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Overview
Introduction
Fan laws
Thermal aspects
Introduction
Air properties vary with altitude:
Density
y of air decreases with increasing
g altitude
Ambient air temperature decreases with increasing altitude
1.4
20
1.2
10
Temperature C
Density kg/m
m3
0.8
0.6
10
20
30
0.4
40
0.2
50
0.5
1.5
Height m
2.5
60
60
3.5
4
x 10
0.5
1.5
Height m
2.5
3.5
4
x 10
The density of air at very high altitudes (e.g. >50K ft) is very
low (much less air available for cooling)
Fan Laws
Fan air speed proportional to rotational speed,
v2 2
=
v1 1
v
2
P v 2 ;
= 2 22 = 2 22
P1 1v1
11
Q = Av
Altit d compensating
Altitude
ti ffan
G
Generic
fan
P ~ reduction in density
Laminar flow
( P invariant
(P
i
i t
with elevation )
Turbulent flow
(P decreases with
elevation)
Laminar flow
P Cv
Turbulent flow
Linear variation with density, ;
P v 2
System Impedance
Turbulent
Laminar
Mixed flow
Source: Belady, 1996
o Fan Performance
The volume flow rate stays
y almost
unchanged at higher elevations, but the
resulting mass flow rate drops due to
lower density. P v 2
o System Impedance
Lower density leads to lower Re at higher elevations due to lower density.
P
Pay attention
tt ti tto flflow regime
i
att hi
higher
h elevations
l
ti
as marginally
i ll tturbulent
b l t flflow att
sea level may transition to laminar regime with elevation.
2010 ANSYS, Inc. All rights reserved.
Mixed
Laminar Flows:
o Volume flow rate and mass flow rate decrease faster than turbulent
flows (both velocity and density decrease).
Mixed Flows:
o The flow behavior is intermediate between those of laminar and
turbulent flows.
2010 ANSYS, Inc. All rights reserved.
10
Impedance Coefficient
cP =
P
1 v 2
2
P2 2
=
P1 1
, c P Re m
1 m
v2
v1
2m
P2 2
Turbulent flows :
P1 1
1 m
Pressure drop
p is a function of density
y and velocity.
y
For turbulent flows, pressure drop is a function of density only.
m may be a function of altitude or constant but it is system dependent.
2010 ANSYS, Inc. All rights reserved.
11
Procedure to Determine m
12
Thermal Aspects
Conservation of energy:
q = m& c p T = Qc
Q p T ; T = q / ( Qc
Q p)
Elevation , volume flow rate
remains the same for turbulent flow
decreases for laminar flow
For a given q,
T increases for turbulent flow,
flow as decreases.
decreases
T increases even more for laminar flow as both and Q
decrease.
q = hA (T s T air );
h prescribed using Nu = hL / k
2010 ANSYS, Inc. All rights reserved.
13
h1 1v1
Nu x C Re ;
n
x
hx
= h x x / k = 0 . 332 Re
1/2
x
Pr
1/3
( v )1 / 2
4/5
x
hx ( v)4/5
4/5
Nu
Pr
1/3
14
15
P =
1
1
kl v + k q v 2
2 23 1
2424
1
3
linear term
quadratic term
16
1000 W source
underneath the
HS
17
CFM
ufin(m/s)
Re(fin)
Re(ch)
0.1
1.069691
0.172
58.64789
284.6739
0.2
2.139382
0.344
117.2958
569.3478
0.3
3.209073
0.516
175.9437
854.0217
0.5
5.348455
0.86
293.2394
1423.37
0.75
8.022683
1.29
439.8592
2135.054
10.69691
1.72
586.4789
2846.739
1.25
13.37114
2.15
733.0986
3558.424
1.5
16.04537
2.58
879.7183
4270.109
21.39382
3.44
1172.958
5693.478
32.09073
5.16
1759.437
8540.217
4.5
48.1361
7.74
2639.155
12810.33
64.18146
10.32
3518.873
17080.43
7.5
80.22683
12.9
4398.592
21350.54
96.27219
15.48
5278.31
25620.65
12
128.3629
20.64
7037.746
34160.87
15
160.4537
25.8
8797.183
42701.09
18
192.5444
30.96
10556.62
51241.3
18
Cabinet : Laminar
Heat sink : Laminar
Cabinet : Turbulent
H t sink
Heat
i k : Laminar
L i
Cabinet : Turbulent
Heat sink : Turbulent
20000 feet
u (m/s)
CFM
ufin(m/s)
Re(fin)
Re(ch)
0.1
1.069691
0.172
32.4478
157.5
0.2
2.139382
0.344
64.8956
315
0.3
3.209073
0.516
97.3434
472.5
0.5
5.348455
0.86
162.239
787.5
0.75
8.022683
1.29
243.3585
1181.25
10.69691
1.72
324.478
1575
1.25
13.37114
2.15
405.5975
1968.75
1.5
16.04537
2.58
486.717
2362.5
21.39382
3.44
648.956
3150
2.5
26.74228
4.3
811.195
3937.5
32.09073
5.16
973.434
4725
4.5
48.1361
7.74
1460.151
7087.5
64.18146
10.32
1946.868
9450
7.5
80.22683
12.9
2433.585
11812.5
96.27219
15.48
2920.302
14175
12
128.3629
20.64
3893.736
18900
15
160.4537
25.8
4867.17
23625
18
192.5444
30.96
5840.604
28350
22
235.332
37.84
7138.516
34650
19
Cabinet : Laminar
H t sink
Heat
i k : Laminar
L i
Cabinet : Turbulent
Heat sink : Laminar
Cabinet : Turbulent
Heat sink : Turbulent
ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary
50000 feet
u (m/s)
CFM
ufin(m/s)
Re(fin)
Re(ch)
0.5
5.348455
0.86
46.68044
226.5845
10.69691
1.72
93.36087
453.169
1.5
16.04537
2.58
140.0413
679.7535
21.39382
3938
3.44
3
186.7217
86
906.338
906
338
2.5
26.74228
4.3
233.4022
1132.923
32.09073
5.16
280.0826
1359.507
42.78764
6.88
373.4435
1812.676
53.48455
8.6
466.8044
2265.845
64.18146
10.32
560.1652
2719.014
85.57528
13.76
746.887
3625.352
10
106.9691
17.2
933.6087
4531.69
12
128.3629
20.64
1120.33
5438.028
14
149.7567
24.08
1307.052
6344.366
17
181.8475
29.24
1587.135
7703.873
20
213.9382
34.4
1867.217
9063.38
24
256.7258
41.28
2240.661
10876.06
28
299.5135
48.16
2614.104
12688.73
34
363.6949
58.48
3174.27
15407.75
40
427.8764
68.8
3734.435
18126.76
20
Cabinet : Laminar
Heat sink : Laminar
Cabinet : Turbulent
Heat sink : Laminar
Cabinet : Turbulent
Heat sink : Turbulent
ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary
Increasing altitude
Operating points
P (in.w.g.)
SL DP
(turbulent flow at SL
may become laminar
at a certain altitude)
20K DP
50K DP
SL Fan
20K Fan
50K Fan
0
0
50
100
150
200
250
O
Operating
ti points
i t
Q (CFM)
300
P (in.w.g.)
Q(CFM)
Cabinet
Heat Sink
Sea level
2.46
100.85
Turbulent
Turbulent
20K ft
1.44
84.18
Turbulent
Turbulent *
50K ft
0.373
78.26
Turbulent *
Laminar
21
0.35
20K-1
50K
0.30
SL-2
20K-2
cp
0.25
50K-2
Power (50K)
0.20
Power (SL-2)
y = 12.145x -0.9067
R2 = 0.9982
0.15
y = 3.5421x -0.6261
R2 = 0.995
0.10
0.05
0.00
00
0.0
10
1.0
20
2.0
30
3.0
40
4.0
50
5.0
60
6.0
70
7.0
80
8.0
90
9.0
10 0
10.0
11 0
11.0
Re_fin/1000
Density(kg/m3)
Density ratio
mo *1000 (kg/s)
mo ratio
Ts,max (C)
T (C)
Sea level
1.164
55.4
48.5
28.5
20K ft
0.56
0.481
22.25
0.402
75.6
55.6
50K ft
0.143
0.123
5.28
0.095
217.1
197.1
P (in.w.g.)
Q(CFM)
Cabinet
Heat Sink
2.46
100.85
Turbulent
Turbulent
1.44
84.18
Turbulent
Turbulent *
0.373
78.26
Turbulent *
Laminar
Nu x C Re n ;
h2 2 v2
=
h1 1v1
Following
g steps
p similar to those to determine m, n can be determined
At 20K ft altitude:
Air density decreases by 52%, mdot decreases by 60%
Flat plate HTC degraded by 45.3%
45 3% (case study heat sink HTC
degraded by 51%)
23
Summary
Flow regime in a system may change due to the drop in density (air flow tends
to be more laminar at higher altitudes)
P
Pressure
d
drop is
i a function
f
ti off
P
Power
law
l
coefficients,
ffi i t m and
dn
system dependent
can be estimated
Overallll heat
O
h t ttransfer
f coefficient
ffi i t decreases
d
due
d to
t high
hi h altitude,
ltit d mostt probably
b bl
less than the density ratio
24