Islamic Studies Key Words and Concepts

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IslamicStudiesKeyWordsandConcepts
IslamicEthicsandMoralPhilosophy
VoicedDictionaryofKeyTermsandConcepts
Practicequizzes
A|B|C|D|E|F|G|H|I|J|K|L|M|N|O|P|Q|R|S|T|U|V|W|X|Y|Z
A
Adl :Justice.
Adl(al) :theJust.Itisoneofthe99thattributesofGod.
Canalsomeanapersonofprobity.
Akmalkhamsah(al) :thefivejudgmentsornormativecategories.ThewayinwhichIslamiclawandethicshavetraditionallydivided
humanbehavior.Thefivecategoriesclassifiesbehaviorasobligatory(wjib,fard
),recommended(mandb,mustaabb),indifferent,
morallyneutralorpermissible(mubh
),reprehensible(makrh)andforbidden(arm).
Akmalsulaniyyah(al) :PoliticalOrdinances.ItisthetitleofabookwrittenbyalMwardinwhichtheauthorlistssevenconditions
orprerequisitesthecaliphshouldmeettoqualifyforthecaliphaloffice.Theprerequisitesare:justice,knowledge,soundnessoftheorgans
ofsense,soundnessofbody,soundnessofjudgment,courageandfinallytheQurayshpedigree.
Ahlalaqq :theadherentsofthetruth(literally:thepeopleofthetruth.Itcouldalsomeanthepeopleofthetrueonei.e.
thepeopleofGod).
Ahlalkalm(alsomutakallimn) :Muslimtheologians(seekalm).AccordingtoalFrb,themethodsusedbytheologiansessentially
recoursetopersuasive(iqn)ordialectical(jadal)arguments,inwhichimaginativerepresentationstendtoreplacedemonstrative
proofs.AlFrbbelievedthattheseargumentsareinferiortodialecticalones.
Ajsmalbasah(al) :simplebodies,primaryelements.AccordingtoIbnRushdtheyarefour:
1)alnr :thefire
2)alhaw :theair
3)alm :thewater
4)alar :thesoil.
Akhlq(sing.khuluq) :character,mannersrelatingtoindividualmannerism,nature,see[Q68:V4].AccordingtoIkhwnalaf,itisa
naturaldispositionthatprepareseachandeverymemberpartofthebodytoenablethesoultoact.
Akhl(sing.khal) :mixtures.
http://majalla.org/souaiaia/ethics/dictionary/
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Alf(sing.laf) :(pronounced)terms.
lim(al) :theOnewhoknows.Itisoneofthe99thattributesofGod.Also,oneoftheattributesoftheFirst,accordingtoalFrb.
(seealawwal)
Allh :theGod.
Amal :action,practice,behavior.
Aqdah :articlesoffaith.
1.BeliefinGod(Allh).
2.BeliefthatMuammadistheMessengerofGod.
3.BeliefintheBooks(Torah,Zabr(Psalms),Injl(Gospels),Qurn).
4.Beliefintheexistenceofangelsandjinn.
5.BeliefintheLastDay,Paradise,Hell
6.Beliefindivineqa'andqadar.
Aql :reason,mind,intellect(seealFrb).InhistreatiseOntheMeaningsoftheIntellect(fmanialaql),alFrbgivesa
listofthemeaningsoftheintellectorreasonasusedbythegeneralpublic,themutakallimn,andAristotle.
1)prudenceorsoundjudgmentindeterminingwhatisrightandwhatiswrong.
2)themutakallimnuseitwhenreferringtocertainactionsenjoinedorrepudiatedbyreason(generallyreceivedbythepublicasawholeor
forthemostpart).
3)forAristotle,itisafacultyofthesoulwherebymanisabletoattaincertaintybyrecoursetouniversal,trueandnecessarypremises,
knownneitherbydeductionnorreflection,butrathernaturallyandinstinctively
.
4)apartofthesoulwhichisabletogain,throughhabituationandprolongedexperience,acertainapprehensionofpremisespertainingto
volitionalmatters,whicharesusceptibleofbeingsoughtorshunned.Thisreasongrowswithage.
5)potential,actual,acquiredandactivereason.
aql,qilwamaql :PlatobelievedthatitistheActiveIntellectortheunmovedMover.ClearlydistinguishablefromtheFirst
Principle(alawwal)uponWhomitdepends,itistheultimateprincipleofmotion,insubstanceandactuality.
Arkn :pillars.Theyaretheritualpractices(ibdt).
1.Declarationoffaith.(seeShahdah).
2.Performanceofobligatoryprayers(seealh).
3.Mandatoryalmstax(seeZakh).
4.FastingalldaysofRaman(seeawm).
5.Undertakingthejourneyofpilgrimage(seeajj).
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Ashar(al),AbalassanAlIbnIsmal(8734/260H9356/324H) :AfamousmedievalMuslimtheologian.Hewasborn
inBasraandhediedinBaghdad.OriginallyhewasamemberoftheMutazilahbutheabandonedtheirdoctrinein9123.Heisthe
authorofTheTreatisesoftheIslamicSects(maqlatalislmiyyn).HisfollowersarecalledtheAsharites(alAshiriah).
Awwal(al) :theFirst.FollowingtheexampleofProclusofAthens,alFrbcallsGodalawwalorthefirstbeingfromwhomallother
beingsemanate.AlFrbbelievedthat,thesuccessiveordersofintellect(aql),soul(nafs)andprimematter(haylah)arisedfromthe
FirstBeingthroughaprocessofprogressiveoverflowing(seealFrb).
Azraqiyyah(azraqites) :akharajitegroupthatbelievesmnwaamal(faithandaction)arenotdividable.Onecannotpretendtohave
thefaithunlessoneactsaccordingtothisfaith.
B
Bri(al) :theCreator.
Bar(al),asan,(bornin642,inMadnah,diedin728,Basra,Iraq) :animportantreligiousfigureinIslam,founderoftheschoolof
rationalism.HearguedthataMuslimwhocommitsakabrahisamunfiq(aliar,ahypocrite)hence,heispunishedbyhell.
Bayah :Itisanoathofallegiancetothecaliph,oncehehasbeenestablishedassuch.Traditionallythisendorsementofthecaliphhad
tobeopen/public.Alaterdevelopmentofthebayahdistinguishedbetweenthebayahkhah(doneonlybyMuslims)andthebay
ahmmah(secondarytobayahkhah,anddonebyNonMuslimstoo).
Burhniyyah :(fromtheArabicnounBurhn=proof)demonstrativephilosophy.
C
Consequentialism:amodernWesternmoraltheorythatholdsthatknownconsequencesdictatemoralvalues.Inshort,anactismorallyright
ifandonlyifthatactmaximizesthegood.
D
Dall(pl.daliloradillah) :proof.
Deontologism:amodernWesternmoraltheorythatholdsthatactionsconformtocertainlaws,prohibitions,andcommandments.Hence,
moralactsareactsthatconformtothevaluesexpressedinthelaws,prohibitionsandpositivecommandments(systemofobligations).
Dht :self.
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E
Ethics:a.inGreekEthike/Ethicos,relatingtogoodandbad.
b.Thecorpusofrulesandthesystemofprinciplesgoverningthepracticeinrespecttoasingleclassofhumanactions.
Eudemonia(fromGreek):astateofbeingHappy.NotaninstanceoffeelingHappy.MostinfluentialAncientGreekthinkersthoughtthat
theHappypersonisthevirtuousone.ThevirtuouspersonisHewhohasasettleddispositiontoreliablydovirtuousthings.Humanvirtue
(orexcellence)consistsofcourage,moderation,justiceandwisdominshort,inGreekethicaltheories,virtuousagentsarehappy.
F
Falah(pl.fadil) :excellence,merit,virtue.
Fa :inquiry,examination.
Falsafah :philosophy.ThewordderivesfromtheGreekphilosophia.
Faqh(pl.fuqah) :jurist,jurisprudence,onewhopracticesfiqhjurisprudence.
Faqr :poverty.Itisaprincipalvirtue(afirstordervirtue),inSufiteaching.
Frb(al),AbNarMuammadalFrb(870950) :oneoftherenownedIslamicphilosophers.Heoccupiesauniquepositioninthe
historyofphilosophy,asthelinkbetweenGreekphilosophyandIslamicthought.HeisalsoaleadingadvocateoftheIslamicNeoplatonism
schoolofreasoning.HebecameknownastheSecondTeacher(almuallimalthn)afterAristotlehimself.Hismajorcontributionto
Islamicmetaphysicswashisdevelopmentofthedoctrineofessenceandexistence.FollowingtheexampleofGreekphilosophers,alFrb
believedintheconceptofemanationaccordingtowhichthesuccessiveordersofintellect(aql),soul(nafs)andprimematter(haylah)
arisedfromtheFirstBeingthroughaprocessofprogressiveoverflowing.Thisissuebecameoneofthemostheatedcontroversiesbetween
theIslamicphilosophersandthetheologians(mutakallimn).HeistheauthoroftheVirtuousCity(almadnahalfilah)andtheCivil
Polity(alSiysahalmadaniyyah).HisphilosophicalsuccessorwasIbnSn.
Far :seewjib.
Fay :emanation
fromapurelytechnicalphilosophicalpointofview.Thecontrastposedwasbetweenaworldcreatedexnihiloat
amomentintimebyGod,andaworldwhichemanatedeternallyfromGod.Thelaterwasfrequentlyopposedbyahlalkalmandseenas
heretical(seealFrb).
Fiqh :Islamiclaw.Originallythewordmeant'understanding'or'knowledge'.
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Fitnah :socialupheaval,civilwar.FitnahisoftenusedtorefertothecivilwarbetweenAlIbnAblibandMuwiyahIbnAb
ufyn.
G
Ghaffr(al) :theForgiver.Itisoneofthe99thattributesofGod.
Ghalabah :literally,itmeansvictory,overcomingsomething
.Ghalabahisagender,ethnic,tribalandlinguisticbaseddominance
thatforcesachoice.
Ghyah :purpose.
Ghazl(al),AbmidMuammad(10581111) :Muslimtheologian.HewasalsoascholarofIslamicphilosophyandaSufi.Heis
theauthorofRevivaloftheReligiousSciences(iy'ulmaldn).
H
add :definition.
adth(pl.aladth) :theArabicwordhasmanymeanings:sayings,utteringconversation,speech,
report.InIslamitmeanstradition.ItisarecordofthesayingsordoingsoftheProphetandhisCompanions.Theadthis
consideredasasourceofIslamiclaw,dogmaandritualsecondonlytotheQurn.
ajj :pilgrimagetoMecca.Itisthefifthofthefivepillars(Arkn)ofIslm.
kim(al) :theSage,theWise.akmrelatedtothewordikmah(wisdom).
1)AlFrbreferstoPlatoasalakm.Alakmn(thetwoSages)arePlatoandAristotle.
2)alakmisalsooneoftheattributesoftheFirst,accordingtoalFrb(seealawwal).
aqq(al) :theTruth.Oneofthe99thattributesofGod.Also,oneoftheattributesoftheFirst,accordingtoalFrb.(seealawwal).
arm :forbidden.OneofthefivecategoriesinwhichIslamiclawandethicshavetraditionallydividedhumanbehavior.
Haw :air.Ikhwnalafusehawasclimate
.
ay :bashfulness,shyness.
Hayl :substance,matter,indivisiblematter,primordialmatter(seealFrbIbnRushd).
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ayy(al) :theLiving.Oneofthe99thattributesofGod.Also,oneoftheattributesoftheFirst,accordingtoalFrb(seealawwal).
Hedonism:amoraltheorythatarguesthat:a)moralsareofconsequenceonlyiftheymotivatetheagenttoact,
b)Theagentwillactonlytoreceivepleasureandavoidpain.
HidyatAllh :divineguidance,Godsguidance.
ikmah :wisdom.
ilm :forebearance,indulgence,gentleness.
usnaldht(al)
:inherentgoodness.Amutazilahdoctrine.
I
Ibls :satan.
IbnAtalGhazl,Wil,alsocalledAbudhayfah(700748,Arabia) :AfterheleftalBar'sstudycircle,hefoundedthe
Mutaziliteschoolofthought.
IbnRushd,AbelWaldMuammadIbnAmad(11261198) :heisknownintheWestasAverroes,aHispanoArabphilosopher,
commentatoronAristotle,whoalsowasaqadiandadoctor.Hisbookswereorderedtobeburnedandverylittlehasremainedofhis
writings.IbnRushdarguedthatallimperfect
existingbodiesconsistofhayl(substance)andrah(form).Heconsidersthatany
jism(body)hastobeacombinationofthesetwocomponentsinordertobeabletoexist(seealajsmalbasah,hayl,rah).
Iffah :temperance,purity,abstinence.
Ijm :injurisprudencethistermcanbetranslatedas'consensus'.AlongwiththeQurn,theSunnah.Itisoneofthemainsources
oflawandethicsinIslam.
Ijtihd :informedindependentreasoning.
Ijtim :derivesfromthesamerootasijmbutitdoesnothavethesamelegalisticforce.Ijtimcanmeanconsensusor
convergingononeideaorconclusion.
Ikhl :sincerity,faithfulness,fidelity.AsupportingmysticalvirtueorasecondordervirtueinSufiteaching.
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Ikhtil :admixture,combination.
Ikhtiyr(al) :Mensfreewilltochoose.
Ikhwnalaf :asecretgroupofMuslimphilosophers,theologiansandintellectualswhoflourishedmostprobablyinBasrainthe
4th/10thor5th/11thcenturies.Theywerebelievedtobeismal.Theyaretheauthorsoffiftytwoepistles(Ras'il)whichwere
encyclopedicinrange,coveringsubjectsasdiverseasmusic,astronomy,embryology,andphilosophy.AccordingtoIkhwnalaf,all
souls(livingbeings)aremovedbythedesiretolive(shahwatatbaq )andcontemptofdeath(karhiyyatalfan ).Ikhwn
alafalsobelievethathumansactonlywhenfacedwith:
a)positiveandnegativecommands:amrwanahy
b)promiseofpositiverewardandpromiseofpainfulreward:wadwawad
c)praiseandbashing:madwadhamm
d)enticementandthreat:targhbwatarhb
Ilm
:science.Genuineknowledge.
Imm :a)leaderoftheprayers.
b)forShah,heisthesuccessoroftheProphetandisbelievedtobeinfallible.
mn :faith,belief.
mnwaamal :faithandaction.
Ins
:mankind.Inshasthesamerootasinsn(ahumanbeing).
Iqb :punishment.
Iqn(adj.iqn/iqnyyah) :persuasion.AccordingtoalFrb,persuasionisaformofconjecture(ann),inwhichone
believesathingtobesuchandsuch,althoughitispossibleforittobeotherwise.(seeray)
Irdah :volition,want,will.
Ishq :eroticpassion.AccordingtoalFrb,itisadispositionofthehumansoultoseekthesatisfactionofbeastlypassion
andrenouncedivinethings.
Islm :literally,itmeanssubmission.Islmisoneofthethreemonotheisticreligions.ItwasfoundedbyMuammadinthe7th
century,afterGodrevealdtheQurntohimthroughthearchangelJibrl.
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Istidd :preparedness.
Itidl :moderation.
Ittil :conjunction.AccordingtoalFarb,whenhumansattainthehigheststageoftheoreticalknowledge,theyattainthestageof
unionwiththeActiveIntellect.AlFarbsometimescallsthisstageconjunction,sometimesproximity,ofwhichhumansultimate
happinessconsists.
J
Jabbr(al) :theRestorer.Itisoneofthe99thattributesofGod.
Jabr(al) :Oppositeofikhtiyr.
Jabriyyah :earlyMuslimswhobelievedinpredetermination.
Jadal(adj.Jadal/jadaliyyah) :dialectic.AlFrbbelievedthatonecannotacquiregenuineknowledgewithoutpriortrainingin
dialectic.
Jhiliyyah :derivesfromtheArabicnounjahl(stateofignorance).ItisusedtorefertothepreIslamicperiod.
Jannah(al) :literally:thegarden.IntheQurnitisoftenusedtorefertoparadise.Paradiseisalsoreferredtowith
thewordsAdan(Eden)andFirdaws.
Jawhar :substance.
Jaz :reward(positivereward).
Jiblah(pl.jibillah)
:naturaldisposition,nature.
Jihd :comesfromtheArabicverbjahada:tostriveforabetterwayoflife.Jihdmeansendeavor,strain,exertion,effort,diligence,
fightingtodefendone'slife,land,andreligion.
Jinn :intheQurn,jinnarebeingsmadefromfire(orflame)whocantakedifferentforms.Therearegoodjinnandbadones.
Jub(al),AbAlMuammadIbnAbdalWahhab(?303/9156) :oneofthecelebratedthinkersofmutazilah.Hewas
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bornatJubbainKhuzistan,andheattendedtheschoolatBarofAbYaqbYsufalShahhm.AbalassanalAsharwasone
ofhispupils,butin912913hebrokeawayandfoundedtheAshariteschoolofthought.
K
Kabrah :gravemoralorreligiouswrong.
Kalm :literallyitmeansspeech.InIslamhowever,ilmalkalmisthescienceoftheology.Therefore,kalmincludesthe
theologicaldebatesthattookplaceinIslamandthatdealtwiththetheologicalsubjectsonwhichsomescholarsdisagreed.
Karam :generosity,nobility.
Karm(al) :theGenerous.Itisoneofthe99thattributesofGod.
Khalfah(pl.khulaf) :caliph.Originallythewordmeantsuccessor
(i.e.oftheProphet).InIslam,thecaliphistheheadofthe
communityofbelievers.Hisfunctionsaresecularaswellasreligious.Thefirstfourcaliphsarecalledalkhulafalrshidn(the
wisecaliphs).IntheQurn,thetitleofkhalfahisgiventobothdamandDwd(David).
Khalq :creation.AccordingtoalMturd,Godcreatedeverythingincludingacts.
Kharajites(inArabickhawrij) :derivesfromtheArabicrootkharajah(meanstogoout,tosecede).A
revolutionary,andegalitariangroupthatrevoltedagainsttheCaliphUthmnIbnAffnandlateragainstAlIbnAllib.Inthe
battleofSiffn,opposingAlIbnAllibandMuwiyahIbnAbufytheyrefusedanyformofarbitrationsayingthatthejudgment
shouldbeleftonlytoGod.
Khah :theelite.ForalFrb,thephilosophershouldberegardedasamemberoftheeliteinanabsolutesense.
Khawf :fear.Itisaprincipalvirtue(afirstordervirtue)inSufiteaching.
Khayr :asadjective,meanscharitable,good.Asnouns,meansgoodness,welfare.
Khilfah
:caliphate.(seekhalfah).
Khuluqasan :agoodcharacter,virtuousmanner.
Kitb :book.
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L
Ladhdhah(pl.ladhdht) :pleasure,bliss,enjoyment.AccordingtoalGhazl,theultimatepleasure(aamladhdhah)isknowing
God.
Luf :Divinegrace.ItisaShitedoctrinearguingthatthereshouldbealwaysaninfallibleimmthatexists.
M
Madhhaballadhdht :hedonism.
Maabbah :platoniclove.Itisaprincipalvirtue(afirstordervirtue)inSufiteaching.
Marralib :hottemperedpersons.
Makrh :reprehensible,discouraged.Oneofthefivenormativecategories(seealakmalkhamsah).
Mlik:AbAbdAllhMlikIbnAnas(716795) :OneofthemostimportantjuristsofMedievalIslam.Helivedandspentmostofhis
lifeinMadinahwherehealsodied.HeisthefounderoftheMlikischoolthatconsidersthepractice(amal)ofMadinahasthe
idealandexampletofollow.MlikistheauthorofwhatisconsideredasthefirstmajoradthinIslam:TheSmoothedPath(almuwaa
).Nowadays,followersoftheMlikschooloflawarelocatedmainlyinNorthAfricaaswellastheWestandCenteroftheAfrican
continent.
Mlik(al) :theRulerortheOwner.Oneofthe99thattributesofGod.
MlikalMulk :theOwnerortheRuleroftheuniverse.Oneofthe99thattributesofGod.
Mandb :recommended(alsomustaabb).Oneofthefivenormativecategories(seealakmalkhamsah).
Maniq :logic.AccordingtoalFrb,logicisatoolwhich,whenusedproperly,willyieldtocertainty(yaqn)inalltheoreticaland
practicalsciencesandisabsolutelyindispensableforattainingthatgoal.Maniqderivesfromnuq.
Maql :intelligible.AlFrbbelievedtheFirsttobeanintelligibleinact,sincematteriswhatimpedesanentityfrombeingan
intelligibleinact.(seealFrb)
Mturd:MuammadIbnMuammadIbnMamdAbManralSamarqandalMturdalanaf(diedin944inMturdin
Samarqand) :hewasoneofthemostimportantimmofthemutakallimnofahlalsunnahandthefounderoftheMturdschoolof
theology.
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Mizj
:mixture.Also,temperament,mood,humor,stateofmind,physicalconstitution.
Morality:a.inLatinmoralis,meaningcustomrelatingtorightandwrongintermsofbehavior.
b.Descriptively:acodeofconductputforwardbysomegroup,anindividual,orsociety.
c.Normatively:acodeofconductthat,givenspecifiedconditions,wouldbeputforwardbyallrationalpersons.
Mubh
:permissible,morallyneutral.Oneofthefivenormativecategories(seealakmalkhamsah).
Mughlaah :sophistry.
MuammadIbnAbdAllh(570632) :prophetofIslam.HeisreportedtohavereceivedthefirstrevelationoftheQurnin
Mecca,throughtheangelGabriel(Jibrl)whenhewasabout40yearsold.
Musabah :selfexaminationoraccountingforone'sownactions.AsupportingmysticalvirtueorasecondordervirtueinSufiteaching.
Mudath :createdintime.Platobelievedthattheworldiscreatedintime,whileAristotleisallegedtoholdthatitiseternal.
Mukhabah :modesofaddress.
Munfiq
:Hypocrite,liar.
Muqrabah :seequrb.
Murqabah :vigilance.AsupportingmysticalvirtueorasecondordervirtueinSufiteaching.
Murjiah :asectofIslam.Murjiahbelievethatsinfulactionsdonotadverselyaffectfaiththesamewaythatactsof
obedienceareofnobenefitiftheyareaccompaniedbydisbelief.Murjiahwithheldjudgmentregardingthosewhostart/participatein
fitnah.
Mustaabb :recommended(seemandb).Oneofthefivenormativecategories(seealakmalkhamsah).
Mutazilites(ormutazilah) :thewordderivesfromtheArabicverbitazala:tosecludeoneself.Ineffect,thetermreferstosome
scholarswhodisagreedwiththeologiansonanumberofpointsamongwhichthedoctrineofacreatedQurn,andmansfreewill.
N
Nafs(pl.nufs,anfus) :soul(seealFrb).
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Nms :law,naturallaw,morallaw,possiblyreligiouslaw.Ikhwnalaf,organizealllivingbeingsincategories.Accordingtothem,
plantsrankunderanimals,animalsrankunderhumans,humansrankunderwisepeople,wisepeoplerankunderthepeopleoflaw(nms),
whointurn,rankunderangels.
Nr :literally:thefire.ItisthemostcommonnamebywhichhellisreferredtointheQurn.
Naar :literally:sight,discernment.Deliberation.
Niyyah :Intention.AsupportingmysticalvirtueorasecondordervirtueinSufiteaching.
Nubuwwah :propheticoffice.
Nr :light.Angelsarebelievedtobecreatedfromnr,asopposedtohumans(ins)fromclay,andjinnfromfire.
Nr(al) :TheLight.Itisoneofthe99thattributesofGod.
Nuq :speech.Philosophersdividednuqintwoparts:
1)thepowertoconceiveofintelligibleinthepracticalandtheoreticalfields.
2)thepowerofexpressioninspokenlanguage.
P
Philosophers:timelineofmedievalphilosophers,mysticsandthinkers.
AlKind:(805873CE)
AbalassanAlIbnIsmalalAsh'ar:(873936CE)
AbNarMuammadalFrb(870950CE)
IbnSn(Avicenna)(9801130CE)
AbmidMuammadalGhal(10581111)
IbnTufayl(1101185CE)
AbalWaldMuammadIbnAmadIbnRushd(11261198)
Ramba'mRabbiMoshebenMaimon(Maimonides)(11351204CE)
Ibnal'Arb(11651240)
RabbiAbrahambinHaRamba'mAbraham(sonofMaimonides)(11861237CE)
ThomasAquinas(12241274)
IbnKhaldn(13321395CE)
Q
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Qadariyyah :earlyMuslimswhobelievedinfreewill.
Qa :judge.
Qalb :heart.AccordingtoalGhazl,itisthesameasalr (thesoul,thespirit).Thevirtuesoftheheartare:

a)virtuesofdevils:akhlqalshayn
b)virtuesofdomesticanimals:akhlqalbahim
c)virtuesofpredatoryanimals:akhlqalsib
d)virtuesofangels:akhlqalmalikah
Qiys :'analogy'or'analogicalreasoning'.Amethodofextracting(deriving)legalrulingswhennoneexistsintheQurn,Sunnah,
andijm.Inhiswritings,alFrbiscriticalofthismethodofanalogyonthegroundthatitisreductibletosimilarity(shabah),rather
thandeductioninthestrictsense.Accordingtohimtherearefivetypesofqiys:thedemonstrative,thedialectical,thesophistical,the
rhetoricalandthepoetical.
Qubaldht(al) :inherentbadness.Amutazilahdoctrine.
Qudrah :powertoperformanact.
Qurn :AlsospelledinEnglishasKoran.Literallythiswordmeans'Recitation'.TheQur'anisIslam'sholiestbook.
Qurb(alsomuqrabah) :proximity.AccordingtoalFarb,whenhumansattainthehigheststageoftheoreticalknowledge,theyattain
thestageofunionwiththeActiveIntellect.AlFarbsometimescallsthisstageconjunction(ittil).
Quwwah :power.
R
Ram(al) :theCompassionate.Itisoneofthe99thattributesofGod.
Ramn(al) :theMerciful.Itisoneofthe99thattributesofGod.
Ras :theMasterRuler.
Raj :hope.Itisaprincipalvirtue(afirstordervirtue)inSufiteaching.
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Raman :itisthe9thmonthoftheMuslimlunarcalendar:itisbelievedthattheQurnwasdescendedthatmonth.Itisalsothe
monthoffasting.Duringthefastthebelievermustabstainfromfood,drinkandsexualintercourseduringdaylighthours.
Ray :opinion.AccordingtoalFrb,bothconjectureandcertaintyarespeciesofopinion(ray)whichisliabletotruthor
falsity.
Riah :satisfaction.Itisavirtueproducedbylove,bypleasantacts,feelings
Rushd :morality,guidance,consciousawareness.
Ruyah :vision.
S
Sadah :happiness.AccordingtoalGhazl,happinessisachievedthrough:
a)thepowerofanger:quwwatalghaab
b)thepoweroflust:quwwatalshahwah
c)thepowerofknowledge:quwwatalilm
abr :patience.Itisaprincipalvirtue(afirstordervirtue)inSufiteaching.
af :forgiveness.
alh :ritualprayer.Amuslimdoeshis/herprayerfivetimesaday.alhisthesecondofthefiveArkn(pillars)ofIslm.
ni(al) :theDemiurgus.PlatobelievedthataCreatorwhomhecalledtheDemiurguscreatedtheworldoutofaformlessmatter.
awm :FastingduringRaman.Itisthethirdofthefivepillars(Arkn)ofIslm.
Shabbah :groupamongthekharajiteswhoarguedthatevenawomanwhoisfaithfulandpracticingcanbeakhalfah.
Shfi(al),MuammadIbnIdrs(767820) :Muslimjurist,founderofoneofthefourmajorschoolsofIslamicjurisprudence.He
providedaformalstructureofIslamsobligationmaterialsinlawandmorality.HisnamewasgiventotheShafischoolof
jurisprudencefoundedbyhisdisciples:theShfis.
Shahdah :professionoffaiththatapersonmustreciteinordertobecomeaMuslim.Itisthefirstofthefivepillars(Arkn)ofIslm,
andisdeclaredoncealifetime.
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Shahwah(pl.shahawt)
:craving,desire,passion,lust,appetite(seeIkhwnalaf,andalGhazl).
Shajah :courage.
Shakk :doubt.AccordingtoalFrb,shakkisthesuspensionofjudgmentwithrespecttotwoopinionsequallycredible.
Shar :theroadleadingtowater
(ortothesourceoflife).Itisalsocoinedtorefertolaw.
Sharah :CommonlyreferredtoasIslamiclaw
itisacodeofbehavior,acompositescienceoflawandmoralitythatisatthe
sametimemoreandlessthanasimplelegalsystemintheWesternsenseoftheterm.More,becauseitregulatesprivateactssuchasritual
practicesofthefaithorsocialbehavior.Less,becauseitignoresentirepartsofhumanactivitythatwouldbetakenintoconsiderationin
otherjuridicalcodes.Thus,Sharahisacombinationoflaw,morality,religionandetiquette.
Sharr :whatisbad,evil.
Shib(al),AbIsqIbnMsalShibalMlik(?1388) :Oneofthefoundingscholarsofulalfiqh,helaidgreatemphasison
therequirementofcompleteknowledgeanderuditionintheArabiclanguage,notmerelycorrectunderstanding,forthosewhopractice
ijtihd.HeistheauthorofmuwafaqtfuulalSharah(TheCongruencesoftheSourcesoftheDivineLaw).
Shawq :yearning.ItisavirtueproducedbyloveinSufiteaching.
Shah :originally,meansgroup,party,followersofsomeone.Shahisoneofthetwomajortheological
andlegalschoolofthoughtinIslam.ItderivesfromShatAl(followersofAlIbnAblib).TheShiitesbelievethatitis
AlIbnAblib(cousinandsoninlawoftheProphet)ratherthanAbBakrwhoshouldhavesucceededMuammad.Inthecivilwar
(fitnah)betweenAlIbnAblibandMuwiyahIbnAbufyntheysupportedAlIbnAblib.Theyalsoarguefortheneed
forinfallibleimmtoheadthecommunity.
Shiite:anglicizedfromtheArabicwordShi(amemberoftheShahgroup).
Shukr :gratitude,thankfulness.Itisaprincipalvirtue(afirstordervirtue)inSufiteaching.
idq :truthfulness.AsupportingmysticalvirtueorasecondordervirtueinSufiteaching.
inatalkalm :artoftheology(seekalm).
Srah(pl.siyar) :historyofwayoflife.
fi :anadeptofSufism(fiyyahortaawwuf).
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fiyyahorTaawwuf :Sufism,themysticismofIslm.
Sunnah :literally,itcanmeantroddenpath,way,rule,mannerofactingormodeoflife.
Originallyitmeant'customarypractice',itnowindicatesthespecificactionsordoingsoftheProphetMuammadhimselfversesthespecific
sayings(adthorreports).SincethelifeoftheProphetisbelievedtobevirtuousandexemplary,theactsofMuammadprovidethenorms
andsetthemodelofhumanlifeandbehavior(Sunnah).Thesevirtuousactsarethenconvertedintoobligationsofwhichtotalconstitutesthe
Sharah.Customarily,Sunnahandadthareusedinterchangeablynowadays.(seeadth).
rah :accordingtoIbnRushd,therahistheentitythatdoesenjoyneitherpower(quwwah)norpreparedness(istidd).
T
ah :obedience.
abah(pl.abi)
:nature.
Tafakkur :meditation,deliberation,pondering.Asupportingmysticalvirtue,orasecondordervirtueinSufiteaching.
alq :Divorce.AsayingattributedtotheProphetstatesthatamongallthingspermittedbyGod,divorceisthemostblameworthy.Thus
divorceisclearlypermittedinIslambutnotencouraged.Ifthedivorceisdonebyrepudiatingamarriagethreetimesthenthisrepudiation
cancelsanyopportunityforreconciliation.Otherwise,itshouldbefollowedbyawaitingperiodofthreemenstrualcyclesthatissupposedto
givethespousesachanceofreconciliationand/ortodetermineifthewifeispregnant.
Talm :instruction,teaching.
Taqr :poorjudgment.
Taqiyyah :Dissimulationofone'sreligion,especiallyintimeofpersecutionordanger.Thepracticeispermittedbytheshah.
Taawwuf :seefiyyah.
Taawwur :conception.
Tasdd :leading,guiding,directing,conducting.
Taahhur :seeTaayyub.
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Taayyub/Taahhur :personalhygiene,ritualpurity.
Tawakkul :trustinGod,relyonGod..Itisaprincipalvirtue(afirstordervirtue)inSufiteaching.
Tawbah :Repentance,atonement.Itisaprincipalvirtue(afirstordervirtue)inSufiteaching.
Tawd :declarationofdivineunity.Itisaprincipalvirtue(afirstordervirtue)inSufiteaching.
Tawl :theinterpretationofthewordsoftheLawgiverorHisordinances.
Tayd :Support.
Turbahorturb :soil.Adam,thefirstman,ismadeofturbahorturb.
U
Ummah(pl.umam) :nationorcommunity.ThiswasahighlyemotivewordinearlyIslamichistoryinthetimeoftheProphet,and
remainssoamongtheArabstoday.
Uns :Intimacy.Itisavirtueproducedbylove.
Ulalfiqh :Meanstherootsorsourcesoflaw:foundationoflaw.Islamicjurisprudence.
Utilitarianism:modernmoraltheoristswhoadheretoaformofConsequentialism.
W
Wad :promiseofgoodrewardforthefaithfulwhoupholdsavirtuousIslamiclife.
Wadd(al) :theLoving.Itisoneofthe99thattributesofGod.
Wad :threat."Promise"ofpainfulrewardforthosewholedanonvirtuouslifethatcontradictedthecodeofmoralityestablishedin
QurnandSunnah.
Wjib,far
:Required,obligatory.OneofthefivecategoriesinwhichIslamiclawandethicshavetraditionallydividedhumanbehavior.
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Yaqn :certainknowledge,certainty(seemaniq).
Z
Zakh :Almstax,Almsgiving.Itisthefourthofthefivepillars(Arkn)ofIslm.ZakhisobligatoryforMuslims,andisgivenyearlyby
thosewhohavetopayit.
ann :conjecture.
Zindq(pl.zandiqah) :unbeliever,heretic,freethinker
.
Zuhd :asceticism,soberness,bythemerenecessities(shunningofluxury).Itisaprincipalvirtue(afirstordervirtue)inSufiteaching.
Practicequizzes
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Islamic Studies Key Words and Concepts

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3/27/2015

Qalb :heart.AccordingtoalGhazl,itisthesameasalr (thesoul,thespirit).Thevirtuesoftheheartare:

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