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Human Migration
Britannica Encyclopedia
Introduce the topic of modern human migrations.
ANSWER:
Are humans still migrating today? What are some examples of migrations you know that
have taken place in the last years?
Do you think modern migrations differ from ancient migrations? How?
Discuss and list possible differences such as cause, distance, duration, and method of travel.
READ AND MAKE COMMENTS ABOUT THE TOPIC

Migration is "the movement of people from one place to another".

There are two main types of migration: first, internal migration, i.e.
migration within one country, and secondly international migration, which
means the movement from one country to another.
The next question is: What makes people migrate from one place to another?
The reasons for migration can be divided into two main aspects, the socalled "push" and "pull" factors.
Push factors are those in their old place which force people to move. For
example, there may be civil wars or wars in general in the country, but
political or religious oppression, climate changes, lack of jobs or simply
poverty are all important push factors.
Pull factors are factors in the target country which encourage people to
move; these include peace and safety, a chance of a better job, better
education, social security, a better standard of living in general as well as
political and religious freedom.

Meanwhile, human migration also affects the host country. The host country
can benefit from the immigrants as most immigrants are willing to be paid a
lower price for labor. This creates job loss for the natives and will cause
issues between the native people and immigrants.The host country can

also benefit from the immigrants because if they are highly educated, they
can educate younger generation of the host country, hence giving a brighter
future to the next generation of the host country.
To put it briefly, there are many factors that contribute in leading the people
to migrate to another country where they in their own minds think is better.
All these factors heavily rely on each individuals perspective, persuading
them into migrating to another country. Human migration has both good and
bad effects towards the host and sending countries.
As the worlds borders between countries are loosened and multi-culturism
is being practiced more often, the future of frequent immigration will bring
about a better mutual understanding and make the world a better place.
Check students comprehension.
-

What is migration?

What types of migration can you find?

What is a push factor?

What is a pull factor?

Why do people migrate?

What are the consequences of the immigration in a host country?

- What do migration factors rely on?

Discuss reasons whole groups or communities might move to another location.
Review with students some of the push factors and pull factors that cause individuals to
move from one location to another. See examples of communities you know: Peruvians.
Colombians, Venezuelan , Haitian,etc

Check these reasons:

human-made environmental disasters that make it unsafe to stay in an area
natural disasters that make it unsafe to stay in an area
the loss of industries or employers in an area
a less extreme climate
cultural resources
job opportunitiesothers?

Make interessting comments on this extract:

Peruvians in Chile: the challenge of intercultural education
Peruvians form nowadays the group of largest presence in Chile. This phenomenon has
caused a rise in discrimination, xenophobia and racism among the Chilean population.
Therein lays the importance of intercultural education in our society; it is as a mechanism
to promote, from the schools, relationships of solidarity and democracy based on
acceptance and mutual respect.

Extending the Learning

Create a conversation basing on these topics or a one you think is nearer to your reality!

Migrations caused by environmental factors; for example as Hurricane Katrina

victims, who migrated from New Orleans to Houston

Migrations caused by economic factors; for example, Indian technology workers

who migrate to Silicon Valley, California

A long journey to a new home is called a migration. Migrating animals generally go

back and forth between summer and winter homes. When people migrate, however,
they often are changing homes permanently. Much of human history is the story of
migrations.
Kinds of Migration

Some people have no permanent home. Instead, they keep moving from place to
place. These people are usually called nomads rather than migrants. Some nomads
move back and forth between the summer and winter pasturelands of their animals.
Others, like the Roma (Gypsies), move frequently to find new opportunities. Migrant
farm workers, who move from farm to farm to work, are very much like nomads.
Migration inside a country is known as internal migration. Migration from one country
to another is called external migration. A person who moves away from a country is
called an emigrant from that country. A person who moves to a country is called an
immigrant to the new country.
The promise of good jobs or farmland lures some migrants to a new land. Others want
to get away from mistreatment, warfare, or natural disasters in their homeland.
Sometimes a government forces people to leave. Migrants who have been forced to
leave their country, either by the government or because of harsh conditions, are
called refugees.
Captive people have no say in when they leave a country or where they go.
TheAfrican slave trade was practiced from the 1500s to the 1800s. It brought an
estimated 20 million people to North America, South America, and the West Indies.
Other captive migrants included criminals who were shipped off to a colony as
punishment. European countries transported more than 150,000 convicts to Australia
between 1788 and 1867.
History
Prehistoric and Ancient Migration

According to many
scientists the earliest
humans lived in Africa.
From there humans spread
first to
Encyclopdia Britannica,
Inc.

Many scientists believe that the earliest humans lived in Africa.

From there humans eventually started moving out. They reached
Europe and Asia first. From Asia they spread to North America
between 60,000 and 20,000 years ago. They may have crossed
from Russia to Alaska over a strip of land that is now underwater.
Over thousands of years, people spread across North, Central, and
South America.

Other prehistoric migrants set out from Asia in boats. They

reached Australia about 40,000 years ago. Gradually, they reached all the large
islands in the Pacific Ocean. New Zealand was settled last, about 1,200 years ago.
Frozen Antarctica is the only continent that migrants never settled.

Later migrations are recorded in history. In one of the earliest historical migrations,
the ancient Hebrews moved from slavery in Egypt to freedom in Palestine in the
1200s BC. Later, in the AD 300s and 400s, a number of European tribes invaded the
mighty Roman Empire. The invaders, whom the Romans called barbarians, included
people called Huns, Goths, and Vandals. In 476 these migrants brought down the
empire.
Migration in the Middle Ages

Wars and conquests made people move during the Middle Ages, from about AD 500 to
about 1500. Some peoples fought wars in order to take over new lands. Others were
forced from their lands by the invaders. In the 600s armies united by the religion
ofIslam left the Arabian Peninsula to spread the religion. They conquered northern
Africa, western Asia, and Spain. In the 700s a European tribe called the Franks drove
the Saxon tribe into northern Europe. Between the 800s and 1000s northern Europeans
called Vikings raided and settled in western Europe. Some Vikings who settled in
France became known as the Normans. Normans conquered England in 1066. Starting
in about 1200, a central Asian people called the Mongols conquered much of Asia and
eastern Europe.
Migration to the Americas

The European explorer Christopher Columbus arrived in the Americas in 1492.

Migrations from Spain, Portugal, France, England, and the Netherlands followed his
voyage. However, the number of immigrants from Europe was small before 1800. The
largest immigrant group by far was enslaved Africans. Europeans brought millions of
Africans to the Americas.
After 1800, overpopulation, wars, and natural disasters in Europe led to a great
migration to the Americas. This was known as the Great Atlantic Migration. Millions of
Europeans moved to Canada and South America, but most of the migrants went to
the United States.
Germans migrated to Illinois, Missouri, and Wisconsin beginning in
the 1830s. Norwegians and Swedes arrived in the next few decades
in Minnesota, Wisconsin, and the Dakotas. In the 1840s a failure of
the potato crop in Ireland brought many Irish people to the United
States. Italians, Greeks, and eastern Europeans came later.
Between 1880 and 1910 about 17 million Europeans entered the
United States.
A great number of
Europeans, like this Italian
family, migrated to the
United States in the 1800s

Bettmann/Corbis

Early in the 1900s immigration to the United States was so great

that the government began setting quotas, or limits. These quotas
limited the number of immigrants from specific countries. The
United States used these types of quotas until 1965.

Modern Migration

In the late 1900s many people from Latin American countries wanted to move north to
the United States. Some crossed U.S. borders without government permission and
became illegal immigrants.
Early in the 21st century, Europe had even more immigrants than
North America. Many came from African or Middle Eastern
countries. They brought cultural change to Europe.
A Muslim woman and her
children make a new home
in Germany.
Sean Gallup/Getty Images

Meanwhile, the most common kind of migration throughout the

world was internal migration, mainly from farming regions
intocities. As a result, cities grew very rapidly in much of the
world. This was especially true in developing countries.