Module 2 - Pile Group Effect (Compatibility Mode)

PILE GROUP EFFECTS
5th Apr 2013
Dr. S.Nallayarasu,
Department of Ocean Engineering
IIT Madras Chennai-36.
Pile group arrangements for Onshore Structures

Pile
Cap
5th Apr 2013
Dr. S.Nallayarasu,
Pile group arrangements for 4 legged platform
5th Apr 2013
Dr. S.Nallayarasu,
5th Apr 2013
Dr. S.Nallayarasu,
5th Apr 2013
Dr. S.Nallayarasu,
STRESS DISTRIBUTION AROUND THE PILE
5th Apr 2013
Dr. S.Nallayarasu,
PILE GROUP EFFECTS

Considerable research work on the effect of pile spacing on the axial and
lateral capacity has been carried out. API RP 2A suggests that the piles
when installed in a group in several geometry, when the distance
between the piles are closure than 8D where D is the diameter of the
piles, the pile group effect shall be evaluated.
Following effects shall be evaluated
EFFECT ON VERTICAL AXIAL CAPACITY

EFFECT ON LATERAL CAPACITY
EFFECT ON LOAD DISPLACEMENT CURVES
T-Z EFFECTS
Q-Z EFFECTS
P-Y EFFECTS
5th Apr 2013
Dr. S.Nallayarasu,
GROUP EFFECT ON VERTICAL AXIAL CAPACITY

The piles in offshore platforms such as jackets, piles are spaced at less
than 8 D since the larger spacing will be difficult to arrange connect to
jacket legs. It is a general practice to limit the spacing to 3D and evaluate
the effects on the axial capacity.
Hence normally no degradation in axial capacity is required if the pile
spacing is greater than 3D. If the spacing is less than 3D, then the
efficiency of pile group can be evaluated using the following approach.
Axial Capacity of a pile in a group = Axial Capacity of individual pile x
where
=
5th Apr 2013
Ultimate load capacity of group

sum of ultimate load capacities of
individual piles
Dr. S.Nallayarasu,
METHOD BY LABARRE FORMULA
n 1 m m 1 n
1
/ 90
mn
Where
m=number of rows
n=number of piles in a row
= tan-1( D/S), in degrees
D=pile diameter
S=center-to-center spacing
of piles
5th Apr 2013
Dr. S.Nallayarasu,
METHOD BY TERAZAGHI AND PECK

In order to obtain a more realistic estimate of the ultimate load
capacity of a group, the following empirical relationship is suggested:
1
1
1
Pu 2 n 2 P12 PB 2
Where
Pu=ultimate load capacity of group
P1=ultimate load capacity of single pile
n=number of piles in group
PB=ultimate load capacity of block
The above equation may be re expressed as follows
Where
2 2
n
P1
1
1
2
PB 2
=group efficiency
5th Apr 2013
Dr. S.Nallayarasu,
10
Effect on Axial Load and Displacement

The effect of axial load on adjacent pile is taken into consideration in
the following form
Reduced axial capacity (Static)
Increased deflection (t-Z)
Increased deflection can be calculated using method proposed by
Randolf based on empirical formula as a Z multiplier.
The increased deflection is calculated as
z=z zm
Where
(1+v) is called zm multiplier.
5th Apr 2013
Dr. S.Nallayarasu,
11
INTERACTION DUE TO AXIAL LOAD
5th Apr 2013
Dr. S.Nallayarasu,
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EFFECT ON AXIAL LOAD - DEFLECTION (t-Z) CURVE

Groups effects in axial load for load displacement behaviour can be
incorporated as increased deflection due to load from adjacent pile
by a multiplier called z multiplier
zm 1 v
Where v depends on spacing and diameter of piles.
5th Apr 2013
Dr. S.Nallayarasu,
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TWO PILE GROUP AND FAILURE ZONE
S > 3D
S < 3D
5th Apr 2013
Dr. S.Nallayarasu,
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THREE PILE GROUP AND FAILURE ZONE
5th Apr 2013
Dr. S.Nallayarasu,
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TWO PILE GROUP EFFICIENCY FOR AXIAL LOAD
2S D
2 D
D
2
5th Apr 2013
Dr. S.Nallayarasu,
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CALCULATION OF AZIAL INTRACTION

FACTOR FOR (t-Z)
Length of pile
=L
Poissons ratio of soil =

Modulus of soil = soil
Modulus of steel = p
Ratio of soil modulus at
L/2 to the soil modulus L
Relative stiffness
5th Apr 2013
E soil at L/2
E soil at L
KR
E p .I p
E soil . L4
Dr. S.Nallayarasu,
17
CALCULATION OF AZIAL INTRACTION FACTOR FOR (t-Z)

Interaction Factor v
zm multiplier
Displacement of pile due load on the adjacent pile

Displacement of pile due to its load
zm 1 v
1
Interaction Factor
Relative length
and Spacing
Where
5th Apr 2013
1 1
(1 ) .
1

1 (1 ). .
L
D
m2
ln 2
S
D
m 2.5(1 ) L

ln 2. m
D
Dr. S.Nallayarasu,
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Effect of Spacing ratio on v
L/D = 10
KR
= 0.5
S/D
D/S
5th Apr 2013
Dr. S.Nallayarasu,
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L/D = 25
= 0.5
KR
S/D
5th Apr 2013
D/S
Dr. S.Nallayarasu,
20

L/D = 50
= 0.5
KR
S/D
D/S
5th Apr 2013
Dr. S.Nallayarasu,
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KR
L/D = 100
= 0.5
S/D
D/S
5th Apr 2013
Dr. S.Nallayarasu,
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EFFECT Es on Pile settlement

L/D = 50
= 0.5
h/L =
S/D
D/S
5th Apr 2013
Dr. S.Nallayarasu,
23
Capacity
T-Z Curve with T Multiplier for End Bearing
displacement
5th Apr 2013
Dr. S.Nallayarasu,
24
t-Z Curve with t Multiplier for Skin friction
5th Apr 2013
Dr. S.Nallayarasu,
25
t-Z Curve with z Multiplier for Skin friction
zm
5th Apr 2013
Dr. S.Nallayarasu,
26
t-Z Curve with z Multiplier for End Bearing
zm
5th Apr 2013
Dr. S.Nallayarasu,
27
Effect on Lateral Load Capacity and Displacement

The effect of Lateral Capacity on adjacent pile is taken into
consideration in the following form
Reduced Lateral capacity (Static)
Increased Lateral deflection (p-y)
Increased deflection can be calculated using method proposed by
Poulos based on empirical formula as a y multiplier.
The increased deflection is calculated as
y=y ym
Where
(1+h) is called ym multiplier.
5th Apr 2013
Dr. S.Nallayarasu,
28
GROUP EFFECT ON LATERAL LOAD CAPACITY
5th Apr 2013
Dr. S.Nallayarasu,
29
Lateral Deflection of a pile in a group

Lateral deflection of a pile in a group due to loads
on other piles plus load on that pile can be
expressed as
yi y Pj hij Pi
k
j 1
Where
= horizontal displacement of single pile due to

unit applied horizontal load
yi = horizontal displacement of pile i
Pj = horizontal load on pile j
hij = y multiplier factor
Pi = horizontal load on pile i
5th Apr 2013
Dr. S.Nallayarasu,
30
y Multipliers p-y curve

ym
5th Apr 2013
Dr. S.Nallayarasu,
31
Establishment of Esoil value for layered soil
The above chart can be developed by any

software with Pile Soil Interaction facility
5th Apr 2013
Dr. S.Nallayarasu,
32
Establishment of Esoil value for layered soil
5th Apr 2013
Dr. S.Nallayarasu,
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Using chart to obtain h

1. Initial value of Esoil can be obtained
from vertical load deflection curve
2. Calculate the KR value using
KR
E p .I p
E soil . L4
3. Obtain IpF from the chart for the

given value of L/d and KR
4. Esoil value can be back calculated
using for the lateral load of L, IpF, Ph
and h
E soil
I p F Ph
5. Recalculate the value of KR
KR
E p .I p
h .L
E soil . L4
6. Read chart to obtain ah the value of

KR and
5th Apr 2013
Dr. S.Nallayarasu,
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Influence Factor
Use of Charts
h=
hF
Additional displacement caused by adjacent pile

Displacement of pile caused by its own loading
Additional rotation caused by adjacent pile
Rotation of pile caused by its own loading
hp, p = values of h and for a free-head

pile subjected to horizontal load
hm, m = values of h and for a freehead pile subjected to moment
KR
5th Apr 2013
hF
IhF
= value of h for fixed headed pile

= Influence factor for fixed headed pile
Dr. S.Nallayarasu,
35
Interaction factor h for Fixed Headed Pile
= 0.5
= 0
= 90
hF
= 0.5
= 0
= 90
hF
S/D
5th Apr 2013
S/D
D/S
D/S
Dr. S.Nallayarasu,
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Interaction factor h for Fixed Headed Pile
= 0.5
= 0
= 90
= 0.5
= 0
= 90
hF
hF
S/D
S/D
5th Apr 2013
D/S
D/S
Dr. S.Nallayarasu,
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Interaction factor hp for Free Headed Piles
= 0.5
= 0
= 90
= 0.5
= 0
= 90
hp
S/D
5th Apr 2013
hp
D/S
Dr. S.Nallayarasu,
S/D
D/S
38
Interaction factor hp for Free Headed Piles
= 0.5
= 0
= 90
hp
= 0.5
= 0
= 90
hp
S/D
5th Apr 2013
S/D
D/S
D/S
Dr. S.Nallayarasu,
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Interaction factor hm and m for Free Headed Piles
= 0.5
= 0
= 90
hm
hm
&
&
S/D
5th Apr 2013
= 0.5
= 0
= 90
S/D
D/S
D/S
Dr. S.Nallayarasu,
40
Interaction factor hm and m for Free Headed Piles
= 0.5
= 0
= 90
hm
hm
&
&
S/D
5th Apr 2013
= 0.5
= 0
= 90
S/D
D/S
D/S
Dr. S.Nallayarasu,
41
Interaction factor m for Free Headed Piles
= 0.5
= 0
= 90
= 0.5
= 0
= 90
S/D
5th Apr 2013
S/D
D/S
D/S
Dr. S.Nallayarasu,
42
Interaction factor m for Free Headed Piles
= 0.5
= 0
= 90
= 0.5
= 0
= 90
S/D
5th Apr 2013
D/S
Dr. S.Nallayarasu,
S/D
D/S
43
CALCULATION OF PILE GROUP EFFECT BY RANDOLF & WORTH METHOD

5
Young's Modulus of pile
EP 2 10 MPa
Diameter/thickness of pile
D 2134 mm
Length of pile below mud-level
Lp 85 m
Pile spacing
S 4.38 m
Poisson's ratio
0.5
Modulus ratio
0.5
tp 50 mm
(Linear modulus)
is the ratio of EsL/2/ EsL (a measure of the in-homogenity of the soil profile along the pile shaft
= 1 for a constant modulus profile
= 0.5 for a linear distribution of modulus with depth
where EsL is the soil modulus at the pile tip &
EsL/2 is the soil modulus at depth of L/2
Pile area
AP
2
2
D D 2 tp
4
AP 0.33 m
Moment of Inertia of pile
IP
4
4
D D 2 tp
64
IP 0.18 m
Parameters
Lp
D
39.83
5th Apr 2013
S
D
2.05
Dr. S.Nallayarasu,
0.49
44
A) AXIAL DEFORMATION OF PILE BY RANDOLF

Various Factors
m 2.5 ( 1 ) Lp
m 53.13 m
ln 2
3.91
m2
ln 2
Dm
1
Interaction Factor for axial
S
D
S
7.88
1 1
( 1 )
1 ( 1 )
zm 1 v
5th Apr 2013
Dr. S.Nallayarasu,
v 0.463
zm 1.46
45
B) LATERAL DEFORMATION OF PILE BY POULOS

Soil Modulus calculation by pile settlement with SACS
Initial value of Esoil obtained from vertical load displacement
relationship
Esoil 605712
Lateral pile load from Inplace analysis
Ph 1.7 MN
Pile Lateral displacement from SACS single pile analysis
h 9.923 cm
Initial vaslue of KR
KR
kN
2
EP IP
Esoil Lp
KR 1.12 10
IPF 18
Influence factor obtained from chart
Esoil
Revised value of Esoil
KR
Revised value of KR
IPF Ph
Esoil 3.63 MPa
h Lp
EP IP
Esoil Lp
KR 2 10
Departure angle is the angle between the line joining the pile centers and the direction of loading
refer figure above
Departure angle
45 deg
With , (L/d), KR, and (S/d) values, Interaction factor is read from the graph
ym 1 h
5th Apr 2013
h 0.458
ym 1.46
Dr. S.Nallayarasu,
46

Module 2 - Pile Group Effect (Compatibility Mode)

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Module 2 - Pile Group Effect (Compatibility Mode)

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PILE GROUP EFFECTS

5th Apr 2013

Pile group arrangements for Onshore Structures

5th Apr 2013

Pile group arrangements for 4 legged platform

5th Apr 2013

Pile group arrangements for 8 legged platform

5th Apr 2013

Pile group arrangements for 8 legged platform

5th Apr 2013

STRESS DISTRIBUTION AROUND THE PILE

5th Apr 2013

PILE GROUP EFFECTS

EFFECT ON VERTICAL AXIAL CAPACITY

5th Apr 2013

GROUP EFFECT ON VERTICAL AXIAL CAPACITY

5th Apr 2013

Ultimate load capacity of group

METHOD BY LABARRE FORMULA

5th Apr 2013

METHOD BY TERAZAGHI AND PECK

Effect on Axial Load and Displacement

5th Apr 2013

INTERACTION DUE TO AXIAL LOAD

5th Apr 2013

EFFECT ON AXIAL LOAD - DEFLECTION (t-Z) CURVE

5th Apr 2013

TWO PILE GROUP AND FAILURE ZONE

THREE PILE GROUP AND FAILURE ZONE

5th Apr 2013

TWO PILE GROUP EFFICIENCY FOR AXIAL LOAD

5th Apr 2013

CALCULATION OF AZIAL INTRACTION

Poissons ratio of soil =

5th Apr 2013

CALCULATION OF AZIAL INTRACTION FACTOR FOR (t-Z)

Displacement of pile due load on the adjacent pile

5th Apr 2013

Effect of Spacing ratio on v

5th Apr 2013

Effect of Spacing ratio on v

5th Apr 2013

Effect of Spacing ratio on v

5th Apr 2013

Effect of Spacing ratio on v

5th Apr 2013

EFFECT Es on Pile settlement

5th Apr 2013

T-Z Curve with T Multiplier for End Bearing

t-Z Curve with t Multiplier for Skin friction

5th Apr 2013

t-Z Curve with z Multiplier for Skin friction

5th Apr 2013

t-Z Curve with z Multiplier for End Bearing

5th Apr 2013

Effect on Lateral Load Capacity and Displacement

5th Apr 2013

GROUP EFFECT ON LATERAL LOAD CAPACITY

5th Apr 2013

Lateral Deflection of a pile in a group

= horizontal displacement of single pile due to

5th Apr 2013

y Multipliers p-y curve