDURES / METHODS
Safety Precautions
Used eye protection (safety goggles) at all times, until the lab space has been cleared.
Long hair or loose clothes, were tied back or confined.
Coats were placed in a locker or were kept away from lab area. Extra books, purses, etc. were kept
away from equipments.
Glassware were checked for cracks and chips. Cracks could cause the glassware to fail during use
and cause serious injury to lab mates.
Equipments were not used unless trained and approved as a user by the supervisor.
Work area was kept clear of all materials except those needed for experiment.
Labels were read carefully.
HCl was diluted because it is corrosive and can damage eyes and cause skin irritation.
All chemical materials were placed away from the table edge.
Every chemical was treated as if it was hazardous.
Spills were cleaned immediately (If spill contained very hazardous substance teacher/supervisor were
asked to consider the spill).
Lab space was kept clean and organized.
Solvents were not allowed to come in contact with skin.
Unobstructed access to all exits, fire extinguishers, electrical panels, emergency showers, and eye
washes was maintained.
Upon completion of the experiment, all chemicals were safely disposed of in the sinks.
Glassware were washed thoroughly.
Wastes were disposed correctly.
The work area should was cleaned up before leaving.
Hands were washed before leaving the lab and before eating.
Procedure
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Eye protections (safety goggles) were used at all times, until the lab space has been cleared.
Long hair or loose clothes, were tied back or confined.
Coats were placed in a locker. Extra books, purses, etc. were kept away from equipments.
All the required glassware and other equipments (e.g. 10-ml Graduated cylinder, 100 - ml Beaker,
pipette, flask, Tissue, Mortar and pestle, Electric balance) were gathered.
Glassware were checked for cracks and chips because cracks could cause the glassware to fail
during use and cause serious injury to lab mates.
The Antacid tablets were acquired and a note was made on the initial observation on the
appearance.
The total mass of the tablet was weighed using an electric balance and the data was recorded.
An antacid tablet was transferred to a clean mortar and crushed to a fine powder using a pestle. A
note was made on the initial observation on the action of crushing the tablets.
The crushed tablet was massed out on a tissue paper (teacher instructed how much the mass of each
tablet should be). Then the data (mass) was recorded.
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OBSERVATIONS
Table 2. Titration of Antacids without Average = #drops / grams
Antacid
Baking Soda
Rolaids
Eno
Gaviscon
Tums
1.62g
0.5g
1.53g
Drops of Acid
Required to see a
change
200
354
69
115
120
Initial pH of Solution
(without acid)
9
10
6
8
10
Final pH of Solution
(with acid)
2
2
2
2
2
*Note: The pH number for Initial pH of Solution (without acid) is the highest number of the range. For an
example: if the pH is 7 8, the pH must be recorded as 8.
Antacid after it
was crushed
White, thin
powder
White, thin
powder
White, thin
powder
White, thin
powder
White, thin
powder
Antacid +
water
Clear liquid
Antacid + water +
cabbage juice
Blue, thin liquid
Antacid + water +
cabbage juice + (HCl)
Clear solution
Clear liquid
Clear liquid
Baking Soda
Tums
Rolaids
Eno
Gaviscon
Baking soda is a white powder. When the baking soda and water was mixed, the solution was
clear. When the baking soda was combined with the indicator the solution turned a blue-green
colour.
Tums tablet is white in colour. When Tums was added to water, the solution became cloudy
milky white liquid. When the indicator was added, the solution turned blue. When the acid was
added it turned faded pink colour.
Rolaids is white in color. When added to water, the solution turned cloudy in color. When the
indicator was added, the solution turned a turquoise color and when the acid was added it turned
into faded pink in color.
Before Eno was added to water, it was white powder. After adding the powder to water, the
solution remained clear however bubbles began to form. When the indicator was added, the
solution turned blue and when the acid was added it turned pink.
Gaviscon was white in colour. When it was mixed with water, the solution turned cloudy. When
the indicator was added, the solution became light blue-green in colour and finally when it was
added to the hydrochloric acid it turned pink.
ANALYSIS
Calculations for Average Drops of Acid Required
Equation used to calculate Average Drops of Acid required for each Antacid:
Antacid
Baking Soda
Calculation
Rolaids
Eno
Gaviscon
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Error Analysis
Errors that might have occurred during the practical lab are:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Some ingredients in the antacid may affect the pH value of the mixture and the result.
Loss of active ingredient during transferring.
The antacid tablet is not crushed properly, so larger particles take longer to dissolve.
The other ingredients may affect the solubility of the bases inside the antacid.
The reaction may not be complete.
The mixture was not stirred properly as the acid was added.
Helbig 8