THE OPEN UNIVERSITY OF TANZANIA

FACULTY OF ARTS AND SOCIAL SCIENCES

DEPARTMENT OF POLITICAL SCIENCE AND PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION
PROGRAMME: BACHELOR OF ARTS PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION

OPA 101 INTRODUCTION TO PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION COURSE OUTLINE

1.0 Introduction
We welcome you to OPA 141: Introduction to Public Administration. This is a two unit
course, supposedly meant to be taken by all undergraduate students in the Bachelor of Arts
(Public Administration) in the Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences (FASS) of the Open
University of Tanzania. The course is being introduced for the first time in the form it is,
although it was also taught in the past as part of Political Science and Public Administration. The
change of the course to the current structure and content was seen to be the best way we can
inculcate the detailed knowledge, skills, understanding and competencies of theory and practice
of public administration. Public Administration course is pursued as a core course by all
undergraduate students studying the Bachelor of Arts (Public Administration). The course
introduces students into the functionality of Government machinery and articulates how that
machinery functions to achieve its set goals through people in it i.e. administrators. To
administer involves the combining of individual efforts and performing a job that would
otherwise, be impossible to perform by a single individual. Definitely combining the individual
efforts and directing them to the desired end involves different actions, approaches and
principles. These will clearly be covered in this course, so the learners who are future
administrators can know how theory merges with practice. It is hoped that students who shall go
through this course are equipped with skills, competencies, strategies and techniques of running
the government machinery as administrators in implementing public policies.
Students will be introduced to mainstream literature in Public Administration, the main locus and
focus of the course and be able to apply the techniques to both public and private administration.
This is important because while all the two provide services, they differ in the scope of their
activities. Public administration has multiple roles to be achieved simultaneously, while Private
administration is charged mainly with the profit motive of the organization. However, it is
important also to appreciate a significant role in the contemporary government private sector
complementarities, where private organizations are providing services to the public under the
component of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR).

This course outline provides you with the necessary information about the contents of the course
and the materials you will need to be familiar with for a proper understanding of the subject
matter. It is suggested that you will need to use in addition to the materials recommended to you

by the course Lecturers, several other sources e.g. the internet materials, several journal articles
to which OUT Library has subscribed and other on line materials, as you will be advised by the
library staff from time to time. Please ensure that you become friendly with the search tools for
materials as well as the use of library services. One final point is the necessity to attach your self
in a study group where you will be sharing information, exchanging notes and learning from
each other. As a student in distance learning system acquaint your self with self study skills and
strategies so that learning becomes interesting and motivating at the same time. The lecturers
will always be available to assist you whenever you get stuck, although it is not advisable to get
stuck. It is anticipated that in a future date you will be having study materials for the course, but
even with the availability of study materials you will need to supplement them with readings as
suggested above. We are confident that with this elaborate course outline you will be able to
study Public Administration, with a view to knowing how the machinery of government works,
how policies are formulated and implemented, why some policies succeed and why others fail an
so on. You will be able to apply the theoretical pieces of information to the real world of work
and as a result be able to distinguish theory from practice. As an important contribution to your
studies, you will undertake a field practical of five weeks, which will help you merge theory with
practice, establish how they complement each other or how they may contrast sometimes.

2.0 Course Objectives

At the end of this course, a student should be able to:
(i) Define administration in general and public administration in particular, the Administrative
Principles and
Theories, delineating the scope and functions of Public Administration
(ii) Differentiate between classical and behavioural approaches; the relationship between PA and
other Social
Sciences
(iii) Draw a dichotomy between public and private administration
(iv) Draw a distinction between Politics and administration
(v) Identify and explain various approaches in administrative inquiry
(vi) Describe various theories in public administration and the New Dimensions of Public
Administration
(vii) Apply public administration approaches to real administration in public sectors
(viii) Identify and discuss the various controls on Public Administration
(ix) Elucidate the major distinctions in dominant approaches in public Administration
(x) Explore the problems within the African Bureaucracies including those of bureaucracy,
corruption, unethical behavior, self interest and lack of Accountability

3.0 Main Content

Module 1 Public Administration: An Introduction

Lecture 1 Definitions of Public Administration
Lecture 2 General Introduction to the Studies of Public Administration
Lecture 3 Importance of Public Administration
Lecture 4 Scope of Public Administration
Lecture 5 Main Characteristics of Public Administration

Module 2 Basic Practices of Public Administration

Unit 1 Functions Performed by Public Administration
Unit 2 Methods of inquiry in Public Administration
Unit 3 Civil Service
Unit 4 Development Administration

Module 3 Issues in Public Administration

Unit 1 Basic Concepts of Public Administration
Unit 2 Public issues in Administration
Unit 3 Practical issues in our society, Tanzania
Unit 4 Practical issues in the world
Course Outline OPA 141

MODULE 1 Nature and Scope of PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION: AN INTRODUCTION

Lecture 1 Definitions of Public Administration
Lecture 2 General Introductions to the Studies of Public Administration
Lecture 3 Importance of Public Administration
Lecture 4 Scope of Public Administration
Lecture 5 Main characteristics of Public Administration

Course Outline OPA 141

UNIT 1 DEFINITION OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION

CONTENTS
1.0 Introduction
2.0 Objectives
3.0 Main content
3.1 Definition of Administration
3.2 Administration features
3.3 Administrative Theories
3.4 Definitions of Public Administration
3,5 Basic Administrative Principles
3.6 The Role and Importance of Public Administration
5.0 The Scope of Public Administration
6.0 References / Further Readings

3.1 Definition of Administration

Administration is a universal concept and is also of universal importance. According to
Simon (1950), it is said to commence immediately two people agree to co-operate to undertake a
task, for instance, to move a stone which none of them can move alone. Also
Nwosu (1985:3), noted that Administration is inevitable in any given situation where a
piece of work has to be done, and this piece of work requires the effort of more than one person
to accomplish it. We are involved in administrative behavior when we
co-operate with other people to accomplish such objectives as erecting a community town hall,
constructing and managing schools, churches, hospitals, vehicles, assembly plants.

3.2 Basic characteristic of administration

Administrative practice is based on some known characteristics namely:

(i) Hierarchy: Organization form a chain of superiors ranging from the highest ranking to
the lowest ranking manager
(ii) Unity of command: Employees receive orders from one superior
(iii)Chain of command: organizations are divided into various but functional sections, units,
departments etc.
(iv) Span of Control: Employees are given authority and responsibility that is
commensurate with their offices, which should not be more or less.
3.3 Theoretical Understanding of Public Administration
The study of Public Administration has been approached from different theoretical
understandings which include:
3.3.1 Administrative Management developed by Hendry Fayol through his fourteen
Principles of Management; and Ulrich and others
3.3.2 Scientific Management developed by Fredrick W. Taylor who believed there was one
best way of managing.
3.3.3 Bureaucratic Management developed by Max Weber who introduced the concept of
Bureaucracy
3.3.4 Human Relations which was developed through the works of Elton Mayo and
colleagues

3.4 Definition of Public Administration

Having understood the concept of administration, its characteristics, and theories, it can be noted
that when the concept of administration is qualified with the word public it simply means the
practice of administration in a particular segment of the society, that of the public sector. Public
administration is therefore governmental administration and operates in the particular sphere of
government. It is the machinery for implementing government policy. Public administration is
concerned with the study of how a countrys administration is organized and how it functions.
Since it is the machinery for implementing government policy, it follows that its study must lead
to the study of the most efficient ways of organizing
the executive branch of government, its institutions and its procedures. Public administration is
the machinery, as well as the integral processes through which the government performs its
functions.
3.5 The Scope of Public Administration
The scope of Public Administration varies with peoples expectations of what they should get
from the government. It is obvious however; that though public administration studies the
administrative branch of the executive organ only yet its scope is a very wide one as it varies
with the peoples conception of a good life. Moreover, the scope of the executive branch of

government has varied over times, shifting from the core roles of the government towards
developmental and economic growth at times.
3.5.1. The Broader view also called the Integral School of Public Administration
3.5. 2 The Managerial School also called Narrower view of Public Administration
3.5.3

The Body of Knowledge also called the prevailing trend of Public Administration

3.6 The Role and Importance of Public Administration

In to days modern state and in developing countries functions and role of Public
Administration is very important. The role and importance of Public Administration
are as follows.

PA as the basis of government.

PA as the instrument of change in the society.
PA as an institution which plays vital role in the life of the people.
PA as an instrument for executing laws, policies, programmes of the state.
PA as a stabilizing force in the society as it provides continuity.
PA as an instrument of national integration in the developing countries which
are facing class wars.

References
Adebayo, (2004) Principles and Practice of Public Administrationin Nigeria, Ibadan: Spectrum
Books and John Wiley
Nnoli, O. (2003) Introduction to Politics Revised Second Edition, Enugu: Pan African Center for
Research on Peace and Conflict Resolution (PACREP)
Rosenbloom, D. et.al. (1993) Public Administration: Understanding Management, Politics and
Law in the Public Sector. MC Graw HILL Inc. NY
Guy Peters and John Pirre (2003) (ed). Handbook of Public Administration . Sage Publications
Ltd London

Module 2 GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDIES OF PUBLIC

ADMINISTRATION
CONTENTS
1.0 Introduction
2.0 Objectives

3.0 Main Content

3.1 The Evolution of Public Administration
3.2 Public and Private Administration: Their differences
3.3 Public and Private Administration: Their similarities
3.4 Basic Principles of Administration (Refer to Fayols 14 principles of Administration)
3.5 Qualities of a Public Administrator
4.0 References / Further Readings
Introduction
Public administration is a broad discipline that covers a variety of issues which touches on
maximizing the use of scarce resources to satisfy human needs. Some of the issues will include:

Introducing you the studies of public administration;

the history of public administration;
the distinction between public administration and private administration, similarities
between public and private administrations, and
qualities of a public administrator.

2.0 OBJECTIVES
Towards the end of this theme the student should be able to
Discuss the history of public administration
State the differences between private and public administration
Mention the similarities between private and public administration
List the qualities of a public administrator
COURSE GUIDE OPA141
3.0 Main Content
3.1 The Evolution of Public Administration
3.2 Differences between Public and Private Administration
3.3 Similarities between Public and Private Administration
3.4 Basic Principles of Administration (Refer to Fayols principles as a starting point)
3.5 Qualities of Public Administrator

Nnoli, O. (2003), Introduction to Politics, Revised Second Edition,Enugu: Pan African Center for
Research and Conflict Resolution (PACREP)
Adebayo, (2004), Principles and Practice of Public Administrationin Nigeria, Ibadan: Spectrum
Books and John Wiley
Weber, M. (1946), Essays in Sociology (Translated by H. H. Gerth and C. W. Mills, New York:
Oxford University Press
Weber, M. (1947), The Theory of Social and Economic Organization (Translated by A. M.
Henderson and T. Parsons, New York: Oxford University Press,
Rosenbloom, D. et.al. (1993) Public Administration: Understanding Management, Politics and
Law in the Public Sector. MC Graw HILL Inc. NY
Guy Peters and John Pirre (2003) (ed). Handbook of Public Administration . Sage Publications
Ltd London

Module 3 The Environment of Public Administration

3.1 Introduction
3.2 Objectives
3.3 Main Content
3.4 Environment of Public Administration
4.0 References

Introduction
Public Administration deals with human beings, therefore, it is influenced by the environment in
which it is required to function. The environment affects the administration of organizations, just
as the activities and actions of the organization affect the environment. It is a well known fact
that no administrator can ignore the social, economic, political , scientific and technological and
cultural environment in which he/she is operating. There is reciprocal relationship between the
environment and administration. Therefore for a thorough understanding of the administration,
the study of environment is a sine quo non. In fact, administration and environments mutually
affect each other so much so that it can be said that the study of environment for proper study of
a public administration system is unavoidable. Therefore, there are different types of
environments covered, and each one has its impact on administration. For example, economic
conditions always have deep impact on economic structure and organisation of the society.
Similarly administrative system contributes in economic development, etc.

2.0 OBJECTIVES
At the end of this unit, you should be able to discover the following points:
that the study of public administration is incomplete without the study of its interaction with
external environments
importance of the study of Environment
how political and constitutional environment of a country are inter- linked with its public
administration system
the impact of economic environment on public administration
the role of language, education, values and communication system on administration etc.
3.0 Main Content
3.1 Economic Environment
3.2 Political environment
3.3 Social environment
3.4 Legal environment
3.5 Cultural environment
3.6 Scientific and Technological environment

4.0 References
Ekhator, Victor Eghe (2003). Rudiments of Public Administration. Kaduna: Joyce Graphic
Printers and Publishers Co.
Mukhi, H.R. (1998). Comparative Public Administration. New Delhi: SBD Publishers.
Nicholas, Henry (2006). Public Administration and Public Affairs. New Delhi: Prentice-Hall of
India Ltd.
Rosenbloom, D. et.al. (1993) Public Administration: Understanding Management, Politics and
Law in the Public Sector. MC Graw HILL Inc. NY
Guy Peters and John Pirre (2003) (ed). Handbook of Public Administration . Sage Publications
Ltd London
Kinard, M. (1992) Management Prentice Hall USA

Module 5 METHODS OF INQUIRY IN PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION

CONTENTS
1.0 Introduction
2.0 Objectives

3.0 Main Content

3.1 Historical Method of inquiry in public administration
3.2 Descriptive Method of inquiry in public administration
3.3 Experimental Method of inquiry in public administration
3.4 Survey Method of inquiry in public administration
3.5 Case study Method of inquiry in public administration
3.6 The Institutional Method of inquiry in public administration
3.7 Comparative Method of inquiry in public administration
3.8 Biographical Method of Inquiry in Public Administration
4.0 References / Further Readings

1.0 INTRODUCTION
Public administration has evolved and developed over time, this has been possible because of
relentless investigations into issues bothering on the improvement of the discipline. Major
methods of inquiry into the discipline that will be discussed here are historical method,
descriptive method, experimental method, survey method and case study method.

2.0 Objectives
At the successful completion of this unit, you should be able to:
Explain Historical Method
Examine Descriptive Method
Describe Experimental Method
Discuss Survey Method
State Case study Method
Define Institutional Approach
Explain Comparative Approach
Explain Biographical Approach

3.0 MAIN CONTENT

3.1 Historical Methods of Inquiry in Public Administration

3.2 Descriptive Methods of Inquiry
3.3 Experimental Methods of Inquiry
3.4 Survey Methods of Investigation
3.5 Case study method of Inquiry
3.6 Institutional Approach of Inquiry
3.7 Comparative Approach of Inquiry
3.8 Biographical Approach of Inquiry
4.0 References
Rosenbloom, D. et.al. (1993) Public Administration: Understanding Management, Politics and
Law in the Public Sector. MC Graw HILL Inc. NY
Guy Peters and John Pirre (2003) (ed). Handbook of Public Administration . Sage Publications
Ltd London
Adamolekun, L. (1983) Public Administration: A Nigerian and Comparative Perspective, New
York, Longman Ltd.
Fisher, R. A (1957) The Designs of Experiments, London: Oliver and Boyd
Jones, T. (1971) Conducting Political Research, New York: Harper and Row Publishers
Onah, R. C (2005) Public Administration, Nsukka: Great AP Express Publishers Ltd.
Osuala, E. C (2005) Introduction to Research Methodology; The Millennium Edition, Enugu:
Cheston Agency Ltd

Module 6 THE CIVIL SERVICE

CONTENTS
1.0 Introduction
2.0 Objectives
3.0 Main Content
3.1 Definition and Functions
3.2 Principles of Civil Service
3.3 Control of the Civil Service

3.4 The Colonial / The Republic Civil Service

3.5 The New Civil Service in Tanzania
3.6 Civil Service in Tanzania, 1967 to1990s
4.0 References/Further Readings

1.0 INTRODUCTION
An understanding of the nature of Civil Service in a society is very vital for the study of the
administrative practices of such place. Civil Service is the hub through which public
administrative work centers on. Important areas considered for discussion here are the definition
and functions, principles, control of civil service, the new civil service in Tanzania and civil
service in Tanzania, 1967 to date.
2.0 OBJECTIVES
It is intended that by the end of this unit, you should be able to:
Define and list the functions of Civil Service
Mention various principles of civil service
Describe the control of civil service
Examine the colonial/First Republic Civil Service in Tanzania
Discuss New Civil Service in Tanzania
Examine Civil Service in Tanzania, 1967 to 90s
Examine civil service reform under the second phase leadership 1995 2005

3.0 MAIN CONTENT

3.1 Definition of Civil Service
3.2 Principles of Civil Service
3.3 The Colonial Civil Service in independent Tanzania
3.4 The new Civil Service in Tanzania
3.4 The Controls of Civil Service (Executive, Legislative and Judicial controls)
3.5 Civil Service under Socialist State
3.6 Civil Service Reforms in Tanzania

4.0 References
Adebayo, (2004), Principles and Practice of Public Administration in Nigeria, Ibadan: Spectrum
Books and John Wiley
Dare, L and Oyewole (1988), A/L Government Textbook for West Africa, Ibadan: Onibonoje
Press & Book Industries (Nigeria Limited)
Ezeani, O. E (2005), Administrative Reforms in a Post Colonial State: An Appraisal of
Nigerias Experience under Obasanjo
Regime (1999 2005) in, University of Nigeria Journal of Political Economy, 1 (1)
Rosenbloom, D. et.al. (1993) Public Administration: Understanding Management, Politics and
Law in the Public Sector. MC Graw HILL Inc. NY
Guy Peters and John Pirre (2003) (ed). Handbook of Public Administration . Sage Publications
Ltd London
Henry, N. (2003) Public Administration and Public Affairs. Prentice Hall of India. New Delhi

Module 6 DEVELOPMENT ADMINISTRATION

CONTENT
1.0 Introduction
2.0 Objective
3.0 Main Content
3.1 Definition
3.2 Theories
3.3 Traditional and New Public Administration
3.4 Obstacles of Development Administration
4.0 References/Further Readings
1.0 INTRODUCTION
Since its inception, traditional public administration has been characterized by insurmountable
problems which amount to bureaucratic bottlenecks. This situation does not augur well for
development. Of course, the worst hit is the Developing Nations who are still grappling with
providing the basic necessities of life.

Development administration is therefore a new concept designed to overcome these obstacles.

This unit therefore will focus on the definition of development administration, theories and
traditional and new public administration
2.0 OBJECTIVES
At the end of this unit, you are expected to:
Define development administration
State the theories of development administration
Examine traditional and new public administration
Mention the obstacles of development administration
3.0 MAIN CONTENT
3.1 Definition of Development Administration
3.2 Theories of Development Administration
3.2.1 Public Choice Theory
3.2.2 Systems Theory
3.2.3 Fusion Approach
3.3 Traditional vs New Public Administration
3.4 Obstacles to Development Administration

4.0 References
Rosenbloom, D. et.al. (1993) Public Administration: Understanding Management, Politics and
Law in the Public Sector. MC Graw HILL Inc. NY
Guy Peters and John Pirre (2003) (ed). Handbook of Public Administration . Sage Publications
Ltd London
Donald C. Stone, D. C (1965), Government Machinery Necessary for Development', in Martin
Driesberg, ed, Public Administration in Developing Countries,
Riggs, F. W (1995), 'Public Administration: A neglected Factor in Economic Development',
Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, vol, 305 May

MODULE 7 ISSUES IN PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION

Lecture 1 Basic concepts of Public Administration

Lecture 2 Public issues in Administration

Lecture 3 Practical issues in our society, Tanzania
Lecture 4 Practical issues in the world
Lecture 5 Solutions to Public Administration problems

UNIT 1 BASIC CONCEPTS OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION

CONTENTS
1.0 Introduction
2.0 Objectives
3.0 Main Content
3.1 Bureaucracy
3.2 Organization
3.3 Chief Executive
3.4 The Environment of Public Administration
4.0 References / Further Readings

1.0 INTRODUCTION
Like other disciplines in social sciences, public administration has some peculiar concepts which
are often employed for analytical purposes. Some of the concepts that will be discussed in this
unit are bureaucracy, organization, chief executive and the environment of public administration
2.0 OBJECTIVES
Towards the end of this module a student is expected to:
Define bureaucracy and list its features
Discuss the concept of organization
Explain the responsibilities of chief executive
Describe the environment of public administration
3.0 MAIN CONTENT
3.1 Bureaucracy

3.2 Organization
3.3 The Chief Executive
3.4 Efficiency
3.5 The Environment of Public Administration

4.0 References
Adebayo, (2004), Principles and Practice of Public Administration in Nigeria, Ibadan: Spectrum
Books and John Wiley
Nnoli, O. (2003), Introduction to Politics, Revised Second Edition, Enugu: Pan African Center
for Research and Conflict Resolution (PACREP)
Rosenbloom, D. et.al. (1993) Public Administration: Understanding Management, Politics and
Law in the Public Sector. MC Graw HILL Inc. NY
Guy Peters and John Pirre (2003) (ed). Handbook of Public Administration . Sage Publications
Ltd London

UNIT 2 PUBLIC ISSUES IN ADMINISTRATION

CONTENTS
1.0 Introduction
2.0 Objectives
3.0 Main Contents
3.1 Public policy
3.2 Implications for the concept of public policy
3.3 Stages of the policy process
3.4 Politics and policy
3.5 The Public Service
3.6 The importance of public service
4.0 References /Further Readings
1.0 INTRODUCTION

Public administration is a system of administration that operates in government settings as such it

involves a variety of public issues. The particular issues that will be examined here are public
policy, implications for the concept of public policy, stages of the policy process, politics and
policy, the public service and the importance of public service.
2.0 OBJECTIVES
This unit will enable you to:
Define Public policy
List the implications for the concept of public policy
Mention the stages of policy process
Examine the link between politics and policy
Explain public service
Mention the importance of public service

3.0 MAIN CONTENT

3.1 Public Policy
3.2 Implications for the concept of Public Policy
3.3 Public Policy Process
3.4 Politics and Public Policy
3.5 Public Service
3.6 The Importance of Public Service

4.0 References
Rosenbloom, D. et.al. (1993) Public Administration: Understanding Management, Politics and
Law in the Public Sector. MC Graw HILL Inc. NY
Guy Peters and John Pirre (2003) (ed). Handbook of Public Administration . Sage Publications
Ltd London
Anderson, J. (1979), Public Policy Making, New York: Thomas Nelson and Son Ltd.
Easton, D (1965),
Dunn, W. N. (1981), Public Policy Analysis: An Introduction, New Jersey: Prentice Hall

Jones, C. (1984), An Introduction to the Study of Public Policy, California: Brooks/Cole

Publishing Co.
Hill, M. (2009). The Public Policy Process. Pearson Educational Limited, London.
Bryner, C.G. (2009) Public Organizations and Public Policy in Guy Peter & John Pierre,
Handbook of Public Administration. Sage Publications. London

UNIT 3 Practical Issues in Tanzanian Public Administration

CONTENT
1.0 Introduction
2.0 Objectives
3.0 Main Content
3.1 Historical Development
3.2 Public Service Review Commissions
3.3 Structures of Public Administration
3.4 Decision Making Process in Tanzanian Public Service
4.0 References / Further Readings
1.0 INTRODUCTION
Tanzanian public administration touches on practical issues of development. Historically, it has
passed through various stages. The main issues that will be examined in this unit are: Historical
development of public administration in Tanzania, Wage Review Commissions, the Structures of
Public Administration and Decision making process in Nigerian public service.

2.0 OBJECTIVES
At the end of this unit you should be able to:
Trace the major historical development of public administration in Tanzania
discuss the administrative reforms that have taken place after independence
describe the structures of Tanzanian Civil Service
discuss decision making process in Tanzanian public service

3. O Historical Development
3.1 Review Commissions
3.2 Abolition of Local Government System
3.3 Structures of Public Administration - Decentralization
3.4 Reintroduction of Local Government Authorities

4.0 References
Adebayo, (2004), Principles and Practice of Public Administration in Nigeria, Ibadan: Spectrum
Books and John Wiley
Lucy, T. (1991), Management Information System 6th Edition, London: Education Low Prices
Books a Scheme
Nnoli, O. (2003), Introduction to Politics, Revised Second Edition, Enugu: Pan African Center
for Research and Conflict Resolution (PACREP)
Rosenbloom, D. et.al. (1993) Public Administration: Understanding Management, Politics and
Law in the Public Sector. MC Graw HILL Inc. NY
Guy Peters and John Pirre (2003) (ed). Handbook of Public Administration . Sage Publications
Ltd London
Warioba, M.D, (1999) Management of Local Government in Tanzania: Some Historical
Insights. IDM Mzumbe
UNIT 4 PRACTICAL ISSUES IN THE WORLD
CONTENT
1.0 Introduction
2.0 Objective
3.0 Main Content
3.1 Public Administration and African Experience
3.2 French Administrative Practice
3.3 The United States of America
3.4 British Administration
4.0 References/Further Readings

1.0 INTRODUCTION
Public administration is a very interesting area of study and it has its peculiarities in various parts
of the world. We will therefore consider selected nations in this unit for discussion. Those to be
considered include African nations (which are assumed to share similar experience depending on
who the colonial masters were), France, America and Britain.
2.0 OBJECTIVES
At the end of this unit you are expected to:
Describe Public Administration in Africa
Discuss administrative practice in France
Explain the practice of Public Administration in the United States of America
Discuss the British Administrative System

3.0 MAIN CONTENT

3.1 Public Administration and African Experience
3.2 French Administrative Practice
3.3 The United States of America
3.4 British Administration
4.0 References
Rosenbloom, D. et.al. (1993) Public Administration: Understanding Management, Politics and
Law in the Public Sector. MC Graw HILL Inc. NY
Guy Peters and John Pirre (2003) (ed). Handbook of Public Administration . Sage Publications
Ltd London
Adebayo, (2004), Principles and Practice of Public Administration in Nigeria, Ibadan: Spectrum
Books and John Wiley
Lucy, T. (1991), Management Information System 6th Edition, London: Education Low Prices
Books a Scheme
Nnoli, O. (2003), Introduction to Politics, Revised Second Edition, Enugu: Pan African Center
for Research and Conflict Resolution (PACREP)

Module 8 The Public Budget: Purposes and Processes

CONTENT

Meaning of Budget
Centrality of Budget
Evolution of Budgetary concepts in Government
Major strategies and tactics for bigger budgets
Budgeting in Tanzania
The size and growth of Budgets and Sources of Revenue
References
Rosenbloom, H.D. (1993). Public Administration: Understanding Management, Politics, and
Law in the Public Sector Mc Graw Hill NY
Adebayo, (2004), Principles and Practice of Public Administration in Nigeria, Ibadan: Spectrum
Books and John Wiley
Lucy, T. (1991), Management Information System 6th Edition, London: Education Low Prices
Books a Scheme
Nnoli, O. (2003), Introduction to Politics, Revised Second Edition, Enugu: Pan African Center
for Research and Conflict Resolution (PACREP)
9.0 PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION IN THE AGE OF GLOBALIZATION AND
LIBERALIZATION
CONTENT
9.0 Objectives
9.1 Globalization
9.2 Liberalization
9.3 Public Administration since World War II
9.4 New Public Management
9.4.1 Features of New Public Management
9.4.2 Evaluation of New Public Management
9.5 Good Governance
9.5.1 Features of Good Governance
9.5.2 Evaluation of Good Governance
Objectives:
At the end of this unit the student should be able to:
Define Globalization and Liberalization
Explain the relationship between Globalization/Liberalization and Public Administration

Trace the changing nature of Public Administration since WWII

Discuss the main features of New Public Management
Explain the importance of Good Governance and its main features
MAIN CONTENT
9.0 Objectives
9.1 Globalization
9.2 Liberalization
9.3 Public Administration since World War II
9.4 New Public Management
9.4.1 Features of New Public Management
9.4.2 Evaluation of New Public Management
9.5 Good Governance
9.5.1 Features of Good Governance
9.5.2 Evaluation of Good Governance
References
Adebayo, (2004), Principles and Practice of Public Administration in Nigeria, Ibadan: Spectrum
Books and John Wiley
Lucy, T. (1991), Management Information System 6th Edition, London: Education Low Prices
Books a Scheme
Nnoli, O. (2003), Introduction to Politics, Revised Second Edition, Enugu: Pan African Center
for Research and Conflict Resolution (PACREP)
Rosenbloom, D. et.al. (1993) Public Administration: Understanding Management, Politics and
Law in the Public Sector. MC Graw HILL Inc. NY
Guy Peters and John Pirre (2003) (ed). Handbook of Public Administration . Sage Publications
Ltd London

10.0 Ethics and Accountability in Government

CONTENT
10.0: Objective of the study
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Ethics and accountability in Public Administration
10.3 Legislative control over public administration
10.4 The Roles of the Ombudsman
10.0 Objective

The objectives of this unit is to help students

Appreciate the importance of ethical behavior and integrity in the performance of public
service
Explain the various mechanisms of control over public administration
Elucidate the control of the Legislature over public administration
Discuss the roles of the Ombudsman in inculcating ethical behaviour

10.1 Introduction
Public administration as an activity which encompasses each and every aspect of human life. The
explosion and spread of information and communication technology, the wide acceptance of
democratic form of government and changing social norms enable the people to demand higher
standards of ethics, transparency and accountability in the public sector. Ethical public service is
considered as a prerequisite of well functioning democracy. Ethical, transparent and accountable
public sector is also a precondition of good governance that ensures sustainable development and
responsive public policy
CONTENT
10.0: Objective of the study
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Ethics and accountability in Public Administration
10.3 Legislative control over public administration
10.4 The Roles of the Ombudsman
References
Adebayo, (2004), Principles and Practice of Public Administration in Nigeria, Ibadan: Spectrum
Books and John Wiley
Lucy, T. (1991), Management Information System 6th Edition, London: Education Low Prices
Books a Scheme
Nnoli, O. (2003), Introduction to Politics, Revised Second Edition, Enugu: Pan African Center
for Research and Conflict Resolution (PACREP)
Rosenbloom, D. et.al. (1993) Public Administration: Understanding Management, Politics and
Law in the Public Sector. MC Graw HILL Inc. NY
Guy Peters and John Pirre (2003) (ed). Handbook of Public Administration . Sage Publications
Ltd London