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Essential Soil Mechanics

J S Muhammathu Fowze
BSc Eng (Hons), MPhil (Geotech)

Essential Soil Mechanics

Outline of Presentation
Part 1 : Description, Classification, & Phy. Properties
Part 2 : Soil Water
Part 3 : Stresses in the Ground

Part 1 : Description, Classification, & Phy. Properties


Soil:

any uncemented/weakly cemented accun of mineral particles

Weathering of Rock
, void space in b/w the particles containing water and/or air
Residual: Tropical Zones
products of weathering remain at their original location

Transported/Sedimentary: Temperate Zones


transporting agents : gravity, wind, water, & glaciers
Peaty/Organic Soils
Soil in combination of partially decayed vegetation matter

Types of Soil

Residual

Sedimentary

Peat/Organic

Found in abundance in the Region

RESIDUAL SOILS : WOMEN


precise description

Continue to defy classification


predicted behaviour

heterogeneous
anisotropic
difficulties in sampling and testing

have received little attention


Although they are found in abundance

!!! Soil Mechanics:


temperate zone soils of Europe and North America

Soil : A particulate material


Particles occur in a wide range of sizes
BSCS

Field Identification
Sand (& coarser) :
Silt :
Clay :

visible to the naked eye.


dusty when dry - easily be brushed off hands and boots.
greasy and sticky when wet and hard when dry
scraped or washed off hands and boots.

Shape?

Clay : Shape Characteristics


Clay particles are FLAKY

Thickness<<Length and Breadth, 1/100th of the Length


have high to very high specific surface values
carry (-)ve electrical charge, that will attract the (+)ve end of water molecules

Clay Minerals
Weathering of Feldspars ( Orthoclase and plagioclase, and some micas)

3 Main Groups of Clay Minerals


( a) Kaolinites
the principal constituent in china clay & ball clay
(b) Illites

predominant in marine clays and shales


(e.g. London clay, Oxford clay)
(c) Montmorillonites
have high swelling/shrinking potential

Silica Tetrahedron
Al3+
Cations other than K+

Alumina Octahedron

Mg2+
Partial Substitution

Mg2+

Clay Minerals, A Microscopic View


Mineral/Soil

Specific Surface
m/N

Quartz grain

0.0023

Quartz sand

0.0001 - 0.004

Kaolinite

Illite

Montmorillonite

80

Classification
BSCS (Grain wise)

Fine

Coarse

Very Coarse

after wetting &


subsequent
drying
adhere

Cohesive
Materials

Frictional
Materials

Occurrence
Most type of soils consists of a graded mixture
100%
75%
50%
25%

FINE SOILS: > 35% finer than 0.06 mm


Plasticity Characteristics

Typical Gradation Curves

A - a poorly-graded medium SAND (probably estuarine or flood-plain alluvium)


B - a well-graded GRAVEL-SAND (i.e. equal amounts of gravel and sand)
C - a gap-graded COBBLES-SAND
D - a Sandy SILT
E - a typical Silty CLAY (e.g. London clay, Oxford clay)

Phase Relationships
Soils can be of either 2-phase or 3-phase composition

Phase Relationships
Phase Diagrams

Gs

Density

M
V

1. Voids ratio,

e=

VV
VS

2. Moisture Content,

w=

MW
MS

3. Degree of Saturation, S r =

VW
VV

GS =

S
W

Specific Gravity

(2.64~2.72)

Phase Relationships
Soil Density

Sr =

(GS + wGS )
w
1+ e

(GS + eS r )
=
w
1+ e

sat = wet =

(GS + e)
w
1+ e

= (1 + m) dry

dry =

GS
w
1+ e

wG S
e

Water to Soil Density Ratio, r


Unit Weight of Water

w g = 1000

kN
kg
2

9
.
81
=
9
.
81
ms
m3
m3

Generally, for soils


Dry Unit Weight of Soils dry g ~ (14 20) m3

Average 17

kN
m3

kN
Wet Unit Weight of Soils wet g ~ (18 23) 3
m

Average 20

kN
m3

kN

w
r=
0.5
wet
End of Part 1

Part 2 : Soil Water : Pore Water : held under pressure


Pore water pressure (u) : measured rel. to the patm (zero)
Level : p = patm
Below WT

Stationary

Above WT

Water Table/ Phreatic Surface


Probably S

= 100%

ing
p
e
e
S

water could be held at ve p ; Surface Tension

attractive forces
( SUCTION)

Pore water pressure and Potential

h
Still Water

Q
z

Datum

Pore water pressure at point X

U X = h w g

POTENTIAL has two components


Pore water pressure

Pressure head

Ht. above an arbitrary datum

Elevation head

PX =

UX
+ z = h+ z
g

Potential Difference & Hydraulic Gradient


Potential difference
Flow

P = PY PX = h
Y

Spaced at a dist L measured in the dir of flow

hX
X

hY

P h
i=
=
L
L

Y
Darcy, 1856

zX

zY
X

V i

V = kS i
Permeability/Hydraulic Conductivity
(m/hr)

Groundwater is driven along the max. gradient of potential

Hydraulic Conductivity

The vertical integral of hydraulic conductivity : TRANSMISSIVITY


t
TSin
T
kS
T = bk S
(m2/hr)

How to find u when the water is seeping?


FLOW NET
Equipotential Lines

Stream/Flow Lines

From Darcys Law


Groundwater is driven along the
max. gradient of potential

At any pt, flow can have one dir.

to Equipotential Line

Stream lines cant intersect

A simple problem

DW
UW = ?

Solution

w
Flo

Top
s
ow
foll

rad
G
o

DW

UX = ?

UX
W g

U X = DW Cos 2W g

ZERO

End of Part 2

Part 3 : Stresses in the Ground


Normal Stress and Shear Stress
=

FN
A

(kPa)

FS
A

(kPa)

V = ?

Area A

FN = W = ( DA) d g

V = D d g
X

X
X

Stresses in the Ground


V = ?

Due to whatever lying above


the pt of interest

V = ( D DW ) d g + DW sat g

Total Vertical Stress


D

sat

DW

Pore Water Pressure

u X = DW W g

Hydrostatic State of Stress/Neutral Stress


Component of total vertical stress in excess of neutral stress

V = V u X
X

Has its seat exclusively in the solid phase of the soil

Effective Vertical Stress

The Principle of Effective Stress


Karl Terzaghi, 1936

= u

All measurable effects of a change of stress, such as change of


strength, etc are exclusively due to change of effective stresses
Single Most Important Concept in Soil Mechanics and its
importance cannot be overstated!!!
Terzaghi (1883-1963) : Father of Soil Mechanics

Strength of Soils

Could resist a certain amount Shear Stress


Max. Shear Stress a soil could resist : SHEAR STRENGHT

Strength : Contributing Agents


SHEAR STRENGTH
basically
COHESION

FRICTION

Intermolecular Bonds
Roots if present

f =

(cs + cr ) kPa

cs
cr

Internal Friction Angle

F = R

( u ) tan kPa

Mohr-Coulomb Model
Reasonably described

Mohr-Coulomb Model

(cs + cr )
= ( u )
If

mob < f

Resistive, Safe

If

mob > f

FAILURE !!!

Factor of Safety against failure

f
FS =
mob
End of Part 3

Thank You for Resisting !

fowze@ait.ac.th

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