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A Scale Model Test on Dynamic Soil-tunnel Interactions


Nina Liu1, Yang Liu2, Dongdong Han3, Yuming Men4, Jianbing Peng5
1

PhD candidate, instructor Department of Geological Engineering, Changan University, 126 Yangta Road,
Xian China, 710054, dcdgx16@chd.edu.cn
2
Master degree student, Department of Geological Engineering, Changan University, 126 Yangta Road,
Xian China, 710054, yangliu1106@hotmail.com
3
Master degree students, Department of Geological Engineering, Changan University, 126 Yangta Road,
Xian China, 710054, yatongdongdong@163.com
4
Director, Department of Geological Engineering, Changan University, 126 Yangta Road, Xian China,
710054, yumingmen@163.com
5
Director, Department of Geological Engineering, Changan University, 126 Yangta Road, Xian China,
710054, Jianbinpen@chd.edu.cn

ABSTRACT: Soil-structure interactions are important for the safety of the underground
structures under earthquake loads. In this paper, model tests were conducted on 1/60
scaled model of the prototype Xian metro tunnel. The seismic response data including
the acceleration, the displacement and the dynamic soil pressure between the tunnel and
soil were measured by testing the scaled model on a shaking table. From the test result, it
is concluded that 1) the effects of tunnel and soil interactions are important for the bulk
dynamic responses; 2) the soil pressure and the acceleration changed with the seismic
inputs. The soil pressure at the top of the tunnel increased while the pressure at the
bottom decreased; 3) the acceleration of the tunnel is greater than the adjacent soils.
INTRODUCTION
To utilize the underground space in cities, more and more research has been focused
on the soil and underground structure interactions (Zhao, 1994). The field survey
conducted in Xian for the past 40 years revealed 14 ground fissures crossing the current
metro tunnel site (Shi et al, 2009). Xian is known for its loess deposit and has a history
of strong earthquakes. Therefore, designing the infrastructure to overcome the
challenging from the ground fissures, earthquake activities and loess deposit is important
for the safety of the Metro system (Huang et al., 2009).
Scale model experiments were conducted to study the soil-tunnel interactions. The
model was 1/60 of the prototype. Soils used in the model test were taken from the
construction site. Ground motions from the El Centro earthquake, the Wenchuan
earthquake, synthetic Xian earthquakes and a sinusoidal wave were individually input to
the shaking table during the experiments.

85
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GEOTECHNICAL SPECIAL PUBLICATION NO. 201

EXPERIMENT SETUP
The size of the model box was 1.5m1.0m0.6m, which was constraint by the capacity
of the shaking table. The photo of the box is shown in Fig. 1(a). In order to reduce the
rigid boundary effect by the box, plastic materials, pieces of woods and nails were
attached to the inside of the container. This is shown in Fig. 1(b), indicating different
materials in parallel to each other. The seismic excitation by the shaking table was in the
direction of walls B and D. Therefore, plastic, pieces of wood and nails were installed on
Walls B and D to reduce the friction between the soil and box. There were pieces of
woods and nails on Walls A and C to make sure the soil and the box are moving together.
(Hashashm et al., 1998; Hou, 2005)

(a)

(b)

FIG. 1 (a) the model box (b) the materials inside of the box
Following the Bingham principle, the model tunnel was as close as possible to the
prototype tunnel; the soil used in the model box was the same as that at the site; and most
importantly, the space relationship between soil and tunnel in the model was similar to
the actual conditions. The size and weight of the model were designed to the capacity of
the shaking table. The size of the model tunnel was 1/60 of the actual tunnel. The
material used for the model tunnel was Plexiglass, with an elastic
modules
, density
, and poison ratio 0.35. Fig. 2 shows
the model tunnel (a) and the compensator ring (d). (Li et al., 2009)

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

FIG. 2 (a) the model tunnel (b) the sensor of the strain (c) the location of the
strain sensors on the tunnel (d) compensators
The FIG. 3 show the dynamic sensors used in the experiments to measure the
acceleration and the soil pressure.

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Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering

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GEOTECHNICAL SPECIAL PUBLICATION NO. 201

(a)

(b)

87

(c)

FIG. 3 (a, b) the soil pressure sensor (c) the acceleration sensor
INSTRUMENTATION
The shaking table was fabricated by the MTS Systems Corporation, Minneapolis,
Minnesota USA. The size of the shaking table is 1.5m1.0m.
The dynamic measuring system for acceleration, soil pressure and displacement is IMC
Mess-System GmbH. Three instruments were used to measure the strain: SDY2400,
DH5923 and YE6262B Dynamic Measuring System. Figure 4 below shows the pictures
of the dynamic measuring system.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

FIG. 4 the Dynamic Measuring System(a) SDY2400 (b) DH5923 (c) YE6262B (d)
IMC Mess-System GmbH
TEST PROCEDURES
According to the field survey in Xian, the ground fissures run almost perpendicular to
the metro tunnel. So in the model box (see Fig. 5 (a)), the tunnel was aligned
perpendicular to the fissures and the direction of the shaking table. As shown in Fig. 5
(b), the ground fissure was made of silver sand. Each layer of soil to the south of the
ground fissure was compacted just one time whereas each layer to the north was
compacted 3 times to match the ground fissure caused by un-uniform settlement
displacement in the actual site.

(a)

(b)

(c)

FIG. 5 (a) the location of fissure (b) the fissure filled with silver sand (c) the model
box
THE LOADING PROCESSES
In the test the earthquake ground input to the shaking table included the synthetic

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Xian earthquakes, El Centro earthquake and Wenchuan earthquake. The synthetic Xian
earthquakes are for the geological characters of Xian. The El Centro earthquake wave
was recorded from the Empire Valley, US in 1940 and was used widely in earthquake
research. The record was revised to match with the geological characters of the Xian
metro site. The 2008 Wenchuan earthquake was a major seismic disaster and affected
most parts of China. The seismic record of Wenchuan earthquake was used to determine
the model responses from the long period earthquake activity. The characteristics of 18
different seismic loading were listed in Table 1.
Table1. The loading process

No.

The dynamic wave

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18

synthetic Xian earthquake


El Centro earthquake wave
Sine wave
synthetic Xian earthquake
El Centro earthquake wave
Sine wave
synthetic Xian earthquakes
El Centro earthquake wave
synthetic Xian earthquake
Sine wave
El Centro earthquake wave
synthetic Xian earthquake
Sine wave
El Centro earthquake wave
synthetic Xian earthquake
Sine Wave
synthetic Xian earthquake
Wenchuan earthquake wave

The peak acceleration of the shaking


table(m/s2)
0.28
0.3
1.0
0.5
0.58
0.7
0.9
0.8
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.4
2.5
2.6
3.0
3.0

The observations during the loading period are described as follows: after 200 hours
the soil in the south part of the box was lower than the soil in the north part. As Fig. 6 (a)
shows, along the ground fissure, there was a settlement caused by the movement of the
south and north part of the soil.
After the 12th loading process, the settlement of the south part was measured 1.0 mm,
and along the surface of the fault, some granules of soil could be observed; After the 13th
loading process, the settlement of the south part became 1.5mm, and from the fault there
were other fissures going out perpendicular to the south part (Fig. 6 (c)); After the 14th
loading process, the settlement of the south part became 2.0mm; After the18th loading
process, the soil in the south of the box cracked into several pieces (Fig. 6 (d)).

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(a)

(b)

(c)

89

(d)

FIG6 (a) the fault of the fissure (b) the damage after 12th loading process (c) the
damage after 13th loading process (d) the damage after 18th loading process
There were four soil pressure sensors placed in the model box, i.e., SP001, SP003,
SP004 and SP005 attached outside of the tunnel. There were five acceleration sensors in
the model box, two inside the tunnel and three in the soil as shown in FIG. 7. The
locations of the soil pressures and acceleration sensors were determined from the finite
element simulation of the model box to obtain the complete dynamic response at different
points of the tunnel and soil (Shi et al 2009; Liu et al 2009).

(a)

(b)

FIG. 7 (a) the profile of the model box (b) the location of the soil pressure and
acceleration sensors
The 9th loading stage is the synthetic Xian earthquake wave and the peak acceleration
of the shaking table is 1.0m/s2. The data of the 9th loading process had good quality.
Therefore most analyses in this paper were based on data from this loading process.
The FIG. 8 shows the soil pressure taken during the 9th loading process. From the soil
pressure time history of SP001, SP003, SP004 and SP005, the four points have the
similar acceleration time history and the accelerations outside the tunnel were different
from each other. The measurement indicated that the maximum soil pressure was located

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GEOTECHNICAL SPECIAL PUBLICATION NO. 201

at SP001, reaching a value of -81.8Mpa, the negative sign stands for compression. At
each location the soil pressure fluctuated from time to time. The soil pressure at SP003
located at the top of tunnel became a little greater after the earthquake wave, increasing
from -77Mpa to -76.5Mpa, whereas the soil pressure of SP004 decreased from -78.4Mpa
to -78.6Mpa. The increase of soil pressure at SP005 was insignificant.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

FIG8 (a) the soil pressure of SP001 (b) the soil pressure of SP003 (c) the soil
pressure of SP004 (d) the soil pressure of SP005
FIG. 9 below shows the acceleration data taken from the 9th loading process.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

FIG. 9 (a) acceleration of A001 (b) acceleration of A002 (c) acceleration of A006 (d)
acceleration of A007
The acceleration sensors A001 and A006 were on the same side of the box, where
A001 being inside the tunnel and A006 in the soil. The acceleration time history of A001
was similar to that of A006, but the magnitude of peak accelerations of A006 was smaller
than those of A001. It showed that the accelerations of the tunnel were bigger than the
accelerations of soil around the tunnel. The acceleration sensor A002 was on the shaking
table, the time history of A002 showed the motion of the shaking table. Comparing A002
with the time history of synthetic Xian earthquake wave indicated that the ground
motion followed the synthetic Xian earthquake wave. This validated that the shaking
table inputted the earthquake excitation correctly. A006 and A007 were on the opposite
sides of the tunnel with equal distance to the tunnel, from the data of FIG.9 (c) and (d),
the accelerations of A006 and A007 are similar to each other.

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91

CONCLUSIONS
The results of the experiments indicated:
1. The model in the test matches with the reality of the site. The materials and the
conditions in the model closely represent the prototype metro tunnel. The test would
indicate that the interaction between the soil and underground structure was as expected.
2. The soil pressure on the tunnel and in the soil changed with time. The time intervals
of pressure change were similar to that of the earthquake loading. The soil pressure at the
top of the tunnel increased while the pressure at the bottom decreased.
3. The acceleration of the tunnel is greater than the adjacent soils.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Thanks to the National Natural Science Foundation (40772183, 40534021) and the
Shaanxi Natural Science Foundation (2005D04), China Geology Survey
(1212010641403) and Youth Foundation of Changan University (0305-1001).
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