INTRODUCTION (CH.

1-5)
NOTES (ch. 1-5)
Chronotropy- rate of SA node firing (heart rate)
Inotropy- contractile force, namely of the L ventricle
Dromotropy- speed of action potential conduction
Lusitropy- rate of ventricular relaxation
Total Peripheral Resistance (TPR, p.6)- total resistance to blood flow across
the whole system (all vascular beds)
Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP)- average pressure in arterial system (appx 95100 mmHg)
1. Blood volume
2. Related to CO and TPR
3. Gravity will affect this
Central Venous Pressure (CVP, 1-5 mmHg)- pressure at SVC, equal to
pressure at right atrium (RA)
FORMULAS (ch. 1-5)
C = V/P
compliance, volume change,
pressure change
CO = SV x HR (mL/min)
cardiac output, stroke volume,
heart rate
MAP = (0.66 PD) + (0.33 PS)
mean arterial pressure, diastolic
and systolic pressures
MAP = PD + 1/3PP
diastolic pressure, perfusion pressure
MAP = (CO x TPR) + CVP
total peripheral resistance, central
venous pressure
MAP = CO x TPR
PP = MAP - CVP
perfusion pressure (of whole body),
MAP, central venous pressure
PP = Pu - Pd
PP, upstream and downstream
pressures
PTM = (Pi - Pe)
transmural pressure, pressure
inside, pressure outside
Q = P/R
blood flow (Q), pressure drop (P),
resistance
P = QR
R = P/Q
Pp = PS - PD
pulse pressure, systolic pressure,
diastolic pressure
TPR = (MAP - CVP)/CO
total peripheral resistance, MAP,
central venous pressure, cardiac output
R = (128/) () (L/D4)
resistance, viscosity, length,
diameter
BLOOD FLOW & VESSEL WALL PROPERTIES (CH. 6-11)
NOTES (ch. 6-11)

Viscosity (; blood is 3.5 cP)- internal friction of a fluid, a property of the fluid
but independent of the container
An expression of the slipperiness between 2 fluid laminae (layers)
Increases with increasing hematocrit (Hct, p.11)
Shear Rate- velocity gradient between 2 fluid laminae
Shear Stress ()- force required to overcome blood viscosity (to keep blood
moving against its internal resistance)
Maximum at vessel wall, minimum at center of lumen (laminar flow)
stimulates ECs to release NO (vasodilation); increased flow or decrease
diameter to increase shear stress
Reynold's Number (NR)- relates to turbulent flow (p.10)
Vascular Compliance (C)- how easy a vessel chamber can accommodate
additional blood volume
Elastic Modulus: Esteel = 1000, Erubber <<< 1000
How much a vessel will expand with increased PTM
How much pressure will increase with increased blood volume
Elastic Modulus (E) is force required to increase radial wall length (p. 15)
Average Wall Stress (<S0>) is the force required by the vessel wall (directed
inward) to oppose inner radial pressure (Pi) exerted by the blood
Strain- force applied radially, outward (i.e. blood pressing out against vessel
wall)
Stress- force applied by vessel wall inward to oppose strain
Modified Laplace's law explains aneurysms (p.17)
Pressure differences are the driving forces for most of the circulation
however some caveats exist where blood flows up its pressure gradient (low
to high) to satisfy the energy change (always high to low) (p.21)
FORMULAS (ch. 6-11)
= /RS = (F x X)/(A x V)
viscosity, shear stress, shear rate;
= F/A; RS = V/X
shear stress, force, area; shear
rate, velocity, distance
~ (Q/D3)
relationship of shear stress to flow
and diameter
U = Q/A
velocity, flow, area
U = CO/nA
velocity, cardiac output, # vessels (e.g.
capillaries), cross-sectional area
NR = Q/D
Reynold's number, flow, diameter
RT = R1 + R2
resistances in series add
1/RT = 1/R1 + 1/R2
C ~ 1/(E x W/D)
wall width, vessel diameter
C = V/P
MAP = k(V/C) + CO x TPR
constant, volume, compliance (p.16)

inverse of parallel resistances sum

compliance, wall elastic modulus,
mean arterial pressure, k =

T = Piri - Pere = <S0>w

tension, pressure & radius
(in/outside), avg wall stress, wall thickness (p.16)
Use this to calculate absolute wall stress levels (p.18)
Key concept: vessels have to withstand wall tension (T), no pressure (P)
Aorta and vena cava have highest wall tensions, so must have most elastic
tissue
<S0> = Pr/w
avg wall stress, radial pressure
(from inside), vessel radius, wall thickn. (p.17)
This is modified Laplace law assumes thin vessel wall
gh
pressure created by a column of
blood; density, gravity, height (p.20)