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LIVING THINGS
The word we use for any individual living thing is organism. An organism can carry out the basic
life processes. The life processes are the abilities to do things that keep an organism alive and to
produce more of its own kind. All living things share life processes such as growth and
reproduction. Most scientists use seven life processes or characteristics to determine whether
something is living or non-living.
1. Movement: The ability to change of place or posture.
2. Respiration: The ability to release energy from inside the food.
3. Sensitivity: The ability to react to changes in the surroundings.
4. Growth: The ability to get bigger.
5. Reproduction: The ability to produce offspring that is, more of its own kind.
6. Excretion: The ability to get rid of waste.
7. Nutrition: The ability to take in food or raw materials to support the other life processes.
Structure of Living Things
Cell: the smallest part of a living thing that can carry out processes of life.
Cell membrane: a thin outer layer of a cell.
Cytoplasm: the gel-like material inside the cell that holds all the other inner parts of the cell.
Nucleus: a large, round structure at the center of a cell that controls all the activities of a cell.
Mitochondrion: the part of a cell that breaks down food and turns it into energy for the cell.
Vacuole: a cell part that holds food, water, and wastes.
Cell wall: a hard outer layer of a plant cell that protects the cell and provides support.
Chloroplast: a part of a plant cell that uses energy from sunlight to make food.
Organism: an individual living thing that can carry out all its own life activities.
Tissue: a group of similar cells that do the same job in an organism.
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NATURAL NUMBERS
The whole of the natural numbers is formed by:
N = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9,. ..}
Natural numbers count the elements of a whole, cardinal number, or express the order which
occupies an element in a whole, ordinal number . The natural numbers are ordered, which al lows
us to compare two natural numbers:
5 > 3; 5 is greater than 3.
3 < 5; 3 is less than 5.
The natural numbers are unlimited, if 1 is added to a natural number, another natural number is
obtained.
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The terms involved in a subtraction are called: the minuend, a, and the subtrahend, b.
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31=3
5. Distributive: The multiplication of a natural number and a sum is equal to the sum of
the multiplication of the natural number for each of the addends.
a (b + c) = a b + a c
2 (3 + 5) = 2 3 + 2 5
2 8 = 6 + 10
16 = 16
Removing a common factor: It is the reverse of the distributive property.
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The terms involved in a division are called, D, the dividend and, d, the divisor. The
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People
About 60% of Colombia's population are mestizos, and some one fifth are of European descent.
Indigenous peoples, who account for only about 1% of today's population, live on the edge of some
of the major cities and in remote areas. About 15% of the people are of mixed African and European
descent. The small (less than 5%) black population is concentrated along the coasts and in the
Magdalena and Cauca valleys. Spanish is the official language. The population is overwhelmingly
Roman Catholic. There are universities in all the major cities.
Food
Colombian Cuisine is very diverse and varies depending on the different regions of Colombia. In
some areas you will find specialties like roasted ants or guinea pigs while in other areas Colombians
wouldn't even touch those dishes. Colombia is not a paradise for vegetarians as the Colombian diet
includes a lot of meat. In the coastal areas you will find a good variety of fish, lobster and seafood
often prepared with a sauce made out of coconut milk. The offer of fresh fruit is overwhelming and
many of the varieties you have probably never heard of before. In general breakfast is quite
important in Colombia and consists of fruit juice, coffee or hot chocolate, fruit, eggs and bread.
Lunch which is served between 12 and 14pm is the main meal of the day at least in the
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