TATA TRUST

National Expo
on
Assemblage of Innovative Ideas / Work of Post Graduate
Agricultural Research Scholars

March 27, 2015

Proceedings
Editors
K. Velayudham
C.Cinnasamy
S.Mohan
G.Jothi
C.S.Sumathi
G.Srinivasan
N.Senthil
Jointly organized by
Dean (SPGS), TNAU, Coimbatore
Agricultural College and Research Institute, Madurai
and
Navajbai Ratan Tata Trust, Mumbai

NATIONAL EXPO ON POSTER PRESENTATIONS

FOR THE POST GRADUATE AGRICULTURAL STUDENTS
AT AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE AND RESEARCH INSTITUTE, MADURAI

Tamil Nadu Agricultural University (TNAU), Coimbatore assumed
full responsibilities of Agricultural Education and Research during 1971.
The milestone of growth and development of TNAU indicates its service to
the students and farming community, which enables the Southern State of
India, called Tamil Nadu, one of the forerunners in agricultural growth and
development. Maintaining pace with technological changes of today and to
meet the global requirement, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University is offering
postgraduate courses in Agriculture, Horticulture, Agricultural Engineering,
Forestry and Home Science

Agricultural research and technological system is an explicit development
and business prospective through innovative models. There are several
excellent ideas in remote corners of the country in the form of brilliant individual
ideas and the utilization of novel techniques in the field of agriculture. These
individuals or groups who make use of these ideas, innovations or inventions
in their own manner are left unnoticed. The motive of the expo is to identify and
pool such unique thoughts of agricultural graduates of our country, process and
bring together innovative entrepreneurs and end users which will eventually
lead to future development in agriculture.

This proceeding is a compilation of posters that were presented on March
27, 2015 covering all the disciplines of post-graduate studies at Agricultural
College and Research Institute, Madurai which is celebrating the Golden Jubilee celebrations 2014. It is hoped that this compilation will serve as reference material to junior students in future.
Editors

INDEX

AIIPGS Number

Name

Title
01 Agribusiness Management

AIIPGS 001

Susan Poonguzhali R

Organic Wax Coating for Paper Cups

AIIPGS 002

Sachu Zachariah John

Case Study On Agripreneurship Initiatives

AIIPGS 003

Keerthivasan A

Seed Bomb Coffee Cups

02 Agricultural Processing
AIIPGS 004

Sivasankari R

Probiotic enriched fruit based shrikhand

AIIPGS 005

Premalatha R

Food that think

AIIPGS 006

Thilagavathi T

Modified low glycemic functional flour blended noodles

AIIPGS 007

Thilagavathi T

High pressure processing technology for food preservation

AIIPGS 008

Vidhyasri MS

Microbial beta carotene for value addition in rice

AIIPGS 009

Jixy Josheela N

Vitamin a enriched carrot chocolate bars

AIIPGS 010

Mariammal A

Formulation of functional food using grape pomace of fruit processing industry

AIIPGS 011

Priya MG

Microbial flavours makes favour to environment

AIIPGS 012

Priya R

Increasing lovastatin in oyster mushroom through fermentation

AIIPGS 013

Revathi D

Formulation of amylase enriched food by spray drying from nutri-cereals

AIIPGS 014

Vibitha Bala B

Imagine eating food along with packed wrapper

AIIPGS 015

Jaspal Singh

Design and development of chironji (bhuchnania lanzan) decorticator

03 Agricultural Extension
AIIPGS 016

Viknesh S

Revitalizing Indian agriculture - 2030

AIIPGS 017

Ananda SV

Fm -radio protecting agricultural crops from wild animals

AIIPGS 018

Kavinila M

Automatic agriculture information teller

AIIPGS 019

Bhuvaneswari M

Information voice transmitter (IVT)

AIIPGS 020

Shindhu D

Instant information centre (IIC)

AIIPGS 021

Simi Asharaf

AIIPGS 022

Sathyapriya E

Online trading of agricultural produces

AIIPGS 023

Naveenkumar MR

Farmer friendly expert system

AIIPGS 024

Masanaselvam T

Mobile agro extension system

AIIPGS 025

Mounikaangel G

Minor millets farmer producer company limited

AIIPGS 026

Molu Lalson T

Cloud computing model for agriculture development in India

AIIPGS 027

Pradeepha

AIIPGS 028

Sangeetha K

Agro-family organization

AIIPGS 029

Vasanthi R

Youth fresh farm mark

AIIPGS 030

Vinoth Kumar G

Social media for transfer of technology(tot)

AIIPGS 031

Sujeetha TN

Home medicinal garden on terrace: an innovative effort towards health and

wellbeing

Conceptual framework for instituitionalized farmers innovation in Krish Vigyan

Kendra

Model e-villages in the Nilgiris district: an ICT tool for development of tribal
women

04 Crop Management
Influence of seed treatments and period of storage on germination of bioprimed

AIIPGS 032

Shunmugavadivel T

AIIPGS 033

Dileep Kumar G

AIIPGS 034

Govindan R

AIIPGS 035

Gowthami R

Botanicals: future bioweapons against drought and high temperature

AIIPGS 036

Manimekalai N

Enhancing the water use efficiency of aerobic rice with soil conditioners

AIIPGS 037

Kokila M

AIIPGS 038

Prabakaran G

Matching nutrient supply and boll load in Bt cotton

AIIPGS 039

Gayathri P

Marine sediments- a new approach in organic agriculture

AIIPGS 040

Thendral S

Precise estimation of weeds through summed dominance ratio (sdr)

AIIPGS 041

Shobana N

Nanobiosensor for biofertilizer packaging

AIIPGS 042

Kannan V

Precise estimation of cotton boll weight for better research output

AIIPGS 043

Vimalan B

Mobile sensor - a new revolution for plant nutrient management

AIIPGS 044

Bowya T

Wireless sensor in organic farming

AIIPGS 045

Santosh Kumar Sai

tomato seeds
Nanomaterial based growth enhancer for seed germination, development and
quality
Tillage and weed control methods on crop yield and weed growth under rice
based conservation agriculture system

Biopriming technique for faster utilization of food researves and vigour

improvement in rice

Establishment of phosphate solubilizing gene pqq synthase into azotobacter

species

05 Crop Production
AIIPGS 046

Nandhakumar MR

Innovative idea of Phyllochron effect on rice yield

AIIPGS 047

Sala M

AIIPGS 048

Divya

AIIPGS 049

Renganathan VG

AIIPGS 050

Premalatha RP

AIIPGS 051

Rajeshwari C

AIIPGS 052

Mohana Keerthi M

AIIPGS 053

Ulaganathan V

AIIPGS 054

Priyanka S

Nutrients from Ascophyllum nodosum as foliar spray to enhance yield

AIIPGS 055

Ambika S

Seed bombing for enhancing cotton productivity under rainfed condition

AIIPGS 056

Raja Rajeshwaran SA

Nutriseed Pack Technology (NPT)

AIIPGS 057

Paranthaman M

recent advances in paddybreeding

AIIPGS 058

Ajaykumar R

Nutri Cereals - Enhancer of Nutritional Security

AIIPGS 059

Karthika V

Biodiversity below soil

AIIPGS 060

Irene Elizabeth John

Carbon: nitrogen ratio in flooded rice soils under wet analysis regime

AIIPGS 061

Preetha K

An innovative method to control birds damage during seed production

AIIPGS 062

Durga Prasad AVS

Recent Innovative Plant Breeding Techniques in Crop Improvement

AIIPGS 063

Vanitha J

AIIPGS 064

Veni K

Marker free transgenic plants strategies

AIIPGS 065

Ambikabathy A

Crossing methods in barnyard millet

AIIPGS 066

Iswarya S

Effect of sprinkler irrigation on groundnut

AIIPGS 067

Nagarajan D

Tilling in development of low phytate soybean [(Glycine max L. (MERR.)]

AIIPGS 068

Revathi Subramanian

Wide hybridization

AIIPGS 069

Birendra Tigga

Promotion of Pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan L.) Cultivation in winter season

AIIPGS 070

Nishat Perveen

Development of early maturing varieties of Safflower trough, Zero Rosette

Variability Studies for Quality Traits in Rice with High Iron and Zinc Content in
Segregating Population
effect of drying beads @ zeaolite for long term storage of paddy
Breed for organic variety! Then go for organic farming - New concept that
solidifies farmers confusion
Exploration of prosopis in mitigating water stress and berry size improvement
in grapes
exploration of organic acids in improving the P use efficiency
Combined effect of plant geometry and nutrients on LAI and yield of irrigated
greengram
Combining ability analysis for yield and its component characters in different
special types of maize (Zea mays L.)

Influence of seed morphological traits on oil yield and component traits in

sunflower.

06 Crop Protection
AIIPGS 071

Swedhapriya P

Herbivore induced plant volatiles (HIPVs) - Jasmonic acid in pest management.

AIIPGS 072

Shanmuga Prema M

Acoustic sensors a new automated monitoring tool for storage pest

AIIPGS 073

Amsagowri V

Biosensors for pesticide detection - new trend

AIIPGS 074

Arathikrishna VK

Bioluminescent mushrooms- an insight to plant disease management

Durgadevi

Dispensable cap design for field level preparation of bacillus subtilis formulation

Dhakshinamoorthy

for the management of plant disease

Farmers Knowledge and Creativity In Eco-Friendly Pest Management:

AIIPGS 075
AIIPGS 076

Parthiban P

AIIPGS 077

Pavviya A

Controlling honebee pathogens using RNAi technique

AIIPGS 078

Raghavendra KV

Need of ready to use fermented botanical spray in organic farming

AIIPGS 079

Sekar S

AIIPGS 080

Devi M

Erineum development in Jasminum auriculatum BY Aceria jasmini

AIIPGS 081

Deepa Mahendra

Save crop with Wolbachia

AIIPGS 082

deepa k

Wolbachia-induced reproductive parasitism to control insect pests

AIIPGS 083

Mallaiah B

Nano path - a novel way for plant protection.

AIIPGS 084

Devina

An Innovative Model for (Free choice) Insect Resistance Screening

AIIPGS 085

Manikandan R

AIIPGS 086

Mohanraj P

AIIPGS 087

Jayasimha GT

AIIPGS 088

Niranjanadevi
Jeevanandham

Lessons In Sustainable Agriculture

Delaying insecticide - resistance development by targeting early instar larvae

with alternating IGRs and Safer insecticide

A novel bioformulation: Eliminates diseases and encourages farmers for

sustainable agriculture
Microbial formulation: A technology helps to silkworm growers by reducing the
disease incidence in mulberry
A NOVEL APPROACH OF PHERAMONE NANOGEL FOR SPODAPTERA
LITURA MANAGEMENT
RNAi mediated gene knockdown in sucking and chewing insect pests

AIIPGS 089

Kuralarasan Velumani

carbonated drink as pesticide

AIIPGS 090

Anandhi Lavanya S

Recent advances in millets

AIIPGS 091

Akash Nirmal

Low Cost Light Trap for mass trapping of insects in remote villages

Janjal Pandharinath

Development of DNA Barcodes of Commercially Important Medicinal Plants

Harishchandra

Species and Native Rice Genotypes of Chhattisgarh

Alagarasan G

Quorum quenching..Biotization for combating plant pathogen virulence

AIIPGS 092
AIIPGS 093

07 Economic Policies
AIIPGS 094

Divya Bharathi R

Agricultural Income Stabilizing Programe

AIIPGS 095

Brindha M

Financial Inclusion - Women Empowerment

AIIPGS 096

Saranya R

Ruralisation - Positive is nowhere its now here

AIIPGS 097

Satishkumar M

AIIPGS 098

Sashikala S

Trends in jowar cultivation in Northern Dry Zone of Karnataka and its

implications on food and fodder security.
Policy Paralysis in Poverty Elimination

08 Energy
AIIPGS 099

Manju E

Community Solar Energy for Smart Farming

09 Farm Mechanization
AIIPGS 100

Bala Kumaran AK

AIIPGS 101

Jitendra Joshi

AIIPGS 102

Dhananivetha M

AIIPGS 103

Kshitij Adhikari

AIIPGS 104

Rahmath Abbas Begum M

AIIPGS 105

Manisha Sahu

AIIPGS 106

Piyush Pradhan

Compressed Air Sprayer

Design and Development of Suitable Machine for Application of Granule
Fertilizer Under Dry/Wet Situation for Improving Efficiency
Small Millets - Thresher cum cleaner
Design and Development of Mechanically Metered Self Propelled Rhizome
planter for hill agriculture.
Mechanical Harvesting of Water Hyacinth
Development and Testing of Inclined Plate Metering Mechanism for Paddy
Seeds
Testing and Refinements of Developed Cage Wheel Suitable for Wet Land
Condition

10 Horticulture
AIIPGS 107

Alex

Fragrance testing of Jasmine flowers using Electronic Nose technology.

AIIPGS 108

Brundha A

TERRACE Gardening with Photodegradable Plastics

AIIPGS 109

Rajasekar M

Development of grafting gums

AIIPGS 110

Sureshkumar

Raising nursery in banana trunk

AIIPGS 111

Vanilarasu K

Production of Soilless Table Grapes

AIIPGS 112

Nandhini D

Costus speciosus-An Antibacterial and Antifungal plant

AIIPGS 113

Pandiarajan S

Monitoring the plant growth and developement by using growing degree days

AIIPGS 114

Satham Hussain M

waste water purification by Ridge gourd sponge and Moringa seed powder

AIIPGS 115

Pramila Seth

AIIPGS 116

Ramya R

Vegetable Therapy

AIIPGS 117

Ruchi Garg

Probiotication of Fruit and Vegetable Blended RTS Juice

AIIPGS 118

Sakthinathan B

AIIPGS 119

Sampath S

Fibre rich Palmyrah tuber products

AIIPGS 120

Suresh Kumar V

Corporate farming for profitable horticulture

AIIPGS 121

Barsha Tripathy

AIIPGS 122

Apurwa Kesharwani

AIIPGS 123

Nishachandel

AIIPGS 124

Kishankumar

AIIPGS 125

Mukesh Kumar Sahu

Effect of Post Harvest Treatments on Ripening and Quality of Mango (Mangifera

indica L.) Fruits Variety-Chhattisgarh Nandiraj

Application of spatial decision support system (SDSS) by GIS to reduce soil

erosion in hilly horticulture plantation

Biofortification of vegetable crops - a food based approach to alleviation of

malnutrition
Studies on recipe standardization of Jamun nectar and ready-to-serve (rts)
beverages
Effect of natural and artificial alternative sweeteners on recipe standardization
of guava nectar and RTS (ready-to-serve) beverages
Evaluation of annona genotypes for recipe standardization of nectar and rts
(ready-to-serve) beverages
Harnessing the potential of carotenoid pigment for natural colour production
from marigold (tagetes erecta l.) Flowers

AIIPGS 126

11 Others
Biosensors in detection of human microbes

Nandhini M

11 Others (Allelopathy in weed management)

AIIPGS 127

Ramachandran A

Potential Allelopathic Influence of Azadirachta indica L. on seed germination

and early seedling growth of Parthenium hysterophorus L.
11 Others (Bioremediation)

AIIPGS 128

Mahesh Priya R

AIIPGS 129

Kathiravan S

Biodegradation of textile azo dyes and its bioremediation potential using

bacillus spp.
Bioremediation of heavy metals by using bacteria
11 Others (Biotechnology)

AIIPGS 130

Kashmiri Jadhav

Plant Molecular Periculture

AIIPGS 131

Sivajothi S

Plant Vaccines

AIIPGS 132

Manikandan V

Genotyping by sequencing
11 Others (Crop Improvement)
Breeding for Root Traits to Enhance Nutrient uptake for High Yielding Rice to

AIIPGS 133

Kanimozhi Mathivthana M

AIIPGS 134

Navaneetha JS

AIIPGS 135

Kanimozhi SR

AIIPGS 136

Anish S

Traditional Knowledge in Ethnobotany

AIIPGS 137

Thamodharan G

Cyanogen free protein tuber production in cassava

Reduce Fertilizer Application

Hybrid Til- An Unexploited Area
Elite inbred line development with high oil and high oleic acid content in
Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.)

11 Others (Crop Physiology)

AIIPGS 138

Ashutosh Patre

AIIPGS 139

Nutan Singh

A Collaborative Approach to Identify Superior Rice Germplasm(s) for High

Temperature Tolerance and Post Harvest Quality for Summer Season
Identification of regeneration potential in Karaya tree (Sterculia urens Roxb.)
for mass propagation in Chhattisgarh

AIIPGS 140

AIIPGS 141
AIIPGS 142
AIIPGS 143

Karthika Velusamy

Sandhiya C
Kanimozhi S
Angala Eeswari K

11 Others (Environmental Microbiology)

Instant Pathogen Detection in Drinking Water: Easy to use Dipstick

11 Others (Environmental Safety)

Fueling change in mindset towards recyclinh wastes
Compounds concern in the Air
Wonder Capsules

11 Others (Ergonomics)
AIIPGS 144

AIIPGS 145

Tharani R

Ranjitham A

Ergonomics- An Eminent Technology In Food Processing Units - The Challenge

Ahead
11 Others (Food Microbiology)
Performance evaluation of fruits as natural carrier for encapsulation of probiotic
bacteria

AIIPGS 146
AIIPGS 147

Suriya S
Thirukkumar S

11 Others (Food Processing)

Novel edible coating for egg preservation
Preservation of pomegranate arils in sugar syrup

11 Others (Food Science and Nutrition)

AIIPGS 148

Tharani R

Application of Sous Vide Technology for Preservation of Wet Spice Mixes

AIIPGS 149

Keerthana PM

Chitosan Application on Canned Fruits as a Preservative

AIIPGS 150

Sivananth C

AIIPGS 151

Abhishekraj

Utilization of Food Processing Industry by - Products for the Development of

Novel Foods
11 Others (Forestry)
Gum exudation in Acacia nilotica: effects of temperature and relative humidity

Kavipriya R

11 Others (Food Science)

The Mycelium as a Food

Kiruthika S

11 Others (Genetic Engineering)

Nano- Biotransformation of Sesamin from Sesamum indicum

AIIPGS 154
AIIPGS 155

Pandiammal S
Sundhar Lingam

11 Others (Human Development)

Learning Disabilty among the Primary School Children
Considerations for Preventing Violence against Women

AIIPGS 156

11 Others (Human Genetics)

Sangeetha Vishnuprabha R
Curing HIV

AIIPGS 152

AIIPGS 153

AIIPGS 157

Ragavi G

AIIPGS 158
AIIPGS 159
AIIPGS 160

Sahila T
Suganya S
Lalitha R

11 Others (Human Health Security)

Synthesis of Gamma Linolenic Acid (GLA) by Mucor spp

11 Others (Nano Science)

Myconanoparticles: synthesis and their role in phytopathogens management
Nano-tagging of seeds-a smart way for seed detection
conservation of endangered species(spiritual trees)of tamilnadu from extiction

11 Others (Soil and Water management)

AIIPGS 161

Kurinjimalar P

AIIPGS 162

Rajesh P

AIIPGS 163

Jayabharathi J

AIIPGS 164

JanapriyaS

Arsenic in food chain and its mitigation

Vetiver planting in Dryland hedge rows for facilitate increasing infiltration rate and
erosion control
Investigation of energy balance of an extensive green roof system in Coimbatore
climate
Study of projected temperature and precipitation changes using CMIP5 climate
models over Manjalar sub basin of river Vaigai in Tamil Nadu

Organic wax coating for Paper Cups

R.Susan Poonguzhali, PG Scholar, AC&RI, Madurai.

Introduction
Disposable paper cups have become quite popular due to the convenience it offers. These
paper cups are coated with thin layer of waxes (made up of polystyrenes) which is essential to
prevent water from seeping into paper. When a very hot liquid is poured into those cups wax
may disintegrate and little may dissolve, which promptly go along with the drink into our
stomach and also fat products in food as well as acidic products can leach more polystyrene out
of the plastic than water does which leads to deposition of waxes in our digestive system. Long
term exposure to small quantities of styrene is also suspected of causing carcinogenic effects and
other dangerous issues. Hence as an alternative source we can go for plant waxes which are
organic, beneficial and are safer for human consumption.

Objective
To produce non-carcinogenic paper cups in an organic manner.

Methodology
Two steps involved in plant wax coating method namely wax extraction by mechanical
pressure and then wax coating in paper cups. The mechanical pressure extraction includes
Freezing the plant sample for 24 hours, and then grind it with a hammer mill, Turning on the
agitator in the hopper and fill hopper with ground plant sample and to Turn on steam to heat the
ground plant sample in the hopper and the auger and lining bar assembly. Finally, to start the
expeller. When the cake starts to come out of the discharge orifice, gradually reduce the
discharge orifice opening until the ammeter shows 7 to 10 amperes per hour. Highest extraction
efficiency is achieved when the plant sample temperature ranges between 185 and 190F and the
moisture should be between 4 and 5 percent. When fully developed, dry plant sample will be
extracted, therefore mechanical extraction is able to produce 33 percent wax. The next method is
the wax coating method which includes coating the plant wax in the paper cups using the
common wax coating machine and let to be dried for 24 hours.

Expected Result
When we go for plant waxes, there will be no need for using the danger causing
polystyrene paper cups. Usually the plant sample has the capacity to melt only above 85C,
which is higher than the serving temperature. Even it is melted either it causes no effect on
human or it gives beneficial effects(antiseptic, antibiotic etc). Mainly it saves us from various
danger causing effects which includes carcinogenic effects and totally protects us in a natural
manner. And also most of the plant waxes are not used in a proper manner hence this may pave a
way to use the plant products in an effective manner with low cost and without causing any
defects to human health.

BETA CAROTENE FOR VALUE ADDED RICE

INTRODUCTION

Roughly 400 million people worldwide are at risk of vitamin A deficiency, of which
100 - 200 million are children (1). Deficiency can lead to progressive blindness and death
and is prevent able with a healthy diet containing significant microbe derived betacarotene
pigments which are readily converted in the body to vitamin A. Carotenoids are naturally
occurring pigments synthesized as hydrocarbons (carotene; e.g., lycopene, -carotene, and
-carotene) or their oxygenated derivatives (xanthophylls; e.g., lutein, -cryptoxanthin and
-cryptoxanthin, zeaxanthin, canthaxanthin and astaxanthin) by plants and microorganisms.
Carotenoids have received considerable attention because of their interesting pigment
properties and, more importantly, their potential beneficial effects on human health. In
recent years, the interest in production of natural carotenoids by microbial fermentation has
been increased. Carotenogenic microbes such as Dunaliella salina, Xanthophyllomyces
dendrorhous, Haematococcus pluvialis, and Blakeslea trispora Microbial production of
carotenoids is an environmentalfriendlymethod compared to chemical methods for the
production of carotenoids and able to meet the increasing demand of natural carotenoids.
METHODOLOGY
Carotenoid rice processing
Carotenoid Fermented rice is produced traditionally by fermenting washed and cooked
rice with microbial carotenoids, Polygonum grass juice, and alum water (Li et al., 1998).
In contrast, the commercially prepared carotenoid fermented rice extract is fermented
during 9 days with a specific strain of red yeast called Monascus purpureus Went at
a temperature of 25 C, and at a pH range of 5 to 6 (Ma et al., 2000). The rice is then
air-dried, pulverised and encapsulated into gel capsules (Ma et al., 2000; Heber et
al., 1999). Therefore, coloured fermented material produced the traditional way have
yielded different amounts active compounds compared with the commercial preparation,
due to the fact that the home process does not involve selecting a specific strain of yeast
compared to the commercial process. As a result, the home-processed red yeast rice
may not exhibit the same hypolipidemic effect as a commercial extract (Havel, 1999;
PhysiciansDesk Reference, 2003).

10

MICROBIAL FLAVOURS TO FAVOUR THE ENVIRONMENT

MICROBIAL FLAVOURS TO FAVOUR THE ENVIRONMENT

Flavour is usually the result of the presence, within complex matrices, of many volatile

nonvolatile
Flavourcomponents
is usually possessing
the result diverse
of the presence,
within
complex matrices,
and
chemical and
physicochemical
properties. of

many volatile and nonvolatile components possessing diverse chemical and

physicochemical properties. Whereas the nonvolatile compounds contribute
both taste and aroma. The conventional routes of chemical synthesis or isolation from plants are
mainly to the taste, the volatile ones influence both taste and aroma. The
still
viable, but theroutes
biotechnological
generation
of aromaor
compounds
becoming
increasingly
conventional
of chemical
synthesis
isolationis from
plants
are still
viable, but
the biotechnological
compounds
is becoming
attractive.
Duplicating
plant secondarygeneration
metabolism of
in aroma
microbial
systems (``fermentative
increasingly
attractive.
Duplicating
secondary
processes'')
leads to
aroma compounds
that are plant
classified
as naturals. metabolism in microbial
systems (``fermentative processes) leads to aroma compounds that are
classified as naturals.

Whereas the nonvolatile compounds contribute mainly to the taste, the volatile ones influence

FLAVOR PRODUCTION PROCESS

FLAVOR PRODUCTION PROCESS

Using microbial flavors, we can avoid the insect that is attracted by food
after packaging. This flavor also safer to the environment and human being
Using microbial flavors, we can avoid the insect that is attracted by food after packaging. This
flavor also safer to the environment and human being

11

12

13

Imagine eating food along with the packed wrappers

Introduction:

Its very depressing to see that how much of food packages that we

use in our day to day life which includes juice container, water bottles and ice
cream containers etc. But we cannot eat along with these packages. And so
we can convert food into a shell like container and it can be coated with the
polysaccharide produced by the microorganisms. Xanthan was approved as
food grade by the US Food and Drug Administration nearly 30 years ago.
This makes it not only attractive as a food product but also useful in packaging material in contact with food and also for use in pharmaceutical and biomedical applications that involve ingestion.
Objectives:
1. The polythene covers used for food packaging is not degradable and it is
environmentally harmful.
2. Hence to overcome this the polysaccharides produced from the microorganism is used for coating the food as wrappers
3. And therefore the packed can be eaten along with the wrappers and it is
environmentally safe.

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MODEL E-VILLAGES IN THE NILGIRIS DISTRICT: AN ICT TOOL FOR DEVELOPMENT OF TRIBAL WOMEN
T.N.SUJEETHA, Ph.D SCHOLAR, DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTRUAL EXTENSION & RURAL SOCIOLOGY, TNAU, COIMBATORE 641 003.

INTRODUCTION

Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) are for everyone. ICT in convergence with other forms of communication have the
potential to reach even the downtrodden tribal women thereby empowering them to participate in all developmental activities.

Values
Beliefs

Food

Key Dimensions
of Tribal Women
Livelihood

Rights and duties

Motivation
Obligations

Need of ICT for tribal

women empowerment

Safety

Responsibility

Shelter
Health
Roles

Care
Learning
Work for income

Power
Caring tasks
Cultural activities

WORK FLOW
Challenges of using ICT by tribal
women

Awareness
Access issues
Access to ICT.
Capacity and skills
Language barriers
Lack of Education and skills.
Changing power equations

Strategic location of the villages

Strategies to overcome challenges

Based on needs and aspirations of the community

Measurement of existing status of tribal farming activities
Generation of need based content
Utilizing human resources, integration of existing networks, trainings

Creation of intermediary

CONCLUSION

organizations
Imparting technical skills and
education
Creating e-literacy and capacity
building among the communities.
Creating virtual networks, remote
volunteers
Setting up prototype ICT models
Building partnerships

It needs to be realized that information and communication technologies by itself cannot be an answer and eliminate all problems facing women development but it does bring
new information resources and can open new communication channels for the marginalized communities. It offers new approaches for bridging the information gaps through
interaction and dialogue, building new alliances, inter-personal networks and cross-sectoral links between organizations.

31

32

33

34

35

36

37

38

39

40

TRACKING THE QUALITY OF BIOFERTILIZER PACKAGES USING

NANOSENSORS

BiofertilizerTRACKING
quality checking
is theOFtime
consuming PACKAGES
and laborious
THE QUALITY
BIOFERTILIZER
process in the advances we canUSING
use embedded
sensors in sealed biofertilizer
NANOSENSORS
packages that provide visible information and also it is quite easy.
Biofertilizer quality checking is the time consuming and laborious process in the

The nanosensor based packaging indicates lower product weight,
advances we can use embedded sensors in sealed biofertilizer packages that provide
superior heat and moisture resistance, product traceability/tracking/monitoring,
visible information and also it is quite easy.
and continuous monitoring of product quality, freshness and wellness of
biofertilizers.
The nanosensor based packaging indicates lower product weight, superior heat

and moisture resistance, product traceability/tracking/monitoring, and continuous

It is
a time saving method by avoiding the assessment of biofertilizers
.
monitoringscrutiny
of productof
quality,
and wellness
biofertilizers
quality through
pH freshness
and microbial
cell ofcount
frequently
by taking
samples from the packages.
It is a time saving method by avoiding the assessment of biofertilizers quality

through
scrutiny of pH could
and microbial
countengineered
frequently by taking
sampleswireless
from the

This
nanosensor
be cell
even
through
packages.about the status of the product to the manufacturer continuously.
communication
This nanosensor
could bethe
even
engineered through
wirelesslike
communication
It improves packaging
through
mechanical
properties
flexibility,
about
status of the product
to the manufacturer
continuously.
It improves And
packaging
durability,
andthetemperature
/ moisture
stability recycling
properties.
also
mechanical
properties
flexibility,
durability,
andused
temperature
/ moisture
it act as through
barrierthe
against
water,
gases,liketaint.
Nano
sensors
to indicate
the
quality ofstability
biofertilizers.
recycling properties. And also it act as barrier against water, gases, taint. Nano
sensors used to indicate the quality of biofertilizers.

41

42

43

Wireless Sensor to detect aerosol pollutants in Organic Cultivation

In organic farming there is a possibility of containing inorganic compounds without our
knowledge that can be detected by using wireless sensors. During cultivation of crops by using
organic materials there is possibility of mixing inorganic compounds from neighborhood or by
other means as aerosols, etc. This will reduce our quality of the product in order to avoid this we
can use wireless sensors in our field to detect the presence of inorganic compounds.
The tiny sensors that can scatter across your field by the dozens and that will track
presence of inorganic compounds, mineral deficiencies, water scarcity, pest and disease
infestation.
A wireless sensor network (WSN) (sometimes called a wireless sensor and actor
network (WSAN) of spatially distributed autonomous sensors pass their data through the
network to a main location.
The WSN is built of "nodes" from a few to several hundreds or even thousands, where
each node is connected to one sensor. Each such sensor network node has typically several parts:
a radio transceiver with an internal antenna or connection to an external antenna, a
microcontroller, an electronic circuit for interfacing with the sensors and an energy source,
usually a battery or an embedded form of energy harvesting.

44

INDIRA GANDHI KRISHI VISHWAVIDYALAYA,RAIPUR(C.G.)

SANTOSH KUMAR SAI

DEPARTMENT OF AGRIL. MICRO BIOLOGY, COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE
INDIRA GANDHI KRISHI VISHWAVIDYALAYA,RAIPUR (C.G.)

ESTABLISHMENT

OF PHOSPHATE SOLUBILIZING GENE

INTO

AZOTOBACTER

SPECIES

PQQ SYNTHASE

INTRODUCTION:

Genetic
manipulation
is
considered
the
most
promising way to create more
effective p l a n t
growth
promoting
rhizobacteria
(PGPR).
Azotobacter is a genus of
usually
motile,
oval
or
spherical bacterial that form
thick-walled cysts and may
produce large quantities of
capsular slime.
Azotobacter species are freeliving,
nitrogen-fixing
bacteria
Azotobacter also synthesizes
some
biologically
active
substances,
including
some phytohormone such
as auxins, thereby stimulating
plant growth.

POSSIBLE OUTCOME:

Fig.01. Gene Transformation

The enhancement of the mps trait

is a relevant step, which would
allow a higher efficiency of
phosphate utilization by the plant,
thus improving the plant growth
promotion
effect
of
both
rhizobacterial strains.
Outcome of the study reveal that
it
is
possible
to
select
physiologically efficient strains of
Azotobacter
through
recombinant DNA technology
starting from soil isolates and that
microbial inoculants can be used
as an economic input to increase
crop productivity with lower
fertilizer levels.

HYPOTHESIS:
Some of Azotobacter species are
naturally competent
and had
been previously reported to be
transformed with adsorbed DNA.
Pyrrsoloquinoline quinone (PQQ)
synthase, a gene involved in
mineral phosphate solubilization
(mps).
The metabolic function of the
PQQ synthase enzyme is the
biosynthesis of the cofactor PQQ,
necessary for the assembly of the
glucose dehydrogenase holenzyme
(GDH), which acts in the oxidation
of glucose to gluconic acid.

Fig.02 b. plating method

Fig.02 Recombination of
gene

Reference:
Ahmad F., Ahmad I., Khan M. S. (2005). Turkish Journal of
Biology (29): 2934.
Oblisami G., Santhanakrishan P., Pappiah C. M.,
Shabnugavelu K. G. "Acta Horticulturae (ISHS) (108): 44
49.
Jump up ^ Rajaee S., Alikhani H. A., Raiesi F. (2007).
Journal of Science and Technology of Agriculture and
Natural Resources 11 (41): 297.
Page, W., and H. L. Sadoff. 1976. J. Bacteriol. 125:10801087.
Lu N, Zilles JL, Nguyen TH. Applied and Environmental
Microbiology. 2010;76(13):4179-4184.

Fig.02 a. preparation of Azotobactor

culture

45

Glick, B.R., Bashan, Y., 1997. Biotechnol. Adv. 15, 353

378.

46

Variability Studies for Quality Traits in Rice with High Iron and Zinc Content in Segregating Population
Sala.M , C.R.Anandakumar, S.Geetha
*Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, AC&RI, Madurai.
BACKGROUND
Rice is the dominant cereal crop in most Asian countries and is the
staple food for more than half of the worlds population, even a small
increase in its nutritive value would be highly beneficial for human
health.
Recently breeding rice with high nutrient content known as biofortification has evolved as a new strategy to address micronutrient
malnutrition. Bio fortification provides a cost effective and sustainable
solution to combat malnutrition.
OBJECTIVE
Find out Variability for quality traits in rice with high iron and zinc
content in segregating population using Atomic Absorption
RESULTS

Spectrophotometry
MATERIALS & METHODS

In the present investigation ADT37 x IR68144-3B-2-2-3 showed high

Seeds of F3 generation of four cross combinations generated from

mean value for the characters viz., kernel length, kernel breadth after

Anbil Dharmalingam, Agricultural College &Research Institute,

cooking, iron content.

Trichy. viz., ADT 37 x IR68144-3B-2-2-3, TRY (R) 2 x Mapillaisamba

were utilized as the experimental material in the present study.

TRY (R) 2 x Mapillaisamba had high mean value for the characters
viz., zinc content, breadth wise expansion ratio. The genotypic and

Among the parents viz., TRY (R) 2 and ADT 37 high yielding
commercial

varieties,

IR68144-3B-2-2-3

is

iron

AND DISCUSSION

phenotypic coefficient of variability were low in both the crosses for the

donor and

most of the traits viz., kernel length, kernel breadth, kernel L/B ratio,

Mapillaisamba is a zinc donor which were used in earlier hybridization

kernel length after cooking, kernel breadth after cooking, linear

programme for introgression of high iron and zinc contributing genes.

elongation ratio and breadth wise expansion ratio (table 1).These finings
were supported by Umadevi et al., 2010.

Field experiment: The experiment was conducted at Agricultural

College and Research Institute, Madurai. The F4 generation was raised

Based on mean, GCV & PCV, heritability and genetic advance, it was

during August to November, 2011 and F5 generation during December

understood that the progenies of ADT 37 x IR68144-3B-2-2-3 would be

2011 to April 2012 respectively.

more useful for improving grain iron content with the desirable quality
traits viz., kernel length, kernel breadth after cooking,. Similarly TRY

The F4 progenies were raised along with their parents in randomized

(R) 2 x Mapillaisamba segregants could be used for improving the grain

block design with two replications. For each family, 75 seedlings per

zinc content and breadth wise expansion ratio.

replication were raised with a spacing of 20 cm between the rows and

15 cm between the plants.

References

The recommended agronomic practices were followed throughout the

crop growth period. Five single plants per family per replication were

Burton, G.W. 1952. Quantitative inheritance in grasses. In: Proc. 6 th

randomly selected and forwarded as single plant progeny row in F5

Inter Grassland Congr., 1: 277- 283.

generation.
Johnson, H.W., Robinson, H.F. and Comstock, R.E. 1955. Estimates of
Statistical analysis ; The mean data after computing for each

genetic and environmental variability in soybean. Agron J., 47: 314-318.

character subjected to standard method of analysis of variance

Umadevi, M., P. Veerabadhiran, S. Manonmani and P. Shanmuga

sundaram. 2010. Physico-chemical and cooking characteristics of rice
genotypes. Electron. J. Plant Breed., 1 (2): 114-123.

phenotypic and genotypic coefficient of variation, heritability and

genetic advance as per cent of mean were estimated by the formula as
suggested by Burton (1952) and Johnson et al. (1955). The quality
procedure was followed the method of SES RICE (2004).
The zinc and iron content were determined by using Atomic
absorption spectrophotometer. All the statistical analysis was done by
using GENRES statistical software GEN STAT (2004).

47

Evaluation of zeolite seed Drying beads for drying seeds to low moisture content
prior to long term storage
S.Divya, PG scholar, Agricultural College and Research Institute, Madurai
Tamil Nadu Agricultural University
Result and Discussion
There was rapid water uptake by the

Introduction
Undisputed importance of drying to extend the
longevity of orthodox seeds

beads, and a rapid decline in the moisture content of

the seeds-Rate slowed earlier with lower drying

Maintain seed viability for many decades

temperature.

Zeolite seed drying beads

Seed drying using different desiccant to-seed ratio

Aluminium silicate ceramics-type of molecular sieve

Lower seed MC with greater desiccant to seed ratio

with very small,uniform pores where water

Drying beads were more efficient at ratios greater

than 0.75

moliecules can be adsorbed.

More rapid drying-Greater affinity for water at low

Seed MC achieved was always higher than expected

if the beads absorbed 17.5% of their weight

humidity-No hysteresis effect

Objective
Examine the potential of the drying beads to dry
rice to the low m.c required for long term gene bank
storage-Monitor the rate of drying-Examine the

Germination after dryoing with beads

Generally high germination after drying using drying
beads for 28 days
Rapid rates of drying do not appear to impair
germinability.

effect of storage on seed germination

Conclusion

Methodology to be adopted

Seeds can be rapidly dried to low moisture contents by

Amount of beads to use

mixing with drying beads and sealing in a suitable airtight

Ratio of beads-to-seeds to use:beads with the

bag or box

capacity for water of 20% of their initial weight

Rapid drying did not appears to impair germination->95%

Drying beads are placed over water and weighed

observed after drying for 28 days and stored for 371 days.

after 24 hrs to determine its initial capacity for

Further work is required to determine a protocol for

water

calculating optimum bead-seed ratio to reliably dry seeds

to target MC.

48

BREED FOR ORGANIC VARIETY! THEN GO FOR ORGANIC

FARMING NEW CONCEPT THAT SOLDIFIES FARMERS
CONFUSION
V.G.RENGANATHAN
Ph. D Scholar, Dept. of PBG, AC & RI, Madurai
Email : vgrenga@gmail.com

Introduction

How to overcome those limiting factor

For the first case

The development of genetic diversity

focused crop breeding approaches are
essential to improve yields and quality
parameters in foods from organic and
low-input farming systems, especially in
the context of the challenges expected
due to global climate change. It is
estimated that more than 95% of
organic agriculture is based on crop
varieties that were bred for the
conventional
high-input
sector
with
selection
in
conventional
breeding
programmes.Then how could it possible to
expect our variety should perform well in
sudden change in low input system.
It is essential for a breeder to
identify the primary limiting factors of
existing varieties for organic production
and target them in the breeding
programmes for organic farming and
subsequently communicate results to
public and commercial breeders.

We can go for manipulating cellular components

such as ion channels (transporter/antiporter
genes), fertilizer-mineralizing gene like phytase
gene (phyA) and phosphatase gene (phoC) that
facilitates phosphatase activity for phosphorous in
both micro-organisms and plant.
Then approach for crossing/wide hybridization
to transfer/introgression the gene or over express
the gene if it present in crop plants.

For Second case

A range of breeding goals desired for the
organic sector, such as yield, resistance to
biotic and abiotic stress, baking quality (wheat)
and sensory qualities demanded by consumers
do not differ from conventional breeding goals,
but it is essential that such traits are expressed
under low-input conditions, which cannot be
guaranteed if selection is done in high-input
agronomic backgrounds.
Hence, while talking about breeding for organic
variety! Screen the germplasm under fully organic
manure condition and select the plants those
exhibit good performance, study the physiological,
molecular and biochemical aspects of them.
Appreciate the results and proceed further for
releasing and handover this wonderful tonic to our
organic thirstier.

Major limiting factor for organic

farming
I.Fertilizer use efficiency- Organic crops
often experience limited nutrient (N and
P) availability especially during periods
when soil temperatures and water
availability reduce mineralization
capacity by the soil bacteria
II.Cultivatable varieties, most of them are
selected under high input systems.
III.Lacking of knowledge on physiological,
biochemical and molecular level by a
breeder

Third case

To date, there are only few varieties that were

specically bred for organic and low-input systems
in developed countries, why?
The main reason is lacking of knowledge and
coordination
between
those
physiologist,
biochemist & others with breeders. Hence the
coordinated hands by those people will provide
opportunity to satisfy our organic farmers.

Conclusion
It is encouraging that several breeding companies now consider organic as an interesting market to
be involved in organic breeding. The introgression of traits urgently needed by the farmers to optimize
organic farming systems and improve yield stability will also have a positive inuence on
conventional production systems that aim to reduce agrochemical input use while improving
environmental impacts and long-term agricultural sustainability. Breeding for organic agriculture therefore
deserves signicantly more attention and support.

49

EXPLORATION OF PROSOPIS IN MITIGATING WATER STRESS AND BERRY SIZE IMPROVEMENT

IN GRAPES
R.P.PREMALATHA, PG scholar, Agricultural College and Research Institute, Madurai

Introduction
Prosopis juliflora is a
multipurpose leguminous tree
and an exotic plant invaded
many parts of Tamil Nadu.
Though comprehensive and
reliable surveys on the area
infested by P. juliflora are not available, the species has
established in parts of gullied or ravinous lands, lands
affected by salinity, degraded pastures, industrial
wastelands, sand and degraded forests covering
approximately 5.55 million hectares in total. The leaves of
the prosopis have high nitrogen content ranging from 3.1%
to 5.6%, potassium (1.2-3.1%) (Pasiecznik et al., 2001)
and giberellic acid content of 0.3mM.
Objectives
Use of prosopis leaf extract as foliar spray in
mitigating the water stress
Improving the berry size and reducing the cluster
compaction in Grapes through prosopis leaf extract
Methodology to be adopted
The leaves are collected from the trees of prosopis
and it is shade dried. Then the shade dried samples are
powdered and it can be mixed in normal drinking water.
And it can be used as foliar spray or dipping solution.
Water stress mitigation
Normally for drought stress, the foliar spray of KCl ( 1
%) or methanogens are in practice. The cost of fertilizers
and micro- organisms are high and it cant be affordable by
all farmers. So use of prosopis leaf extract may be a viable
option to overcome water stress as the prosopis leaf has
the potassium content of 1.2 3.1%. Potassium reduces
the water stress by reducing leaf osmotic potential and
increasing turgor pressure, increasing relative water
content, increasing leaf water potential, increasing bound
water content By the foliar spray of prosopis leaf extract,
the transpiration may be reduced which in turn helps in
mitigating water stress.

If the powdered leaf sample contains

K content of 2%, 500g of the powdered
leaf samples are needed for foliar spray
and dissolved in 100 litres of water.
Foliar spray - 6.0kg KCl/ acre
Cost effectiveness- Rs. 100-125/acre
Berry size improvement and reduction of cluster
compaction in Grapes
Grapes is a commercially important fruit crop of India. It
is a temperate crop which has got adapted to sub-tropical
climate of peninsular India. Application of growth regulators
also helps in improving the fruit quality and reducing the
cluster compactness. Pre-bloom GA sprays of 10 ppm and 15
ppm are given respectively on the 11th to 14th day after bud
break for cluster elongation. Application of 20 ppm of
Gibberellic acid (GA) (2g./100 l. water) at full bloom followed
by dipping of bunches in 75 ppm of GA solution at fruit set
stage increases the bunch and berry size of seedless
varieties.
Therefore 1.0, 1.5, 1.9, 7.2 g of powdered
prosopis leaf can be mixed with 10 litres
of water to get 10, 15, 20 and 75 ppm
GA3 respectively.
Cost effectiveness- Rs.700- 750 /acre.
Expected outcome
Prosopis leaf extract either as a foliar spray or
dipping solution may be a viable option for replacing the
inorganics or cost effective for future organic
agriculture. By this study weeds may be effectively
utilized.
Reference
Pasiecznik NM, Felker P, Harris PJC, Harsh LN, Cruz
G, Tewari JC, Cadoret K, Maldonado LJ. The Prosopis
Juliflora-Prosopis Pallid Complex: A Monograph. HDRA,
Coventry, UK, 2001, 172.

50

Exploration of organic acids in improving the P use efficiency

C . RAJESHWARI, PG SCHOLAR, TAMIL NADU AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY ,MADURAI-104

The soil calcareousness affects 34 per cent of the area in the Tamil Nadu. Calcareous
soils are relatively alkaline, in other words they have a high pH. Phosphorus is an important and
essential nutrient for all plants. Availability of P in high pH soils, especially those with excess
lime, is relatively poor. Crop uptake efficiency of fertilizer phosphorus is very low because of
the many ways that fertilizer phosphorus (which is 100 percent water soluble) can change to less
available forms.
To improve the phosphorus use efficiency of calcareous soil through plant
organic acid coated phosphorus fertilizers
The cashew tree (Anacardiumoccidentale) is a tropical evergreen tree that produces the
cashew nut and the cashew apple. Composition of cashew apple is followed; concentrations (g/L)
of glucose, fructose and sucrose vary respectively between 47.2 to 65.8, 100.7 to 110.3 and 2.5
to 5.3. At the level of organic acids, citric acid leads with levels (g/ml) ranged from 290.7 and
1092.1, followed by tartaric acid 497.5 to 693.3; from acetic acid 48.2 to 266.5, from oxalic acid
197.8 to 204.3 and finally to fumaric acid.
Methodology adopted
Juice extraction
Cashew apples transported to the laboratory, are detached from the nuts. The apples were
washed thoroughly with clean water. Then the apples are cut and ground to Mixer .The juice
obtained by pressing the mash was filtered through a 0.5 mm mesh sieve and then stored frozen
at 80 C for further process.
Extraction of organic acids
The cashew juice samples were centrifuged at 1500 g for 20 minutes. The supernatant
was collected and filtered through Whatman No 4 paper and then through a 0.45 mm Millipore
membrane. The samples thus treated were stored at -20 C until further process. Then like other
fertilizer coated method was followed for coated the phosphorus fertilizer.
Expected result
By using this organic acid coated phosphorus fertilizer, the phosphorus use efficiency
may be improved which in turn ultimately reduces the cost of cultivation.
Reference
Adou,Tetchi, Gbane,Kouassai,Amani: Physico-Chemical Innovative Romanian Food
Biotechnology (2012) 11,32-43 Characterization of cashew apple juice from Yamoussoukro.

51

52

COMBINING ABILITY ANALYSIS FOR YIELD AND ITS

COMPONENT CHARACTERS IN DIFFERENT SPECIAL TYPES OF
MAIZE (Zea mays L.)
V. Ulaganathan, S.M. Ibrahim, P. Gomathinayagam and A. Gurusamy
Centre for Plant Breeding & Genetics, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University,
Coimbatore-641 003. E-Mail ulagunbourne@gmail.com
Using specific combining ability, three hybrids viz., QPM-14 x

INTRODUCTION

Maize is referred as "Queen of cereals" as it has got the

S.C.B. 7853-1, QPM-18 x S.C.B. 7853-1 and QPM-18 x S.C.B.1457-6

highest potential among the cereal crops.

The success of development of a new crop variety depends on

was selected as promising specific combiners

Three hybrids viz., QPM-14 x S.C.B. 7853-1, QPM-12 x Co(BC)1

the rate and extent of adoption by the target farmers.

and QPM-6 x S.C.B.1457-6 among quality protein maize, two

OBJECTIVE

hybrids viz., QPM-18 x Co(BC)1 and QPM-13 x S.C.B. 7853-1 for

To estimate general combining ability effects of parents and

special character like sweetness, two hybrids viz., QPM-6 x

specific combining ability effects of hybrids for grain yield and

S.C.B.1457-6 and QPM-12 x Co(BC)1 for drought governing

physiological traits in maize.

characters and QPM-13 x Co(BC)1 as baby corn types were

identified.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The experimental material comprised of five Quality Protein

Table 1. General combining ability effects for different

physiological and quality traits
Relative
Nitrate
Chlorophyl
Parents
water
Proline Reductase Protein Total sugar
l content
activity
content

Maize (QPM-6, QPM-12, QPM-13, QPM-14, QPM-18) as lines

and three testers comprising of one baby corn and two sweet
corn type (Co (BC) 1, S.C.B.1457-6, S.C.B.7853-1)

The

15 F1 hybrids along with their eight parents were

evaluated during 2009-2010

The experiment was laid out in randomized complete block

design with three replications

Lines
QPM-6
QPM-12
QPM-13
QPM-14
QPM-18
SE
Testers
Co (BC) 1
S.C.B.1457-6
S.C.B. 7853-1
SE

Field evaluation

Higher yield
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The magnitude of specific combining ability variances was

-1.09 **
3.18 **
-2.32 **
2.21 **
-1.98 **
0.0051

2.00 **
-5.00 **
-1.89 **
1.33 *
3.56 **
0.4910

2.19 **
-1.20 **
1.30 **
-1.84 **
-0.46
0.3667

-0.17 **
-0.16 **
0.03
0.13 **
0.23 **
0.0292

0.33 **
1.12 **
-0.71 **
0.81 **
-1.55 **
0.0065

-2.15 **
-2.15 **
4.30 **
0.0035

0.61 **
-0.84 **
0.23 **
0.0040

0.78
-1.89 **
1.11 **
0.3803

-0.81 **
0.18
0.63 *
0.2840

-0.14 **
0.06 *
0.08 **
0.0226

-1.02 **
0.86 **
0.16 **
0.0051

Table 2. Specific combining ability effects for different

physiological and quality traits
Relative
Nitrate
Chlorophyll
Total
water Proline Reductas Protein
Hybrids
sugar
content
content
e activity

Crossing block

MAIZE SEEDS

-0.35 **
-0.32 **
-2.63 **
3.87 **
-0.56 **
0.0045

QPM-6 X Co (BC) 1
QPM-6 X S.C.B.1457-6
QPM-6 X S.C.B. 7853-1
QPM-12 X Co (BC) 1
QPM-12 X S.C.B.1457-6
QPM-12 X S.C.B. 7853-1
QPM-13 X Co (BC) 1
QPM-13 X S.C.B.1457-6
QPM-13 X S.C.B. 7853-1
QPM-14 X Co (BC) 1
QPM-14 X S.C.B.1457-6
QPM-14 X S.C.B. 7853-1
QPM-18 X Co (BC) 1
QPM-18 X S.C.B.1457-6
QPM-18 X S.C.B. 7853-1
SE

-7.79 **
10.23 **
-2.45 **
8.99 **
-4.91 **
-4.08 **
0.20 **
3.58 **
-3.78 **
-1.92 **
-4.41 **
6.33 **
0.51 **
-4.48 **
3.97 **
0.0077

-3.00 **
-1.50 **
4.50 **
0.96 **
-1.19 **
0.22 **
-1.20 **
-0.31 **
1.51 **
4.35 **
-1.64 **
-2.72 **
-1.13 **
4.64 **
-3.52 **
0.0089

0.33
1.33
-1.67
-1.33
-3.00
4.33 **
4.56 **
0.22
-4.78 **
-3.67 **
1.33
2.33 *
0.11
0.11
-0.22
0.8505

-0.54
-0.00
0.54
3.59
-0.62
-2.97 **
-0.13
-1.29
1.43 *
1.34 *
1.10
-2.44 **
-4.26 **
0.83
3.44 **
0.6351

0.26 **
0.38 **
-0.64 **
0.77 **
-0.31 **
-0.46 **
-0.08
0.13 *
-0.05
-0.86 **
-0.32 **
1.19 **
-0.08
0.12 *
-0.04
0.0505

-0.86 **
0.38 **
0.48 **
0.13 **
-0.61 **
0.49 **
-0.81 **
0.09 **
0.73 **
0.43 **
0.09 **
-0.53 **
1.11 **
0.05 **
-1.16 **
0.0113

CONCLUSION
Three crosses namely, QPM-14 x S.C.B. 7853-1, QPM-18 X Co (BC)
1 and QPM-13 x Co(BC)1 which have shown high sca effects for
grain yield and quality parameters involving parents of positive and

much greater than those of general combining ability variances

significant gca effects can be exploited for the development of

for all the characters, which indicated that preponderance of

single cross hybrids since non additive gene action for most of the

non additive gene action for all the characters studied

traits was observed.

REFERENCE

Using general combing ability, three parents viz., QPM- 14,

Sharma, S., Narwal, R., Kumar, M.S., Dass, S. 2004. Line x tester

QPM- 18 and S.C.B. 7853-1 were selected as good combiners.

analysis in maize (Zea mays L.). Forage Res. 30:28-30.

53

EFFECT OF NUTRIENTS FROM Ascophyllum nodosum AS FOLIAR SPRAY TO ENHANCE

YIELD
S.PRIYANKA, PG scholar, Agricultural College and Research Institute, Madurai

Stress tolerance

Introduction

Foliar

Ascophyllum nodosum (rockweed) is

and

soil

applications

of

A.

have been demonstrated to

nodosum

extracts

brown sea weed known to grow abundantly in

increase

endogenous

temperate countries such as Canada, France,

subsequent stress tolerance

Iceland, Ireland, Norway, and the United Kingdom.

Benefits

antioxidant

activity

and

This seaweed is usually replaced or mixed with other

Nitrozime Marine Algae Extract is a

related species such as Fucus sp. in the most

100% organic product and extremely concentrated,

exposed or iced scoured areas. Nitrozime Marine

eight times more so than common seaweed fertilizers,

Algae Extract is a plant nutrient supplement derived

and contains many of the naturally produced nutrients

exclusively from a natural form of marine algae

and biologically active compounds that all plants require

known as Ascophyllum Nodosum Seaweed.

for vigorous, healthy growth. The recorded benefits of

high quality seaweed to plant growth are legendary, and

Objective

Nitrozime is no exception. Nitrozime is rich in

Use of Ascophyllum nodosum extract

as foliar spray in enhancing yield .

organic compounds that are extremely beneficial to

plants.

Methodology to be adopted
The seaweeds are collected and it
is shade dried. Then the shade dried samples
are powdered and it can be mixed in normal
drinking water. And it can be used as foliar spray.

Expected outcome
Ascophyllum nodosum extract either as a
foliar spray or may be a viable option for replacing the
inorganics or

cost effective for future organic

agriculture.

Reference
Ugarte R. and G. Sharp. 2001. A new
approach to seaweed management in Eastern Canada:
The case of Ascophyllum nodosum. Cah. Biol. Mar. 42:
63-70

54

SEED BOMBING FOR ENHANCING COTTON PRODUCTIVITY UNDER RAINFED CONDITION

S. AMBIKA
Department of Seed Science and Technology, Agricultural College and Research Institute- Madurai- 625 104
E-mail: ambikasingaram@gmail.com

INTRODUCTION

Figure 1. SEED BOMBING

Cotton -worlds leading natural fibre crop

King of Fibres and White of Gold. India second largest cotton producer in the world.

Application of polymers along with moisture

attracting

materials,

nitrogenous

fertilizer,

Cotton seeds

Cotton plant

pesticides and insecticides over seed surface

serves as an extra exterior shell to give the
desired seed characteristics viz., quick water
uptake and enhanced germination that would be
beneficial for better emergence and establishment

Polymer coated cotton seeds

Coating machine

OBJECTIVE
Withstand drought at initial stage of seedlings
Uniformity in seed germination
Seed bombing instrument

Seed capsule

Vigorous and healthy seedlings

Seed capsule in the

carrying vessel

Protection of seedlings from pest and diseases

at early stages
Maintaining of plant population

MATERIALS
Graded Cotton seeds
Seed Germination

Biodegradable Polymers
Nitrogenous fertilizers

Injection of Seeds to the soil

Carbendazim @ 2g /kg or imidacloprid 10g / kg

Trichoderma viride @ 4g/kg of seeds
Psuedomonas flouresecens @ 20g/kg of seeds

METHODS
Seeds are treated with biodegradable polymers
along

with

moisture

attracting

Young seedlings

Degradation of polymers

materials,

nitrogenous fertilizer, pesticides, insecticides and

biocontrol agents. Seeds are encapsulated in gel.

SG

Seed capsules are placed in seedbomb carrying

vessel.

When the bomb is released, placing the seed

capsules inside the soil.

For the first stage of the plants lives, the seed

capsules act as tiny greenhouses, protecting

Uniformity in seedling growth

Healthy and vigourous plant (free from pest and disease) under rainfed
condition

from the fledgling.

As

the

plants

grow,

the

seed

CONCLUSION

capsules

get biodegraded.

How does seed bomb/ capsules grow up?

Capsules protects the plants from outside. When

Placing of polymer coated cotton seeds in the soils

through seed bombing will produce the vigourous seedling
by protecting the seedlings from pest and disease at early

the plants grow up as much as possible to survive in

stages and helps to maintain the population in the rainfed

the desret. Capsules melts down by moisture from

areas.

transpiration of the plants.

55

NUTRISEED PACK TECHNOLOGY (NPT)

TH. SA. Raja Rajeshwaran, Ph.D., scholar,
Dept. of Soil Science & Agrl. Chemistry, TNAU, Cbe.
raja.rajeshwaran@hotmail.com

INTRODUCTION
NPT is a new development in the Dept. of SS & AC,
TNAU, Coimbatore.
Funding from: DST New Delhi & TNSCST Chennai.
Demonstration of Yield Enhancement in Maize and Rice
through Nutriseed Pack Technique and Designing
Prototype Machineries for Industrial Production of
Nutriseed Packs.
NSP WAS BORN THIS WAY
The efficiency of the surface applied fertilizers are low,
NSP helps in improving the efficiency and yield.
It supports each plant in the root zone in optimum
nutrient supply, biological activity, release of pesticide,
etc. and consequently enables the fullest utilization of
nutrients by plants. There is no wastage of fertilizer
nutrients.
Integrated action of seed sowing , FYM & fertilizer
(topdressing), pesticide application etc. thus reducing the
no. of call for laborers.
Yield in Trials/ Demonstration Plots
Location/crop/variety
Hybrid Maize (NK6240)
Eastern Farm, TNAU
Bt Cotton CH 530
Eastern Farm, TNAU
Wetlands, TNAU Rice (ADT 43)
Desipalayam African Marigold (AVT 2)
Elkhill Farms, Ooty
Carnation (Cut flower)

Farmers practice

NPT

Grain Yield (Kg

6558

ha-1)
7236

Seed cotton (Kg ha-1)

2374

2875

Grain Yield (Kg ha-1)

4930

5820

Flower (Kg ha-1)

22900

45500
Nos. m-2

168

ADVANTAGES
All operations at a stroke.
A Tiffin box approach.
Versatility (Soil & Crops).
Weeds & pest control.

Suitable for drip, fertigation

Employment opportunity.

270

CONCLUSION
NPT has been well tested in research trials and demonstration plots on crops like
maize, rice, cotton, cauliflower, carnation and marigold and found to record more yield and
profit over the conventional broadcast method of fertilizer application.

56

RECENT ADVANCEMENT IN RICE BREEDING BLIND

BREEDING METHOD- A NEW CONCEPT IN PLANT
BREEDING
M. PARANTHAMAN, Ph. D Scholar
Dept. of PBG, AC & RI, Madurai, Email: parantha.agri@gmail.com

Introduction
Underutilised crops

Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is one of the food crop

of the world
It is a nutritious cereal crop, provides 20 per
cent of the calories and 15 per cent of protein
consumed by worlds population.
Already developed several breeding methods
in rice for the development of new varieties, in
general all the breeding methods for self
pollinated crops (Pureline selection, Mass
selection, Pedigree method, mass pedigree
method, shuttle breeding, modified bulk
method and single seed descent method) are
suitable for rice breeding.
All those breeding methods are trait based,
along with these methods I have developed a
new idea of blind breeding method.
The main objective of the blind breeding
method is the development of new crop variety
with variability and higher diversity without
any particular trait by hybridization followed by
utilizing mutagens, this method dont have any
particular trait so only it is called blind
breeding method.

Advantages
Within the varietal cross combination we have
variability among the characters
Between the varieties/ lines we can create
higher diversity
This method provides chance to development
of new plant type
This method does not require any statistical
data of the source material
This may develop wide adaptation as well as
stable varieties
Developed selected varieties are individually
differ with each other in both phenotypically
as well as genotypically
If large number of plants are selected no need
of expensive yield trials

CONCLUSION
It is a noble plant breeding method for the
development of new plant type from the
developed strains or undeveloped collections,
land races, superior or inferior varieties. This
method gives chance for establishment of new
characters/ traits from the developed varieties
and undeveloped collections. This method will
provide the effective utilization of more number
of varietal collections for the improvement of
future food grain production. This method also
very useful for other self pollinated and cross
pollinated crops.

Disadvantages
1) This method requires highly skilled breeder as
well as skilled labour force for crossing and
selection
2) For population maintenance it requires more
land/ time/ space
3) It is not a trait based breeding, blindly we
utilising more number of lines for hybridization
followed by mutation and selection, these are
only based on the breeders interest.

57

Nutri cereals Enhancer of nutritional security

R.Ajaykumar
Department of Agronomy, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University,
Coimbatore - 641 003
Authors. E-mail: ajaykumar.tnau@gmail.com
Introduction
Withstand harsh climatic factors
No proper care after sowing
Mainly broadcasted
Not given with much importance
Store house of nutrition

Problem we are going to face

In general
Millets do
fertilizers

not

demand

Water scarcity

synthetic

Increase in global temperature

Millets are pest free crops

Grown in a cropping system
Drought tolerant
Grow in infertile soil
Malnutrition

By means of

Component in integrated farming system

Only millets have the capacity to meet this challenge
Since they are already capable of growing under
drought conditions, they can withstand higher heat
regimes.
Millets grow under non-irrigated conditions in such
low rainfall regimes as between 200 mm and 500 mm.
Thus, they can also face the water stress and grow.
Each of the millets is a storehouse of dozens of
nutrients in large quantities. They include major and
micro nutrients needed by the human body. Hence they
can help people withstand malnutrition

Future food

58

Conclusion
Millet production through IFS seems to be
the answer to the problems of food
production for the above said issues
with farm available resources without
any adverse effect on environment and
agro-ecosystem.

Biodiversity below Soil

V.Karthika , III Ph.D scholar,
Department of Environmental Sciences ,TNAU, Coimbatore
Email: sanjanakarthi@gmail.com

Aerates
soil

Mole

Flatworm

Association
at exterior
Regulate
of root
Nitrogen
population
fixation
dynamics

Decomposers

Belowground
Soil
Organisms

Bacteria
Bacteria

Control
disease
causing
organisms

Nematode

Nematode

Cryptobiosis
Tardigrade

Soil fertility &

Productivity
Earthworm

Improve OM
accumulation

Fungi

Bioindicators

woodlice

Ants

Fungi

Ecto
mycorrhizal

Bioindicators

Increase
Decomposition
Rate

Aerates soil,
allow H2O & O2
Maintain
humidity

Enhance C
mineralization
Mite

Centipede

Benefits of Soil
Organisms

Collembolan

Millipede

Enchytraeid
Worm

Favourable Farming
Practices

Organic material decomposition

Reduce tillage

Breakdown of toxic compounds

Minimize compaction

Inorganic transformations

Minimal fallow periods

Nitrogen fixation

Minimize the use of pesticides

Plant protection

Improve water drainage

59

CARBON: NITROGEN RATIO IN FLOODED RICE SOILS UNDER WET ANALYSIS REGIME
1. Introduction
sealed as such and used for wet analysis for
estimating nutrient status.

Rice
is
usually
grown
under
submerged environment. In soil test based
recommendation, nitrogen is applied based on
the organic carbon status, assuming that the
C:N ratio stabilizes at 10:1. As per
recommendations, for such soils with high
organic matter under submergence, nitrogen
rates are to be reduced since the organic
carbon content is very high. But if the nitrogen
doses are reduced, crop is found to be
suffering from N deficiency. This is because
under anaerobic flooded conditions the rate of
decomposition of organic matter is slower than
under oxidized aerobic environment resulting
in wider C:N ratio at equilibrium.

3. Results
Changes in total C: total N (C:N) ratio
AEU
Kuttanad
Pokkali
Kole

Initial
21.53
9.78
12.93

AT(Wet)
18.23
17.20
15.54

VPI(Wet)
17.30
12.32
13.05

4. Discussion
The C: N ratio was found to be lower
in Kuttanad soil when computed on wet
analysis basis in comparison with initial and at
active tillering stage which means that the ratio
was found to steadily and slowly decreasing
from 21.53 to 17.30 during the period of crop
growth. The C: N ratio in Pokkali on wet basis
showed a sudden increase from 9.78 (initial) to
17.20 (active tillering stage) and further
reduced to 12.32 in visual panicle initiation.
Here, the ratio may stabilize in and around 12.
In Kole lands the trend was very similar to
Pokkali soil but the increase was only
marginal.

2. Materials and Methods

5. Conclusion
Under anaerobic flooded conditions
the rate of decomposition of organic matter is
slower
than
under
oxidized
aerobic
environment resulting in wider C:N ratio at
equilibrium. Hence, it becomes mandatory to
study
the
chemistry
and
pattern
of
decomposition of organic matter as well as
carbon nitrogen relations in the soils under
anaerobic flooded conditions to know the
equilibrium C:N ratio and the time taken for
equilibration. This in turn will definitely help to
have a meaningful organic carbon based
nitrogen recommendations which ultimately
modify the present recommendation.

The present investigation was carried

out at Radiotracer laboratory, College of
Horticulture, Kerala Agricultural University
during 2012-2014. Major rice growing tracts in
state coming under 3 agro-ecological units
(AEUs) were selected namely, Kuttanad (AEU
4), Pokkali AEU 5), Kole (AEU 6). Soil
samples were collected at 3 stages viz. the
first before starting rice cultivation and the
second and third at active tillering (AT) and
visual panicle initiation stages (VPI). Soil
sampling was done using core sampler from 020 cm depth without disturbing the reduced
condition as far as possible. Samples were

60

Innovative method for control birds in seed production

K.PREETHA, PG SCHOLAR,
AC&RI, MADURAI

INTRODUCTION

Methodology

Birds sometimes cause

substantial

problems

for

seed

producers, resulting in large portions

of the seed crop being damaged and
loss seed yield. This fact sheet
describes the damage to seed,

Establishing an accurate,
fast, and operable method
for control the birds using the
solar

attract the birds

damage

Constraints faced by the

farmers, during seed production
and mostly in seed set stage.
Normally

Not all bird species present will

seeds

and

no

control

seed

Outcome of the study

methods available to growers using

produced by solar plate does not

during

production.

patterns of damage, and control

solar plate is new technology. Heat

plate

the

indigenous

farmers

method

used

and

to

replace this practice by using

techniques will be effective against

solar

all

production area and reduce the

species.

Similarly,

different

species may cause damage in

different

years

environmental

depending
factors

plate

near

the

seed

damage and increase the yield.

on
such

Conclusion:

availability of alternate food sources

By using this techniques

because of drought, frost, etc. So

seed loss by birds can be

increase the seed yield and reduce

prevented and the energy

the damage.

from the solar plate can also

used for multi purposes.

61

Recent Innovative Breeding Techniques in Crop Improvement

A.V.S. Durga Prasad, III Ph.D (Ag.) Scholar, Dept. of Plant Breeding and Genetics,
Agricultural College and Research Institue, Madurai, Tamil Nadu.
INTRODUCTION
Innovation in plant breeding is a sine quo
non to tackle global challenges viz.,
population growth and climate change.
Agriculture has been able to cope with these
challenges until now. However, further
efforts are needed and therefore plant
breeders search for novel plant breeding
techniques.
In
this
perspective,
eight
innovative techniques advocated for the
development of new varieties, known to
revolutionize the science of plant breeding.

IV. RNA-DEPENDENT DNA METHYLATION

V. GRAFTING (ON GM ROOTSTOCK)

VI. REVERSE BREEDING

II. OLIGONUCLEOTIDE-DIRECTED MUTAGENESIS

VIII. SYNTHETIC GENOMICS

III. CISGENESIS

VII. AGRO-INFILTRATION

Conclusion: Novel breeding tools in

glove with conventional methods
boosts crop improvement

62

Influence of seed morphological traits on oil yield and

component traits in sunflower.
J. Vanitha

Pollen color variation in sunflower

Seed morphological variation in sunflower

17B

TNHSF 239-68-1-1-1

Using gene silencing technology we can silence producing white

color pollen and can induce yellow color pollen. Yellow color
pollen and black seeded will improve oil yield and component
traits in sunflower.

63

CLEAN GENE (SELECTION MARKER-FREE) TECHNOLOGY

K.VENI, II Ph.D
Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics
AC & RI, MADURAI

INTRODUCTION

Co-transformation

The ever-increasing world

population has created two major
problems: more mouths to feed and
less land to farm. Transformation
biotechnology can also help especially
where classical breeding lacks solution
(e.g. limited availability of stable and
durable genetic source of resistance).
However,
plant
transformation
technologies require selectable marker
genes to produce transgenic plants but
such genes are of no value thereafter;
in fact, marker genes in transgenic
plants are perceived to pose potential
bio-safety problems

Transposon based system

BIOSAFTY ISSUE:

The effect on natural

ecosystems, gene flow into non-GM
crops, moral concerns and corporate
control of the food supply. Horizontal
transfer of antibiotic-resistance genes
to animal and human gut bacteria and
vertical transfer of herbicide-resistance
genes to weedy relatives are perceived
as major biosafety concerns in
genetically engineered crops

Strategies to achieve markers

free plants :

Co-transformation
Sitespecific recombinase mediated
marker deletion
Transposons based system
Intr-achromosomal recombination
Removal of chloroplast marker
genes

Sitespecific recombinase
mediated marker deletion

Conclusion:

The removal of marker gene and backbone

from the transgenic plants supports
multiple
transformation
cycles
for
transgene pyramiding. At present there is
no
commercialization of marker-free
transgenic crop as it is still in the stage of
proof-of-concept
Development
for
production of marker-free transgenics
would further strengthen the crop
improvement programme. The GM crops
are expected to contribute globally to the
food security.

64

Multiplication of F1 ge
neration through synthetic seed production
AMBIKABATHY.A M.Sc scholar
Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics
Agricultural Collage and Research Institute,Madurai-625 104

Introduction:
In some species the crossing is very
difficult and seed setting is also very
poor. Where more number of crossing
is very difficult and not possible. In
this method we can do few crossing
and the f1 generation can be mass
multiplied in in-vitro condition without
affecting heterozygous condition of
the f1 generation.

Methods:
Female parent X male parent
Advantage:
Multiplication can be done in
offseason when the plant is not raised
for study.
The crossing can be done in green
house , hence the requirement of F1
seeds is very less.
The heterozygous condition of F1
seed is maintained in resulting
synthetic seed.
we will have large number
segregating population for selection ,
hence get desired genotype is higher.

F1
Multiplication in in-vitro condition
Establish somatic embryogenesis
Mature somatic embryos
Synchronize and singulate somatic
embryos

Conclusion:

Mass production of somatic embryos

Plant propagation using artificial or

synthetic seeds developed from
somatic and not zygotic embryos
opens up new vistas in agriculture.
Artificial seeds make a promising
technique for propagation of hybrid
with problems in seed propagation.
Being clonal in nature the technique
cuts
short
laborious
selection
procedure
of
the
conventional
recombination breeding and can bring
the advancements of biotechnology to
the doorsteps of the farmer in a costeffective manner.

Standardization of encapsulation
Standardization of artificial endosperm
Mass production of synthetic seeds
Sown in Greenhouse of field for breeding
program
Reset of methods is as in conventional
breeding program based on objective
of the program

65

Sprinkler Irrigation to remove sediment cement ash on Groundnut in

Ariyalur District
Agriculture Collage and Research Institute, Madurai
S.Iswarya M.Sc [Seed science and Technology]
Introduction
Application of water to soil in the form of spray, somewhat as rain. It is particularly
useful for sandy soils because they absorb water too fast. Soils that are too shallow, too steep or
rolling can be irrigated efficiently with sprinklers. It ensures uniform distribution of water and
adaptable to most kinds of soil. Water losses are reduced to a minimum extent. Costly land leveling
operations are not necessary. In sprinkler irrigation, water is conveyed under pressure through
pipes to the area to be irrigated where it is passed out through or sprinklers the system comprises
four main parts i.Power generator ii.Pump iii.Pipeline iv. Sprinkler
Precipitation of cement ash
Ariyalur region,
Presence of cement factory pollution
is more in this area. In ground nut, Leaf
area fully cover by the cement ash
cedimentation in the plants. It reduce
exposure of the leaf to the sun light. So
photosynthesis rate will be reduced in the
plants. It ultimately leads to reduction of
the yield.

Sprinkler irrigation

Using the sprinkler

For application of water on
groundnut using sprinkler leach out the
cement ash present in the leaf surface. It
regulate the normal photo synthesis of the
plants. The cement ash may contain any
toxic substance to affect the soil fertility.
Adding chemical through the sprinkler to
neutralizing the toxic effect of the
substance present in the cement ash. And
also it contain trace amount of nutrients it
has been used by the plants for their growth
and development.

After irrigation

66

TILLING IN DEVELOPMENT OF LOW PHYTATE SOYBEAN

D. Nagarajan1, T. Kalaimagal2

1. Department of Pulses, Centre for Plant Breeding and Genetics, TNAU, Coimbatore.
2. Anbil Dharmalingam Agricultural College and Research Institute, TNAU, Trichy.
E-mail for correspondence: nagarajanpbg@gmail.com
Soybean [(Glycine max L. (MERR.)] is considered as a miracle crop due to its extraordinary qualities. It contains 40 to 42

per cent good quality protein and 18 to 22 per cent oil comprising 85 per cent unsaturated fatty acids and is free from cholesterol
along with ample mineral elements. So, it is highly desirable for human diet. It is expected that soybean production will increase
as population and living standards increase in India (James, 2010).

Phytic acid is a naturally occurring organic compound in the form of myoinositol hexakisphosphate.
Accumulates in seed during seed development and maturity and accounts for 60 to 90 per cent of total phosphorous
content present in cereals, legumes, nuts and oil seeds (Lott et al., 2000).
Inhibit the absorption of dietary minerals like Calcium, Copper, Magnesium, Iron and Zinc.
It has a negative effect on nutritional value of protein. This interaction may effect changes in protein structure that can
decrease enzymatic activity, protein solubility and proteolytic digestibility.
Therefore, development of high yielding soybean lines with low phytate content would be of immediate use to all

populations as it is rich in protein and can work against protein malnutrition too.

Hybridity confirmation
through SSR marker

Screening of lpa lines through SSR

marker and biochemical analysis

New low phytate soybean lines with high yield will be developed
The developed lines will further be released as a low phytate soybean variety for general cultivation in Tamil Nadu as well as
in India following the regular procedure for variety release.

James, O. 2010. Introduction. In: Genetics, Genomics and Breeding of Soybean, p.1-18, K. Bilyeu, M.B. Ratnaparkhe and C.
Kole (eds) Abingdon, UK.
Lott, J. N. A., I. Ockenden, V. Raboy and G. D. Batten. 2000. Phytic acid and phosphorous in crop seeds and fruits a global
estimate. Seed Sci. Res., 10: 11-33.
Paper presented in National Expo on
Assemblage of Innovative Ideas/ Work of Post Graduate Agricultural Research Scholars
Agricultural College and Research Institute, Madurai during March 27, 2015

67

Wide Hybridization-yield enhancement in rice

S. REVATHI
Agricultural college and Research Institute, Madurai
Introduction

Rice - the worlds most important food crop and a primary food source for about
half of the worlds population.

Hybrid rice technology is one of the promising, sustainable and proven

technologies for enhancing the rice productivity with a yield advantage of 15-20
% over inbred varieties.

Increase in the rice production and productivity for increasing the population is
the main objective of any breeding programme. Since we attain plateau for grain
yield, the way to overcome this problem is through interracial crosses where by
high heterosis can be obtained.

Inter-subspecific hybridization

Problem -Hybrid Sterility

Heterosis level

Major break through

Discovery of Wide Compatible Varieties (WCVs)
Ikehashi & Araki (1984)
WC genes -1986
Single locus allelic interaction model
S5i/S5n , S5j/S5n Fertile
S5i/S5 j - Semi sterile

Genetic model- Wide compatibility

How to Overcome- Incorporation of WC gene and Major Fertility restoration gene

(RF3 and RF4)
Conclusion
This study aims to develop restorers with wide compatibility trait so as to produce
progenies free of sterility problems upon crossing with japonica lines

68

PROMOTION OF PIGEONPEA (Cajanus cajan L.)

CULTIVATION IN WINTER SEASON
BIRENDRA TIGGA, DEEPAK CHANDRAKAR AND G.K. DAS
DEPARTMENT OF AGRONOMY, COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE,
INDIRA GANDHI KRISHI VISHWAVIDYALAYA,
RAIPUR - 492 012 (C.G.)

METHODOLOGY
A f ield experiment was carried out
during the winter season of 2013-14
at the Instructional Cum Research
Farm, I.G.K.V., Raipur (C.G.).
Experiment was laid out in factorial
randomized block design with three
replications. The treatment consisted
of six genotypes viz. Asha, Rajeev
lochan, Laxmi, RPS-2008-4, RPS2007-10 and RPS- 2007-106 as
factor one and two planting
geometry viz. 60 cm x 10 cm and 45
cm x 10 cm as factor two. The crop
was Grown with stand package of
practice as recorded .The crop was
sown on 23rd November , 2013 and
harvested during 5th to 10th May,
2014 as per genotype.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

It is quite clear from the data that genotype
Asha recorded significantly higher grain and
stalk yield (1281 and 5888 kg ha-1,
respectively) over genotypes RPS-2008-4 and
RPS-2007-106. However, the yield was on at
par with the other three genotype tested i.e.
Rajeevlochan (1268 and 5784 kg ha-1), RPS2007-106 (1226 and 5597 kg ha-1) and Laxmi
(1220 and 5579 kg ha-1). The factor mainly
responsible for seed yield and stalk yield
variation among genotypes might be due to
variation in yield components viz., number of
pods per plant, number of seeds per pod,
seed yield per plant and 100seed weight.
Planting geometry of 45 cm x 10 cm (plant
population of 222222.22 plants ha-1) recorded
significantly higher seed and stalk yield (1235
and 6173 kg ha-1, respectively) over planting
geometry of 60 cm x 10 cm (plant population
of 166666.66 plants ha-1). Might be due to
higher plant population per unit area even
though the yield attributes are significantly
lower when compared to the yield attributes
recorded under wider row spacing. Genotype
Asha gave maximum net return (Rs. 35228
ha-1) and Benefit : Cost ratio (2.27) over rest
of the genotypes. While planting of Pigeonpea
of 45 cm x 10 cm gave maximum net return
(Rs.33603 ha-1) and B:C (2.13) over wider
spacing of 60 cm x 10 cm. It was also noticed
that maturity period reduced by 25 day in Rabi
sowinig.

100000

Grain yield

INTRODUCTION
Pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan L.) is
one of the important pulse, plays a
vital role in daily diet of sizable
vegetarian population of country for
their protein requirement. In Indian
agriculture Pigeonpea is important
component as it belong to leguminous
family which enrich the soil by adding
nitrogen, reduce soil erosion, improve
physic-chemical properties of the soil.
In Chhattisgarh, it occupies an area
of 52.85 thousands ha with production
of 23.68 thousand tones with average
productivity 448 kg ha-1 (Anon.,
2012c). In spite of various efforts
made by the scientists, we are unable
to increase its productivity likewise
wheat and rice. one important reason
of low productivity is infestation of
insect, pest and disease in kharif
season. It to Rabi sowing of
Pigeonpea provide an alternative to
escape from infestation of insect
pest and disease and also provide an
opportunity to increase its area as well
as productivity under rabi season.
Productivity of any crop is govern by
genetic makeup of the plants and its
interaction with environment as well as
managerial factor. Considering the
above fact, the present experiment
was planned with the newly released
photo insensitive Pigeonpea varieties
and develop appropriate production
technology.

80000
60000

B:C Ratio

40000

Net return (Rs./ha)

20000

Gross return (Rs./ha)

Stalk yield (Kg/ha)

Grain yield (Kg/ha)

genotypes
planting geometry
CONCLUSION
On the basis of one year, data recorded and analyzed the indicative conclusions can be drown:
There is scope to grow Pigeonpea in mid rabi season also which would not only help to
increase pulse production in the state as well as country but also possible to increase
productivity per unit area.
There is urgent need to plan out net work project in the country to find out the suitable
locations (state wise) where Pigeonpea can be grown in rabi season.
There is urgent need to develop new genotypes suitable for rabi season and their agronomic
practices.
The maturity period of pigeonpea reduced by 50 to 100 days as compared to kharif season
and also yields increased over kharif season.

69

70

Herbivore induced plant volatiles (HIPVs) Jasmonic acid in pest management

P. SWEDHAPRIYA., PG Scholar
Agricultural college and Research Institute, Madurai
Introduction
Jasmonic acid (JA) is an endogenous plant growth
regulator widely distributed in higher plants. In response to
injury, a plant may produce JA, which induces the
expression of defensive compounds such as insect
proteinase inhibitors.
JA may also be systemically distributed throughout the
plant and create volatile gases, which in turn may induce
neighboring plants to increase their defense allocations as
well as attract parasitic wasps to attack the infesting
herbivores.
The synthesis of jasmonic acid takes place via the
octadecanoid pathway. The precursor of jasmonic acid is
linolenic acid. Linolenic acid is converted to
hydroperoxylenolenic acid by lipoxygenase.
After reactions catalyzed by allene oxide synthase (AOS)
and allene oxide cyclase, phytodienoic acid is formed and
through oxidation, jasmonic acid is formed .
This chemical may have a role in pest control. Jasmonic
acid is able to mediate the plants response to herbivores
both directly and indirectly.
The following sequence of events appears to function in
the indirect defense of plants: herbivorous insect bites ->
volicitin production -> jasmonate signal initiation ->
jasmonic acid production -> jasmonate- induced gene
expression -> induction of terpenoid biosynthesis -> air
transmission of terpenoids-> attraction of carnivorous
insects -> preying of herbivorous insects by carnivores
-> protection of plants against herbivorous insects.
Objective:
To produce the pesticide residue free agricultural
commodities.
Induction of resistance in agricultural crops against
insect pests by environmentally safe chemicals.

71

Mechanism involved :

Induction of resistance methods

- Foliar spray of Jasmonic acid.
- Surface application of jasmonic acid.
- Seed treatment with jasmonic acid.
Expected Result:
Due to the application of jasmonic acid as foliar
application and surface application on plants induce
resistance in plants.
Due to this resistance pest population is reduced in
plants.
JA seed treatment stimulates the natural anti-pest
defenses of the plants that germinate from the treated
seeds, without harming plant growth as happens
when jasmonates are sprayed onto plants that have
already started growing.
Conclusion :
In environments with more severe pest problems
or where plants are more susceptible to herbivory,
induced resistance may be an important tool for pest
control. With the use of chemical elicitors of plant
resistance, we may be able to tailor the resistance
profile of plants to suit the pest pattern of the
particular region and the particular year in which the
crop is being grown.

ACOUSTIC SENSORS A NEW AUTOMATED MONITORING TOOL FOR

STORAGE PEST
M. Shanmuga Prema, Student
Dept. of Agrl. Entomology, TNAU, Coimbatore-3
Introduction:

Monitoring

insect

populations is a fundamental part of

managing stored grain. Acoustical sensors
automatically alert us for insect control
and

improve

pest

management

by

reducing the chances of an infestation

going undetected. A strong correlation

between the number of insects and the
number of insect sounds is the key to
using the acoustical detection method. It
provide a means of continuous, automatic
monitoring

of

insect

populations

at

Method Used:The process is simply

the

sound

or

vibrations

insects/immature

of

adult

stages

were

recorded by the sensors and the

recorded
through

signals
the

background
filtered

were

passed

on

filters

(i.e.,

to

noises)

and

then

the

through

an

signals

pass

avoid

amplifier and this signal frequencies

were recorded by the computer. The
recorded

signals

were

statistically

analyzed.

reduced cost.

Signal processing: They were processed

through signal parameterisation and their
patterns were recognised and made into
bursts

or

impulses

train
were

of

impulses.

compared

Digital soundspectrum
processing
computer

These

with

the

database acoustic signatures and the pest

present in the stored bin was identified

Three sensor levels

1.4m

and alarm was given by the computer.

Expected outcome: Early detection,

timely management, reduction in sampling
process and reduction in labour

Thermohygrometer

Early Warning Detector

Conclusion: Research on the number of grain samples needed to accurately monitor

insect populations has increased our awareness of the need to automate insect
population monitoring information and examines the relevance of development of
acoustical detection methods.

72

A NEW TRENDS FOR PESTICIDE DETECTION USING BIOSENSOR

V. Amsagowri, Ph.D scholar
Department of Agricultural Entomology
Agricultural College and Research Institute, Madurai
INTRODUCTION: Biosensors is
a self contained integrated
device capable of providing
specific quantitative analytical
information using biorecptor
which is in direct spatial contact
with transducer element
COMPONENTS:

BIOSENSORS IN PESTICIDE
DETECTION
Enzymes like cholinesterase
(AChE, BChE), organohoshorus
hydrolase (OPH) and urease
used in design of biosenosrs for
Pesticide detection
Analytical information based on
OPH and choliesterase inihibition
have been used for detection of
carbamates and OP
DETECTION LIMITS
(OP pesticides)

Bioreceptor
Immobilized sensitive element
( enzymes, DNA, probe, antibody)recognizing the analyte ( enzyme
subtrate, antigen )

Transducer

Convert biochemical signal

resulting from the interaction of
analyte with receptor into
electric one
DRAWBACKS IN CONVENTIONAL
METHODOLOGIES

HPLC & GC appropriate

techniques for determination
but its preserves the pesticides
stability
Pretreatments steps - required
Adding time and cost
IMPORTANCE:
Measure non-polar molecules
Response time is short
Rapid and continuous control is
possible

GC (g/ml)

BIOSENSORS(g/ml)

0.013

0.035

0.05-1.85

0.035-35.1

CONCLUSION:
Use of biosensors will increase
the efficient, safe and reliable
detection and quantification of
pesticides
Research may be progress
towards the new recognition
elements which comply with
minimum wear characteristics and
absence of inhibitory substances
that block analayte detection

73

BIOLUMINESCENT MUSHROOMS - AN INSIGHT TO PLANT DISEASE MANAGEMENT

Arathikrishna V K
Department of Plant Pathology
Kerala Agricultural University, Thrissur - 680 656

INTRODUCTION
The emission of light by living organisms has
attracted the attention of mankind since the time of Aristotle
(384322 B.C.) and Pliny (2379 A.D.). Bioluminescence
can be defined as the emission of visible and cold light by
living organisms. There is a plethora of species described as
bioluminescent (e.g. bacteria, fungi, dinoflagellates, marine
and terrestrial animals). There are 83 species of luminescent
fungi reported since 2012.

Omphalotus illudens

Mycena lucentipes

BIOLUMINESCENT MUSHROOMS

BIOLUMINESCENT MUSHROOMS DISEASE MANAGEMENT

All bioluminescent fungi described to date, with the

exception of some phytopathogens (e.g. Armillaria mellea
and Mycena citricolor), are saprotrophic. They can be found
in tropical and temperate areas. They belong to four distinct
evolutionary lineages in the order Agaricales: 52 from
Mycenoid, 5 from Armillaria, 12 from Omphalotus and 2
from Lucentipes.

Wide exploitation of available luminescent mushrooms

and in vitro evaluation against plant pathogens
Selection of the most effective luminescent species.
Further utilization and commercialization

PROPERTIES

CONCLUSION
Without leaves, without buds, without flowers yet they
form fruit; as a tonic, as a medicine, the entire creation is
precious. These mysterious living lights pave a way for
yet another lightening era in disease management.

Bioluminescent mushrooms are rich with bioactive

compounds
The luminescent bioactive compounds from A. mellea
and O. olearius have anti bacterial activity

74

DISPENSABLE CAP DESIGN FOR FIELD LEVEL PREPARATION OF

BACILLUS SUBTILIS FORMULATION FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF PLANT
DISEASE
D. DURGADEVI*, S. HARISH, D. ALICE AND T. RAGUCHANDER
Ph.D., Scholar, Department of Plant Pathology,
Center for Plant Protection Studies,
Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, India.
Email : devi.agri18@gmail.com

INTRODUCTION

The liquid and talc formulation of biopesticides can be produced in large quantity but difficult
to store under normal room condition besides having short shelf life

In this context, improved formulations and delivery systems are important for implementation

and commercialization of effective biological control

In this study, a novel approach have been undertaken to produce bioformulation with longer
shelf life and also easy delivery system

DETAILS OF INVENTION

In the present investigation, a cap has been designed along with the container which possess
the endospore of Bacillus subtilis in the cap. The primary container contains media in the
bottle.

The endospore formulation is a water-soluble powder containing spores of Bacillus,

sweeteners, anticaking agent, emulsifying agent, acidity regulator, stabilizer and preservative in
the form of powder.

On pressing the cap, the powder is dispensed into the primary container which easily dissolves
in the nutrient broth present in the primary container

The multiplication of B. subtilis is occurs in the primary container at the field level so that it can
be sprayed as aqueous solution after 24hours

Cap containing
formulation
Primary container

ADVANTAGES

CONCLUSION

Farmer is sure that the biopesticide in his hand

Application

is 100 per cent viable during application in the

mechanism in biopesticides is still

field.

It occupies less space and more shelf life.

The

finished

competitive,

products
since

the

are

dispensable

cap

limited. This technology will help to

overcome factors, such as expensive

therefore

ingredients

of

price

of

formulation are cheap and easy to obtain

the

production
stability,

poor

storage

susceptibility

to

environmental conditions and efficacy

problems

75

methods,

FARMERS KNOWLEDGE AND CREATIVITY IN ECO-FRIENDLY PEST MANAGEMENT:

LESSONS IN SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE
P. Parthiban
Department of Agricultural Entomology, Agricultural College and Research Institute,
Madurai 625 104, Tamil Nadu, India.
E-mail: parthitnau@gmail.com
Informal knowledge of farmers is considered to be important for many difference practices
required in sustaining both crops and eco-systems, especially when no solutions are known from
scientific knowledge. Farmers practice trail and error to formulate crop management
technologies specific to location. In this innovative ideas, we will be document the indigenous
practices used by Brinjal farmers of Tamil Nadu, India. A total of 10000 brinjal growing farmers
will be randomly selected from different hot spot villages of the Tamil Nadu. Data will be collected
using personal interviewing. The farmers in the study developed notable innovations to control
brinjal pests mainly brinjal shoot and fruit borer. The farmers will be implementing innovative
practices because: they help reduce crop losses, they are compatible with the farming systems,
they are easy to handle, and the products used are locally available, eco-friendly, cost effective
and compatible with the socio-cultural situations of farmers.
socio-cultural

INTRODUCTIONI
Brinjal

or

egg

plant,

Solanum

continuously

norms.
refine

their

Farmers
traditional

melongena Linnaeus, is a native of India. It

knowledge, inherited from their ancestors,

assumes

through

special

significance

among

local

experimentation,

careful

vegetables as three crops can be grown in

observation and knowledge sharing and

a year and is particularly available in all

this imparts an integrative and dynamic

the seasons. Brinjal is known as poor

character to their knowledge.

mans crop in India and occupies an

METHODOLOGY

important position in every day diet due to

The study will be undertaken using a

its high nutritive value. In Tamil Nadu, it is

combination of field research methods:

grown in an area of 10,418 ha with an

personal

annual

discussions and participant observation

production

of

81,820

tonnes

interviews,

focus

group

with small and marginal farmers in Tamil

(Anonymous, 2014).
Brinjal is attacked by more than 70
insect pests (Subbaratnam and Butani,

Nadu, India.
CONCLUSION
Besides

2011) of which the major importance are

effective

the shoot and fruit borer, stem borer, leaf

management

hopper, aphid, Leaf roller, leaf beetle,

indigenous adaptive practices enable the

whitefly and lace wing bugs (Vevai, 2013).

farmers to develop knowledge networks

The

advantage

knowledge is that

it is

of

farmers

driven by local

needs and is based on a set of appropriate

among

of

cost

grassroots

insect-pests,

innovations

these

and

practices towards more sustainable life

ways.

76

MANAGEMENT OF HONEYBEE PATHOGENS USING RNAi

A.PAVVIYA, Ph.D Scholar
Department of Agricultural Entomology
Agricultural College and Research Institute, Madurai.
RNAi IN HONEYBEES:
Honey bees possess the core
components of the RNAi pathway As
a result, RNAi looks quite promising
as a tool for combating honey bee
pathogens and parasites.

INTRODUCTION:
Gene silencing - epigenetic processes
of gene regulation.
Post-transcriptional gene silencing
(PTGS) - result of mRNA of a particular
gene being destroyed or blocked.
Destruction of the mRNA prevents
translation to form an active gene
product (protein).
Common mechanism of PTGS - RNAi

PROBLEMS:
Ectoparasitic mite, Varroa
destructor - feeds on the blood of
honey bees
Microsporidian parasite Nosema
ceranae - high morbidity and
mortality of honey bees
Israeli acute paralysis virus (IAPV)
and Colony collapse disorder

MECHANISM:
RNAi pathway in the cell is initiated
by an RNase III enzyme called Dicer,
which processes dsRNAs into short
(21-25 nucleotide) small interfering
RNAs (siRNAs).
siRNAs incorporated into a protein
complex - RNA induced silencing
complex (RISC).
RISC which contains Argonaute
protein s guided to a specific mRNA
that is complementary to one of the
strands of the siRNA causing its
degradation.

FOCUS SHOULD BE ON:

Developing novel RNAi-based
management
strategies
by
identifying gene targets and
synthesizing dsRNA homologous.
Need to establish the frequency
and dose of RNAi applications
required to sustain protection of
colonies
CONCLUSION:
Feasibility of using siRNA to block
or impair the translation of
parasites and pathogen proteins to
reduce their replication, and
reinforces the therapeutic potential
of RNAi for treatment of honey bee
diseases.

77

READY TO USE FERMENTED BOTNICAL SPRAYS IN ORGANIC

FARMING
1

Raghavendra. K.V 1 and C. Chinniah2

Ph. D Scholar, 2Professor, Department of Agri. Entomology, AC & RI, Madurai
Email of corresponding author: raghavendrakv70324@gmail.com

PREPARATION OF FERMENTED
BOTANICAL SPRAY

INTRODUCTION
Agriculture is the backbone of India.

A plastic drum of 200 lit capacity is taken

Overzealous and indiscriminate use of

synthetic chemicals resulted in a
number
of
environmental
and
toxicological problems
G
rowing public awareness about adverse
effects of pesticides necessitated the
need to look for eco-friendly, safer and
effective Botanicals of pest control.

Stir the whole mixture morning and evening daily

for four weeks

READY TO USE FERMENTED

BOTANICAL SPRAY PREPARATION

Ingredients used for preparation

Cow dung
Cow urine
Botanicals
Calotropis sp. leaves
Vitex negundo leaves
Neem leaves
Adathoda vasika leaves
Pongamia pinnata leaves
Soil below the tree

Add 10 kg cow dung + 10 lit of cow urine + 10 kg

each chopped leaves of above mentioned
botanicals + small quantity of soil below the tree in
a plastic drum

The whole mixture will be fermented for four weeks and

preparation was filtered through double layered muslin
cloth, stored in bottle under refrigerator and used as and
when required.

10 kg
10 lit

All the treatments were imposed by using high volume

knapsack sprayer @ 500 litres of spray solution per ha. The
crop received totally four sprays; first spray was given at 30
days after transplanting and the remaining three sprays
were given sequentially with an interval of 15 days between
each spray.

10 kg
10 kg
10 kg
10 kg
10 kg
small quantity

CONCLUSION
Agriculture has been facing the destructive
activities of numerous pests like fungi,
weeds and insects from time immemorial
Insect pests are the big enemies of farmers.
In recent years the use of synthetic
insecticides in crop protection programme
resulted in disturbances of the environment,
pesticide residues, pest resurgence, pest
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
resistance etc.
The current trends of modern society
towards Green Consumerism desiring
fewer synthetic ingredients may favour
plant-based products called Ready to Use
Fermented Botanical Sprays i.e. Green
Pesticides or Botanical Pesticides, Plant
Pesticides
or
Botanicals
ecological
pesticides
which
are
eco-friendly,
biodegrable, natural, no residual effect etc.

78

DELAYING INSECTICIDE RESISTANCE DEVELOPMENT BY TARGETING EARLY

INSTAR LARVAE WITH ALTERNATING IGRs AND SAFER INSECTICIDE
SEKAR S
PG SCHOLAR
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURAL ENTOMOLOGY
AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE AND RESEARCH INSTITUTE, TNAU, MADURAI 625 104

Problem
s

To manage population having mixed/overlapping instars, high doses of insecticides are used.
Continuous use of insecticide with high doses leads to development of resistance in insect and
residues in commodities.

Innovation

Spraying IGR to early instar will delay/ interfere with growth and development of next instars.

Successive population of early instar larvae and IGR treated larvae will be more or less in same stage

Spraying of safe and new molecules at this time will effectively control the pest population.

which is susceptible to low dose insecticide.

Spraying IGR
Weak 1

Safer insecticide

Weak 2

Egg. Instar -1....

Weak 3

Instar 2.

Egg. Instar -1....

Weak 4

Instar -3. Instar - 4 .

Instar 2.

Egg. Instar -1....

Instar- 5

Instar -3. Instar - 4 .

Instar 2.

Egg. Instar -1....

Weak 5

Egg. Instar -1....

Instar 5

Instar -3. Instar - 4 .

Instar 2.

Affected Instars by IGR +

safer insecticide

Instar 5

Instar -3. Instar - 4 .

Instar 2.

Instar -3. Instar - 4 .

Affected Instars by safer
insecticide

Outcome

Safe and New molecules are used in low dose and are having different mode of action thereby delays the
development of resistance in insect and also reduces the residue level in produces.

79

ERINEUM DEVELOPMENT IN Jasminum auriculatum By

Aceria jasmini.
*DEVI, M and G. ASOKAN. *deviagri84@gmail.com
METHODOLOGY

INTRODUCTION
Eriophyoid mites are tiny worm-like
structure, microscopic in nature and host
specific.
These mites are detectable only when
their
. feeding causes abnormalities on plant
tissues such as erineum, galls, leaf curling,
blisters, rusts, deformed buds, felty masses
of plant hairs (erinea) on leaf surfaces.
Unique character of eriophyid mite is
only two pairs of legs is present.
Mainly spread through wind.

Healthy leaf

Initial stage (12 D)

Necrotic stage (8days)

Thirty days old plants of Jasminum auriculatum

planted in polybags were selected.
The older leaves were clipped off and swabbed
by cotton to remove adhered living organisms. The
plants were allowed to sprout.
Five pairs of adults, Aceria jasmini were released
with the help of camel hair brush when the plants
had 4 freshly sprouted leaves.
Observations were carried out by keeping the
mite inoculated plants under the microscope
(HPx2301 Leica) at 100x magnification.
Mite population were present in numerous
individuals (90-93/0.21cm length of erineal patch)
In general after 15 days of infestation, the shape
and colour of the enineum was in irregular and white
respectively and this colour was turned to brown at
21 days of infestation
The number of erineal trichomes that was
observed in 15 days of interval was 573/0.21 cm
length of patch
The developmental period of erineum was 7-28
days
A range of 4-11 erineal patches were present in a
2-5 cm length of leaf area.

Full bloom stage (15D)

Browning stage (21D) Destroying stage (28D)

CONCLUSION
The full bloom stage of erineum is most important
stage where all mites reside inside the erineum
patch without wandering and suitable for
undertaking control measures. It will be developed
15 days after the infestation of mite.

80

TAMIL NADU AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY

SAVE CROP WITH WOLBACHIA

DEEPA.M
Agriculture College & Research Institute, Madurai- 625 104

Introduction:
Wolbachia is a -Proteobacteria, obligatory intracellular and maternally inherited symbiont.
Wolbachia are associated with variety of arthropods such as insects, mites, scorpions, spiders, crustaceans,
filarial nematodes.
It causes number of alterations in reproductive tissues such as Cytoplasmic Incompatability (CI), male
killing, parthogenesis, feminization.
Among all functions, Cytoplasmic Incompatability (CI) is most prominent.
How can we exploit Wolbachia for insect control?

Wolbachia can be used as a tool for Incompatible Insect Technique (IIT). IIT defined as the use of
mechanism of Wolbachia induced cytoplasmic incompatability.

Embryonic transmission of Wolbachia genes of Rhagoletis cerasi such as wCer4 and wCer2 to
Ceratitis capitata causes 100% CI in transinfected line of Ceratitis capitata.

Crosses of Wolbachia infected male with uninfected female and crosses of different strains of
Wolbachia infected male and female causes 100% CI in transinfected line.

Stable introduction of the wMel strain of Drosophila melanogaster into Aedes albopictus abolished
the transmission capacity of dengue virus-challenged mosquitoes.

Immune up-regulation was

observed in the transinfected line.

Transfer of Wolpop from Drosophila melanogaster to Ades aegypti halved adult life span most
likely due to overproliferation of the symbiont in the neuronal tissue.

Wolbachia useful as a driving systems to adopt population replacement strategy. Through these
population replacement strategy, we can replace Wolbachia infected line which cant transmit viral
inoculum to healthy host.

During 2009, in Australia successfully eradicated dengue by using Wolbachia infected lines of A.
aegyptii under isolated condition.
CONCLUSION:
By using Wolbachia, we can try to vectors which is transmitting plant viruses such
aphids, leafhoppers, whiteflies.
During epidemic of some medical diseases such as malaria, dengue, the exploitation
Of Wolbachia gives better result than the insecticide application.
We can try to use this Wolbachia in Paratrangenesis concept of insect control also.
Wolbachia can be also useful transfer the sexual reproduction of biocontrol agent to
asexual reproduction where males are constaint to produce.

81

WOLBACHIA-INDUCED REPRODUCTIVE PARASITISM TO CONTROL

INSECT PESTS
DEEPA.K*
Ph.D Scholar , Department of Agricultural Entomology,
Agricultural College and Research Institute, Madurai
*E-mail: deepa.ammu07@gmail.com
INTRODUCTION

A novel type of symbiosis has been

identified: Wolbachia that manipulate the

host reproduction system (reproductive
parasitism).
Wolbachia is mainly localized in the
reproductive tissues that induce
reproductive alterations including
feminization, thelytokous parthenogenesis,
male-killing and cytoplasmic
incompatibility (CI).
Feminization- the conversion of genetic
males into females.
Parthenogenesis- the production of diploid
offspring in the absence of sexual
reproduction.
Male-killing- the killing of infected males to
the benefit of infected female siblings.
Cytoplasmic incompatibility- the inability of
infected males to successfully fertilize eggs
from either uninfected females or from
females infected with different Wolbachia
types.

unidirectional (A) and bidirectional (B)

cytoplasmic incompatibility.

Conclusion

Wolbachia offers the potential for development of novel and environment friendly
biotechnological strategies for the control of insect pests.

Future Perspective

Genome wide analyses using available Wolbachia genome sequences should help in
the development of a transgenic system that will help define the mechanism(s) of
Cytoplasmic incompatability.

82

Nano path - a novel way for plant protection

B.Mallaiah, PhD Scholar, Department of Plant Pathology
AC & RI, Madurai, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University

INTRODUCTION
Pests are one of the the major limiting factor in profitable crop
production. Frequent application of pesticides has resulted in
development of pest and disease resistance, accumulating
residues in produce and environmental pollution. So there is a
need for alternative approach as to control pests and pathogens.
The most breakthrough area of innovative research of the day is
Nanotechnology that affecting all walks of life including plant
protection. Nanoparticles are smaller in size with more charge and
larger surface area with higher stability and solubility, so behave
differently from their bulk sized counterparts. Historically, various
fields such as medicine, environmental science, and food
processing have employed the successful and safe use of
nanomaterials. However, use in agriculture, especially for plant
protection and production, is an under-explored area in the
research community. The biological agents such as plants and
microbes have emerged as cost effective and efficient candidates
for the synthesis of nanoparticles by green synthesis approaches.
They have advantages over conventional chemical methods which
associated with eco toxicity. This poster presentation is focused on
potential applications of nanomaterials in crop protection for a
cleaner and greener agriculture with special reference to green
synthesis and testing of silver nanoparticles against F.incarnatum
incitant of Crossandra wilt.
Applications of nanotechnology in plant protection

Green Synthesis of AgNPs,

Tridax plant

AgNO3 solution

Centrifugation,

stirring

Boiling

Leaf extract

Crossandra wilt

Ag Nanoparticls
Characterization

TEM, SEM IMAGES

1.Synthesis of new nanomaterials for control of plant pathogens

a) Chitosan, and Biopolymer
b) Metallic silver, copper, Zinc nanoparticles
c) Nanofilms and Nanogels.
3.Early and accurate detection of plant pathogens.
4.Nano materials as delivery vehicles (smart delivery, controlled
and slow release of agrochemicals)

Particle size and zeta potential UV-Vis

Antifungal activity

In vitro effect of silver nanoparticles on mycelial growth of F. incarnatum

Genesis and rationale of the idea

S
Concentration of
No AgNPs (ppm)

Crossandra wilt is one of the major problem in Crossandra

production and limits the crop cultivation. Several
methods have been developed for the management of
Fusarium wilt of Crossandra, but most of them failed due
to one or the other types of drawbacks. Normally farmers
go for fungicidal application but that not only pollutes
agricultural fields but also the pathogen develop resistance
to the chemicals. So recent developments in Nanoscience
can be explored in the synthesis of new silver based
antifungal compounds using leaf extract of Tridax
procumbense a most common weed as reducing agent as
well as stabilizer. The results of particle size analysis
through particle size analyzer, SEM and TEM showed that
particles are in the size range of 17-40 nm, well dispersed,
spherical with zeta potential of around 50mV. AgNPs were
assessed for their antifungal activity at different
concentrations and found to limit the mycelial growth at
all the concentrations tested (100-800ppm). Complete
mycelial inhibition was observed at 800 ppm fallowed by
98 per cent at 700 ppm. Ultra microscopic observations
revealed that nanoparticles exerted hyphal abnormality
and hyphal lysis against F.incarnatum. Further EDX studies
confirmed the presence of lower levels of silver particles in
mycelia indicating that AgNPs were penetrated the fungal
hyphae and caused hyphal deformities.

Colony
diameter(cm)

Percent inhibition over

control

100

7.4

17.7

200

6.9

21.0

400

5.3

41.1

500

2.1

76.6

600

1.7

81.1

700

0.2

97.8

800

100

CD (P=0.05)

Conclusion

0.14

The present study regarding green synthesis of silver

nanoparticles and their antifungal activity against F.incarnatum
confirms and suggests that the silver nanoparticles as an
alternative way in future to conventional fungicides. The
synthesis of nanoparticles with variety of locally available
biological agents and plant extracts is a novel and economic
concept for bioprospecting and provides a new avenue to
exploit wide variety of biological species of country for product
development. Green synthesis practice helps in reducing
generation of hazardous wastes. So this initial findings indicates
that nanotechnology can provide the science and technological
boost for the improvement of agriculture in cost effective, and
environmental friendly greener way. Let us exploit the Nano
path for future sustainability of agriculture and food security.

83

AN INNOVATIVE MODEL FOR (FREE-CHOICE)

INSECT RESISTANCE SCREENING
Devina Seram1 and Gomathy K2
of Agrl. Entomology, TNAU, Coimbatore
2Dept. of Agrl. Processing and Food Engg., TNAU, Coimbatore
1Dept.

INTRODUCTION

FEATURES

Grains evaluation in non-restricted

environment - Insects have liberty to
select test sample of their choice

Height
Diameter
3 Disks
Total
Centre Hole
Window

Measures antixenosis - insect

behaviour
Compare number of insects landing on
or laying eggs on different test varieties
More applicable for large numbers of
varieties with less seeds

24 Holes

EARLIER MODEL

NEW MODEL

FIRST
OF ITS
KIND

ADVANTAGES

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Place containers with test (seed)
samples on respective holes
Release insects in middle through
window cover top
Take observations

INSECTS

CROPS

= 3 Feet
=2 Feet
= 30 Holes each
= 90 Holes
= Insect Release
= Keeping
Containers
Closed environment

Time saving

Easy to handle

Screen large
number of
samples at a
single time

Equal and
adequate
exposure to
insect
infestation

Eliminate
obviously
susceptible
varieties

Avoid
unnecessary
seed wastage

CONCLUSION & FUTURE THRUST

- Adoptable and reliable method
INNOVATIVE MODEL (2015)

Bruchids

- Resistance screening mandatory

in breeding programme
- Exploitation of host plant
resistance to insects
- Commercialization possible

Weevils

- Pave the way for similar models

other insects

Storage
Moths

Acknowledgement : Abdulla, the

Proprietor and Dean, SPGS, TNAU,
Coimbatore

NATIONAL EXPO ON ASSEMBLAGE OF INNOVATIVE IDEAS/ WORK OF POST GRADUATE AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH SCHOLARS (27/3/15)

84

A novel bioformulation: Eliminates diseases and

encourages farmers for sustainable agriculture

R. Manikandan and T. Raguchander

Dept. of Plant Pathology, TNAU, Cbe-3, Mail. raguchander@rediffmail.com

What is new ?

= Liquid based Pseudomonas fluorescens

Enhanced shelf life during storage
Potential candidate to control plant
diseases

Suitable for microbigation, organic and

precision farming
Recommendation
Seed

10 ml/kg

Soil

500ml/ha

Foliar

5ml/lit

How it works ?
Competition
Parasitism
Lysis
Induced systemic resistance
Whom it eliminates ?

New

Rice sheath blight, sheath rot and blast diseases

Soil borne diseases of pulses & oilseeds
Damping off and Fusarium wilt diseases of
horticultural crops
Right choice to enhance the agricultural productivity

85

Microbial formulation: A technology helps to silkworm growers

by reducing the disease incidence in mulberry

P. Mohanraj and C.A. Mahalingam

Dept of Sericulture, TNAU
Is there new ? = Yes
Bacillus subtilis : A novel candidate against
root rot disease in mulberry
Supported to higher vegetation in mulberry
No side effect on silkworm

Novel
formulation
Bacillus against
Macrophomina

Bacillus subtilis

Advantages

Produces antimicrobial
peptide
Gram positive bacteria

Less investment
Induce systemic resistance
Organic product

Produce endospore under

No integration of genetic material adverse condtions

86

A novel method of pheromone nanogels for Spodoptera litura management

G. T. Jayasimha*, R. Nalini and R. R. Rachana
Agricultural College and Research Institue, Madurai
Introduction

Spodoptera

litura
(Fabricius)
(Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) is an extremely
serious pest, the larvae of which defoliate
many
economically
important
crops
spreading across over 40 families,
including crops like cotton and tomatoes
(EPPO, 2008). Nanoparticles can be used
in the preparation of new formulations
like
pesticides,
insecticides,
insect
repellents, pheromones and fertilizers
(Bariket al., 2008). Hence we are
exploring the potentiality of a nanogel
preparation
from
the
pheromone,
Spodolure using a low molecular mass
gelator in the management of S. litura.
Genesis and rationale of the idea
In the last few decades several cultural,
mechanical and biological methods have
been developed for the management of S.
litura. But most of them failed due to one or
the other types of drawbacks. Normally
farmers go for insecticide application as an
alternate management option. This not only
pollutes agricultural fields, habitation etc.
but also the pests develop resistance to the
insecticides. But hydrogels which used to
deliver the pheromones swell and shrink with
humidity and temperature change and hence
cannot be used in all seasons and in specific
not in rainy season. One more problem is the
unstable nature of pheromones, such
asoxidation, isomerization, volatility etc. and
hence the pheromone formulations need a
major refinement specifically in terms of the
slow
release
and
protection
from
decomposition under ambient conditions.
Using nanotechnology we can achieve an
increased shelf life of the pheromone when
immobilized in a nanogel. Such pheromone
nanogels exhibit high residual activity,
excellent efficacy in field conditions and
even during adverse seasons. But the most
important point to be emphasized here is
that they are environment friendly.

Conclusion:
It provides a simple and effective
route to a slow delivery of
pheromone from a nanogel without
any use of environmentally harmful
and toxic chemicals. This avoids
any direct contact with the crop
and the workers with pheromone
and
hence
keeps
the
crop
absolutely clean from the chemical
contaminations in contrast to the
practice
of
spraying
toxic
pesticides. The pheromone nanogel
will be insoluble in water, which
makes it superior to hydrogels and
microcapsules. The nanogel does
not significantly swell and shrink in
presence of water and thus can be
used even in rainy season. The
flexibility in using the nanogel in
any season at any temperature will
be feasible due to the oxidative,
photochemical and thermal stability
of the same.
References
Barik, T.K., Sahu, B. and Swain, V. 2008. Nano-silica from medicine to pest control.
J. Parlog. Res. 103(1): 253258

87

RNAi BASED SUCKING PESTS CONTROL

NIRANJANADEVI. J *
Ph.D Scholar , Department of Agricultural Entomology,
Agricultural College and Research Institute, Madurai
* E-mail: j.niranjana105@gmail.com

INTRODUCTION
RNA interference (RNAi) describes the ability of
double- stranded RNA (dsRNA) to inhibit
homologous gene expression at the RNA level.
The specificity is sequence- based and depends on
the sequence of one strand of the dsRNA
corresponding to part or all of a specific gene
transcript (Borgio, 2010).
In general RNAi is a post-transcriptional control
mechanism involving degradation of a target
mRNA.
The degradation of dsRNA by dsRNA-specific
endonucleases referred to as dicers is mediated
through the production of small interfering RNAs
or short interfering RNAs (siRNAs) (Bernstein et
al., 2001).
Insects, possess a common machinery for
sequence-specific gene silencing that is triggered
by the presence of dsRNA. This process is called
RNA interference (RNAi) in animals and posttranscriptional
gene
silencing
in
plants
(Kennerdell and Carthew, 2000).
No effective Bt toxins are known against sapsucking homopteran pests such as aphids,
leafhoppers, etc (Price and Gatehouse, 2008).
Hence, the present investigations will be useful in
controlling of sucking pests.

The RNAi process in insects

METHODS
Micro injection
Feeding through artificial diet

Principle of RNAi in the cells of insects

CONCLUSION
RNAi as a sequence-specific gene silencing tool provides a great potential in crop protection.
This technology can be particularly valuable to those insects that are insensitive to current Bt crops or where Bt does
not work very well, such as sucking pests, aphids, whiteflies, planthoppers and mites.
A better understanding of the molecular mechanisms of plant and insect RNA i and plant-insect interactions will
greatly help to further development of novel technologies for crop pest control.
Expected outcome
RNAi - new technology for environmental friendly insect pest control strategy and form outstanding challenges in
modern agriculture.
Reference
Price, D. R. G and Gatehouse, J. A. 2008. RNAi-mediated crop protect ion against insects. Trends in Bio
technology., 26 (7): 393 400.

88

INTRODUCTION:
The purpose is to reduce the use
of harmful pesticides without reduction in
crop productivity and reduce pesticide
residuals in crops. Framers spent nearly
10-20% of money on crop protection.
CARBONATED DRINKS CONTAIN:
Water - 86%
Sugar syrup (8-13 %)
Citric acids
Phosphoric acids
Caffeine
4-methylimidazole 4 MEI
Aspartame
MODE OF ACTION:
Farmers have traditionally used
sugary solutions to attract beneficial insect
to feed on insect larvae. By this concept
colas are performing the same role
The plants get a direct supply of
carbohydrates and sugar which in turn
boost the plants immunity and the
plantation on the whole ends up yielding a
better crop
During spraying it release lot of
carbon-di-oxide which causes suffocation to
insects and causes death of insect
ADVANTAGE:

10 times cheaper than conventional pesticide

No pesticide residual effect in crop

Easily available

Safe to handle

Eco-friendly

No pesticide pollution

89

CONCLUTION:
we
can
provide
Carbonated drinks to farmers with low
cost alternative for crop protection it will
benefit the farmers. The detail study
has not been conducted by using
carbonated drink for crop protection.
Some of the component in carbonated
drink are beneficial for plants. If the
study shows that it can be used, we can
get healthy food in low cost.

Biofortification of Iron and Zinc in Green gram (Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek)

Anandhi Lavanya. S, Ph.D Scholar

Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics,

Agricultural College and Research Institute, Madurai 625 104
INTRODUCTION
Greengram
(Vigna
radiata
(L.)
Wilczek), popularly known as mungbean, is
third most important pulse crop of India. It
contains about 23.4% protein, 57.3 %
carbohydrate, 3.8 % fibers, 4.5% ash, 1% fat
and 9.7 %water.Greengram seed contains
7.7mg iron per 100 g and 2.7 mg zinc per 100
g, there is a global effort
To breed and disseminate new biofortified varieties rich in iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn)
contentment to fight hidden hunger. Fe and Zn
biofortification programme in greengram using
conventional or molecular plant breeding To
assess the effect of germination on the bio
accessibility of zinc and iron.

Micronutrients Assimilation mechanisms in

plants

The process of micronutrient uptake,

accumulation and their regulation is a dynamic
process that should avoid deficiency or toxicity in
the plant.Plants can also uptake elements in
gaseous or ions forms through their stomata and
cuticles.
Cations like Fe2+ can be absorbed by
the plants in gaseous forms with the help of
ectodesmeta i.e. non-plasmic channels in the
leaves. As legumes have good concentrations of
Fe and Zn, their inclusion in diets is
desirable(Table 1)
Table 1: Variation in concentration of micronutrients
Fe (mg kg-1)
(max-min)*
Bean (P. Vulgaris)
35-92
Pea (P. sativum)
23-105
Soybean (G. max)
Chickpea (C. arientinum) 24-41
Mungbean (V. radiata)
15-92
Lentils (L. culinaris L.)
114

Legume

Nutritional Importance of micronutrients

Iron and zinc are essential
micronutrients for humans and deficiency of the
two elements is widespread and referred to as
the hidden hunger, was given worldwide
attention. Iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn) are required to
maintain
metabolic regulation and organ
function.Zn is required for functioning of
immune system, protein synthesis, cell
reproduction and wound healing; furthermore it
plays a major role in fertility and conception.

Zn (mg kg-1)
(max-min)*
21-59
16-107
59-83
35-60
15-38
65

*range of concentration from minimum to maximum

CONCLUSION
With increase in Zn concentration, the crude

protein content in seed of green gram also

increased as Zn is involved in protein
metabolism through several enzyme systems
Germination of food grains improved the
bioaccessibility of iron but not that of zinc.
Developing cultivars with higher capacity to
accumulate Fe and Zn will contribute
significantly to the improvement of the
micronutrient status of people.
The bioavailability of these micronutrients by
modernizing the indigenous techniques and/or
developing new techniques
High micronutrient content is positively
correlated with yield.
Anti-nutrient factors should be minimized to
maximize the micronutrients bioavailability

Chemical Analysis for Fe and Zn contents

Seed sample ( 1g ) was mixed with 25 ml
diacid mixture (HNO3: HCIO4, 5:1 (v/v) and
keep it overnight
Heat digestion was done till clear white
precipitates settled down at the bottom
Crystals were dissolved by diluting in double
distilled water
Contents were filtered through Whatman
filter paper and filtrate was made 50 mL with
double distilled water
This acid digested sample was used for
determination of Fe and Zn by Atomic
Absorption Spectrophotometer
The analysis was done at 248 nm and 213
nm for Fe and Zn content respectively

90

Low Cost Light Trap for mass trapping

of insects in remote villages
AKASH NIRMAL
M.Sc. (Ag.) Final Year
DEPARTMENT OF ENTOMOLOGY
COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE
INDIRA GANDHI KRISHI VISHWAVIDYALAYA
RAIPUR (C.G.)

INTRODUCTION:

Today's
agriculture
is
dominated
by
use
of
different
chemical for
enhancing crop production.
A variety of pesticides are
applied on crops against
insect pests, from sowing
up to harvesting. Most of
which directly
enter the
human body through food
while others indirectly affect
causing deadly diseases.
Modern concept of crop
protection is based on
Integrated
Pest
management (IPM) and use
of light trap is an important
tool used in monitoring
insect pests population and
helping to reduce their
numbers.
The major limitation in the
use of light trap is the
availability of power supply
at or near the site of
operation and its higher
cost.
Keeping this problem in
view, efforts have been
made to design a low cost
light trap that can be
operated without electricity,
useful for many remote
villages.

METHODOLOGY:

The present low cost light

trap was made by using two
large size plastic funnel (25
cm Diameter), a glass
chimney, a stand for fixing
glass chimney and wax
candle, wires and nylon net
for collection of insects
(Fig.01). For increasing of
their light intensity or
efficiency, we can also use
aluminum foil (13 micron) in
1.5-2 cm width by make a
baffle plate like structure.
CONCLUSION

Fig.01. Low cost Light Trap

prepared by candle and
glass chimney

91

The major significance of

these low cost light trap is that
it can be used without
electricity
or
battery
particularly in rural and remote
areas.
Farmers can easily make and
operate it. Instead of wax
candle farmers can also use
different oil based lamps.
However, its efficiency is
lower
then
conventional
electric and battery based
light traps and it needs lots of
modifications but it may be a
substitute of other light traps
which are costly.

Development of DNA Barcodes of Commercially Important

Medicinal Plants Species and Native Rice Genotypes of Chhattisgarh
Janjal Pandharinath H
M.Sc. (Ag.) Final Year
Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology
College of Agriculture
Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya
Raipur (C.G.)

Introduction
DNA barcoding is currently a widely used and effective tool that
enables rapid and accurate identification of plant species. DNA
barcoding technique is a potential tool for generation of unique
ID of each plant species by sequencing of a standard region of
DNA, taxonomic classification and establishment of identity of
the individual in large assemblages of genera, species or
populations. DNA barcodes are similar to the UPC (universal
product code)of a product which is a proven concept in animal
kingdom with mitochondrial COI (Cytochrome c Oxidase I) gene.
Chhattisgarh is known for its rich forests covering about 44% of
the total area and about 645 plant species of medicinal and
aromatic importance(Status of Forest, 1999 FSI). Apart from
these the diverse rice collection of the state (~ 23000
germplasm lines) is available in the state. The information so
generated will not only be used for registering the plant varieties
but also in protecting the IPR of the state.

Source: Mark et al (2005)

Scope of DNA Barcoding

Present Status
o Fish Barcode of Life Initiative (FISHBOL) created a valuable public resource in the
form of an electronic database containing DNA Barcodes for almost 10000 species
from 2005
o In case of Medicinal plants only Zingiberaceae
DNA barcode has been reported
o Rice DNA Barcode is not available till date

Works for all stages of Life (Seed, Seedling, Leaves and Flowers)
Unmasks look-alikes
Speeds writing the encyclopedia of life
Reduces ambiguity
Works with fragments

Methodology

Conclusion
Molecular barcoding methods are reliable tools for the identification of
medicinal plants, their substitutes and adulterants at the genus and species
level
Because of the increasing demand for herbal remedies, authentication of the
medicinal plant material is important; therefore it is vital to provide a sole,
extensive database with DNA data for easy identification

92

Key to the resolution of improving plants against bacterial diseases has been a big deal in creating biotized plants.

Quorum quenching..Biotization for combating plant

pathogen virulence
Alagarasan.G
MSc.,(Ag.) 1st year
Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology
Indira Gandhi Agricultural University Raipur, C.G

Introduction
A novel group of bacteria like Bacillus sp., possess the
quorum quenching activity to interfere QS and to protect plants from invading
pathogens. Thus the co-culturing of tissue culture plants with naturally
occurring bacterial community may provide an another way of controlling
bacterial diseases. By approaching above method the possibility of reducing
bacterial infections in plants could be achieved.

Objectives
Controlling bacterial diseases
Facilitating quorum quenching activity in plants.

Methods
1. through soil application- applying microbes in rhizosphere
2. Biotization= co-culturing of microbes along with explant ( callus
culture or direct embryogenesis)

Plant entry/endophytic
colonization
Cell wall degrading enzyme,
detoxification, physiological
versatility, motility

Rhizosphere colonization
eg.,attachment to
plant,response to root
exudates,competitive
advantage,chemotaxis

Analysis
.to find presence of microbes in whole new
plant (16s rRNA gene analysis)
.to
find
changes
in
biochemical
pathways(HPLC)
. any induced responses to stress or disease

Limitations

Host range
Eg.,specific adopttion

Multiplication time is different for bacteria and

plant cells
Host compatability

Access to nutrients
Independent vs dependent
Strategies/co-metabolism
Interactions
Eg,autistic vs.communicative
stratigies to interact with other
endophytes/plant ;specific
signalling:neutral vs.beneficial
plant

93

Conclusion
Key to the resolution of improving plants
against bacterial diseases has been a big deal
in creating biotized plants.

TAMILNADU AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY

DIVYA BHARATHI R. II M.Sc, AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE & RESEARCH INSTITUTE MADURAI 625 104

AGRICULTURAL INCOME STABILIZATION

Introduction
The large number of suicides by farmers in various parts of the country is
perhaps the most distressing phenomenon observed in India over the past decades.
India has had an enviable tradition of farmers movements, with large scale farmers
mobilizations taking place even as late as the 1980s. But today such movements seem
to have dried up: large numbers of farmers seem to be taking their lives rather than
taking to the streets. And suicide is a cry of desperation rather than a form of social
protest.

The farmers' suicides, the result of man-made policies, not natural calamities.
Reasons for suicide

Present measures over farmers suicide

MSP - Kept below market prices

Crop insurance- High premium and less share (< 60%)

Agricultural Income stabilizing programs

Can be modified as follows:

Crop insurance by public private partnership with

minimum premium for farmers and increased
input subsidy

Timely credit with knowledge and reduced

interest in all sorts of banks, separate care for
cash crop producer.

Future market with optional contacts

Consumption loans must be encouraged with

least interest

Cash crop farmers, Issues of debt,

rising input costs, severe price shocks,
Price volatility

STATISTICAL DATA ON HARVEST OF DEATH

Producers must participate in the program with

their own resources.

Required to open a AISP account at a

participating financial institution and deposit an
amount based on the level of protection chosen
(70 100 %).

The program generates a payment when a

producers current year production margin falls
below that producers reference margin, which is
based on an average of the programs previous
five-year margins

CONCLUSION
8

As Agricultural Income stabilizing program

eliminates the income fluctuations by ensuring fixed
income, they can improve their living status and no
more farmers will sell their land and no more farmer
quit their life.

6
4
2
0

Once in your life you need a doctor, a lawyer a

policeman and a preacher, but every day,
three times a day, you need a
FARMER

Mercedes Benz- loan at

a interest of 7 % &
Tractor (4 lakhs)- 12.5 %

SAVE FARMER, SAVE AGRICULTURE

94

TAMILNADU AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY

AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE & RESEARCH INSTITUTE
MADURAI 625 104

FINANCIAL INCLUSION FOR WOMEN EMPOWERMENT M.BRINDHA

II M.Sc (Agri.

economics) AC & RI
MADURAI

ABOUT FINANCIAL INCLUSION FOR WOMEN

Financial

inclusion, delivery

of

financial

services to the sections of disadvantaged and low income

segments of society at affordable costs. Gender inequality
poses a significant development challenge in India. The global
gender gap index 2014 ranked India at 114 out of 141
countries. Women disproportionately face financial access
barriers that prevent them from participating in the economy
and from improving their lives. Financial inclusion will be one
part of a wider program addressing several factors that limit
womens opportunities.
CASH TRANSFER SCHEMES FOR WOMEN

WHY CASH TRANSFERS

To increase womens opportunities to earn an
income or control assets outside the household.
To improve their lives in nutrition, education,
health care, sanitation and housing.
Having access to resources on their own account.
Access to opportunities and life chances, such

as

skills development or job openings.

EMPOWERMENT
Mahatma Gandhi rural guarantee act
incentivizing education of girls
Ladli Lakshmi yojana - dis -incentivizing
their early marriage.
Janani suraksha yojana incentivizes
institutional deliveries.

Earlier studies revealed that women who received a

modest basic income as cash transfers, were quite capable of
making rational decisions that improved their lives in child
nutrition, schooling attendance and performance and health care,
sanitation and housing. The economic activity increased, new
small scale business sprung up, work and labor increased in the
villages receiving the basic income, Although child labor declined,
the overall increase in work and labor was shown by shift in
casual wage labor to more secondary activities.

CONCLUSION
Cash transfers thus would save money in
administrative and other cost, and induces more positive
economic and social outcomes and induce collective action for
community benefits. They work effectively only when they are
accompanied by other enabling services, forward and backward
linkages and inclusion of schemes for improvising skills and
capabilities.
A NEW MAHILA SCHEME ON THE ANWIL

95

96

Trends in Jowar Cultivation in Northern Dry Zone of Karnataka and its

Implications on Food and Fodder Security.
SATISHKUMAR.M
University of Agricultural Sciences, GKVK, Bangalore.
INTRODUCTION

Jowar, the prime dry land crop offers food and fodder security. It is referred as
camel of desert for its ability to withstand drought. In Karnataka, jowar production
accounts for 21 per cent. It was hypothesised that the decline in jowar production
(prominent food and fodder source) is a cause of concern from view point of food and
fodder security. Hence, the present study attempts to empirically assess the trend in
production and the cause for the same and its impact on food and fodder security in
Northern Dry Zone (NDZ) of Karnataka.

Table 1: Growth in area, production and productivity of Jowar in Bijapur district

during the period 1980-81 to 2010-11.
Particulars

Bijapur District

Area

-3.45*

Production

-0.73

Productivity

2.82*

* denotes significant at 5 per cent

Objectives

1. To assess the trend in area, production and productivity of jowar crop in Northern
Dry Zone of Karnataka.
2. To analyze livestock fodder security.
3. To assess the consumers preference to jowar product.

Hypotheses

1. There is a decreasing trend in area under jowar production.

2. There is a positive growth rate of productivity in jowar production.
3. The farmers producing jowar are self-sufficient in food and fodder requirement.

METHODOLOGY

To assess the trend in area, production and productivity of jowar crop in Northern
Dry Zone of Karnataka, the secondary data on area, production and productivity of
jowar were obtained from Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Government of
Karnataka, Bangalore for the time period of 31 years from 1980-81 to 2010 to 11 for
the representative jowar growing region (Bijapur district). The compound growth rate
analysis was employed to assess the tends in jowar production.
To assess the impact of trend in jowar production on food and fodder security,
primary data from 60 jowar consumers and 80 sample farmers of Bijapur district (NDZ
of Karnataka) have been elicited. The percentage measure was employed to analyze
the fodder security and Garrets Ranking technique was employed to assess the
consumer preference.

Fodder security from jowar

To assess the impact of declining trend in jowar production on fodder security,

field survey has been done and requisite information has been elicited. The result
indicated that as high as 95 percent of the sample farmers were self sufficient with
respect to their fodder requirement. This in itself is a prima facie indicator of fodder
security among sample farmers. Since, in the recent years the area under jowar and
hence its production is under decline, it may imminently halter the fodder self
sufficiency of sample farmers. In the study area, there is virtual absence of alternative
fodder source for livestock component and hence decline in its production is a severe
threat to fodder security. In addition, 33 per cent of the sample farmers were able to
sell the excess fodder produced on their farm after meeting their fodder needs.
On an average sample farmer produces 10.24 cartloads of fodder from jowar.
Among the sample farmers, 33 per cent have got surplus fodder (9.73 cartloads),
which they market at a price of Rs 900 per cartload. The shortfall in fodder is
experienced only by five per cent of sample farmers; they will meet out the shortfall
through purchase from external source to the tune of 3.25 cartloads. This reiterates
the magnitude of fodder security in the study area.

Consumer Preference for Selected Attributes of Jowar Product

Table 2: Attributes Preferred by the Respondents in the study area.
Attributes

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Trend in Jowar production

The growth rates were analysed for the period from 1980-81 to 2010-11. The rate
of growth in area under jowar crop found declining at the rate of 3.45 per cent per
annum and the coefficient was statistically significant (Table 1). The productivity has
shown a positive and statistically significant trend with the rate of growth of 2.82 per
cent per annum. The trend in production is either influenced by area or by productivity
or both. In the case of jowar, the rate of growth in jowar production has shown a
negative trend, though statistically non significant. The negative trend in production is
mainly due to declining area, though the productivity is positive but its effect is
overweighed by the negative area effect. Thus, declining production may affect the
food and fodder security in the study area. The decline in the production of staple food
and fodder crop is a cause of concern hence the studies need to be attempted to
analyse the factors responsible for the declining production and policies need to
tailored in addressing such predicaments. The findings of Basavaraj et al 2005 aptly
supported the findings of the study. The study indicated a negative growth in area
under jowar between the time periods (1970-71 to 1997-98). They also indicated that
jowar is the predominant source of fodder for livestock.

Mean Score

Garrets Rank

Taste

70.17

Nutritive value

63.50

II

Availability

50.67

III

Quality

37.00

IV

Price

28.67

CONCLUSION
The formulated hypothesis of the study i.e., the declining trend in jowar
production imminently halters food and fodder self sufficiency is accepted. The
declining trend in production is observed and it is mainly area led. The results also
indicated the self sufficiency of sample farmers with respect to food and fodder needs.
But the declining production surely impairs the self sufficiency of sample farmers in
days to come as jowar has no close substitute in the study area. The prime cause for
the decline in area and hence of production is a cause of concern for policy makers
and government. Hence policy makers have to revisit into the scientific pricing of jowar
thereby, the decline in area under staple food crop of Northern Dry Zone of Karnataka
can be arrested.

97

SASHIKALA.S
PRAVEEN.P
MOHAN.T
M.Sc(Agrl.Econ.)

Policy paralysis in poverty elimination

Causes for poverty in India

Introduction
Poverty is one of the historic issue in India , about

30 crore still live in extereme poverty

Though

there are enough oppurtunities and lot of space to

catch up paralysis mainly prevails. Many policy
have been implented in india but still slackness is
the major reason for the elimantion of our poverty

Conclusion
Some of the steps to be followed while policy making
to overcome poverty
1.Giving quality education
2.Water and sanitation
3. Proper public distribution system
4.Employment oppurtunity for all indiudials hoping
MAKE FOR INDIA will provide good employment
oppurtunity for all indiudials)
5.Hubs to check out that policy are implemented and
working out effectively.

Refrences:
1. Food security and rural poverty- Dr.J.S. Amarnath
2.Poverty rate in world World bank report

98

COMMUNITY SOLAR ENERGY FOR SMART FARMING

E.MANJU
PG SCHOLAR
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION AND RURAL SOCIOLOGY
AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE AND RESEARCH INSTITUTE
TNAU, MADURAI 625 104
Introduction

Scope

Widespread use of solar energy for domestic,

agricultural and agro-industrial activities has been
practiced almost since the development of civilization.
Increasing threat of acute shortage of the commercial
sources of energy coupled with serious environmental
pollution problems has accelerated interest in the
scientific exploitation of renewable sources of energy.
Energy available from the sun is inexhaustible and
environment friendly. Therefore, the solar energy
technologies are likely to play an important role in the
near future through a variety of thermal applications and
decentralized power generation and distribution
systems.

The power from the sun intercepted by the

ll
earth is approximately 1.8 x lO MW. The annual
average daily solar radiation received over the
2
whole of India is around 1800 J/cm /day.
Major Challenges

Erratic power supply and huge diesel

costs
Climate Change- a major threat to
Agriculture

Model
Barren lands in villages can be used to develop solar power plant. The energy generated can be used for
the agricultural activities and the excess power they generate can be sold to the nearby industries.
Barren lands in village

Green India

Farmers

Community solar plant

Generates Income

Government Role
Help building the solar power plant in villages
Private Role
Maintenance of the plant and buying the excess power generated.
Benefits

2500 hours a year of quality day-time power free of cost

Become a remunerative 'cash crop' for farmers.
Cut India's emissions from the farm sector by 6 percent

99

For Agriculture / allied activities

Conclusion
India receives 300 sunny days a
year. Instead of subsidising electricity
for agriculture, a policy that ensures a
purchase guarantee on solar energy
from farmers could be a way to
resurrect the agrarian sector and
reduces the burden on the government.
This also reduces the emission of
green house gases and helps building
a green India.

A.K.BALA KUMARAN M,Sc II-year (Dept of PBG), AC & RI, Madurai

Introduction
Innovative idea behind this sprayer
is that it consists of a compressed
air storage tank instead of air
pumping unit. The ultimate aim of
this idea is to reduce the weight of
the sprayer and workload of the
person spraying. Problem with
manual knapsack sprayer is that it
requires a constant pumping to
maintain the pressure required for a
constant spraying of liquid. Problem
with Hand compression sprayer is
that it is too heavy as it is metal
equipment made of copper. This
design is a hybrid model between
manual Knapsack sprayer and
Hand compression sprayer.

Advantages in this
equipment
Less cost
Less weight
Easy handling
Without any use of motors.

Disadvantage in Knapsack
sprayer
It requires continuous pumping of
air.

Disadvantage in hand
compression sprayer
Heavy weight
Frequent pumping of air into the
cylinder.
High cost

DESIGN

Conclusion
This design has a complete advantage
over weight because air compression unit is
not attached to it .It is a simple design only
with two tanks.
Air compression tank
Spray solution tank.
Air compression tank is exclusively for
storing compressed air. It has air compression
valve and air flow control valve. Spray solution
tank also has a air compression valve and air
tight liquid filling outlet. At the bottom of the
spray solution tank there is the outlet to
discharge unit with a liquid flow controlling
Knob. Both the tanks are made of light weight
metal which is air leak proof. The inner wall of
the spray solution tank is coated with a plastic
layer to avoid corrosion of metal by the Spray
solutions. Using a foot pump air can be filled in
both tanks. When the compression is down in
the spray solution tank by opening the air flow
controlling valve we can maintain the constant
spraying pressure.

100

T PRINT)

DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF SUITABLE MACHINE FOR APPLICATION OF GRANULE

FERTILIZER UNDER DRY/WET SITUATION FOR IMPROVING EFFICIENCY

DE

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In the wetland situation, where it is not possible to

follow the schedule split application of urea and other
nutrients as per the agronomic consideration. Under
this situation where the risk of loses of surface
applied N or other nutrients exists, an effective
alternative may be the use fertilizer (NPK) capsule or
briquette for higher yield of rice. Therefore in order to
augment and sustain the productivity of flood region,
granular form of fertilizer application deserves
special attention. According to Crasswell and De
Datta (1980) broadcast application of urea on the
surface soil causes losses up to 50% but point
placement of urea in 10 cm depth may negligible
loss. It is being observed that deep placement of
granular fertilizer is a high energy and labor intensive
operation. To overcome such situation it may be
appropriate to find out an easy and efficient method
of fertilizer application. Therefore we need to develop
such a machine which can be alternatively applied
the capsule or briquettes fertilizer at the time of seed
sowing operation. The design of machine should
have its easy working features under flood as well
dry situation, requires less energy and cost effective
and saving of fertilizers. Deep placement of all
essential fertilizers may be more efficient and
farmers can be more benefited from this compared to
broadcast method. The use of NPK briquette, which
is a mixture of urea, triple super phosphate (TSP)
and muriate of potash (MOP) may help to reduce the
loss of nutrients in flooded ecosystem.

INTRODUCTION
When urea is broadcast in flooded rice fields, a large
proportion of the N is wasted lost through runoff,
volatilization
(atmospheric
evaporation)
and
nitirification/denitrification. Additional amounts of N
are converted to nitrates, which are mobile in the soil
and can contaminate groundwater. Nitrogen can also
pollute nearby waterways if runoff/floodwater
escapes a fields containment barriers. With Fertilizer
deep placement(FDP), urea is deep-placed into the
soil, where the majority remains in the form of
ammonium, which is much less mobile than nitrates.
As a consequence, more N is available to the crop
throughout its growth cycle. Therefore, losses to the
atmosphere, groundwater and waterways are
drastically reduced. Only about 4 percent of the N is
lost to the environment, compared with about 35
percent when N is applied via broadcasting.

FDP consists of 2 key components. The first is a

fertilizer briquette, produced by compacting
commercially available solid fertilizers. A briquetter
produces 1- to 3-gram briquettes that are much
larger than conventional fertilizer granules. FDP
briquettes are currently produced by more than
1,000 entrepreneurs with small- scale briquetting
machines. Village-level briquetter operators sell
fertilizer briquettes to farmers and fertilizer stockists.
Briquettes can also be produced by commercial
fertilizer manufacturing facilities.
The second key component of FDP is the placement
of briquettes below the soil surface. When used to
fertilize irrigated rice, briquettes are centered
between 4 plants at a depth of 7-10 centimeters
within 7 days after transplanting. Placement is done
either by hand or with a mechanical applicator. Thus
placed, the briquette releases nitrogen (N) gradually,
coinciding with the crops requirements during the
growing season.

RESULT AND DISCUSSION

NPK Briquette
NPK Briquette is a mixture of urea, triple super
phosphate (TSP) and muriate of potash (MOP) may
help to reduce the loss of nutrients in tidal flooded
ecosystem. Weight of NPK briquettes is 2.4 g used in
aman season which contains 29% N, 6% P and 8%
K.

Briquette
fertilizer machine

All this operation are done by a

single operation by the use of
seed cum capsule or briquette
fertilizer applicator.

Manually
operated
briquette fertilizer
applicator

Briquette fertilizer making machine and equipment for fertilizer application

RESEARCH POSTER PRESENTATION DESIGN 2012

www.PosterPresentations.com

101

How to chang

You can easily change th

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your choice. You can also

JITENDRA KUMAR JOSHI

Ph.D. First Year
DEPARTMENT OF FARM MACHINERY AND POWER ENGINEERING
INDIRA GANDHI KRISHI VISHWAVIDYALAYARAIPUR (C.G.)

that will guide you

answer your poster
plate tutorials, go
d click on HELP DESK.

QUICK

Different forms of fertilizer

You can also manually ch

to VIEW > SLIDE MASTER.
sure to go to VIEW > NOR

CONCLUSION
Benefits of fertilizer
For Farmers: FDP decreases production costs
(because an average of 33 percent less fertilizer is
used), increases yield (an average of 15 to
18 percent, depending upon the crop and season),
increases incomes and improves household food
security.
In rice cropping systems, farmers achieve additional
yield increases averaging 800 kilograms (kg)/ha.
For Entrepreneurs/Dealers: FDP provides profitable
business opportunities and contributes to local
economic development.
For the National Economy: FDP increases rural
employment and crop production, decreases fertilizer
use (and, therefore, the cost of government fertilizer
subsidies where they are used), increases food
security, reduces rice imports and increases the gross
domestic product.
For the Environment: FDP reduces Nitrogen
volatilization and emissions of harmful greenhouse
gases, as well as groundwater and waterway
contamination. Because FDP doubles Nitrogen
utilization, the fuel required to produce urea is
decreased by 50 percent, also reducing greenhouse
gases.

Fertilizer deep placement and Rice Production

Increases yields by 15-18 percent compared with

fertilizer broadcasting.
Reduces urea expenditures by about one-third.
Improves grain quality, which may generate higher
market prices.
Ensures nitrogen availability throughout the growing
season, resulting in fewer applications of fertilizer.
Decreases N losses from volatilization, nitrification
and denitrification (greenhouse gas emissions) and
nitrogen contamination of floodwater runoff.
Encourages better water management and line
transplanting. Thus, weeding is easier and less laborintensive. The cost of hired weeding labor is reduced
by 25-35 percent.
FDP Additional nutrient incorporation into briquettes
could further improve the economic and health
benefits of fertilizer investments.
The Next Steps for capsule fertilizer application is a
field-tested technology that increases crop yields,
uses less fertilizer and decreases environmental
damage.

Th
for
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an
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INTRODUCTION

SMALL MILLETS THRESHER CUM CLEANER

Food from natural origin plays a significant role in the health

Threshing and cleaning equipments are available for paddy,

care system of all our human beings. Cereals, millets, pulses,

maize. But, millets are conventionally threshed by beating with

oilseeds, fruits and vegetables are the major source of food

stick in hand or by passing tractor over it after drying. Cleaning

materials that we consume. Small millets refer to a group of

by winnowing.

small seeded cereals like finger millet, proso millet, barnyard

Problems of conventional threshing method

millet, italian millet, kodo millet, little millet etc. They are grown
Breaking of grains

across Indian subcontinent, from northern Himalayan region to

Impurities in the threshed grains

the extreme southern tip.

Reduced quality

NATURES NEUTRACEUTICALS

Consume more time

Non- availability of labours

Each of the millets has its nutritional and nutraceutical

specialities. Each of the millets is three to five times nutritionally
superior to the widely promoted rice and wheat in terms of
proteins, minerals and vitamins. Each one of the millets has
more fibre than rice and wheat.

FEED UNIT

THRESHING
UNIT

CLEANING
UNIT
Fig 1. Comparsion of nutrient content of small millets with our
regular cereal diet i.e. rice and wheat.

REASON FOR LOW PRODUCTION

Lack of awareness
Non availability of high yielding varieties

CONCLUSION

Low productivity

Small and marginal farmers will be benefited

Lack of appropriate

Reduction in loss of grains, labour cost and time

High bird problem

Labour shortage

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Wastage of Grains

Dr. M. Mohamed Amanullah, Professor (Agronomy)

Mr. P. Muthusamy, Mr. N. Krishnaprabu, Mr. R. Balamurugan

Low cost for grains

Mr. S. Gangadharan, Miss. R. Gowthami, Miss. D. Revathi

102

Design and Development of Mechanically Metered Self Propelled Rhizome planter for hill agriculture
Kshitij Adhikari
P G Student (M.Tech-FMP)
Department of farm power and machinery engineering,
central agricultural university, Gangtok, India
BACKGROUND

Methodology

Total area of ginger cultivation in

the NEH Region is 36% of the
national average and contribute
68% of the national production.
In traditional method ginger is
planted manually and it has
become time and labour
consuming.
Due to random planting,
mechanized
inter-cultivation
become not possible.
Non availability of human and
animal power during seasonal
operation.
Rhizome sets (25-50 mm major
axis), weighing 25-45 g and
having 2-3 buds are generally
planted.
The row and plant spacings have
been recommended to be 300450 and 250 mm respectively.
TNAU,
Coimbatore
has
developed
semi
automatic
tractor mounted rhizome planter
for planting of turmeric. Three
rows of turmeric may be planted
in single pass. The metering of
seed is done manually.

Design Considerations
Assuming soil resistance (k) = 0.35
kg.cm-2

It

Design
draft (kgf)

Furrow openers

17.5

Bed former

87.5

Total
105
Therefore, the power requirement
at linear speed of 1.5 kmph has
been worked out to be 0.58 kW.
Due to power losses in transmission
and gear box, rated power of 1.68
kW petrol engine was used.
Functional details
When the clutch is engaged, the
transport wheel get the power
through gear box.
The seed belt get power from the
transport wheel with 1:2 speed
ratio.
The rotating belt with predesigned seed spacing cells receive
the seeds from the hopper and
carry seed forward.
The furrow opener open the 50
mm deep furrow in front of the
seed exit chute in which seeds at
pre determined spacing is dropped.
The bed former behind the
furrow opener form trapezoidal
bed; top width 540, base width 600
and height 100 mm which
accommodated two rows.

Motivating problem

Machine
components

Uniform distribution of
seed rhizome
Increased work rate
Increased command area
Timeliness
Reduced input losses
Reduced drudgery
Increased productivity and
net returns

Conclusions

may be achieved by
mechanizing the planting
process.

Laboratory test showed the

following results;
1. Variation in seed rhizome
spacing from the designed
spacing was 6%.
2. Forward speed of the machine
was 1.5 kmph suiting the
walking speed of human being.
3. sfc of engine at load and no load
was 0.40 and 0.34 kg/kWh
respectively.
4. Field Capacity was 0.08 ha.h-1

Research objective
Design and development of self
propelled mechanically metered
rhizome planter
Laboratory testing of the developed
rhizome planter for planting of ginger

103

Er.M. Rahmath Abbas Begum and Dr. D. Anantha Krishnan

Agricultural Machinery Research Centre,
Agricultural Engineering college and Research Institute,
Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore-3.

Water hyacinth (Eicchornia crassipes) has proved to be persistent and expensive aquatic
problematic weed costing millions of dollars to control and unaccounted millions of dollars more to
damage towards environment, irrigation systems and crops. Control methods like biological,
chemical, manual and mechanical are followed throughout the world. Of these, Mechanical Control
seems to be more efficient.

Laborious process
Time consuming
Dangerous

High capital investment

Needs skilled Labor
High Maintenance cost

Inhibits Aquatic life

Toxicity
Water pollution

Incomplete Eradication
Seasonal Adaptability
Time consuming

Motor boat + Picker + Conveyor = Water Hyacinth Harvester

Low maintenance cost
Maneuverability for both skilled/unskilled labors
Quick remedy and low capital investment
Eco friendly
Does not harm aquatic life or leaves residues
Improves water quality

104

Development and Testing of Inclined Plate Metering

Mechanism for Paddy Seeds
MANISHA SAHU
M.TECH. Final Year
DEPARTMENT OF FARM MACHINERY AND
POWER ENGINEERING
INDIRA GANDHI KRISHI VISHWAVIDYALAYA
RAIPUR (C.G.)

OBJECTVES
Development of an experimental
setup to test the inclined plate metering
unit for direct seeded rice.
To study the lab performance of
inclined plate planter for direct seeded
rice.
METHODOLOGY
The 3 variety of rice (Oryza Sativa L.)
viz. Indira Barani (V1), IGKV R2 (V2)
and MTU- 1010 (V3) was procured from
IGKV University, Raipur.
Design of experimental setup
Design of seed box
Capacity of seed box
Seed tubes
Seed dropping cell
Seed dropping funnel
Lab test procedure
Drive mechanism
Metering System
Diameter of plate, mm = 120
No. of cell = 16
Vertically inclined = 50

Effect of speed and inclination

V-1

V-2

Seed-rate is decreased with

increasing speed and inclination
angle.
Skips of seed is decreased with
increasing speed and inclination
angle.
Percent of damage increased with
increasing speed and inclination
angle.

V-3

Fig.(1) a. lab test, b. seed plate

RESULT AND DISCUSSION

= V1
= V2.
% of damage, % % of Skips, % Seed-rate, kg/ha

INTRODUCTION
:
With zero till ferti-drill sowing, the
optimum seed rates for fine grains,
basmati cultivars is 15-20 kg/ha and
coarse grains 20-25 kg/ha.
Use of planters having inclined plate
devices or a cupped metering system is
very useful for proper spacing (20 cm)
and reducing seed rate.
Much of the variability in seed rate
could be removed by evaluating
planters under laboratory conditions.
Planter increase the yield by 15 to
25% and may increase up to 40%
depending upon the crop variety.
Inclined plate seed metering device
consists of a metering plate with cells
on its periphery to carry seed in its cell
at appropriate time from hopper to the
seed tube.
The ultimate objective of seed
planting using improved sowing
equipment is to achieve precise seed
distribution with in the row.

50 to H

= V3

H = Horizontal

45 to H

40 to H

Fig.(2) Various performance of seed for 3 varieties with inclination of metering

plate at various forward speed.
CONCLUSION

1) The seed rate is required10.50 kg/ha. V-1 give nearest value at 50 and 4.5-5.0
km/hr
2) Overall % of skips ranged between 0.00-6.7 %. Average value is 2.2 % for 45
inclination at 4.5-5.0 km/hr for V-1.
3)Overall seed damage ranged between 0.5-4.2 % with average of 1.1% observed
for V-1 of 50 inclination at 2.5-3.0 km/hr.
Metering plate at 50 inclination give best performance with V-1 and at a speed of
4.5-5.0 km/hr.

105

TESTING AND REFINEMENTS OF DEVELOPED CAGE WHEEL SUITABLE

FOR WET LAND CONDITION
PIYUSH PRADHAN
M.TECH.(AGRIL. ENGG.) FARM MACHINERY AND
POWER, (FINAL YEAR)
FACULTY OF AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING
INDIRA GANDHI KRISHI VISHWAVIDYALAYA
RAIPUR (C.G.)

INTRODUCTION:

RESULT AND DISCUSSION:

Rice is the main cultivated crop

in Asia and it is the staple food of
millions of people. In most of the
rice growing countries in Asia, it
is usually grown under flooded or
wet paddy conditions.
The moisture content of paddy
fields is usually very high and
often vehicles must be operated
on saturated or flooded surfaces
where the trafficability of the
surface layer is very poor.
Biasi cultivation constitutes
80 percent of the rice area of
Chhattisgarh. Biasi is a kind of
intercultural operation, followed
in the direct seeded paddy field,
by ploughing the field by local
wooden plough in standing water
condition (10-20 cm depth at 3045 days after emergence).
Cage wheel is important
traction device and support the
power tiller by distributing the
weight of machine over as great
an area as possible reduce soil
compaction and prevent it from
bogging down in wet land of
paddy crop.

During the experiment it was

revealed that 45 lug angle of
cage
wheel
highest
field
efficiency of 79% other than 30
and 60 lug angle were observed
76% and 69%.
Minimum fuel consumption was
observed in C1 cage wheel 8.67
lit/ha followed by C2 9.10 lit/ha, C5
9.79 lit/ha, C3 10.92 lit/ha and
maximum fuel consumption was
C4 13.18 lit/ha.
Less slippage, sticking, and
sinkage was observed in C2 cage
wheel of 45 lug angle than other
cage wheel. Depth of sinkage and
sticking of soil were increases
with increase in diameter of cage
wheel 68 cm to 78 cm.

The study was carried out in

puddled field two wheel drive
power tiller of 13 hp rated power,
diesel engine of 2400 rpm rated
crankshaft speed. The field
performance evaluation with five
types of cage wheel with
different angle of 30, 45, and
60 and diameter of 73cn, 68cm
and 78cm were tested to
determine the performance by
power tiller attached with five
tynes of cultivator on wet land
cultivation in field size of 2412
m2.

Performance Parameter

120
100

output

80
60

field efficency

40

fuel consumption

20

Slippage

0
C1

C2

C3

C4

C5

cage wheel

evaluation parameter (cm)

METHODOLOGY:

Fig. Testing of developed cage wheel

Performance Parameter

25
20
15

puddling index

10

soil sticking

sinkage

0
C1

C2

C3

C4

C5

cage wheel

depth of ploughing

CONCLUSION:

C2 cage wheel of 45 lug angle

was observed best suited in field
performance in wet land such as
field efficiency, puddling index,
min. slippage, effective field
capacity (ha/hr) which can
replace the bullock drawn biasi
operation in Chhattisgarh.
References:

Fig. Puddling with power tiller attached

C3 cage wheel with cultivator

106

Salokhe, V.M. and Gee-Clough D, (1988). Cage

wheel blocking in wet clay soil. Journal of
Agricultural Engineering Research - J AGR
ENG RES ; 39(4):277-286
Triratanasirichai K; Oida A; Honda M. (1990).
The performance of cage wheels for small
power tillers in agricultural soil. Journal of
Terramechanics, 27(3), 193}205.

107

Terrace gardening with Photo degradable plastics

A degradable plastic in which the degradation results from the action of natural daylight.
Photodegradable plastics are thermoplastic synthetic polymers into which have been incorporated lightsensitive chemical additives or copolymers for the purposes of weakening the bonds of the polymer in the
presence of ultraviolet radiation. Photodegradable plastics are designed to become weak and brittle when
exposed to sunlight for prolonged periods. Photosensitisers used include diketones, ferrocene derivatives
(aminoalkyferrocene) and carbonyl-containing species. These plastics degrade in a two-stage process,
with UV light initially breaking some bonds leaving more brittle lower molecular weight compounds that
can further degrade from physical stresses such as wave action or scarification on rocks.
Mechanism
Degradation Mechanisms and Properties In photodegradable systems, biodegradation occurs only
after an initial photo-degradation stage. Degradation of the polymer is triggered by UV light, and assisted
by the presence of UV sensitisers in the polymer. The polymer is initially converted to low molecular
weight material (i.e. waxes), and then converted to carbon dioxide and water by bacterial action.
Developments
Photodegradable products can have a positive impact on plastic litter in both land and marine
situations. The effectiveness is dependent on exposure intensity and will vary with factors such as the
season, geography, dirt or water cover, and shading. A new approach to making photodegradable plastics
involves adding catalytic metal salts or chelates to initiate the breakdown process.
Photo degradable plastics - Application in Terrace gardening
Now a days plastic is one of the major problem in our all over the world. Photo degradable plastic
is one of the method to control the plastic pollution. In terrace gardening we have to use the photo
degradable plastics for applying the nutrient solutions to the plants. And also the plastics was coated with
microbial polymers. It will increase the action of decomposing of plastic material.

108

DEVELOPMENT OF GRAFTING GUMS

MM. RAJASEKAR, IIII rd Ph.D., (Hort.).

Department of Horticulture,
Agricultural college and Research Institute, Madurai-625 104.
Introduction

Materials

The process of inserting a part of one plant in

to another plant in such a way that union will
be formed and the combination will continue
to grow as one plant.
The upper part is scion and the lower part of
the graft combination is termed as root stock.
In this method, the scion has more than two
buds on it.
In case of budding single bud is sufficient.
Nursery industry face problem with unavailability of skilled persons for grafting and
budding.
At the same time the success percentage are
low, because of the improper insertion and
tying up of rootstock and scion leads to
desiccation of the cut ends and cause death
of the scion.
The number of plants grafted per day also
very low (150-200 plants/ day).
To overcome this problem, the study was
undertaken to develop and prepare gums for
callus induction and to get maximum success.

Plant material: Vegetable seedling for

grafting and Rose plants for budding.
Plant gums: Water soluble gums like Gum
Arabica, Babul gum, Gum ghatti, Moringa
gum.
Hormones: Callus inducing hormones were
applied at the rate of 10, 15, 50 and 100 ppm.
Control groups were grafted with using clips.

Events of grafting
Adhesion of the rootstock and scion.
Proliferation of callus at the graft
interface callus bridge.
Vascular differentiation across the
graft interface.
Observations
Days taken for Callusing,
Bud emergence,
Shoot growth,
Root growth in root stocks,
Particle distribution and
Stability of hormones
Surface tension
Water solubility.

Objectives
Standardization for particle distribution
and stability of hormones in different gum
formulations,
Effect of different propagative gums on
growth and development of graftings and
buddings,
Effect of propagative gums on root
stock scion compatibility,
Benefit cost ratio of gum formulations.

Expected outcome
Higher success percentage.
Lower labour requirement.
Another way of utilizing gums.
More number of grafts produced per
day.
Lesser amount of mother buds is
required (Budding).
Reduced input cost.
Technology may be patented

109

RAISING NURSERY IN BANANA TRUNK

Sureshkumar. K

II PG. Department of Agronomy

Agricultural college and Research Institute
Madurai

Introduction:
After harvesting banana, the trunk portion is left in field. The effective
utilization of space and resources, we can use the banana trunk for the
growing media of crops. In the banana stems are compounds
that can fertilize the plants. Banana stems are known to keep for a long
period of time.
Table 1: chemical and elemental composition of banana trunk

Chemical
composition (%)

Elemental
composition (%)

Moisture

9.74

Carbon

36.83

Lignin

15.07

Oxygen

43.62

Cellulose

31.48

Hydrogen

5.19

Hemicellulose

14.98

Nitrogen

0.93

Extractives

4.46

Ash

8.65

Methods:

Create a buffer of wood to hold the banana stems which will be

placed horizontally
Digging small holes in the stem with the help of a knife, add a little soil,
and plant as required
Let stand for 2-3 days prior to the then newly planted vegetable
seeds according to your will
It allows plant growth even during dry periods without irrigation
Due to water retaining capacity , banana stems once rotten can be used
as fertilizers
It is important to cut them into pieces before using as a fertilizer so as
they do not act as a hiding place for insects

110

PRODUCTION OF SOILLESS TABLE GRAPES

K. VANILARASU* and N. NANDHAKUMAR

Department of Fruit Crops, HC & RI, TNAU, Coimbatore 641 003
*Email Id: arasuvani88@gmail.com
INTRODUCTION:
Natural resources like soil and water become scarce
Opening new agricultural frontier is not feasible
Necessary to enhance the productivity
ADVANTAGES
It improves plant growth and productivity
Production of marketable amounts of fruits
Produce high quality table grape
Excludes the presence of soil pathogens
PRODUCTION SYSTEM
Cuttings: Virus free two-bud cuttings were rooted in 0.4 L containers filled with peat
Transplanting: Rooted cuttings were transplanted into pots (10 L), contains perlite:peat
(2:1)
Training: Tendone System
Pruning: Leaving only one cane 1.30 m from the collar
Transplanting: Green House with the spacing of 1.20 m X 0.75 m.
Fertigation: Nutrient Solution (mM) of 16 N, 2 P, 6 K+, 4 Ca2+, and 1 Mg2+
Drainage: NS, EC, and pH of the drained NS were checked and recorded three times per
week
Yield : 21.7 to 29.4 t/ha
WHERE TO ADOPT
When there is no soil available at all or when soil salinity is high and accumulation of
soil pathogens

PRODUCTION CYCLES FOR SOILLESS GRAPES

111

Costus speciosus AN

ANTIBACTERIAL AND
ANTIFUNGAL PLANT
D.NANDHINI (I M.Sc Horti- Vegetable Science)

DEPARTMENT OF HORTICULTURE
AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE AND RESEARCH INSTITUTE- MADURAI

INTRODUCTION

Medicinal plants have been of great importance in human culture to meet the primary health
care needs. Many people in developing countries used medicinal plants as traditional drugs.
Considering rich diversity and traditional knowledge,world is looking towards India for
developing new natural, safe, herbal drugs to cure different diseases.
CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS:
The rhizomes of Costus
speciosus are a good source of
saponin like diosgenin,
sapogenin, tigogenin, steroids
and alkaloids.

ANTIBACTERIAL AND ANTIFUNGAL

ACTIVITY:
Antibacterial activity of rhizome extract
was seen against bacteria.

It may be due to the presence of

diosgenin, a precursor for the synthesis
of steroidal hormones.

Plant has disease resistance ability,

which may be due to presence of
phenolics and alkaloid substances.
The isolated compounds-costunolide
and tigogenin significantly inhibited at
the pathogenic fungi at
lowest
concentrations.

CONCLUSION:

Costus speciosus is one of

them which serve as an important
source of many therapeutically
efficient compounds possessing
many
traditional
and
pharmacological activities which is
not exploded so far.

112

MONITORING THE PLANT GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT BY USING

GROWING DEGREE DAYS
S.PANDIARAJAN, II M.Sc (HORT.,) IN VEGETABLE SCIENCE.,
E-mail id: bsh09041@gmail.com

INTRODUCTION
Plant development depends on temperature.
Plants require a specific amount of heat for the each
developmental stage of an organism has its own total
heat requirement. Development can be estimated by
accumulating degree days between the high and low
temperature thresholds throughout the season. The
ability to predict a specific crop stage, permits better
crop management. different management schedule for
pesticide application, fertility management and harvest.

Add each days maximum and minimum temperatures

throughout the growing season, divide that sum by two
to get an average,
And, subtract the temperature base
assigned to the plant you are monitoring. (Temperature
base is the temperature below which plant development
stops).
The resulting thermal time more consistently
predicts when a certain plant stage will occur. When
summed together, these thermal times are sometimes
referred to as a thermal calendar.

GROWING DEGREE DAYS

Heat sums are a combination

of the time for a particular event to occur and the
CONCLUSION
average temperature experienced during the period

If we identified the heat values required for

monitored.
the different crop growth stages, we could provide

Growing degree days (abbreviated GDD or

artificial heat value (i.e. Temperature) to improve or to
DD) is a way of assigning a heat value to each day. The
maintain the growth and development of the plants.
values are added together to give an estimate of the
amount of seasonal growth your plants have achieved.
Degree days are easy to calculate:

Phenology calculations using 0C and 32 F base temperatures are combined with the
Universal Growth Staging Scale ( In wheat)
stages

GDD0 C

GDD0 F

Emergence

Leaf tip just emerging from above-ground coleoptyle.

1.0

125-160

257-320

Leaf stage

Two leaves unfolded.

1.2

169-208

336-406

Tillering

First tiller visible

2.1

369-421

696-789

Stem elongation

First node detectable

3.1

592-659

1097-1218

Anthesis

Flowering commences; first anthers of cereals are visible

6.1

807-901

1484-1653

Seed fill

Seed fill begins. Caryopsis of cereals watery ripe

7.1

1068-1174

1954-2145

Dough stage

Soft dough stage, grain contents soft but dry,

fingernail impression does not hold

8.5

1434-1556

2613-2832

Maturity
complete

Grain is fully mature and dry down begins.

Ready for harvest when dry

8.9

1538-1665

2800-3029

113

The word sponge is often used to describe loofah and man made "sponges" with absorbent properties like sea sponges.

Wastewater purification by Ridge gourd sponge(Luffa)

and Moringa seed powder
M.SATHAM HUSSAIN
I M.Sc (HORTICULTURE)
DEPARTMENT OF HORTICULTURE
AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE AND RESEARCH INSTITUTE
TNAU, MADURAI 625 104

INTRODUCTION
The word sponge is often used to describe loofah and man made "sponges" with absorbent properties like sea sponges. Mostly the ridge sponge
cleaning sewage water dust particles and also filter the sewage wastes. Drumstick seeds have been used to purify domestic household water in rural area. Moringa
oleifera seeds powder treat water on two levels, acting both as a coagulant and an antimicrobial agent. It is generally accepted that Moringa works as a coagulant due to
positively charged, water-soluble proteins, which bind with negatively charged particles (silt, clay, bacteria, toxins, etc) allowing the resulting flocs to settle to the bottom
or be removed by filtration. The antimicrobial aspects of Moringa continue to be researched. Findings support recombinant proteins both removing microorganisms by
coagulation as well as acting directly as growth inhibitors of the microorganisms. While there is ongoing research being conducted on the nature and characteristics of these
components, it is accepted that treatments with Moringa solutions will remove 90-99.9% of the impurities in water.

Procedure

After seed production collected Ridge gourd. The skin loses green color and
becomes looser when mature. The mature sponges begin to dry and lose water
weight. If the sponges have reached full growth and feel light, they will be ready
to peel.

Added with moringa seed powder in cleaned sponge

To select waste water or domestic house hold water

To filter the waste with ridge gourd sponge it will absorbent properties like
domestic waste

After use moringa seed powder 2 to 3 hours to purify domestic household

water
After reuse water and to save water home itself .

Causes a demand for dissolved oxygen (lower DO levels of

streams)
Adds nutrients (nitrate and phosphate) to cause excessive
growth

Conclusion

water scarcity is a big problem in India. It used for recycling purpose all
house hold. it is one of the best and low cost cheap method which can be used by all of the
human community.

Increases suspended solids or sediments in streams

(turbidity increase)

114

EFFECT OF POST HARVEST TREATMENTS ON RIPENING AND QUALITY OF MANGO

(Mangifera indica L.) FRUITS VARIETY-CHHATTISGARH NANDIRAJ
PRAMILA SETH
M.Sc. (Ag.) Horticulture, Final Year
DEPARTMENT OF HORTICULTURE
COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE
INDIRA GANDHI KRISHI VISHWAVIDYALAYA
RAIPUR (C.G.)
RESULT:
During the experiment, longest shelf life
(21.00 days) was observed in T20 (Adusha
green leaf extract+ Brown paper Wrapping)
followed by T18 (19.2) Adusha leaf extract+
Tissue paper Wrapping and the shortest
shelf life (8.2 days) was observed in T7
Ethylene dipping (750ppm)+Jute cloth
Wrapping. However, The fruits treated with
Adusha green leaf extract + Brown paper
Wrapping proved to be most effective with
respect to lower physiological loss in
weight(4.89%) higher firmness of fruits,
minimum
spoilage
and
highest
organoleptic score. The treatment was also
promising for slower increase in TSS,
while slower decrease in ascorbic acid and
acidity during storage.

INTRODUCTION:

Mango, botanically known

as Mangifera indica L., is a
fleshy stone fruit. Mango
helps to prevent many
deficiency diseases because
it is a rich source of vitamins,
minerals and total soluble
solids. Mango is a source of
antioxidants
including
carotenoids and vitamin-C.
Carotenoids,
which
are
lipophilic radical scavengers
found in the bright yellow
color of mango.
Mango
showed
highly
prominent postharvest loss
because
of
its
high
T1 : (D. water + No W. )
T2 : (D. water + W. JC)
perishability. A huge quantity
T3 : (D. water +W.TP)
of fruits goes waste due to
T4 ; (D. water + W. NP)
T5 : (D. water + W. BR)
lack of proper postharvest
T6 : (D. Ethylene + No W.)
handling
and
disease.
T7 : (D. Ethylene + W. JC)
T8 : (D. Ethylene + W.TP)
Postharvest losses in mango Fig.01. Mango(C.G. Nandiraj)
T9 : (D. Ethylene + W. NP)
fruit was 17 to 37%.
T10: (D. Ethylene +W.BP)
T11 : (D. HW + No W.)
Thus prolonging storage
Effect of different treatment combination on shelf life of
T12 : (D. HW + W.JC)
life of a fruit consists in
T13 : (D. HW + W.TP)
mango variety CG Nandiraj
T14 : (D. HW + W.NP)
slowing down the processes 30.0
T15 : (D. HW + W.BP)
Shelf life(Days)
leading to ripening and if
T16 : (D. Adusha LE + No W.)
possible in stopping the 20.0
T17 : (D. Adusha LE + W.JC)
T18 : (D Adusha LE + W.TP)
changes
that
cause
T19 : (D. Adusha LE + W.NP)
senescence after ripening.
T20 : (D. Adusha LE + W.BP)
10.0
T21 : (D. Custardapple LE + No W.)
Hence, it is necessary to
T22 : (D . Custardapple LE+ W.JC)
understand the postharvest 0.0
T23 : (D . Custardapple LE+ W.TP)
T : (D . Custardapple LE+ W.NP)
physiology of mango in order
T1 T3 T5 T7 T9 T11 T13 T15 T17 T19 T21 T23 T25 T24
25 : (D . Custardapple LE+ W.BP)
to
develop
and
apply
D-Dipping, W-Wrapping, JC-Jute cloth,
TP-Tissue paper, NP-News paper, BPadequate
postharvest METHODOLOGY:
Brown paper, LF-Leaf extract
technologies such as hot The experiment was carried out with
CONCLUSION:
water treatment, Herbaceous Mango variety Chhattisgarh Nandiraj
leaves extract like Adusha (Fig.01).
Having
25
treatments Mango fruits are mostly ripen by
(Adhatoda zeylanica), custard
combinations.
Each
treatment chemical based products which
apple (Annona reticulata), etc. combination comprised of 5 fruits. should be avoided to provide
wrapping material like brown fruits were dipped in plain water, hot harmless fruits to customers of
paper, tissue paper, news water, ethylene, adusha leaf extract and India and abroad who are found
paper.
custard apple leaf extract for 10 of Indian Mangoes. Storability ,
At present for the ripening minutes and 1ml Sticker (AG-Film shelf life and taste of mango
of mango mainly chemical Activator) was added. After. drying enhances when ripen is done
based product is used which different wrapping material like Jute with the help of natural based
are little bit toxic. Therefore, it cloths, tissue paper, news paper, brown products. Good practices of
is essential to search for paper is used to wrap each fruit postharvest
treatments
can
other eco-friendly option for separately which were than kept in the increase the quality and hence
ripening of the fruits.
corrugated fiber box.
selling of mangoes.

115

R.RAMYA - I M.Sc-Hort(veg.science)

DEPARTMENT OF HORTICULTURE
AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE AND RESEARCH INSTITUTE
MADURAI

INTRODUCTION

Vegetables are nutritious foods that provide sufficient amount of

nutrients needed for normal body function, maintenance and
reproduction.
They
are
valued
mainly
for
their
high
carbohydrates,proteins,vitamins,minerals and rich in fibre contents.
About 30 to 85 per cent of the nutrition in food is lost when it is
cooked, and hence advise us to stick to a raw diet, especially a
combination of various raw vegetable juices.

BENEFITS OF VEGETABLE
THERAPY
Tomato juice Antioxidant property
Bittergourd Diabetes
Cabbage juice stomach ulcers
Carrot diarrhoea , jaundice
Drumstick juice Reduces blood
pressure.
Radish juice with a pinch of sugar
for jaundice.
Pumpkin juice prevents and
dissolves kidney stones.
Equal quantities of capsicum,
cucumber and radish juice helps to
cleanse the respiratory and digestive
systems.
A blend of turnip, carrot and
cabbage juice alleviates the
discomfort of bronchitis and asthma
by reducing mucus.
NOTE: Vegetable juice comsume timing is
10-11 and 5-6 in evening hours.

ICMR300 g/day

Green
Leafy
vegetables:
75-125 g
Root &
Tubers:85g
Others:85g

CONCLUSION

It is mandate to consume vegetables as raw,

juice everyday for dietary enrichment in
present day life to prevent the diseases.

116

Logo

Logo

PROBIOTICATION OF FRUIT AND VEGETABLE

BLENDED JUICE
Ruchi Kumari Garg1, T.UmaMaheswari1, S.Kanchana1 , R. Anandham2 and R.Vijayalakshmi3
of Food Science and Nutrition, Home Science College and Research Institute, TNAU, Madurai - 625 104
2Department of Agricultural Microbiology, Agricultural College & Research Institute, Madurai 625 104
3Sugarcane Research Station, Krishi Vigyan Kendra, TNAU, Sirugamani, Trichy, Tamil Nadu 639 115
1Dept

METHODS
Beyond meeting nutrition needs, diet may
modulate various physiological functions and may
play beneficial roles in treating some diseases.
Probiotics are live microorganisms which when
administered in adequate amounts positively
influence the health of the host. (FAO/WHO 2002;
Sanders 2003).
Non dairy probiotic products have a big
worldwide importance due to the ongoing trend of
vegetarianism and to a high prevalence of lactose
intolerance in many populations around the world.
A total of 78% of current probiotic sales in the world
today are delivered through milk based products.
Fruit juices, desserts, and cereal-based products
featuring probiotics may be other suitable media for
delivering probiotics (Cargill 2009).
Fruit beverages do also have high nutritional,
medicinal and calorific values over synthetic
beverages which can be improved further by
blending pulp/juices of two or more fruits or
vegetables having delicious taste, excellent flavour,
high nutritive and therapeutic values.

Selection and
washing of
Carrots

Selection
and washing
of Oranges

RESULTS

Boiling

Peeling

T1

T2

T3

(75+25)

(50+50)

(25+75)

7.67

8.41

8.50

TASTE

8.25

8.58

8.25

FLAVOUR

7.83

8.33

8.08

CONSISTENCY

8.50

8.75

8.50

8.08

8.58

8.16

COLOUR AND
APPEARANCE

Blanching for
3 min.

Removal of
seeds

Cooling

ACCEPTABILITY

Filtering with
muslin cloth

Filtering with
muslin cloth

Comparison of acid tolerance between bacteria at pH 3

Sugar syrup

Bottling
(2 space)

Slant culture

0.15

L.acido

0.1

L.delbru
S.therm

0.05

MRS Broth (10 ml

for activation)

Comparison of acid tolerance between bacteria at pH 4

EVALUATION OF PROBIOTIC RTS DURING STORAGE AT 4C

FOR PHYSICOCHEMICAL, SENSORY

0.25

CHARACTERISTICS AND MICROBIAL ANALYSIS

Cooling

L.acido
L.delbru
S.therm

0.15
0.1

Centrifuge and
wash with sterile
distilled water (2-3
times)

Mix with 1 ml of
sterile distilled
water (cell
suspension)

0.05
0

0h

2h

4h

6h

8h

10h

20 days

40 days

30 days

14.8

14.6

14.3

13.2

pH

3.56

3.45

3.12

2.95

2.59

TITRATABLE

0.31

0.45

0.58

0.64

1.34

37.24

35.65

33.33

23.80

14.29

6.4

636

652

672

ACIDITY
VITAMIN C (mg/100g)

PROBIOTIC COUNT

560

25.2x1012

19.8x1012 16.5x1011 13.2x1011 10.1 x

1010

(cfu/ml)
(L.

acidophilus

NCDC14)

4.SENSORY ANALYSIS OF PROBIOTIC JUICE AT

DIFFERENT DURATION OF REFRIGERATED
STORAGE
0 day

10 days

20 days

30 days

40 days

AND
8.41

9.00

8.60

8.50

8.40

TASTE

8.58

8.40

8.00

8.00

8.00

FLAVOUR

8.33

8.10

8.20

8.25

8.10

CONSISTENCY

8.75

8.70

8.40

8.50

8.45

8.58

8.50

8.40

8.25

8.00

APPEARANCE

12h

Comparison between bacteria at 15 Bx Sucrose

Tolerance
2.5

OVERALL
ACCEPTABILITY

CONCLUSION

2
1.5

L.acido
L.delbru
S.therm

1
0.5
0

10 days

15.0

TOTAL SUGAR (TSS)

COLOUR

0.2

Crown corking

Sterilization for
30 min at 80 C

0 day

ATTRIBUTES

0.3

Inoculated into
100ml of MRS broth

STANDARDISATION OF PROBIOTIC ENRICHED RTS

DURATION OF STORAGE AT 4C

ANALYSED

STANDARDISATION OF ORANGE AND CARROT BLENDED RTS

SELECTION OF SUITABLE PROBIOTIC BACTERIA

PARAMETERS

100g)

0.2

OBJECTIVE

3.CHEMICAL AND MICROBIOLOGICAL ATTRIBUTES OF

ORANGE AND CARROT BLENDED RTS

- CAROTENE (g/
0.25

Pasteurization

15brix to 13.2brix
3.56 to 2.89.
0.31 to 1.34%
37.24 to 14.29 mg/100g
560 to 672 g/100g.

Brix

OVERALL

filtering

Pulping

Pulping

TSS
:
pH
:
Titratable acidity :
Vitamin C
:
- carotene
:

1. SENSORY CHARACTERISTICS

Sugar + citric
acid + water

ATTRIBUTES

Peeling and
cutting

2. CHEMICAL ANALYSIS

0h

6h

12h

24h

30h

36h

48h

Mixing under Aseptic

condition

Probiotic fortified juices could certainly be

exploited as a medium for the delivery of probiotics,
and could be used as a functional beverage
to promote better health and nutrition of the
population, especially for those who are allergic or
intolerant to milk-based products.
Hence, it was concluded that juices could be a better
alternative and will serve as a good medium for
cultivating probiotics.

REFERENCES
PLATE COUNT AT 10 11 ON 30th d

PLATE COUNT AT 10 12 ON 30th d

Cargill (2009) Cargill beverage concepts will address consumer demands for health, taste and
texture at IFT 2008. Available from: http://www.cargill.com/news-center/news-releases/2008/NA
3007612.jsp. Accessed Jul 20, 2009.
FAO/WHO (2002) Guidelines for the Evaluation of Probiotics in Food. In: Food and
Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and World Health Organization 1-11.
Food Processing (2009) Modest growth for global probiotic market,
Available from: http://www.foodprocessing.com/articles/2008/383.html. Accessed Jul 20, 2009.

www.postersession.com

117

APPLICATION OF SPATIAL DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEM (SDSS) BY GIS TO

REDUCE SOIL EROSION IN HILLY HORTICULTURE PLANTATION
SAKTHINATHAN.B- ( I-M.Sc Vegetable science)
DEPARTMENT OF HORTICULTURE
AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE AND RESEARCH INSTITUTE - MADURAI
INTRODUCTION:
Sustainable natural resource management is a key issue for preserving the earths resources. It plays a vital role
in the stability of ecosystem. Survival needs supersede concerns for resource conservation and problems of
biodiversity depletion and large scale degradation of natural resources are overwhelming.
OBJECTIVE:

WHAT IS SDSS?

This paper presents the application of a well innovative

methodology of SDSS integrated in a GIS software to
develop a decision frame for reducing soil erosion rates in
hilly areas and thus contributing to environmental
rehabilitation without significantly lowering the crop yield.

SDSS are designed to help

growers to solve spatial problems
and to make decision concerning
about the crop cultivation
HOW TO PROCEED THIS TITLE:
A Multi Objective Oriented SDSS based on Multi
Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) method can be
selected among the available techniques of SDSS
under various national projects of ISRO/Dept. of
Space ,Govt. of INDIA.

CONSTRAINTS TO FOCUS:
Due to soil erosion,
* Huge crop loss occurs.
* The reduction of crop yield.
*Thereby farmers face a varied economic fluctuations.

PROCEDURE:
So far SDSS is used in spatial diagnosis only but this
title is meant to reduce the soil erosion in hilly areas.
STEPS TO DO:
*Crop reallocation in cropland to reduce the soil
erosion.
*Identification of non cropped areas suitable to host the
crops removed.

*Identification of areas of high actual erosion where the

protective measures are mandatory.
# This practices can be done by GIS-IDRISI Software and
Universal Soil Loss Equation as these are the prime
factors to achieve the goal of the title.

118

CONCLUSION:
The map illustrated by IDRISI software will be the
result prior to locations. This paper presents the
application of SDSS tools integrated in GIS to help
decision makers in reduction of soil erosion without
affecting the crop yield in hilly horticulture plantation.

FIBRE RICH PRODUCTS OF PALMYRAH TUBER

SAMPATH.S I-M.Sc (Veg science)
DEPARTMENT OF HORTICULTURE
AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE AND RESEARCH INSTITUTE- MADURAI
Introduction
The palmyrah
tuber as described
previously is an important Source of starchy
food in many villages of south India .

TUBER BASED PRODUTS

BOILED PALMYRAH TUBER FLOUR :
Boiled tubers are cut into thin sections crosswise
and sun dried. then it is milled into flour.

In most of the other countries like Srilanka ,

Thailand and Indonesia tubers are rarely
used.
It was observed that even the agriculturists
and others who are involved with the palms
were unaware of the tuber and its uses. Dig
up the tuber from the soil and eat after frying
or cooking.
Freshly harvested tubers, after cleaning of
the outer sheath and basal roots are boiled for
about half an hour and the cooked tubers
eaten. It tastes like any others starchy tubers
.
OBJECTIVES
*To utilize the palmyrah tuber flour in food
industry as it has high fibre enrichment in
food system.
*To improve the usage , as it has more dietry
fibre compound to overcome human health
problems.
CHEMICAL PROPERTY OF PALMYRAH
FLOUR
PARAMETER

VALUES

Moisture(%)

5.2 0.01

Crude fat(%)

0.7 0.01

Ash (%)

2.6 0.02

Protein(%)

3.2 0.06

Fibre(%)

10.8 0.01

Carbohydrate(%) 69.4 0.06

Energy(%)

282.2 1.20

*PALMYRAH TUBER FLOUR:

Without boiling, the skin of the palmyrah
tuber is removed . After that sun dried and milled
into flour.

PALMYRAH TUBER FLOUR ENRICHED SOUP:

Take the palmyrah tuber flour and mixed
with dried parboiled vegetables for making soup.

Conclusion
The utilization of palmyrah tuber flour will
subsequently improve the well being of humanity as
it has ayuervedic components. It plays a significant
role in overcoming the health related problems of
the human beings. By consuming palmyrah tuber
flour malt, soups, chips, puttu and biscuits in a
confined manner.

119

CORPORATE FARMING FOR PROFITABLE HORTICULTURE

V.SURESH KUMAR
PG SCHOLAR
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION AND RURAL SOCIOLOGY
AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE AND RESEARCH INSTITUTE
TNAU, MADURAI 625 104
Introduction
India ranks first in the world in production of
fruits and second in vegetables of the total global
production. Nearly 1/3rd of our horticultural produce,
especially fruits and vegetables are wasted due to the
poor post-harvest management and lack of cold chain.
Incentives to build cold-storage facilities will bring
investment, cut food wastage and smoothen the supply
chain in the world's second biggest producer of fruits
and vegetables.
With a view to ensuring faster development of
cold storage capacity the corporate sector should be
encouraged to invest more in this tripartite concept.
This concept focuses on unemployed agricultural
graduates of India.

Why we need a Corporate farming (Challenges)

Agriculture
graduates point
of view

High initial
investment
Low
infrastructure
development

Lacking
export chain
management
Less
domestic
demand

Government
point of view
Less national
income
through
agricultural
export
Less
investment in
agricultural
sector by
private
organization

Corporate firm
point of view
Land
availability
Obstacles in
farming
practices
Government
policies not
attractive to
agriculture

Role of Corporate firm

Financial support
Technology
Inputs
Harvesting and grading
Export
Income
Crop insurance
Advantages to Corporate firm
Tax exemption for the amount spent on
corporate farming by the government
International brand name
Income
Role of agricultural graduates
Crop cultivation
Crop management
Advantages to agricultural graduates

Role of government

Policy framing
Infrastructure development
o Poly housing
o Cold storage

Conclusion
This concept builds a bridge for technology
gap and generation of income at various hierarchy
is the ultimate focus. Corporate firms are benefited
through their brand name promotion and tax
exemption from government policies. Through this
corporate farming the unemployed agricultural
graduates gets year round employment.

Advantages to government

Income generation
Year round employment (no more labours
they are employees now)

Infrastructure - hire (off season)

National income through export duty
Transfer of technology

120

BIOFORTIFICATION OF VEGETABLE CROPS - A FOOD BASED APPROACH TO

ALLEVIATION OF MALNUTRITION
BARSHA TRIPATHY
M.Sc. (Hort.) Vegetable Science, Previous
DEPARTMENT OF VEGETABLE SCIENCE
COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE
INDIRA GANDHI KRISHI VISHWAVIDYALAYA
RAIPUR (C.G.)
INTRODUCTION:

RESULT:

Biofortification is a food based

approach designed to reduce
micronutrient malnutrition by
improving nutrient content of
staple food.
It is especially important for
poor rural community with
limited access to diversified diet,
commercially marketed fortified
foods, or supplements.
It is important for woman and
children since they face greater
risk of micronutrient malnutrition.

Biofortified crops offer a rural

based intervention that, by design,
initially reaches these more remote
populations, which comprise a
majority of the undernourished in
many
countries,
and
then
penetrates to urban populations as
production surpluses are marketed.
In
this
way,
biofortification
complements
fortification
and
supplementation programs, which
work best in centralized urban
areas and then reach into rural
areas with good infrastructure.

METHODOLOGY:
Orange fleshed sweet potato
In broad terms, three things must
happen for biofortification to be
successful. First, the breeding
must be successful high nutrient
density must be combined with
high yields and high profitability.
Second,
efficacy
must
be
demonstrated the micronutrient
status of human subjects must
be shown to improve when they
are consuming the biofortified
varieties as normally eaten.
Thus, sufficient nutrients must
be retained in processing and
cooking and these nutrients
must be sufficiently bioavailable.
Third, the biofortified crops must
be adopted by farmers and
consumed by those suffering
from micronutrient malnutrition
in significant numbers.

Colocasia
Processed products of sweet potato

Cassava

CONCLUSION:
Initial investments in agricultural
research at a central location can
generate high recurrent benefits
at
low
cost
as
adapted,
biofortified varieties become
available in country after country
across time at low recurrent
costs.

121

STUDIES ON RECIPE STANDARDIZATION OF JAMUN NECTAR AND

Ready-to-Serve (RTS) BEVERAGES
APURWA KESHARWANI
M.Sc. (Ag.) Horticulture (Final Year)
DEPARTMENT OF HORTICULTURE
COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE
INDIRA GANDHI KRISHI VISHWAVIDYALAYA
RAIPUR (C.G.)
INTRODUCTION:

RESULT:

Jamun (Syzygium cumini (L.)

Skeels, a minor fruit crop, is
gaining popularity among the
consumers due to its high
neutroclinical values, in rural as
well as in urban masses.
Jamun fruits are universally
accepted for medicinal purpose
especially for curing diabetes
because of its good effects on
pancreas.
It is highly useful against
bleeding piles, correcting liver
disorders, jaundice, kidney stone,
asthma, blood pressure etc. It is a
good
remedy
for
cough,
constipation,
diarrhoea,
dysentery and germs.
The jamun fruits are highly
perishable and are seasonable in
nature; hence, it needs to
preserve by any means, hence an
attempt was made to preserve the
juice in the form of nectar and
RTS to make them available in off
season as it has lot of medicinal
property.

The nectar (T5) consisting of

25 per cent juice + 0.3 per cent
acidity adjusted to 20 per cent
TSS was found to highest
organoleptic score (8.0) with
respect
to
colour
and
appearance, whereas nectar (T7)
consisting of 20 per cent juice +
0.3 per cent acidity adjusted to
18 per cent TSS had highest
score (8.5) with respect to taste
and overall acceptability.
Ready to serve (T5) consisting
of 15 per cent juice + 0.3 per
cent acidity adjusted to 15 per
cent TSS was found to score the
highest organoleptic quality
(8.0)
with
respect
to
colour,
taste
and
overall
acceptability.

METHODOLOGY:
The experiment was carried out
with locally collected cultivars. It
was
having
thirty
recipe
treatments for both nectar and
RTS. All the treatments in nectar
contained juice per cent as 20,
21, 22, 23, 24 and 25; Acidity per
cent as 0.3 and 0.2 and TSS per
cent as 15, 16, 17, 18, 19 and 20.
Similarly the RTS, contained
juice per cent as 10, 11, 12, 13, 14
and 15; Acidity per cent 0.3 and
TSS per cent as 10, 11, 12, 13, 14
& 15. The products were stored
for 90 days in ambient condition.

Fig.01.

Jamun nectar

Organoleptic evaluation of different recipes of nectar from jamun

9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0

colour
Taste
overall acceptability

T0

T1

T2

T3

T4

T5

T6

T7

T8

T9 T10 T11 T12 T13 T14 T15 T16 T17 T18 T19 T20

TREATMENT DETAILS
T0
T1
T2
T3
T4
T5
T6
T7
T8
T9
T10
T11
T12
T13
T14
T15
T16
T17
T18
T19
T20

20% Juice + 20% TSS + 0.3% Acidity

21% Juice + 20% TSS + 0.3% Acidity
22% Juice + 20% TSS + 0.3% Acidity
23% Juice + 20% TSS + 0.3% Acidity
24% Juice + 20% TSS + 0.3% Acidity
25% Juice + 20% TSS + 0.3% Acidity
20% Juice + 19% TSS + 0.3% Acidity
20% Juice + 18% TSS + 0.3% Acidity
20% Juice + 17% TSS + 0.3% Acidity
20% Juice + 16% TSS + 0.3% Acidity
20% Juice + 15% TSS + 0.3% Acidity
21% Juice + 20% TSS + 0.2% Acidity
22% Juice + 20% TSS + 0.2% Acidity
23% Juice + 20% TSS + 0.2% Acidity
24% Juice + 20% TSS + 0.2% Acidity
25% Juice + 20% TSS + 0.2% Acidity
20% Juice + 19% TSS + 0.2% Acidity
20% Juice + 18% TSS + 0.2% Acidity
20% Juice + 17% TSS + 0.2% Acidity
20% Juice + 16% TSS + 0.2% Acidity
20% Juice + 15% TSS + 0.2% Acidity

122

CONCLUSION:
Jamun, a highly nutritious fruit
full of medicinal properties
(recommended
for
diabetic
patients) has a short shelf life
which limits its storage & proper
selling by farmers at appropriate
time
&
price.
Thus,
its
processing
&
value-addition
becomes
a
source
of
employment, enhanced income
that uplifts small, marginal and
tribal farmers.

EFFECT OF NATURAL AND ARTIFICIAL ALTERNATIVE SWEETENERS ON RECIPE STANDARDIZATION OF

GUAVA NECTAR AND RTS (READY-TO-SERVE) BEVERAGES
NISHA CHANDEL
M.Sc. (Ag.) Horticulture, Final Year
DEPARTMENT OF HORTICULTURE
COLLEGE OF AGRICUTURE
INDIRA GANDHI KRISHI VISHWAVIDALAYA
RAIPUR (C.G)
INTRODUCTION
Guava (Psidium guajava L.), a very
popular fruit, belongs to family Myrtaceae.
Guava fruit is an excellent source of
vitamin C. It is also a rich source of different
minerals.
Being a climacteric fruit, guava is highly
perishable in nature and possesses short
shelf life; therefore, it may have enormous
potential if converted into nutritious
beverages with exotic taste. Todays
consumers
expect
more and more
pleasure from food. They want to drink
such type of beverages which should be
lower in fat and sugar. These facts resulted
in development of sugar free as low calorie
sweeteners. Therefore, fruit beverages
can be made with lower calorie sugar like
Splenda, Equal and Stevia etc.
Low-calorie sweeteners add to foods a
taste that is similar to that of sucrose (table
sugar). Intense sweeteners, however, are
generally several hundred to several
thousand times sweeter than sucrose. Most
of them do not contain any calories, such as
Splenda, Equal , Stevia etc. are used in very
small
amounts
because
of
their
concentrated sweetening power. Besides,
intense sweeteners also do not affect insulin
levels in human body. Hence, they may be
used to provide sweet-tasting foods and
beverages for people who must restrict
carbohydrate
intake, such as people
suffering with diabetes

RESULT
During
the
experiment,
highest
organoleptic score (7.5) for Nectar was
obtained with treatment T3 and T7 found
significantly similiar by 50 % Equal + 50
%Sugar followed by 50% Stevia+ 50 %
Sugar.
While in RTS the highest organoleptic
score (7.2) was obtained by 50 % Equal +
50 % Sugar.
However all the treatments for both
Nectar and RTS observed less incidence
of microbial population during the storage.
Chemical composition of fruit TSS
14.05, acidity 0.38, total sugar 10.11, %
reducing sugar 4.9 % and non reducing
sugar 5.21 %.

Organeoleptic evaluation of different recipes of nectar from guava

9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0

colour
aroma
taste
overall acceptability

t0

t1

t2

t3

t4

t5

t6

t7

t8

t9 t10 t11 t12

T0
T1
T2
T3
T4
T5
T6
T7
T8
T9
T10
T11
T12

METHODOLOGY
The experiment was conducted at
Horticulture Processing Laboratory of
Department of Horticulture, IGKV, Raipur,
during the year 2014- 15. The investigation
was undertaken with a view to assess the
quality and shelf life of guava nectar
beverage during storage upto 90 days under
ambient condition. Fresh guava fruits were
procured from the horticultural farm of IGKV
and
analyzed
for
physico-chemical
characters. Then, nectar and RTS was
prepared by addition of different sweeteners
as per the treatments to test the efficacy of
the treatments. Nectar was prepared will
20% juice,18% TSS and 0.3% acidity.
Similarly in RTS contained juice 10%, TSS
15% and acidity 0.3%.

100 per cent Sugar

100 per cent Equal(Aspartame)
75 per cent Equal + 25 per cent Sugar
50 per cent Equal + 50 per cent Sugar
25 per cent Equal + 75 per cent Sugar
100 per cent Stevia
75 per cent Stevia + 25 per cent Sugar
50 per cent Stevia + 50 per cent Sugar
25 per cent Stevia+ 75 per cent Sugar
100 per cent Splenda (Sucralose)
75 per cent Splenda + 25 per cent Sugar
50 per cent Splenda + 25 per cent Sugar
25 per cent Splenda+ 75 per cent Sugar

CONCLUSION
Guava is abundantly found in Chhattisgarh but
due to perishable nature and short life of the fruits,
farmers are bound to sale it immediately at lower
prices. Thus processing technology may increase
the income, providing employment
and the
development of value added product..Thus
experiment was conducted to with a view to
develop value added products by processing
technology in Chhattisgarh region especially for
the diabetic patients who can guava products
during off season and round the year.

123

EVALUATION OF ANNONA GENOTYPES FOR RECIPE STANDARDIZATION

OF NECTAR AND RTS (Ready-to-Serve) BEVERAGES
KISHAN KUMAR
M.Sc. (Ag.) Horticulture, Final Year
DEPARTMENT OF HORTICULTURE
COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE
INDIRA GANDHI KRISHI VISHWAVIDYALAYA
RAIPUR (C.G.)
INTRODUCTION:

RESULT:

Custard
apple,
botanically
known as Annona squamosa L.,
is a rich source of different
minerals,
vitamins
and
carbohydrates etc.
Custard apple fruit is highly
perishable in nature and having
shelf life of four or five days. The
shorter shelf life makes the
marketability difficult.
Hence, there is an urgent
necessity to develop some
suitable technology for the
preparation of custard apple
beverages, which could be
economical and made available
to a large population.
Fruit beverages are easily
digestible,
highly refreshing,
thirst quenching and nutritionally
far superior than many synthetic
and aerated drinks.
Therefore, in order to explore
the possibilities of utilizing the
fruits for making different quality
products which can be stored for
longer
period,
recipe
standardized for nectar and RTS
(Ready-to-Serve) beverages of
Annona genotypes.

During the experiment, highest

organoleptic score (8.05) for nectar
was obtained by T3 (juice 20%, TSS
17%, acidity 0.3%) followed by T4
(juice 20%, TSS 18%, acidity 0.3%)
of genotype IGCA-38.
While in RTS, the highest
organoleptic score (8.23) was
obtained by T3 (juice 10%, TSS
13%, acidity 0.3%) of genotype
IGCA-21 followed by T6 (juice
10%, TSS 15%, acidity 0.3%) of
genotype IGCA-38.
However, all the treatments of all
genotypes for both nectar and RTS
observed
less
incidence
of
microbial population during the
storage.

Fig.01. Custard apple genotypes

Organoleptic score

Organoleptic evaluation of different recipes of nectar from custard apple

9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0

IGCA-18
IGCA-21
IGCA-37
IGCA-38

T1

T2

T3

T4

T5

T6

Treatment

T1: (20%
T2: (20%
T3: (20%
T4: (20%
T5: (20%
T6: (20%

METHODOLOGY:
The experiment was carried out
with four genotypes namely,
IGCA-18, IGCA-21, IGCA-37 &
IGCA-38 (Fig.01). Having six
recipe treatments for both nectar
and RTS. All the treatments in
nectar contained juice 20%,
acidity 0.3% and TSS per cent is
varied from 15, 16, 17, 18, 19 &
20. Similarly in RTS, containing
juice 20%, acidity 0.3% and TSS
per cent varied from 10, 11, 12,
13, 14 & 15. The products were
stored for 90 days in ambient
condition (Fig.02 a & b).

pulp, 15% TSS, 0.3% acidity)

pulp, 16% TSS, 0.3% acidity)
pulp, 17% TSS, 0.3% acidity)
pulp, 18% TSS, 0.3% acidity)
pulp, 19% TSS, 0.3% acidity)
pulp, 20% TSS, 0.3% acidity)

CONCLUSION:
Fig.02 a. Custard apple nectar in storage

Fig.02 b. Custard apple RTS in storage

124

Custard apple is abundantly

found in Chhattisgarh but due to
short shelf life of the fruit,
farmers are bound to sale it
immediately at lower prices.
Thus processing technology may
increase the income, providing
employment,
opportunities,
uplifting of poor small, marginal
and tribal farmers and the
development of value added
products.

HARNESSING THE POTENTIAL OF CAROTENOID PIGMENT FOR NATURAL COLOUR

PRODUCTION FROM MARIGOLD (Tagetes erecta L.) FLOWERS
Mukesh Kr Sahu and Gaurav Sharma
Department of Floriculture and landscape Architecture, IGKV, Raipur-492012 (CG)
INTRODUCTION:
Marigold (Tagetes erecta L.) is grown commercially in a large area in
Chhattisgarh state for loose flower production. It is grown as an
ornamental and landscape plant and also as a source of pigment for
poultry feed. The pigment is added to intensify the yellow colour of egg
yolks and broiler skin. Besides, marigold also has the potential to be used
for producing natural flower colour due to carotenoids for use as coloured
powder also known as gulal.
Now-a-days, several synthetic dyes are being banned for human
consumption with increasing awareness among people about health
hazards, ecological and environmental problems related to their use.
Therefore, the demand for natural colour is on the rise at local to global
level. Moreover, these natural colours are eco-friendly and have no
allergic action on skin. But, there is a need to develop improved colour
production technology which is not only more efficient but cost-effective
also.
,
Flower cultivation in Chhattisgarh
MATERIALS AND METHODS:
(2014-15)
The flowers will be collected, cleaned
Crop
Area (ha)
and dried.
Drying processes viz., shade drying,
Marigold
3663
microwave oven drying at various
Gladiolus
1665
temperatures will be assessed and
Tuberose
1405
standardized for petal meal yield.
Different methods of pulverization
Rose
957
and grinding will be assessed through
Chrysanthemum
276
grinders.
The ground fine powder obtained will
Gaillardia
161
be mixed with chemical free talcum
Jasmine
43
powder, besan and different flour
Others
1945
and evaluated.
Natural essences like rose, jasmine,
Total
10115
tuberose etc. will be tested and
Source: Directorate of Horticulture, CG Govt
mixing of colours will be carried out.
RESULTS:
The present study is thus planned to prepare natural flower colour
from the natural carotenoid pigment, offering an alternative to synthetic
colours. The proposed investigation is intended to generate natural flower
colour production technology by refining and improving the indigenous
Flower Petal drying
colour extraction technique to make it more efficient. Standardization of
drying process, grinding and use of essence will be done for natural colour
production. As the technology to be generated will be compatible with the
level of skill as well as socio-economic and cultural background, it is
expected to be adopted easily for generating income to make the living
Natural colour powder conditions of rural poor better and give a healthy life to consumers.

125

BIOSENSORS IN DETECTION OF HUMAN MICROBES

Background and objective
The human associated microbiota is diverse, varies between individuals and body sites, and is
important in human health. Microbes in human body play an essential role in the maintenance and
development of the immune system, metabolism, and homeostasis. The gut microbes have been
found to be the most diverse and constitute the densest cell number in the human microbiota.
Many studies have indicated that the imbalances in the human microbiota are related to numerous
disorders, such as inflammatory bowel disease, colorectal cancer and diabetes.
To overcome these disorders it is necessary to have knowledge about the existing microbial
population in the human body, which can be made possible by using a microbial biosensor.
Principle and mechanism
A microbial biosensor is an analytical device that couples microorganisms with a transducer to
enable rapid, accurate and sensitive detection of target analytes in fields as diverse as medicine,
environmental monitoring, defense, food processing and safety.
The transducers employed in enzyme sensors also used here. Potentiometric or amperometric
electrodes (pCO2, pNH3, pO2) are particularly useful because they already have a gaspermeable hydrophobic membrane (teflon or silicone).
The microorganism is inserted between this membrane and a microporous or dialysis membrane.
In contrast to enzymes, once the microorganism is immobilized it must be kept in a basal culture
medium so as to maintain its activity.
Device can therefore be designed in such a way that transfers body scan data to smartphones and
tablet computers.
With these microbial biosensors attached to the human body at leisure time, we can detect the
microbial population present in the human body.
Early detection of these microbes may also help in the creation of treatment plans based on this
we can bring about balance in microbial population in human body.

126

Materials and Methods

Introduction

Preparation of aqueous extracts

Agriculture is the backbone of Indian economy. About 65% of Indian population

Fresh leaves of Azadirachta indica L selected tree plant

depends directly on agriculture. Agriculture derives its importance from the fact

species will be collected from the trees found in nearby places of

that it has vital supply and demand links with the manufacturing sector. During the
past five years agriculture sector has witnessed spectacular advances in the
production and productivity of food grains, oilseeds, commercial crops, fruits,

Agricultural College and Research Institute, Madurai. The fresh

leaves of the above species will be collected, cut into small pieces

vegetables, food grains, poultry and dairy. The fertility of soil is an important factor

and soaked in alcohol and water at 1:1 proportion and kept for

determining fertilizer requirements as well as the level of crop production that can

overnight. After 12 hrs, soaked leaves will be ground with the help

be obtained (Batish, 2001). Due to increasing the number of herbicide resistant

of mixer grinder. From the paste, the leaf extract for neem tree plant

weeds and environmental concerns about the safety of synthetic herbicides,

species will be prepared by filtration, which is 100 per cent stock

considerable effort has been put into designing alternative weed management
strategies and reducing dependence on synthetic herbicides (Teerarak et al., 2010).
The purpose of the present study is to reduce the chemical use and focus on the

solution . From the stock solution, 25 per cent, 50 per cent and 75

per cent concentration swill be prepared and sprayed as per the

importance of bio-pesticides usage. Allelopathy is one of the promising strategy,

treatment schedule.

which can be put to good use in several ways in agro ecosystem (Kamal and Bano,

Pre - treatment of seeds:

2009). Allelopathy is a phenomenon where a plant species chemically interfere

The test seeds of experiment will be pre-cleaned and treated by

with the germination, growth and development of other plant species and has been

using 0.1% mercuric chloride solution for 2-3 minutes.

known for over 2000 years. Compounds with allelopathic activity are present in
many plants and in many plant organs including leaves, stems, fruits and buds
(Mahall and Callaway, 1991; Indrajit, 1996 and Ashrafi et al., 2007). There are
many plants which are traditionally used for their medicinal value that showed

Laboratory experiment :
Test weed

: Parthenium hysterophorus L.

Treatment concentrations: Four concentrations of aqueous leaf

extract ( 0%,25%,50%,75%).

some allelopathic effect, like Basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) on some crops (Verma et
al., 2012), Eucalyptus on some seed plants (Lisanework and Michelen, 1993). The

Botanicals

: One

neem tree is a tropical evergreen tree native to India. Neem is known as the

Design

: Completely randomized design (CRD)

Replication

: Three

village pharmacy because of its healing versatility, and it has been used in
Ayurvedic medicine for more than 4,000 years due to its medicinal properties.
Parthenium can severely compete with annual crops and can cause
tremendous yield loss. Accordingly, Nath (1988), respectively, reported a yield
decrease of 40% in agricultural crops and up to 90% reduction in forage production
in grass lands due to this weed. Similarly, Tamado et al. (2002) demonstrated that a

Laboratory bioassays:
In a laboratory bioassay, the effect of different concentrations viz.,
25%, 50% and 75% of aqueous extracts of allelopathic potential of
botanical leaf extracts will be studying on the germination and early

Table
1. Inheritance
of Cry1Ab
toxin resistance
P. xylostella
40 to 90%
sorghum yield reduction
if Parthenium
weed is leftin
uncontrolled
through

seedling growth of Parthenium. Ten seeds of Parthenium will be

the cropping season. It also inhibited growth and nodulation of legumes because of

placed in 9 cm diameter Petri plates lined with whatman No. 1 filter

the inhibitory effect of allelochemicals on nitrogen fixing and nitrifying bacteria

papers moistened with 3ml of different concentrations of each

(Kanchan And Jayachandra, 1980) Besides, it adversely affects animal health,

production and quality of their produces (Tadesse et al., 2005), human health and
activities, ecology and biodiversity (Rezene et al., 2005). ). Keeping the above in

extract. The control treatments for extracts will receive the same
quantities of tap water. Each treatment will be replicated thrice.

view, the present work will be undertake to study the ). Keeping the above in

Plates will be incubated at 250C under 12 h light periods daily. After

view, the present work will be undertake to study the allelopathic potentialities of

seven days, seed germination, seedling root/shoot length and fresh

Azadirachta indica a. juss. aqueous leaf extract on seed germination and early

biomass will be determined.

seedling growth of Parthenium hysterophorus L.

Conclusion:

References

Further studies are required to isolate and Identification of an

allelopathic compound from Azadirachta indica a. juss to be used
as a lead for the synthesis of natural herbicides for the control of

one of the worlds worst environmentally-polluting Parthenium

weed.

RESEARCH POSTER PRESENTATION DESIGN 2012

www.PosterPresentations.com

127

Microbial degradation of Textile Dye by Bacillus spp.

TAMIL NADU AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY
AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE AND RESEARCH
INSTITUTE
MADURAI
R.MAHESH PRIYA
IST MSc. PLANT PATHOLOGY

INTRODUCTION:
Azo dyes are most carcinogenic, toxic and mutagenic. The azo bonds present in them are resistant to
breaking.
They affect soil fertility and also the growth and productivity of plants irrigated with the azo dyes
polluted water.

METHODS:
Common dye indigo blue was choosed.
Dye decolorizing bacteria was isolated from the soil and sludge samples.
Isolation was done by serial dilution technique in a medium.
Serial dilution technique
Enumeration of the bacteria and purification was done after studying the individual
colony characters.
Then the isolated colonies were enriched in enrichment medium and dye decolorizing bacteria was
identified.
Decolorization at different dye concentration.
Dye decolorization optimization was done using indigo blue dye.
Time course of decolorization was carried out under optimum conditions .
Bio-assay for dye toxicity/phytotoxicity was done by seed germination method.
The study was conducted in pot culture .
Pot sown with bean seed treated with the dye effluent water and dye degraded solutions(treated with the
bacteria) separately.
Seeds germinated in pots treated with distilled water were used as control.
EXPECTED RESULTS;
The seedling which was grown in dye effluent degraded with bacteria and control was almost same.
CONCLUSION:
The ability of the strain to tolerate, decolorize azo dyes at high concentration gives it an advantage for
treatment of textile industry .waste waters. However, potential of the strain needs to be demonstrated for its
application in treatment of real dye bearing waste waters using appropriate bioreactors.

128

Bioremediation using bacteria for heavy metals

S. kathiravan
PG Scholar (I M.Sc. Pathology)
Department of plant pathology
Agricultural College and Research Institute, Madurai.

INTRODUCTION:
Bioremediation is a process that uses microorganisms or their enzymes to promote
degradation and/or removal of contaminants from the environment. The use of microbial
metabolic ability for degradation/removal of environmental pollutants provides an economic and
safe alternative compared to other physicochemical methodologies.

Biosorption mechanisms

HEAVY METALS AND THE ENVIRONMENT

Conclusion:
A number of important molecular tools have
been developed for genetic and metabolic
engineering
of
microorganisms
for
the
degradation of environmental contaminants.
These new tools will make the construction
of new or improved strains much easier and
quicker than in the past. However, these genetic
modifications should be understood in full and
any research must always determine the actual
risks and benefits involved.

129

Mollusks Factory Vs Corn Factory

Kashmiri

Pearls are made of NACRE

A natural substance produced by mollusks

that also costs the inside of the animals shell
(also called mother of pearl)
Nacre is made up mostly of calcium
carbonate in the form of the mineral aragonite
and held together by crystal layers called
conchiolin

Natural
Parasitic Invasion
Natural supply has
depleted over
centuries

Cultured
Pearls

Isolation of the
gene
conchiolin and
gene in the
pathway which
deposit the
Aragonite

Maize
transformation

kernel specific
expression

Plant
Periculture

bead or tissue
nucleation
Need highly trained
technician and
mantle tissue

No matter what people tell you, words and ideas can change the world.

Robin Williams

130

PLANT VACCINES

S.Sivajothi
Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics
Agricultural College and Research Institute, Madurai

INTRODUCTION:

A vaccine contains an agent that resembles a disease-causing microorganism and is often made from
weakened or killed forms of the microbe, its toxins or one of its surface proteins.
In the edible vaccine, Transgenic plants are used as vaccine production systems. The genes encoding
antigens of bacterial and viral pathogens can be expressed in plants in a form in which they retain native
immunogenic properties.

DEVELOPING AN PLANT VACCINE

MECHANISM OF ACTION

METHOD OF TRANSFORMATION OF DNA OR GENE INTO THE PLANT

A.Vector mediated- Agrobacterium tumefaciens.
B.Vectorless or Direct gene transfer- It has variety of
techniques,
Gene gun ( Biolistic method/Particle gun)
Electroporation(pulse of high voltage)
Microinjection.
Chemical mediated gene transfer (PEG) , dextran sulphate &
Calcium phosphate)
Lipofection
Conjuction (natural microbial recombination )

Edible vaccines are effective as delivery vehicle for immunization

131

GENOTYPING BY SEQUENCING FOR PLANT BREEDING

AND GENETICS
Manikandan.v , , PG Scholar
Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics,
Agricultural College and Research Institute, Madurai 625 104

GBS as a rapid and robust approach for reduced representation sequencing of

multiplexed samples that combines genome-wide molecular marker discovery
and genotyping.
Objective
Unique tool for genomics-assisted breeding in a range of plant species,
including those with complex genomes that lack a reference sequence
Connect phenotype to genotype and use this knowledge to make phenotypic
predictions and select improved plant types
Basic methods of sequencing
Maxam-Gilbert sequencing - Requires radioactive labeling at one 5' end of
the DNA and purification of the DNA fragment to be sequenced. To visualize
the fragments, the gel is exposed to X-ray film for autoradiography, yielding
a series of dark bands each corresponding to a radiolabeled DNA fragment.
Chain-termination methods - used fewer toxic chemicals and lower
amounts of radioactivity

Next generation sequencing

Two key components for genotyping germplasm are finding DNA

sequence polymorphisms and assaying the markers across a full set of
material
Allow both SNP marker confirmation and de novo marker (SNP)
discovery, even in cases where there is no reference genome
Provide attractive, low-cost options for large numbers of samples and
data points
Utilize highly multiplexed sequencing to scale from thousands to millions
of data points per day
Enable 24 hour sequencing turnaround times to facilitate efficient
planning for the next reproduction cycle

Conclusion:
For GS in crop species, breeders need a fast, inexpensive, flexible method that will
enable genotyping of large populations of selection candidates. A majority of the
selection candidates are then discarded, creating a situation that is greatly benefited
from low-cost genotyping. Genotyping-by-sequencing is quickly expanding to fill
those requirements.

132

BREEDING FOR ROOT TRAITS TO ENHANCE NUTRIENT UPTAKE FOR

HIGH YIELDING RICE TO REDUCE FERTILIZER APPLICATION
M.Kanimoli Mathivathana, I-Ph.D (Agri.)
Department of Plant Breeding & Genetics, AC & RI, Madurai - 625104

Introduction:

Rice is the worlds most important cereal crop

Fertilizers are a costly input and the use of
fertilizers for these rice nutrients is notoriously
inefficient.
To improve the Zn and P acquisition efficiency of
rice roots arises because P and Zn fertilizers are not
always adequate to overcome the crop production
constraints.
Zinc and Phosphorus form insoluble complex in the
soil, cost effective and cause pollution

Role of P & Zn:

Their roles within plants are contrasting
Root traits that enhance their acquisition are similar.
Since, both nutrients have poor mobility in soils
Many traits that enhance the capture of P will also
improve Zn acquisition
New Prospects:
Marker-assisted selection (MAS) approach
Selection on some trait to improve nutrient uptake
and yield. E.g. IRRI breeding line IR55179 low Zn in
soil, it out-performed even the most tolerant check
variety
Nutrient-acquisition trait in rice is the Pup1 locus
(maintaining crown root emergence), which had been
mapped as a major QTL for P uptake, biomass and grain
yield under low-P field conditions (Wissuwa and Ae,
2001a; Wissuwa et al., 2002).
Pup1 has now been transferred to modern rice
variation through marker-assisted backcrossing with field
screening (Gamuyao et al., 2012).
Few traits have proved effective in applied plant
breeding, the selection for shallow root angle being one
of the few positive exceptions (Lynch, 2007; Wissuwa et
al., 2009).
To develop rice cultivars with shallow root, relying
on the introgression of the Dro1 (Chr.9) and qSOR1
(Chr.7) loci into a recipient variety such as IR64.
To identify major QTL for tolerance to Zn
deficiency the two main tolerance mechanisms are
crown root emergence and DMA (Deoxy mugineic acid)
exudation

Future outcome:

Foreground
&Back
ground
Screening
using
Marker

Maintenance of root
traits
Rootshoot resource
allocation
Overcome oxidative
stress

Improved soil exploration

Enhanced root length
Formation of root hairs &
finer roots
Increased crown root number
Enhanced uptake efficiency
Higher transporter
number/efficiency

Root traits to increase uptake

efficiency by P and Zn transporters
Rice has 13 known P transporters -12
are expressed and an additional 13 putative
P transporters have recently been identified
(Liu et al., 2011).
Only two transporters have been
functionally characterized, revealing that
OsPT2 encodes a low-affinity and OsPT6 a
high affinity transporter (Ai et al., 2009).

Zn-deficient soil

RIL46 -Tolerant

IR74 - sensitive

Due to deficiency of phosphorus and Zinc are the major constrains to its rice production.
Where fertilizer is applied to overcome these nutritional constrains it comes at substantial cost to farmers
and the efficiency of fertilizer use is low. Breeding for improved nutrient acquisition can be approached with
modern breeding tools based on transgenic approaches or MAS or through conventional breeding schemes
that typically rely on some form of phenotypic selection in target environments. Few root traits have been
used successfully in plant breeding for enhanced P and Zn uptake in rice or any other crop.

133

HYBRID IN TIL-AN UNEXPLOITED AREA

Sesamum indicum L
J.S.Navaneetha
Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics
Agricultural College and Research Institute, Madurai

INTRODUCTION:

Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) is one of the oldest oil seed crops known to and used by man.
It yields oil and protein of high quality and holds tremendous potential for export. However the
average per hectare yield of sesame in India is very low as compared to other producing
countries. This is mainly due to the lack of improved cultivars. There is an urgent need to
augment its productivity through exploitation of heterosis which is a quick and convenient way
of combining desirable traits from diverse parents.
Sesame has a distinct advantage in the development
of hybrids
low seed rate
High multiplication ratio
Epipetalous
floral
structure
enables
easy
emasculation
Natural out crossing to the extent of 14 to 65%

HYBRID SEED PRODUCTION

Single labour could make crosses for
about 900 flowers per day.
The success of crossing is also very
high.
A single crossed flower may yield about
64 seeds
The total cost of hybrid seed production
in sesame was computed at Rs.
37,000/ha.
The cost of manually produced hybrid
seed
ranged
from Rs.400/kg
to
Rs.1000/kg depending mostly upon
labour cost
Normal yield:400-800kg/ha
Farmer
can
get
minimum
Rs2,00,000/ha through hybrid seed
production

Conclusion
Farmers could benefit from this
hybrid seed production
Hybrid seed from sesame also
gives 40% heterosis in yield
increasing the productivity

134

Elite inbred line development with high oil and yield along with high oleic acid content in Sunflower
( Helianthus annuus L.)
S.R. Kanimozhi*1, Dr. C. Vanniarajan2 and Dr. N. Manivannan3
1&2Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics,
Agriculture College and Research Institute, Madurai- 625 104
3Department of Oilseeds, Centre for Plant Breeding and Genetics
Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore- 641 003.
*E-mail: sivarajukani@yahoo.in

INTRODUCTION
Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) is one of the most important oilseed crops mostly as a source of vegetable oil and
proteins.
The oil is used mainly as a salad oil and cooking medium, but industrial applications include use as frying oil and other
products.
However sunflower oil is often judged unsuitable for continuous deep-frying which leads to the formation of off-flavours
and odours, associated with rancidity, as well as loss of functional and nutritional value.
New market requirements regarding the product safety lead to the necessity of resistant oils to high temperatures which
are well as those that as less saturated resist longer to oxidation.
The health beneficiary effects, the high oxidative stability and no need of hydrogenation are the reasons why breeding for
sunflower oil with high oleic acid becomes necessary.

mmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmm
mmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmm
mmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmm
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The experimental material comprised of 4 parents viz., COSF 1B, TNHSF 239-61-2-4-1 , HO 5-7 and HO 5-13 and 4
mmmmmmmm,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
crosses viz., COSF 1B HO 5-7, COSF 1B HO 5-13, TNHSF 239-61-2-4-1 HO 5-7 and
TNHSF 239-61-2-4-1 HO 5-13
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Biometrical observations were recorded for each and every plant and the mean value was used for statistical analysis.
FLOW CHART OF THE WORK
FATTY ACID PROFILE OF SUNFLOWER
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
F
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Selfing
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
F
HO 5-7
HO 5-13

COSF 1B
TNHSF
239-61-2-4-1

Kharif 2013

Rabi/Summer
2012-13

Summer 2014

Selfing
F3

Kharif 2014

Selfing
F4

Summer 2015

Selfing
F5

Kharif 2015

135

CONCLUSION
The present research work helps in developing
inbred lines with high oil content and yield along
with high oleic acid content.
A new inbred line with high oleic trait will be
developed which can be further used in the
development of a high oleic sunflower hybrid.

Traditional Knowledge in Enthnobotany

S.Anish
Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics
Agricultural College and Research Institute, Madurai -625104.
email:saleemanish753@gmail.com

Importance:
Traditional practices have significantce on Ethnobotany.
Ethnobotany is the scientific study of the relationships between people and plants.
Sub disciplines- Ethnomycology, Paleoethnobotany , Ethnogynaecology, Ethnomusicology Ethnopharmacology,
Ethnotoxicology, Ethnolinguistics.

Objective:

Maintain the value of traditional system of plants used by our ancestors in different rituals in Hindus.

Freshness, Prosperity and Confidence

Scientific Reason-Increase digestion.

Pot - Mother Earth, water is the life giver, coconut the divine consciousness and the mango
leaves symbolizes life. The whole "Purnakumbha" is symbolizes Goddess Lakshmi.
Scientific Reason: Represents body and 72000 nerves.

Tree symbolizes the Trimurti-Lord Vishnu, Lord Shiva and Lord Brahma.
Scientific Reason: Obseved more amount of carbon dioxide.
Thulasi leaves resembles Lord vishnu mythologicaly should not eat .
Scientific Reason : Leaves contain mercury it affect our teeth.
Prevents insects ,snakes and mosquitoes from entering the house.
Peepal Tree- symbol of Vishnu. Be life that roots being Brahma, the trunk Vishnu and the
leaves Shiva.
Scientific Reason : It produces oxygen even at night

Ancestors practiced these tradition not as superstition but for their scientific value. The Tradition should be
followed not negligible

136

Development of Cyanogen free protein tuber in cassava

G. Thamodharan, Ph.D. scholar, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University
Agricultural College and Research Institute, Madurai-625 104
Importance

Regeneration, rooting, hardening and field planting for tuber production

Steps in development of protein tuber in cassava through genetic
engineering and regeneration of plants through tissue culture

Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) is origin of Central America. It is

cultivated worldwide for its tuber contains large amount of starch, which is
of industrial value in addition to it also contain cynogen an anti nutritional
factor hinder consumptive value as food.

Cynogen is toxic to mammals when it is ingested through feed. Because

To enhance its consumptive value it is essential to go for alternative

of its undesirable feature it s consumptive value as a food is hindered.

strategies like genetic engineering.

One possible strategy is to integrate the protein synthesizing gene from

black gram to cassava in tissue specific manner will enhance the protein
production. By this way its consumptive use value will increase as an
alternative food.

Objectives

Convert starch rich tuber to protein tuber

Reduce the cynogen content and increase the consumptive value

Development of alternate food

Reduce malnutrition and hunger strike

Methodology

Isolation and cloning of protein synthesizing and cynogen neutralizing

gene from black gram

Construction of foreign gene construct into suitable the vector

Insertion of foreign gene into the host plant (cassava)

Culturing of tissue under in vitro condition containing foreign gene

(Agrobacterium)

137

A Collaborative Approach to Identify Superior Rice Germplasm(s) for High

Temperature Tolerance and Post Harvest Quality for Summer Season
[

Introduction

Ashutosh Patre (M.Sc. (Ag.)previous Plant Physiology)

Department of Plant Physiology Agriculture Biochemistry, Medicinal and Aromatic Plants
College of Agriculture, Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur

Chhattisgarh state is known as rice bowl, which pre dominate in rice cultivation. Higher percent area of which are prone to drought and high
temperature as only 20% of rice area has protective Irrigation. Being a major crop of Chhattisgarh, paddy is grown in summer season also. The main
reason behind the summer paddy is higher productivity and lesser problem of insects and pests. Rice appears to be most sensitive to high temperature at
post anthesis period. Heat stress is known to influence the phenological, physiological & biochemical events consequently the productivity.
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC )-2007 has predicted that, every 10C increase in night temperature will reduce rice yields by 0.3 tons
per hecter. On another hand the raw milling of summer paddy yields more of broken, though major part of paddy is milled to produce rice as raw due to
less demand of parboiled rice. The climatic effect on milling characteristics may also vary from variety to variety. The summer rice at the harvesting time
face very high temperature along with hot and dry air waves affecting the seed setting. These conditions are of regular occurrence and comes distress to
the farmers and rice millers.
Hence, development and identification of technologies/varieties where crop yields were less affected due to global warming is the research priority.
Temperature induction response technique(TIR) is an efficient technique for identifying high temperature tolerant lines in cereals. The genetic variability in
gene expression upon induction stress is responsible for differential survival. From this background rice genotypes will be first screened for high
temperature tolerance using TIR technique along with biochemical and molecular approach for further field evaluation and post harvest quality.
Phenotypic markers: - Days & time to flowering & anthesis, Heading
time (days)

EXPERIMENTAL DETAILS
The experiment shall be conducted in three parts.

Yield determinates: - Seed growth rate, panicle harvest index, leaf

susceptibility index, filled unfilled ratio, grain no & grain
weight/panicle, pollen viability, pollen fertility, spikelet sterility, pollen
shedding, fertile spikelet ration.

1. Screening of rice varieties for thermotolerance through TIR

(Temperature Induction Response) technique.
2. Physiological, biochemical & molecular analysis to assess the stress
effect under field condition.
3. Post harvest quality analysis of selected germplasm(s).
Plant material:
Germplasms will be collected from International rice heat tolerance nursery
Improved released varieties and Germplasms from IGKV
First experimental part:
Temperature induction response (TIR) technique: This approach is
based on the fact, temperature stress develops gradually from sub lethal
levels to lethal levels stress.
Induction temperature:
To screen different rice varieties for thermo tolerance at seedling stage
the seedlings will be exposed to different induction temperature, and will be
allow to recover at 300C for 3 days.
At the end, recovery percentage and reduction in growth over absolute
seedlings will be calculated. Some HSPs can also be analyzed, which
suppose to be as molecular chaperons protecting the functional protein
along with stress related enzymes

Third Experimental Part: Post harvest analysis

Physical qualities of grain
Physical qualities can be affected by the growth conditions of the
plant, in particular high temperatures during grain filling, field fertilisation
(e.g. N kg per hectare) and harvest moisture. The following character will
be analysed.
Millout percentage
Grain dimension
chalk content & Colour
Biochemical/Cooking qualities
The composition, structure and interaction of grain components
largely define the milling/cooking qualities. The following character will be
analysed.
Starch content (amylose)
Protein content
Lipid content

Second experimental part:

Gelatinisation temperature

Physiological evaluation of rice varieties under field conditions:

Five randomly chosen plants in each genotype will be labeled and use
for recording different morphological, physiological, biochemical and yield
parameters.

Viscosity
Elongation after cooking
Expected outcome:

Observations to be recorded
Morpho-physiological: - Plant height, flag leaf area, chlorophyll value,
membrane injury percent, canopy temperature.

138

Development & identification of high temperature tolerant

varieties/germplasm(s) on the basis of their physiological, Biochemical
and molecular character could be proved beneficial.

Identification of regeneration potential in Karaya tree

(Sterculia urens Roxb.) for mass propagation in
Chhattisgarh
Nutan singh (M.Sc.(Ag.) Plant Physiology)
Department of Plant Physiology Agriculture Biochemistry, Medicinal and Aromatic
Plants
College of Agriculture, Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur (C.G.)

INTRODUCTION:

Karaya (Sterculia urens Roxb) is

indigenous to India having a wide
distribution. It is a member of
Sterculiaceae family, abundantly
found in the dry
deciduous
forest in MP and Chhattisgarh. Its
gum is very expensive in National
and International market and
utilized in pharmaceutical, food ,
cosmetics and other industries.
Unscientific tapping of gum, low
efficacy
of
pollination
and
destruction of seeds by monkey,
squirrels, man, insect reducing
its population and this species is
enlist in an endangered plant
species. To overcome these
problems, the establishment of a
program
for
identifying
regeneration potential in Karaya
tree (Sterculia urens Roxb.) for
mass
propagation
in
Chhattisgarh would be a great
way to conserve this valuable
elite gum producer tree for
genetic resource conservation .
Its further plantation via mass
propagation would be a great
contribution of the state economy
as well as it will improve the
livelihood of the tribals of
Chhattisgarh.

OBJECTIVES

1.Standardiization of the techniques to

rejuvenation through stump/cuttings
2. Development of protocol for nursery
development
through
seed
for
mass
plantation.
3. To develop protocol through in
vitro propagation.

METHODOLOGY:

Surface sterilization seed shown in

various time since 14 June to march
2015 in one month intervals various type
of soil i.e, inceptisoil ,vertisoll , Alfisoil in
combination with sand, cuttings, stump
high gum yielding trees were planted
with treated of IAA, ABA and NAA @ 250
and 500ppm. Protocol for development
of plantlets through tissue culture will be
standardizing in M.S. Medium.

CONCLUSION

Highest germination per cent of

karaya (Sterculia urens Roxb.) was
found in the month of June.
No
any
seed
dormancy
was
observed in seed; hence, there is no
need of any seed treatment for
breaking seed dormancy.
Seedlings can be developed in soil
sand FYM 1:1:1 and the plants when a
stem knot at the base of the stem
developed it is ready for transplanting
in the field after twelve to fifteen
months.
NAA @ 500ppm was found effective
when stumps treated with NAA for
3hrs before plantation.

139

Instant Pathogen Detection in Drinking Water: Easy to use Dipstick

Karthika Velusamy1 and M. Maheswari2

1Ph.D. Scholar, 2Professor,

Dept of Environmental Sciences, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore - 641003

Concept

Proposed Methodology

Highlights

Dipstick prototype is based on Lateral Flow

Collection and Characterization of different disease causing

Rapid and Sensitive detection of pathogen using robust immuno

Immunoassay technique for qualitative,

virulent pathogens eg. Escherichia coli strains and and

semiquantitative monitoring of living entites

identification of pathogen/antigen motif unique to the casual

like dieseae causing pathogens.

This technique has found larger application
in clinical biology viz. HCG test and HIVinfection testing kit, but not much exploited
in environmental safety/quality assesments.
This user friendly ready-to-use device
includes a nitrocellulose membrane on
which capturing reagents (antibody) are
immobilized in spatially confined zones and

sensitive tool to assess pathogen in drinking water

organism

Extraction and partial purification of antigen

Raising of Monoclonal / Antisera using rabbit or mouse system
Purification of monoclonal antibody by affinity chromatography
and assessment of specificity using ELISA and Dot Immuno-

Synthesis, characterization and functionalization of colloidal gold

nanoparticle

labelled with gold nanoparticles is pre-

Evaluation of the prototype

Foreign
Proteins

Viruses

patenting of antibody used against pathogen

Need for ethical committees approval to carryout rabbit

Bacteria

Need for mechanized thin sprayer for antibodies to facilitate large

scale production of dipsticks

Antigens

Acknowledgements

Upon the arrival of the antigen/pathogen to

develops as result of Pathogen-antibody-

A product development driven research which would result in

immunization experiment

Conjugation of functionalized NPs with Anti-body on Dip stick

adsorbed.

Developing viable technology which could be replicated for other

bacterial and fungal pathogens polluting water

Limitation

binding Assay

a conjugate pad on which the antibody

stick (antibody), red colour indications

chromatographic technique
Empowering layman and researchers with portable, rapid and

Parasites

gold nanoparticle interaction indicating the

presense of pathogen.

Humoral Response

140

Fungi

Dr. M. Maheshwari (ENS), Dr. N. Natrajan (NST) and Dr. P.

Subramanian (ENS) for their insights and motivation in making me to
bring out this innovative concept

Fueling Changes in Mindset Towards Recycling Wastes

C.SANDHIYA
PG Scholar (I M.Sc. Extension Education)
Department of Agricultural Extension and Rural Sociology
Agricultural College and Research Institute, Madurai-625104

Burning of dry
leaves in AC&RI,
Madurai

Waste
accumulated in
road side

Enrollment of Members for

Providing Inputs:-

Blue card- seeds and

compost as reward
Pink card- only seeds
but are paid for the
wastes
Green card- only paid
for the input they are
giving.

Project can be taken

over by:-

Composting the
wastes.

Membership enrollment can be

conducted at ADA office or at
particular blocks by conducting
camps.

141

Government
NGO
Agri Graduates

COMPOUNDS CONCERN IN THE AIR

Kanimozhi.S , Ph.D Scholar
Department of Environmental Sciences, TNAU, Coimbatore;
email id-kanimozhionline@gmail.com

COMPOUNDS CONCERN

MEASURES TO CONTROL AIR POLLUTION

Methane captured from landfills or manure can be used to run residential stoves
Supply of improved diesel and gasoline

Operating Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) mode public transport

Battery electric vehicle - reduction of local air pollution
Recommendation for emission reductions from power plants and more stringent national
vehicle emission standards

142

WONDER CAPSULES

Introduction

K.Angalaeeswari, II Ph.D Scholar

Department of Environmental Sciences, TNAU, Coimbatore-3
Email: anga_2007@yahoo.co.in

Microencapsulated carbon sorbents is used to create novel carbon capture media

composed of polymer microcapsules with thin walled, CO2 permeable solid shells that
contain a liquid sorbent core. They have significant performance advantages over the
carbon-absorbing materials used in current capture and sequestration technology.
Application of wonder capsules

Thermal power plant

Cement Kiln
Pharmaceutical industries
Cosmetic industries
Agricultural industries
Other industries

Release CO2

Baking Soda Capsules Capture CO2

Carbon absorption and desorption

Mitigation
Preparation of microcapsules
MECS are produced using a double-capillary
device in which the flow rates of three fluids :
1. Aqueous carbonate solution for the
carbon capture solvent
2. A hydrophobic photo polymerizable
silicone for the shell material
3. An aqueous carrier fluid with surfactant

143

MECS offer a promising approach

for large-scale carbon capture from
power plants
Reduce GHGs emission
Safer and more energy efficient
Easy to handle, minimal waste
cheap to make and will not release
toxic VOCs compounds.
.

ERGONOMICS- AN EMINENT TECHNOLOGY

IN FOOD PROCESSING UNITS THE CHALLENGE AHEAD
R.THARANI
I-M.Sc (Food and Nutrition)
Department of Food Science and Nutrition
Home Science College and Research Institute
Madurai- 625 104.

Introduction
India is one the leading food processing countries in the world. The
works carried out by food processing units like lifting, packing, moving heavy
objects, icing, grading etc., without rest breaks leads to physical and
psychological stress also leads to muscular skeletal disorder(MSD). This
occupational hazard could be reduced by ergonomics. Ergonomics is the most
growing and innovative field in all industry which enhance the work and life
span of human beings.

Study objective

Decrease injuries, illnesses, and workers compensation costs.

Improve workers health outcomes.
Make it easier for workers to do high- quality work .
Increase productivity and profit.

Major contributing factors for MSD are:

Physical factors- physical demands of the job and risk factors
Environmental factors- hot/cold temperatures & high/low lighting
Individual factors- age, gender, stature
Work organization factors- fast workspace, low staffing levels, shift work,

Ergonomical suggestions
To reduce or eliminate contributing factors for musculoskeletal disorders
and improve the fit between the worker and the task, via Engineering,
Administration improvements and Personal protective equipments.

Recommendation

Thus, the ergonomically designed equipments lessen

the musculoskeletal disorders and also lessen the time
consumption.

144

PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF FRUITS AS A NATURAL

CARRIER FOR ENCAPSULATION OF PROBIOTIC BACTERIA
RANJITHAM.A1, JESUPRIYA POORNAKALA.S2
1PG

Scholar, 2Assistant Professor, Dept of Food Science and Nutrition,

Home Science College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University,
Madurai-625104.

OBJECTIVES

INTRODUCTION

Probiotics are live microorganisms which when

administered in adequate amounts, confer health benefits
to the host includes inhibition of pathogens, maintenance
of health promoting gut microflora, stimulation of
immune system etc.
They produce health benefits when the probiotic strains
should be present in a viable form at a suitable level
during the product processing, storage, consumption
until reaching the gastrointestinal tract.
Many reports indicated that there is poor survival of
probiotic bacteria in products containing free probiotic
cells which is influenced by many factors without
encapsulate it with suitable carrier material

1. To increase the probiotic viability through fruit

supported probiotic organism and use of the
produced biocatalysts for lactic acid production.
2. To improve, protect, and extend the probiotic
organisms storage life.
IMMOBILIZATION OF PROBIOTIC BACTERIA IN
FRUITS (BANANA AND PAPAYA)
Probiotic LAB

Active broth culture

Use of fruit pieces as

a carrier material

ENCAPSULATION

A process to entrap active agents within a carrier

material by using different methods like spray drying,
extrusion, and emulsion, etc.,
Alginate is a popular matrix for immobilization of lactic
acid bacteria and others supports used includes porous
foam glass particles, ceramic beads or porous glass,
poraver beads, and gluten pellets, etc.,
If it is a natural carrier means in addition it can improve
the aroma, taste and customer acceptance and useful for
protection of bacterial cells in food products as well as in
the gastrointestinal tract, appropriate selection of acid
and bile resistant strains, use of oxygen impermeable
containers, stress adaption, and others.
REFERENCE

Immobilization of
probiotic bacteria in
fruit pieces

Use of fruit immobilized

probiotic bacteria in food
fermentation

CONCLUSION

The survival strength of probiotic bacteria may be better

when immobilized by using fruit as a natural carrier material
and it will give fruity taste, aroma, and including the health
benefits of the fruit when compared to others.

Kourkoutas.Y, Xolias.V, Kallis.M, Bezirtzoglou.E, and Kanellaki.M, 2004, Lactobacillus casei cell immobilization on fruit pieces for
probiotic additive, fermented milk and lactic acid production, Process Biochemistry 40(2005)411-416.

145

NOVEL EDIBLE COATING FOR EGG PRESERVATION

1PG

SURIYA.S1, ILAMARAN.M2
Scholar, 2Assistant Professor, Dept of Food Science and Nutrition,
Home Science College and Research Institute,
Madurai.

INTRODUCTION
Eggs are an inexpensive source of high quality protein and other nutrients. However, they are highly perishable and can rapidly lose their

quality.
There is a need to develop a process to extend the shelflife of shell eggs and to reduce shell breakage. Coating eggs may increase shell strength

and potentially decrease the number of cracked eggs.

Edible coatings can provide an additional protective coating for fresh products and can also give the same effect as modified atmosphere

storage .

OBJECTIVES
To select and optimize the suitable spice extract to combine with

the coating medium.

To observe the effect of different spice based coating medium on

the internal quality of the egg.

METHODOLOGY
Starch based coating solution was prepared by dissolving malto dextrin with different concentration of spices extracts viz., turmeric and ginger
were prepared. Freshly laid eggs coated separately with selected spices extract with malto dextrin as medium for coating and were stored under
room and refrigeration temperature to assess the shelflife of the eggs. The quality characteristics such as Haughs unit, air space, yolk albumen
ratio, weight loss, yolk index, yolk percentage and albumen percentage were determined.

Results
AIR SPACE

HAUGHS UNIT
No. of
weeks
1

control

T1
R1

T2

No. of

T3
R1

R2

weeks

86.51 100.17 71.71

98.85

69.54

R2

R1

R2

control

T1

YOLK-ALBUMEN RATIO

T2

No. of

T3

R1

R2

R1

R2

R1

R2

40.47

44.94

40.3

42.49

41.21

40.46

41.1

weeks
1

control
200

T1

T2

T3

R1

R2

R1

R2

R1

R2

116.6

155.5

125

161.9

210.5

156.5
181.25

65.5

100.9

66.74

76.71

103.3

65.70

42.2

41.4

40.47

41.73

119.04

157.8

43.4

69.98

66.83

68.21

40.7

40.37

40.53

96

108.5

87.5

77.59

66.55

62.42

43.8

40.7

40.1

80.7

46

52.05

70.58

67.94

69.63

41.16

40.88

40.11

52.2

100

78.2

71.09

71.09

71.18

40.87

40.42

41.67

51.61

58.3

103.7

67.39

80.27

69.46

40.72

40.71

40.61

48.85

29.14

60.5

Conclusion
The study showed that the shelflife of the ginger extract coated egg stored under refrigerated temperature increased up to 50 days of storage with
excellent storage quality characteristics.

146

PRESERVATION OF POMEGRANATE ARILS IN SUGAR SYRUP

THIRUKKUMAR.S
Ist M.Sc.,(Food and Nutrition)
Department of Food Science and Nutrition,
HSC&RI, TNAU, Madurai-625 104

INTRODUCTION

Pomegranate (Punica granatum) is a typical fruit from many subtropical and tropical countries, including
almost all Mediterranean countries. India ranks first in the pomegranate production (8.07 lakh tonnes) in the world, on an area of
1.09 lakh hectares with productivity of 7.40 t/ha. More than 90 percent of the fresh produce is utilized for domestic fresh
consumption and export. The main pomegranate growing states in India are Maharashtra, Karnataka, Gujarat, Rajasthan,
Uttar Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu. The edible portion of the pomegranate is an excellent dietary source as it
contains a significant proportion of organic acids, soluble solids, polysaccharides, vitamins, fatty acids and mineral elements of
nutritional significance.
Limited research such as MAP and CAP are available for processed pomegranate arils but which have a low
shelf life. Inspite of huge production and only few pomegranate processing products are available in the market. Hence, in this
research has been proposed to develop preservation of pomegranates arils in sugar syrup to obtain ready-to-eat arils, with intact
sensory and nutritional properties, represents a real possibility to increase the production and consumption of pomegranates
products for human health.

NUTRITIONAL BENEFITS
The pomegranate has been regarded as a food medicine of great importance for therapeutic purposes like colic,
colitis- diarrhea, dysentery, leucorrhea, paralysis and headache.
There has been a remarkable increase in the commercial farming of the pomegranates globally, due to the potential health
benefits of the fruit such as its high antioxidant, anti-mutagenic, anti-hypertension activities and the ability to reduce liver
injury.
The pomegranate polyphenolic compounds are able to elevate the antioxidant capacity of the human body. Pomegranate fruit
is also known for its anti-inflammatory and antiatherosclerotic effect activity against osteoarthritis, prostate cancer, heart
disease and HIV-I.
Pomegranate juice also increases the bodys resistance against infections, acts as cooling beverage and tones up the
function of kidney, liver and heart.
Methodology for preservation of
pomegranate arils in sugar syrup
Pomegranate fruits
Extraction of arils manually
Washing with salt (2%) and
citric acid (5%)
Washing with water
Removing the surface moisture
(shade drying)
Preserving the arils in the sugar syrup
containing TSS (30 to 60 B) with
citric acid (0.5 to 2%) and
sodium benzoate (0.1%)
Packing
(PET, Glass, PP containers)
Storing

Nutritive value of fresh

Pomegranate fruit
Particulars
Nutrient Value/100g
Energy
65 Kcal
Carbohydrates
14.5 g
Protein
1.60 g
Total Fat
0.1 g
Cholesterol
0 mg
Dietary Fiber
5.1 g
Vitamins
Niacin
0.3 mg
Riboflavin
0.10 mg
Thiamin
0.060 mg
Vitamin C
16 mg
Electrolytes
Sodium
0.9 mg
Potassium
133 mg
Minerals
Calcium
10 mg
Iron
1.79 mg
Magnesium
44 mg
Manganese
0.77 mg
Phosphorus
70 mg
Source: Nutritive value of Indian foods,
NIN, ICMR, Hyderabad, 2007

PRESERVATION TECHNIQUE
In recent years, minimally processed pomegranate arils have become popular due to their convenience,
high value, unique sensory characteristics, value added products preparation and health benefits.
The microbial stability and safety of most foods is based on a combination of several factors that is complex
interactions of temperature, water activity, pH, redox potential, etc.
The preservation of pomegranate arils involves extracting the arils from the pomegranate fruits and treating
with sugar syrup containing citric acid and sodium benzoate. In this compounds will act as stored products
such as pH modifications by citric acid, plasmolysis of cells by sugar syrup and proton ionospheres activity
by sodium benzoate. In this reason microbial cell structure will be damaged and inhibit their growth to the
products.
EXPECTED OUTCOME OF THE RESEARCH
The innovative product developed from the project/research would have good storage
stability with maximum nutrient retention and improve the health status.
Easy acceptable by all age group.
This processing technique is simple and easy adoptable, so it will create the great potential
for commercial production and marketing.
This high quality product developed from this project will help to improve the economic
status of the producer such as farmers and entrepreneurs.
CONCLUSION
The pomegranate fruit is considered as the suitable fruit for the processing and utilization due to its
excellent flavour, colour, physico-chemical constitution and therapeutic properties. Pomegranate processing
and product diversification has played important role in the increased consumption and utilization of
pomegranate. But it should not available throughout years. In this new research and development activity on
pomegranate arils in sugar syrup will be increase the availability and develop the new technologies for
pomegranate juice derived food products like juice, squash, beverage, molasses, juice concentrates, frozen
seeds, jam, jelly, marmalades, grenadine, wine, seeds in syrup, pomegranate spirits, pomegranate powder,
pomegranate rind powder, confectionery, etc.

147

APPLICATION OF SOUS VIDE

TECHNOLOGY FOR PRESERVATION
OF WET SPICE MIXES
R.Tharani, R.Saravanakumar
I-M.Sc student, Asst. Prof (HDT)

INTRODUCTION
Sous-vide food processing is an advanced
method of cooking whereby fresh food is vacuum
sealed in heat-stable, high barrier plastic pouches or
films, and then cooked (pasteurized) to time and
temperature combinations sufficient to destroy
vegetative pathogens but mild enough to maximize
the sensory characteristics of the product.

EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN
Selection of Fresh, Top-quality
Ingredients and Mixing
Basic Preparation
(Seasonings, frying or grinding)
Packaging
Air Extraction and Hermetic
Sealing

OBJECTIVE
To standardize the wet - spice blends for the
selected spices based ethnic cuisines.
To investigate the application of Sous vide
technology for the processing of the
standardized wet - spice blends
To study the quality evaluation of the Sous
vide processed spices blends stored in different
refrigeration conditions
To assess the flavor retention and nutraceuticals
properties of the spice blends

Pasteurization
Quick-chilling
Storage In Cold Chamber
Reheating
Preparation Of Recipes
Service

FUTURE OUTCOME

Production of original, high

quality, fresh spice mixes using
locally cultivating spices.
Increase the shelf life of the Sous
vide processed fresh spice mixes by
developing improved technologies
even at domestic storage .
Reduce the cost of production of
the Sous vide processed fresh spice
mixes by providing training to Self
Help Groups.

SOUS VIDE PROCESSED

FRESH SPICE MIXES

148

P.M.KEERTHANA ,
1st M.Sc (Food and Nutrition)
Department of Food Science and Nutrition
Home Science College and Research Institute
Madurai-625 104

Introduction
Chitosan is a nitrogen containing polysaccharides that forms a
semitransparent horny substance and is a principal constituent of the exoskeleton or outer
covering of insects. It has strong antimicrobial and antifungal activities that could
effectively control fruit decay. Considering the superior properties of chitosan, it has been
successfully used in many postharvest fruits and vegetables processing.

Objectives

To use natural antimicrobials instead of conventional ones

To use the natural antimicrobials to preserve the Canned Fruits.

Methodology
Preparation of chitosan from shrimp shell
Deprotenization:
Taken l00 gm of shrimp shell was washed & dried in sun for 6 days . For this process
chemical used 4% Sodium hydroxide NaOH). Taken 1000 ml 4 % Sodium hydroxide
(NaOH) solution in a beaker. The ratio of solid shrimp and solution may be 1 : 10. It's
placed under the oven for 2 hours in temperature 65C.
Demineralization:
Taken the beaker from oven & cool. Then it was washed with distill water. The washing the
shrimp shell than taken into beaker & 1 N HC1 for 30min. at room, solid:solvent react
with shell. The mineral that present ware releasing from shell.
Decoloration:
Shrimp shell taken into a beaker & extract with Acetone & Bleaching with 0.5% Sodium
Hypochlorite (NaOCl w/v) for 5 min. at room temperature.
Deacetylation :
The Shrimp shell washed with distilled water & drying. Shrimp shell taken into beaker &
50% Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH) react shell 30 min.
Conclusion
By adding Chitosan in to the canned fruits, because of the antimicrobial
properties it inhibits the growth of the bacteria. Chitosan has a great impact to eliminate
chemical preservative as it works efficiently as preservative in canned foods.

149

150

Gum exudation in Acacia nilotica: effects of temperature and relative

humidity
Abhishek Raj

M.SC. FORESTRY (FINAL YEAR)

DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY
COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE
INDIRA GANDHI KRISHI VISHVAVIDYALAYA RAIPUR (C.G.)
INTRODUCTION:
Acacia nilotica (L.) Willd. ex Del commonly
known as babul and member of Mimosaceae.
Babul gum is known as Indian gum Arabic. It
generally exudes during March-May.
Trees are tapped to increase gum yield by
making incisions in the bark or treating with
stress hormone ethylene or ethylene-releasing
compounds
such
as
Ethephon
(2chloroethylphosphonic acid).
The present study highlights the effects of
temperature & relative humidity on gum
exudation in Acacia nilotica.

RESULTS & DISCUSSION

Ethephon induced gum exudation technique

The maximum gum exudation was observed in

November (2.9 g/tree) followed by October (2.6 g/tree)
and September (2.1 g/tree) as per decreasing relative
humidity.
Harmand et al. (2012) have also reported higher
gum yield when relative humidity was low.
Ballal et al. (2005) have also reported the highest
yield per tree in all types of stands in early (1 October
to 1 November) tapping.
The maximum gum (0.55 g/tree) exudation was
observed in November when
4 ml
of 1.56%
concentration applied into double hole in higher
(>50cm) girth class as compared to girth class of 30 to
50 cm having 0.12 g/tree under the 2 ml of 0.78%
concentration in single hole.
It was also observed that the gum exudation
increases with the increase of injury viz. single hole
(0.48 g/tree) to double hole (0.55 g/tree) when 4 ml of
1.56% concentration applied into in higher (>50cm)
girth class. Nair (2004) has also reported the similar
results working on Sterculia urens. Hence, injury
(number of hole) also played a significant role on rate
of gum exudation.
However, in the controlled condition the gum
exudation was nil. This might be due to low girth class
along with low temperature and high relative humidity.

RATIONAL:
Babul trees are growing abundantly on farmers
field throughout the Chhattisgarh plain region.
Traditionally farmers have been using it only for
making furnitures, fire & fuel wood,
construction of houses and agricultural tools.
However, gum tapping is not very popular
among farmers. Modernization of agriculture
has seriously damaged the biodiversity of this
tree over the entire state. Exploiting babul tree
for gum tapping will help farmers to strengthen
their socioeconomic conditions as well as help
to conserve environment and biodiversity too.

OBJECTIVES:
To access the impact of chemical methods for
gum tapping in Acacia nilotica.
To evaluate the impact of temperature and
relative humidity on gum exudation in Acacia
nilotica.
To quantify the yield potential of Acacia
nilotica and its correlation with girth classes and
levels of ethephon.

METHODOLOGY:
In the present study trees of Acacia nilotica
was selected and
divided in girth classes
such as: 30.1 to 50.0 cm and 50.1 cm
The drill machine was used to make hole in
the trunk of tree.
Three doses (0, 2 and 4 ml) of two different
concentrations viz. 0.78% and 1.56% of
ethephon were applied in the trunk through
hole.
This practice was used in all the two seasons
viz; rainy and winter.

REFERENCES:
Ballal, M.E., El Siddig, E.A., Elfadl, M.A. and
Luukkanen, O. 2005a. Gum arabic yield in
differently managed Acacia senegal stands in
western Sudan. Agroforestry Systems, 63(3): 237245.
Harmand, J.M., Ntoupka, M., Mathieu, B., Njiti,
C.F., Tapsou, J.M., Bois, J.C., Thaler, P. and Peltier,
R. 2012. Gum arabic production in Acacia senegal
plantations in the Sudanian zone of Cameroon:
Effects of climate, soil, tapping date and tree
provenance. BOIS ET FORTS DES TROPIQUES,
311(1): 21-33.
Nair, M.N.B. 2004. Gum tapping in Sterculia urens
Roxb. Sterculiaceae using Ethephon. U S Forest
Service Pacific Northwest Research Station General
Technical Report PNW GTR 604(February): 69-73.

Temperature (oC)
90

Humidity (%)

Gum yield (g/tree)

82.8

80

72.5

70

62.7

62.0

60.7

60

61.1

50
40
30

27.7

26.0

22.8

20
10
0

2.6

2.1

September

October

19.1

23.1

19.0

2.9

1.8

November

December

1.9

January

2.3

February

Figure: Effects of temperature and humidity on gum exudation in Acacia nilotica

CONCLUSION
It is concluded that the rate of gum exudation increases with the increasing concentration of ethephon
(from 0.78 to 1.56%) with different doses (0, 2, 4 ml), number of injuries and girth of the tree.
Tapping method is safe and there was no any ill effects on tree.
Gum tapping using scientific methods of gum exudation not only maintain the life span of the tree but
also yields good quality gum of high value.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT:

151

THE MYCELIUM AS FOOD

Kavipriya .R
Department of Plant Pathology
(PG student, AC & RI, Madurai)

Introduction
Fungi an alternate source of food

Cultivated
Cultivated edible
edible
fungi
fungi

Oriental
Oriental food
food
fermentation
fermentation

cheeses
cheeses

Retail price comparisons of fungal food products and other equivalents

Product

Pack size

Mushroom mince
Mushroom pieces
Agaricus white
mushrooms

Pack price

Price per 100gm

Comments

Nutritional comparison of Mushroom products with their

meat equivalents

350
350
750

2.99
2.99
1.49

0.86
0.86
0.70

500

1.29

0.26

Closed cups, grown

locally in UK

1.50

0.99

0.66

Baby-buttons,
grown locally in Uk

Unwashed value
pack,grown locally
in Uk

Oyster mushrooms
(Pleurotus sp.)

125

0.99

0.79

grown locally in UK

Shiitake mushrooms
(Lentinula edodes)

100

1.59

1.59

sold fresh, grown

locally in UK

Chicken, diced skinless

400

2.99

0.75

Cheese medium fat

554

3.54

Fresh meats, all UK

produce
Fat-reduced, cheddarstyle
industrial cheese

0.64

Per 100g

Units Mush Skinles Mushr

room s
oom
Pieces Chicke Southe
n
rn
Pieces Burger
s

Breade
d
Chicke
n
Burger
s

energy

(kJ)

746.0

1128.0 490.0 1192.0 777.0 491.0

728.0

energy

(kcals 85.0
)

355.0 621.0

Low
Fat
Beef
Burger
s

Mushr
oom
Sausag
es

Low
Fat
Pork
Sausag
es

148.0

178.0

270.0

117.0 287.0 186.0 115.0

174.0

Protein
(g)
Carbohydra (g)
te
of which:
sugars

12.3
0.8
1.8

24.8
0.0
0.0

10.7

12.3
1.5

12.9
17.1
0.5

12.8
5.8
2.5

15.0
3.5
0.7

17.6
3.7
0.7

13.5
5.2
1.0

13.0
9.6
0.4

oil/Fat
of which:
saturates

(g)

3.2
0.6

5.4
1.6

9.6
1.2

16.7
6.5

4.6
2.3

23.8
10.0

11.3
4.8

4.7
2.8

9.3

Fibre
Sodium

(g)
(g)

4.8
0.2

0.0
0.1

3.1
0.6

0.6
0.5

4.1
0.5

0.4
0.5

trace
0.5

3.4
0.5

1.6
0.9

conclusion
This may show the best alternate path for food security of growing world population.

152

Mush Beef
room Burger
Burger s
s

3.5

S. Kiruthika*
Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics
Agricultural College an Research Institute, Madurai
Sesamin, a lignan abundantly present in sesame can be used as,
Antioxidant
Hypertensive
Anticancer
Inhibits cholesterol synthesis
Enhancer of oil keeping quality.

Gene Introgression
Gene - RXN-8695, RXN-8696

Transferred plants can be used as male parent in crossing programme which

will produce high yielding quality of other oilseed crops rich in sesamin at
minimal cost.

153

Research tools & Instruments

Questionnaire for etiological
factors of learning disability
children.

Introduction
Learning disability(LD) is a general term that
describes specific of learning problems, which can
cause a person to have trouble learning and using
certain skills, that most often affected are: Reading
Writing ,Listening, Speaking, reasoning, Doing math.
They included conditions which have been referred
to as perceptual handicaps, brain injury, minimal
brain dysfunction, dyslexia, developmental aphasia.
They do not include learning problems that are due
primarily
to
mental
retardation,
emotional
disturbance or environmental disadvantages.

Seguin Form Board test was

used to assess the Intelligence
level of the selected samples.IQ
test is one of the tool used to
assess LD.

20
15

BOYS

10

GIRLS

5
0
Border
Average
line(70-90) (90-110)

Materials and Methods

Sample of the Study

Above
average

sample of the study consist of 60 primary school

children (30 boys and 30 girls) of fourth and fifth
classes with the age group of 8 to 11 years .They
are studying in the Tamil medium of government
schools in Malayalathanpatty and Vowvalthotham
villages around the college campus.

Conclusion

From the study it was revealed that 60% of the boys and 56% of girls in the primary school are
having the borderline IQ and40% of boys a 44% of girls are having average IQ level.
Poor maternal nutrition was found to be the most important cause of LD among children.

154

CONSIDERATIONS FOR PREVENTING VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN

B.SUNDHARALINGAM
Dept. of Human Development, Home Science College and Research Institute,
Madurai 625 104.

Introduction

GENDER EQUALITY: Equal treatment of women and men in laws and

policies, and equal access to resources and services within families,
communities and society at large.
GENDER-BASED VIOLENCE: Violence is directed specifically against a
woman because she is a woman, or affects women disproportionately. It
includes, but is not limited to, physical, sexual and psychological harm
(including intimidation, suffering, coercion, and /or deprivation of liberty
within the family, or within the general community.
VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN : Any public or private act of genderbased violence that results in, or is likely to result in physical, sexual or
psychological harm or suffering to women, including threats of such acts,
coercion or arbitrary deprivation of liberty.

Acid has a devastating effect on the human body and has long term
consequences. Acid violence is the deliberate use of acid attack to another
human being with the sole intention of injuring, disfiguring, maiming and
blinding. Social structural factors contribute to domestic violence.
Indian schools are the primary institutions that promote violence against
women.
Multimedia is an effective tool for awareness and education about domestic
violence.
Culture of violence is a misconception. Men who had witnessed violence not
necessarily approved of violence.
Need for early interventions and screening facilities at the health care
centers.
Service Providers, counselors, protection officers and lawyers were identified
as crucial instruments to provide support services.
Individual experiences of domestic violence are different in each case. There
is a need to consider how domestic violence is experienced.

INTIMATE PARTNER VIOLENCE: Any behavior by a man or a woman

within an intimate relationship that causes physical,
sexual or
psychological harm to those in the relationship. This is the most common
form of violence against women.
VISION:
We envision relationships, families and communities where womens and
childrens voices are heard, their rights respected, and they can live free of
violence.
MISSION:
To prevent violence against women and children.
GOAL:
To reduce social acceptance of violence against women and children.

What will it take to prevent violence?

Critical need for interventions that involve men and boys to reduce
domestic violence.
Partnership of men and women to reduce the incidences of violence
against women is important.
Acceptance of Dowry is also considered a form of violence against
women.
Barriers such as lack of resources, lack of social support, lack of
knowledge, lack of skill, lack of information, lack of education,
inappropriate language are some of the reasons which forces
individuals to remain in a violent relationship.

Conclusion:

Internationally, a number of human rights agreements require states to take

measures to eliminate gender-based violence against women . These include the
Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women; the
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights; and the International Covenant
on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. Significant changes are also underway
worldwide to strengthen national laws and policies

155

R.Sangeetha Vishnuprabha*
Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics , Agricultural College and Research Institute, Madurai

CCR5
at 3p21

cofactor for HIV-1 virus entry

Chromosome 3

RNAi mediated by siRNA

Technology used:

Dicer

ds RNA

ds RNA Cleavage

siRNA

RNA helicase RISC Formation & Activation

RISC (RNA Induced silencing complex)
Transfection
mRNA silencing

mRNA Cleavage

mRNA degradation
No gene expression

Medical Application:

Transduction in
T cells

Patient follow-up
Reinfusion

RNAi is more potent - HIV treatment is expected to take place

156

SYNTHESIS AND ANALYSIS OF GAMMA LINOLENIC ACID (GAL)

BY MUCOR SP.

Ragavi . G
Department of Plant Pathology
(PG scholar AC & RI Madurai)
Introduction

Lipids are main classes of macronutrients for human

growth & nourishment. Fats and oils are obtained mainly
from plants and animal sources. The demands for fats and
oils for edible and non edible purpose are ever increasing
and that from the conventional sources are unable to
supply for the increasing world population.
Alternate sources microbes: Lipids from microbes
have been found to be
promising to meet these
requirement as some strains accumulate more than 20to
70% lipids inside the cell, it can be extracted economically.
Microbial lipids containing high
proportion of
polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) of nutritional and
pharmaceutical importance. All microorganisms dont have
the capacity to accumulate
lipid, in the form of
triacylglycerols.
A number of prokaryotic and eukaryotic microorganisms
can accumulate triacylglycerol as cellular storage from 20
to 70% of the dry biomass and are known as oleaginous
species. In particular, oleaginous molds have the ability to
accumulate large amount of lipids, and serve as alternative
source for the production of pharmaceutical grade PUFAs.

FPM - Fat Producing Medium (Enobes

medium)g/l used for production of GLA .To
maximize yield of GLA production in M. rouxii solid-state fermentation using inexpensive
agricultural substrate.
In addition to substrate types, culture
conditions of M. rouxii including inoculums size
and temperature - optimized for enhancing
GLA production
Oleaginous microorganisms accumulate high lipid
content when nitrogen source exhausted from
medium and excess carbon diverted into lipid
synthesis. Oleaginous microorganisms grow well
in Nitrogen limiting media and produce high lipid
content. And produce more biomass. Solvent
extraction method is used for extraction of GLA.
Analysis of GLA by HPLC: High-performance
liquid chromatography (HPLC) Used to
separate the components in a mixture, to identify
each component, and to quantify each
component.
Mechanisms of GLA in human:

Lipid producing organisms:

Oleaginous microorganisms Yeast, molds, bacteria
and algae. Lipid obtained from molds similar to the
plant lipid which contain mainly C16 and C18 fatty
acids.
Sources of GLA
PUFAs
GLA

CONVENTIONAL
SOURCES
Plant seeds:
Evening primrose
Borage
Black currant

MICROBIAL
SOURCES
Fungi:
Mucor rouxii
M. circinelloides,
M. mucedo
Motierella isabellina,
M.romanniana
Cunninghamella
elegans,
Rhizopus arrhizus
Algae:
S. platensis, Chorella
vulgaris)

Uses of GLA:

Inhibits ageing, stress, poor diet..etc

these are nutritonal uses of GLA.
Medicinal uses: skin diseases
Diabetic neuropathy, eye diseases, heart
diseases..etc

conclusion

Gamma Linolenic Acid (GLA) - body's first

biochemical - transformation of the main
essential
fatty
acid
LA
into
important
prostaglandins- essential to proper functioning of
each cell.Research is going on for alternative to

GLA Synthesis from Mucor sp

Mucor rouxii - oleaginous fungus of the order
Mucorales - a promising GLA producer.
A high GLA level up to 39.7% in total fatty acids.
Fungal strains of Mucor sp. - isolated from
ontaminated bread sample. Isolated fungus confirmed by slide culture technique .

conventional sources.

157

Myconanoparticles synthesis and their rolein

phytopathogens management
TAMILNADU AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY ,
AC&RI,MADURAI.
T.SAHILA
1st M.sc(Plant Pathology)

Introduction

Nanotechnology aided application have expreesing the ability to change the agricultural production
by allowing better management and conservation of inputs.
Nanoparticles are effective against plant pathogens,insects and pests.
Nanoparticle-mediated gene transfer would be useful for improvement of crops resistant to
pathogens and pest.
Biosynthesis of gold, silver, goldsilver alloy, selenium, tellurium, platinum, palladium, silica, titania,
zirconia, quantum dots (QDs), magnetite and uraninite NPs by bacteria, actinomycetes, fungi, yeasts
and viruses have been reported.Silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) have become one of the most
commonly
used
nanomaterials

Mycosynthesis of nanoparticles
The major fungal species used as
bionanofactory for synthesis of Ag NPs,
Fusarium, Penicillium, Aspergillius,
Verticillium, yeasts and other fungal
species.
Nanoparticles as

Applications
Applications of
Nanotechnology in
Phytopathology
A Pathway for entering nanoparticles
into Plant Eco-system (CAP-coated
nanoparticles,NP-Nanoparticles

Benefits

Anti-fungal agent.
Anti-microbial agent.
Antibacterial agent
Nano-delivery
systems

Nanoparticles are more stable and less toxic to

human beings , other living organisms and
enviornment as compared to systemic fungicides.
Nanoparticles (nano-pesticides, nano-fertilizers,
nano-herbicides and nano-fungicides) are smart
and slowly released into plants.
Quantity of application (nano-pesticides,nanoherbicides,nano-fungicide and nano-fertilizers) is
small as compared to systemic fungicides.

CONCLUSION AND FUTURE PRIORITIES

More studies about nano-phytopathology
will help in developing new disease
management strategies.

158

NANO-TAGGING OF SEEDS - A SMART WAY FOR SEED DETECTION

S. Suganya
Department of Seed Science and Technology, College of Horticulture
Kerala Agricultural University, Thrissur - 680 656

INTRODUCTION
Nanotechnology is an emerging trend in almost all
the fields including agriculture. In particular, it can be used
to harness the full potential of seeds. Engineered
nanomaterials have been used to enhance seed qualities.
In addition to that, nano barcoding of the seeds can be
attempted for the efficient detection of seeds.

NANO-TAGGING OF SEEDS
Seeds can be dipped in the nano barcode
suspension. Each seed will imbibe the barcode. Different
seed lot can be encoded with different pattern of barcodes.
For retrieval of information from the tagged seeds,
they can be agitated in a solution to wash out the
barcodes. Further it can be read with a barcode reader.

BARCODING
Food items
ID cards
Sealed packages

BENEFITS
Tracking of sold seeds can be done

Manufacturer can know about the whereabouts of the

seed
Information like the production area, date of harvest,
seed lot and dealer can be downloaded easily

NANO BARCODES

This process will also help in IPR protection for seed

companies seeking to enter highly competitive market
As far as legal issues are concerned, tracking seeds will
help resolving disputes arising from use of IPR protected
seeds

CONCLUSION
Dissolve the

This technology may be commercially exploited

for use in large scale by the seed production and marketing
companies. Thus nanotechnology paves way for easy
detection of seeds with less manpower. Hence, let us
optimistically await its advancement in the seed industry.

159

CONSERVATION OF STHALA VRIKSHA (SPIRITUAL TREES) OF TAMILNADU FROM EXTINCTION

R.Lalitha
Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics
Agricultural College and Research Institute, Madurai

Introduction:
Sthala vriksha is a monumental tree that is indigenous to
every historical temple.The significance of growing sthala vriksha is
useful for immediate medicinal purposes.The kadamba tree for
instance is the sthala vriksham at the madurai,Meenakshi
sundareswarar temple,vanni tree for magudeshwarar temple
,kodumudi.Thillai tree for thillai natarajar temple, chidambaram.
Objective :
To conserve this medicinal value spiritual trees of endangered
species by ex-situ and in-situ conservation.
Sthala vrikshams:
Vilvam Aegle marmelos -Rutaceae
Kadamba Neolamarckia cadamba Rubiaceae
Maruthu Terminalia paniculata - Combretacea
Thillai Excoecaria aqallocha - Euphorbiaceae
Vanni - Prosopis spicigera - Fabaceae
This trees which are considered as a red list categories by Foundation
for Revitalisation of Local Health Traditions(FRLHT).
Medicicinal Property :
Vilvam- Gastro intestinal disease,Jaundice,Vomiting,Obesity.
Kadamba-Diarrhoea,diuretic,burningsensation,antiinflammatory.
Maruthu - Wounds and skin diseases,Cough.
Thillai-Dermatitis,Skinirritant,Sweeling of hands and feet,Flatulence.
Vanni Cures joint and muscle problems , Antitode for snake
poisoning.

Maruthu

kadamba

Vilvam

Methods to conserve:
In-Situ - In their natural habitat itself to maintain the trees properly .
Ex Situ-Away from the place of natural habitat and conserved
through micropropagation techniques by the use of flowers ,flower
buds , leaves.
It is also mentioned by HR&CE in THE HINDU December 3,2014.
Conclusion:
The medicinal plants and trees are used in Ayurveda to cure
many diseases. Many of the plants are extinct due to various
reasons so we have to conserve the endangered species from
extinction and also researches should give attention to this type of
research.

160

Thillai

ARSENIC IN FOOD CHAIN AND ITS MITIGATION

P. Kurinjimalar, III Ph.D Scholar
Department of Environmental Sciences, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University,
Coimbatore-641 003
E-mail: kurinjiens@gmail.com

Arsenic

A toxic metalloid, originates from geogenic and anthropogenic sources

and enters into the food chain and causes several health problems.
Millions of peoples are suffer due to As toxicity.

(As < 40 ppm)

(As < 50g L-1)

(As 200 g kg 1)

Mitigation
Soil

Water

Bioremediation
Microbes transform toxic As III to As V
Bioamendments and phosphates for
immobilization

Water Filtration System

Drinking

Household

As- free
water

Community

Irrigation

Environment friendly, economically feasible and effective water

filtration system- for sustaining human and environmental health.

161

VETIVER PLANTING IN DRYLAND HEDGE ROWS FOR FECILITATE ICNREASING INFILTRATION RATE AND EROSION CONTROL
P. RAJESH, T. RAGAVAN

Vetiver is a perennial grass. family of Poaceae. Vetiver (Vetiveria

zizanoides (Linn) Nash.) grass which can grow up to 1 to 2 metres
high and form wide clumps.
The root system of vetiver is fiely structured and very strong. it
has no stolons or rhizomes. vetivers firous roots grow downward,
2-4 m in depth, and are strongly
scented.
Vetiver is indigenous to India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka
and Malaysia.
In India, it is seen growing wild throughout Punjab, Uttar Pradesh
and Assam.
Agricultural applications
Soil and Water Conservation
On Farm Use and Products
Water and Water Quality applications
Flood Control
More infiltration
River Banks
Dams, Ponds and Lakes
Pollution Control
Landfill
Slope Stabilization applications:
Rural Roads
Highways - batter/ fill and drainage
Railroads
Land Rehabilitation

It can be grown in wide pH range even in saline and

alkaline soils with a pH of 8.5 to 10.
Vetiver is tolerant to a wide range of temperature ranging from
-15 C to +55 C, depending on growing region.

Planting time

the most suitable time for planting vetiver is June August with
the onset of monsoon.

Irrigation

in the absence of rainfall, soil moisture status should be maintained

by irrigation from planting to establishment. in the areas where
rainfall is good, well distributed over the year and humidity is high,
supplementary irrigation is not necessary.

Erosion Control
Direct erosion control involves measures which
aim at stopping or slowing down erosion processes.
principles:
protecting the soil surface from the forces of raindrops;
increasing water infiltration;
decreasing the speed (force) of runoff water;

intercepting the transported soil. Indirect erosion control, such

as land use planning, aims at using land in ways that prevent
and/or reduce the risk of erosion occurring.

162

INVESTIGATION OF ENERGY BALANCE OF AN EXTENSIVE GREEN ROOF SYSTEM IN COIMBATORE CLIMATE

J.Jayabharathi* and Dr.S.V. Kottiswaran
Department of Soil and Water Conservation Engineering,
Tamilnadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore-3
METHODOLOGY

INTRODUCTION
As the geographic footprint and population size of cities worldwide
increases, researchers are investigating techniques to minimize the
environmental impact associated with urban areas. One such technique
is the implementation of green roofs on urban structures. Green roofs
have numerous potential benefits including: reducing storm water runoff
, acting as additional insulation for roof tops, providing biodiversity,
sequestering carbon and reducing urban temperatures.

Green roofs reduce the heat transfer through the roof to

reduce indoor heat gain and cooling energy consumption. The
heat transfer processes of a flat roof, such as convection,
conduction and radiation, are modified by the green roof
through the thermal characteristics and surface properties of
the constituent materials, evapotranspiration (ET) and
metabolic processes of plants
..

Green Roof

Traditional Roof

Conductive heat transfer

Green Roof

Where, RN = net radiation

Q sensible = sensible heat flux due to convection
QET = latent heat flux due to convection
Qsubstrate/roof = conductive heat flux through roof
A green roof (also known as an eco-roof, nature roof, living roof or roof
greening system) is a living, vegetative system that contains a substrate
(growing media) and a vegetation layer at its outermost surface.

Types of Green Roof systems

SI.NO

Characteristics

Extensive Green

Intensive Green

Roof

Roof

Maintenance

Low

High

Irrigation

No

Regularly

Plant Communities Moss, Sedum, Herbs Lawn, Shrubs and

and Grasses

Trees

Substrate depth

20 - 200 mm

150 -1500 mm

Weight

60 - 150 kg/m2

150 500 kg/m2

Cost

Low

High

Use

Ecological protection Park/Garden

layer

Convective heat transfer

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Net radiation
It represents the difference between the incoming and
outgoing short-wave and long-wave radiation at the green roof
surface. Thus, net radiation depends on the spectral properties of
the green roof, such as reflectivity, but also on incoming shortwave radiation, temperature of the plants, sky (in this case
lamps and surrounding walls) and substrate.

ET

Conductive heat transfer

It is an important parameter to indicate thermal
performance of a green roof because it is directly proportional
to the heat flux transferred through the roofing layers in steady
or quasi steady state conditions but not necessary for a roof with
dynamic conditions and large thermal mass.
Convective heat transfer
convective heat transfer for the samples without plants and
with plants. Convective fluxes are calculated indirectly by
subtracting all other measured fluxes from the total measured
flux.
ET
Latent heat transfer in green roofs is a combined process of
water lost from the soil evaporation and plant transpiration,
also called evapotranspiration. Transpiration occurs when water
from the plant leaf surface is transported into the air by
diffusion and/or convection.

163

Net Radiation
CONCLUSION
As for the thermal aspect, it was verified that the
green roof had the lowest temperature range,
compared to other roofing systems used in this
paper. thus, it is possible to say the green roof has to
perform heat exchange between interior and exterior
environments. The results showed that the green roof
has the most suitable performance, since the
maximum value for the internal air temperature was
below the maximum outside air temperature.

Study of projected temperature and precipitation changes using CMIP5 climate models over Manjalar sub basin of river
Vaigai in Tamil Nadu
S.Janapriya, Dr.S.Santhana Bosu, Dr.R.Jagannathan and Dr.Balaji Kannan
Department of Soil and Water Conservation Engineering
Tamilnadu Agricultual University, Coimbatore
Result and Discussion
Annual and seasonal changes expected in Maximum and Minimum Temperature (0C) in Manjalar sub- basin

Introduction
The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) concluded in
its Fourth Assessment Report (AR4, Solomon et al. 2007) that climate
change has begun to affect the frequency, intensity, and duration of
extreme events such as extreme temperatures, extreme precipitation,
droughts, etc. Some of the changes in weather and climate extremes
observed in the late 20th century are projected to continue into the
future. The mean temperature in India is projected to increase by 0.1
0.3C in kharif and 0.30.7C during rabi by 2010 and by 0.42.0C
during kharif and to 1.14.5C in rabi by 2070. Similarly, mean rainfall
is projected not to change by 2010, but to increase by up to 10% during
kharif and rabi by 2070. At the same time, there is an increased
possibility of climate extremes, such as the timing of onset of monsoon,
intensities and frequencies of drought and floods. The main objective of
this paper is to provide an update of the analysis of temperature and
precipitation extremes in the CMIP5 multi-model ensemble.

Materials and methods

Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs)

Annual rainfall

There are four RCP scenarios: RCP2.6, RCP4.5, RCP6.0 and

RCP8.5. These scenarios are formulated such that they represent
the full range of stabilization, mitigation and baseline emission
scenarios. From the four RCPs, one high pathway for which
radiative forcing reaches >8.5 W/m2 by 2100 and continues to rise
for some amount of time; two intermediate stabilization
pathways in which radiative forcing is stabilized at
approximately 6 W/m2 and 4.5 W/m2 after 2100; and one pathway
where radiative forcing peaks at approximately 3 W/m2 before
2100 and then declines. Thus RCP 4.5 (stabilization scenario) and
8.5 (high emission scenario) are used in the present study.
Methodology for downscaling RCP4.5 & RCP 8.5 scenario
Regional Climate Model (RCM) used for the study was RegCM 4.4rc 22
(Regional Climate Model version 4.4), which was free source obtained
from International Centre for Theoretical Physics, Italy under Earth
System Physics Section in this site:
https://gforge.ictp.it/gf/project/regcm/frs/?action=FrsReleaseBrowse&frs
_package_id=31.
For climate change study to run the RCM, Global Climate Model output
of HadGEM2 was used under RCP 4.5 and 8.5 scenarios. The model was
run for 0.22 x 0.22 resolution. Daily data was obtained by means of
shell script as output for six weather parameters viz., solar radiation
(MJ/m2), maximum temperature (C), minimum temperature (C),
rainfall (mm), relative humidity (%) and wind speed (Km/h).
Time Slices and their duration

Mid century

End century

Spatial distribution of annual rainfall (mm) in Manjalar sub-basin

under RCP 4.5 Scenario

Spatial distribution of annual rainfall (mm) in Manjalar subbasin under RCP 4.5 Scenario

Conclusion
Period

S.No.

Time slice

1.

Near century

2012

2040

2.

Mid century

2041

2070

3.

End century

2071

2098

From

To

Regarding annual maximum temperature, RCP 4.5 showed an increase of 0.8C, 1.6C and 2.3C from baseline temperature of
30.2C for near, mid and end centuries respectively. Similarly, the RCP 8.5 showed still higher increase in temperature of 1.1C , 2.4
C and 4.0C from baseline temperature of 30.2C for near, mid and end centuries respectively.
The minimum temperature will increase by 0.7C, 1.6C and 1.6C for near, mid and end century respectively from baseline
temperature of 18.1C for RCP 4.5 and 1.0C, 2.4C and 3.1C for near, mid and end century for RCP 8.5 scenario.
Climate model predictions indicate an increase in annual rainfall in Manjalar sub basin in the near, mid and end century compared
to the baseline. The increase is expected to be 9.2 %, 13.3% and 15.3 % than the current quantity in near, mid and end centuries (RCP
4.5 scenario) respectively. In the RCP 8.5 scenario, the precipitation would be higher by 13.6%, 15.0% and 18.8 % for mid, near and
end centuries respectively.

164