Proceedings of

2000 International Joint Power Generation Conference

Miami Beach, Florida, July 23-26, 2000

IJPGC2000-15065

NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF ADHESION BEHAVIOR OF MICRO-PARTICLE TO

THE DUCT WALL IN THE GAS-SOLID TWO PHASE FLOW
Akira Suzuki
Trisaksono B. Priambodo
Tohoku University
Tohoku University
Dept. of Chemical Engineering
Dept. of Chemical Engineering
07 Aoba Aramaki Aoba Sendai 980-8579 JAPAN
07 Aoba Aramaki Aoba Sendal 980-8579 JAPAN
Tel: +81-22-217-7252, Fax: +81-22-217-6165
Tel: +81-22-217-7252, Fax: +81-22-217-6165
E-mail: akira@tranpo.che.tohoku.ac.jp
Tsuyoshi Yamamoto
Hideyuki Aoki
Tohoku University
Tohoku University
Dept. of Chemical Engineering
Dept. of Chemical Engineering
07 Aoba Aramaki Aoba Sendai 980-8579 JAPAN
07 Aoba Aramaki Aoba Sendai 980-8579 JAPAN
Tel: +81-22-217-7252, Fax: +81-22-217-6165
Tel: +81-22-217-7252, Fax: +81-22-217-6165
E-mail: yamamoto @tranpo.che.tohoku.ac.jp
E-mail: aoki @tranpo.che.tohoku.ac.jp
Takatoshi Miura
Tohoku University
Dept. of Chemical Engineering
07 Aoba Aramaki Aoba Sendal 980-8579 JAPAN
Tel: +81-22-217-7252, Fax: +81-22-217-6165
E-mail: miura @tranpo.che.tohoku.ac.jp
ABSTRACT
This study describes the numerical approach for adhesion
behavior of micro-particle to a duct wall in gas-solid two-phase
turbulent flow in the horizontal duct in order to predict coal ash
particles adhesion behavior in the practical furnace. Low
Reynolds number k-e 2 equation model was applied for gas flow
calculation. Particle trajectories were calculated solving particle
momentum equation by Lagrangian method. Particle
momentum equation included share- and wall-induced lift
forces and rotary lift force. Particle deposition rate and particle
relaxation time were introduced to estimate the calculated
result. The calculated result showed good agreement with the
experimental results of other researchers.

KEYWORD
Adhesion Behavior, Wall, Numerical Simulation, Low Reynolds
Number k-e 2 Equation Model, Lagrangian Method

INTRODUCTION
Particle adhesion behavior in the turbulent flow often
causes problems in industrial process. Especially for ash
particle, which is released after coal burning, it adheres to water
tulle surfaces or furnace wall and these behavior lead to
obstructing heat transfer in pulverized coal combustion

chamber. The difficulties of this study are caused by

complication of turbulence structure near wall, that various
forces influenced particle motion and very small particle
diameter. The forces that influence on the particle motion are
drag force, rotary force, shear- and wall-induced lift, gravity,
Brownian force, electrostatic force, thermophoresis and etc. The
roughness of wall surface is also important. If the particle
number density is large, the effect of particle-particle collision
is important.
A numerical method to simulate particle motion is almost
distinguished by two approaches -Eulerian and Lagrangian. In
the Eulerian method, particle phase is considered as a
continuous phase which is the same as gas phase. The
momentum and continuity equation are solved for the particle
motion. On the other hand, in the Lagrangian method,
momentum equation is solved for each particle. The merit of
Eulerian method is that smaller CPU time and memory are
required than Lagrangian one. However Eulerian method
includes model constants that are difficult to determine by
experimental study. Thus Lagrangian method has recently been
applied to many studies with improvement of computer
performance.

Copyright 2000 by ASME

In this study, low Reynolds number k-e 2 equation model

(Abe et al., 1993) is applied to turbulence model to estimate
boundary condition near wall accurately. The equation of
particle motion includes drag force, shear- and wall-induced lift,
rotary lift and gravity. Brownian force is neglected since the
particle diameter of 0 10-300pm is studied. Electrostatic force
is also neglected since we can't consider the effect
quantitatively. Particle deposition rate and particle relaxation
time that defined is by particle diameter and friction velocity are
introduced to compare calculated results with other researchers
data.

NOMENCLATURE

CD"
C/,

FM
FL

G~
g

no
lx
J~
K~
k

Le
M

mp
No
Na
P
ReL
Rep
Re:
t
td
te
t,~

U,V,W
U, V, W

Ud
Ug

up.,wp
U
Ut
U+

x,y,z
y+

: drug coefficient
: empirical constant
: particle diameter
: rotary lift force
: shear- and wall-induced lift
force
: shear rate at particle location
: acceleration of gravity
: distance from wall
: inertia moment of particle
: lift force coefficient
: lift force coefficient
: lift force coefficient
: turbulent kinetic energy
: dissipation length scale of eddy
: empirical constant
: particle mass
: initial number of particle
: number of deposition particle
: time mean pressure
: duct Reynolds number
: particle Reynolds number
: friction Reynolds number
:time
: duration of particle deposition
: eddy lifetime
: transit time of particle
: time mean fluid velocity
component
: instantaneous fluid velocity
component
: deposition velocity of particle
: fluid velocity around particle
: particle velocity
: friction velocity
: fluctuating velocity
: non-dimensional fluid velocity

[-]
[-]
[m]
[N]
[N]

: coordinate
: non-dimensional distance from
wall [=u*Dp/v]

[m]
[-]

[=u/u*]

<Greek symbol>
F
: turbulent diffusion coefficient
e
: dissipation rate o f k
p
: dynamic viscosity
v
: kinetic viscosity
p
: density
r
: particle relaxation time
0
: dependent variable
cop
: particle angler velocity
<Subscript>
eft
: effective
g
: gas
p
: particle
: dependent variable
<Superscript>
+
: non-dimensional
: vector

[m 2 s -3]
[kg m l s 1]
[m 2 s ~]
[kg m 3]

[s]
[rad s -1]

NUMERICAL MODEL
[s1]
[m s z]
[m]
[kg m 2]
[-]
[-]
[-]
[m 2 s -2]
[m]
[-]
[kg]
[-]
[-]
[Pal
[-]
[-]
[-]
Is]
[s]
[s]
Is]
[m s 1]
[m s 4]
[m
[m
[m
[m
[m
[-]

s 4]
sl ]
s 4]
s 4]
s 4]

Calculation Condition
The grid arrangement is shown in Fig. 1. The Calculation
domain is subdivided into x x y x z: 60 x 60 x 40. The size of
cell in x and y direction gradually increases itself as common
ratio of I. 1 from the wall surface. Table l shows the calculation
condition.
0.055

0.055

x [m]

0.055
~

00

0.25

0.5

z [m]

Figure I Grid arrangement of calculation domain.

Maximum ensemble of 4500 particles is arranged
uniformly by the random number at the inlet point of 0.01 (for
special notice about particle adhesion behavior) or 0.055 m
from sidewall surface o f calculation domain.

Gas Phase Calculation

Low Reynolds number k-e 2 equation model (Abe et aL,
1993) is applied to turbulence model of gas phase. Equation (1)
shows transport equation of gas phase.

Copyright 2000 by ASME

i

Table I Calculation condition

Fluid properties:
Duct Reynolds number
(Re~=Ul_./v) L=O. I 1 m
25700, 33000
Mean Fluid velocity [m s4]
3.5, 4.5
1.8 x 10-5
Fluid viscosity [Pa s]
Fluid density [k8 m 3]
1.204
Particle properties:
Particle feeding rate [kg s4]
1.667
10, 20, 30, 40, 80,
Particle diameter [ ~ m]
150, 300
Particle density [kg m -3]
1200
Number of calculation
25-4500
particle
Calculation domain:
Size of calculation domain [m]
0.055 x 0.055 x 0.5
Grid arrangement
60 x 60 x 40

The boundary is non.slip condition for wall surface and free

surface condition for duct center.

Particle Phase Calculation

Particle motion is calculated by Lagrangian method.
Equation (2) shows the momentum equation of particle:
" '

-~Dp Pt' dt
+It D 3

where from 1st term of right hand side of Eq. (2), drag force,
gravity, rotary lift force and share- and wall-induced lift force,
respectively. These lift forces are important for particle motion
especially near wall surface.
According to the assumption by Rubinow and Keller
(1961), in case of Ree<4, the rotary lift is shown a s :

= ~pgD,, (~

Vx~g

where ~ p is rotary velocity that is given

ae

bxt a x )

ae

ayt 3y) azt

ae

az)

(1)
where 0 and F+ are dependent variable and turbulent diffusion
coefficient, respectively as shown in Table 2.
Table 2 Source terms and turbulent diffusion
coefficients for ~las phase ~lovernin~l equations
~o[4~
Mass

Volo~

F,~

S,~

0
a( aura(

#Xe~r

.e,

I{"

av~ a( aw~ap

a( ~ ~ a ( av~ a ( aw~ oe
a( ~ ] a(

f;t".<-m
av~ a( aw~ao

Gc

- ~, + ~

s,
fu={l-exl{-y*/14ff[l+R@eX4Rt/200~}]
Rt=~E

,y

-lr2 ( w - w , ,
FL=--~t
Gx

+llx+ ~27p~'G"~(w-w,)_
-~
)
21rZDepp
x

(5)

when y+ ~ 1,

#..t,ss
~ , = c . i . p l < ~ l ~, ~

as:

ls, dE~l, _ 1 M
p~
Vx#~ - ~ e
VXfg -if9 e
(4)
dt
2
Chen and McLaughlin (1994) introduced shear- and wallinduced lift to adopt Saffman lift (Saffman, 1965 and 1968) to
wall boundary shown a s :

--EL= 2 7 p ~ - ~ ( w - w e )
21c2Depp

_t~jy

[ fc~'~ ~avfcaw'~|~u av7 ~aw avT(~ awT]

Cu

C,l

C,2

Ok

Y ,

0.09

1.5

1.9

1.4

1.4

Jx~

(6)

when 1 < y + < 5 and

41cDpxl, Pp

(2)

~ (Pc - p ) ~ + F M +FL,

2~2DpP~,

when y+>5. I~ depends on the fluid-particle slip velocity and the

distance from the wall. Jx depends on the slip velocity, the
distance from the wall and the shear rate at the particle location.
K~ depends on the slip velocity and the shear rate at the particle
position.
In this case, gas flow velocity varies continuously in
turbulent flow. To take the instantaneous velocity, the
fluctuation component should be added with the mean
component from gas phase calculation. According to Shuen et
aL (1981), the instantaneous velocity is shown a s :
u=U+u',
(8)
where u' is fluctuating velocity which can be chosen from
Gaussian distribution with standard deviation (2k/3) 5
randomly. The interaction time between turbulent eddy and

Copyright 2000 by ASME

te

(2kl

3) 1/2'

......

Time Mean Flow Vilo~ltv Distribution

particle, A t, is chosen from the minimum of eddy lifetime te and

transit time tt~ which depend on length scale of eddy L,.
Le

The time mean flow velocity distributions in each plane (uv velocity distribution for x-y plane and v-w velocity
distribution for y-z plane) are shown in Figs. 3 and 4. As a result
of Fig. 3, flow tends tO concentrateto duct center.

(9)

Le

particle Tra!eetorid~

,,. i._u. I

(,o)

A t = min(te,t,~ ),

(11)

Figures 5 and 6 show projected particle trajectories in each

plane (x-y plane and y-z plane). Particle motion is strongly
dependent on instantaneous turbulent flow field.

where
L e = C~3/

4k3/ 2

T=

0.055

(12)

m , , , , . ~ , / / . # , ~ , - " . ~ I / / ~ / ! it
0.044 lill~, ......... ,.,, xi..ay/,'///,

Particle-wall collision is considered by Tsuji's model

(Tsuji et al., 1987).

i l ~ u ....... ~ / ~ , ' / / / / ' / f l / ttl

~- 0.033 I~,,o
....... , ~ / , ' / ' / / ' / i / #~
ll~!ltl,, . . . . . . . .. ,,.,' t',." l l I f t t t
I t m ,

RESULT AND DISCUSSION

Flow Field
The streamwise flow velocity distribution near wall surface
is shown in Fig. 2. The result shows good agreement with
universal law of wall.
30
25

~0
+~

15

1o

t # It

.,.,.,

x ~ ,

Liiiiil

o
0

0.011

_
0.022

0.055

0.033

0.044

x [ml

Figure 3 Velocity distribution in x-y plane.

ReL=25700
.

,,,/s//i/

.....

~.............

0.022

:~

j.Calculation result

~owo, w a , ,

.nm

o o,,

;~%

O. 0 3 3

O. 022

" - , - 1

"

"

5
_--e--- r
1

10

0.011

100

1000

y+ [-]
0.011

Figure 2 Velocity distribution in the

calculation domain,

0.022

0.033

0.044

O. Ofi5

x [m]

Figure 5 Projected Particle trajectory of

x- y plane.
o.o55 1

0.044

- - ~ - ' ~ - ~ - ~ -'~ -'~ -'~ --" - - ~ - ~ - ' ~ ' ~

~. ~. ~,~.

~. ~ ~.~.~.

""~

"-~-~ "~'-~ "~"~

t
~

=~t

t
~

~
~

~
~

~
~

~
~

0.033
0.022
0.;-011 0

0.05

0.1

O. 15

0.2

0.5

0.25

0.3

0.35

0.4

. .

z [m]

Figure 4 Velocity distribution in y-z plane ( -~. 4.5m s4).

0.055
0.044
0.033
0.022
0.011
0

..... , .........

.,..t,

.........

'~L.

, , *i1111111ilil|llltlt~llllS, ******pi*****uii~lJ~J}~3~33j ".~'-3:'3~ ?" ",~

.*HZ:tlt.'.':I;g.'.'.'ttIIIt~

0. 3

0. 3 5

~ ' ' * ' * ' n o ' ~ * , , o . * H ~ * * n l l * * * * * , * , , , . * * . . . . . . **,,,[

*..*iillll;;;ji|]}Jlllllllllllllllilllllitliitttillii|tli||ilii"""sls'"

0.05

0. 1

0. ] 5

0. 2

0. 25

0.4

0.45

0. 5

z [m]

Figure 6 Projected Particle trajectories in y-z plane.

Copyright 2000 by ASME

Particle Distribution
Figure 7 shows variations of particle distribution with
particle residence time. The result shows that particles translate
from near wall to duct center caused by average flow field of xy plane (see Fig. 3).
1ooo

__,.-

touches or not to the ~wall. However, by means of decision by

collision angle, the imore detail understanding of collision
behavior would be possible.
0.0025
0.00225
0.002

~-~.~

0.00175

800

o.oo15

~//
o.
/

"~ 600

Particle number: 4500

Particle reside.nce time
[]
O.OOs

400

200
i

0.011

I
0.022

-- ~ --

0.02s

---v---

0.04s

.... ....
----o.--.

0.06s
0.08s

0.033

i ! i
1t36 ~ [radl
-- -l/i8~z [tadl
. . . .
119n lradl
......
1/6 n lradl
.........
114 Ir lradl
,.,...,'"-....-

.,,,.... ..................
. . . . . . -,

>~ 0.00125
0.001

oooo.

/ / ,-

0.00os

L//

o.ooo,

8,25 0.2525
"" : 0.255
' "0.2575

.2 75 0.27

z [m]

I
0.044

Figure 9 Relation between particle

collision angle and particle
trajectories (Dp= 4, 20/~ m).

0.055

Distance from wall [m]

Figure 7 Particle distribution in the

duct (Dp: ~ 20/~ m).

EollitJLldumb
Figure 8 shows variations of particle deposition quantities
with calculation particle number The particle deposition
quantities close to constant with an increase in calculation
particle number. Larger Particle number is more realistic In this
case, maximum ensemble of 4500 particles is calculated with
considering the CPU time.

Comparison of Each Force for Particle Motion

Figure 10 shows the comparison between drag force, rotary
lift and shear- and wall-induced lift near wall region. The drag
force decreases near wall side, while shear- and wall-induced
lift increases near wall side. The minus force makes particle
close to the wall. Thus, this lift force is important for particle
adhesion behavior. The rotary lift is not so large in the wall
region.
(x 10.12) 1

2.4 ~-

"

'

'

'

'

'

'

Z
D
o

~l.
~1.
!

Im
tl

P a r t i c l e diameter: ~b20Atm
Mean flow velocity:. "4 5m/s

0.8~-

~"
0.6~2

'~ 0.2
0 . 4 ~-

I
I
,!

;.k

1.4

'
,

lO00
2OO0
3OO0
Number of calculated particle [-]

4O00

Figure 8 Variations of particle

deposition quantity with an Increase in
number of calculated particle.
Effect of Particle Collision Anole to the Wall
v

Figure 9 shows variations of particle trajectories after

collision to the wall with particle collision angle The collision
angle is decided by the rate between streamwise velocity and
normal one. The result shows that particle with large collision
angle is difficult to adhere to wall since large impact, while
particle with small collision angle is easy to adhere to wall since
small impact The present collision decision is whether particle

- Dragforce
-- -- -- Rotarylift
. . . . . . Shearand wall
-inducedlift
y+ [-]

'

'

loo

Figure 10 Relation between drag force,

rotary lift and shear- and waIMnduced lift.
Introduction of Particle Relaxation Time and

lZ mz. ttlml a
In many previous studies, the particle adhesion behavior is
summarized by the relation between non-dimensional particle
relaxation time and non-dimensional deposition rate.
18pp

'

(13)

N d/t a
(14)

Copyright 2000 by ASME

where u* is 0.195m #1 (mean velocity: 3.5m sl), 1-1ois 0.01m.

Figure 11 shows variations of non-dimensional particle
deposition rate with an increase in non-dimensional particle
relaxation time. The particle relaxation time is concerned with
particle diameter. The results indicate that in the case of v
+<10, particle deposition rate increases with an increase in
particle relaxation time. This is caused by turbulent fluctuation.
In the case of z +>10, deposition rate keeps constant since the
particle inertial effect is dominant over this region. The results
show good agreement with other researcher's results.

01

+,.~

0.001

REFERENCES
Abe, K., Nagano, Y. and Kondoh, T., 1993, "Numerical
Prediction of Separating and Reattaching Flows with a modified
Low-Reynolds-Number k-e Model", J. Wind Engineering and
Ind. Aerodynamics, Vol. 46&47, pp. 85-94

Liu, B. Y. H. and Agarwal, J. K., 1974, "Experimental

Observation of Aerosol Deposition in Turbulent Flow", Aerosol
Science, Vol. 5, pp. 145-155

r.. S.

O,0001
,

0.1

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The financial support of Ministry of Education, Science,
Sports and Culture under grant Encouragement Research A
(107543) is gratefully acknowledged.

Chen, M and McLaughlin, J. B., 1995, "A New Correlation for

the Aerosol Deposition Rate in Vertical Ducts", J. Colloid and
Interface Sci., Vol. 169, pp. 437-455

--0.01

10-5

simulation model to the practical furnace, the introduction of

hot model (heat transfer model etc.) and evaluation of the others
adhesion effects such as thermophoresis will be required.

10

100

'1000

r* [-]
Figure 11 Variations of non-dimensional deposition
rate with an increase in non-dimensional
particle relaxation time. t
Present
result, . . . . . . -: Ud+=0.0006 r .2 (Liu and
Agarwal, 1974) x: Re=-10000, +: Re=50000
....................: Ud+=0.000325 r .2 (McCoy and
Hanratty, 1977), - : LES calculation
(Wang and Squires, 1996)O: Re.=180,
*: Re.=1000

CONCLUSIONS
A numerical simulation method for generating
instantaneous velocity flow field and for evaluating the
deposition rate of micro-particle in horizontal turbulent duct
flol,vs was described. Lagrangian method was applied for
particle phase calculation. The particle momentum equation
included drag force, gravity, rotary lift force and share- and
wall-induced lift force. Particles were arranged uniformly inlet
part of the duct with mean gas velocity. The effect of each force
near wall region was evaluated. The shear- and wall-induced lift
made particle close to wall. The effect of collision angle for
particle adhesion is also evaluated. Particle with small collision
angle is easy to adhere to the wall. The simulation result of
relation between particle deposition rate and particle relaxation
time was in good agreement with other researcher's results.
In future, estimation of electrostatic force and Brownian
force would be is discussed. Furthermore, to adopt this

McCoy, D. D. and Hanratty, T. J., 1977, "Rate of Deposition of

Droplets in Annular Two-phase Flow", Int. J. Multiphase Flow,
Vol. 3, pp. 319-331
Rubinow, S. I. and Keller, J. B., 1961, "The Transverse Force
on a Spinning Sphere Moving in a Viscous Fluid", J. Fluid
Mech., Vol. 11, pp. 447-459
Saffman, P. G., 1965, 1968, "The Lift on a Small Sphere in a
Slow Shear Flow", J. Fluid Mech, Vol. 22, pp. 385-400, Vol.
31, p. 624
Shuen, J-S., Solomon, A. S. P., Zhang, Q-E and Faeth, G. M.,
1985, "Structure of Particle-Landen Jets: Measurement and
Predictions", AIAA J., Vol. 23, pp. 396-404
Tsuji, Y., Morikawa, Y., Tanaka, T. Nakatsukasa, N. and
Nakatani, M., 1987, "Numerical Simulation of Gas-Solid TwoPhase Flow in a Two-Dimensional Horizontal Channel", Int. J.
Multiphase Flow, Vol. 13, pp. 671-684
Wang, G and Squires, K. D., 1996, "Large Eddy Simulation of
Particle Deposition in Vertical Turbulent Channel Flow", Int. J.
Multiphase Flow, Vol. 22, pp. 667-683

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