MINI PROJECT

CLOSED LOOP SPEED CONTROL OF

BLDC MOTOR

SUBMITTED BY
NITHIL BABU N (B120004EE)
SUBIN T (B120008EE)
SARATH SANKAR (B120095EE)

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY CALICUT
23 FEBRUARY 2015

CONTENTS

1. INTRODUCTION
2. BLOCK DIAGRAM
3. POWER SUPPLY
4. CONTROL SECTION
5. BLDC MOTOR
6. ISOLATION
7. MOSFET AS SWITCHING DEVICE
8. FEEDBACK LOOP
9. WORKING OF THE PROJECT

1. INTRODUCTION :

The project is designed to Control the speed of a Brushless DC (BLDC)

Motor using Closed loop control technique. BLDC motor has various
application used in industries like in drilling, lathes, spinning, elevators, electric
bikes etc. The speed control of the DC motors is very essential. This proposed
system provides a very precise and effective speed control system. The user
can enter the desired speed using a keypad and the motor will run at that
exact speed.

Based on the principle of Pulse Width Modulation (PWM), speed can be

controlled. This is achieved by keeping BLDC motor on closed loop feedback by
giving RPM reference to the microcontroller using a IR reflection arrangement.
An LCD is duly interfaced to the microcontroller to display the running speed.
The desired speed in percentage of full speed is fed with the help of keypad.
The controller delivers desired pulse width to automatically adjust the DC
power to the motor for required speed. The above operation is carried out by
using one opto-isolator and a MOSFET for driving the BLDC motor with IR
sensing for getting the speed reference to the microcontroller.

The main parts of this project, between input and output, can be divided
into three :
1. Supply Section
2. Control Section
3. Isolation Section

2. BLOCK
K DIAGRAM:
DIAGRAM

3. POWER SUPPLY:

The 230V AC supply is first stepped down to 12V AC using a Step down
Transformer. This is then converted to DC using Bridge
ridge rectifier formed using
four diodes. The AC ripples is filtered out by using a capacitor and a constant
voltage near to 12V can be obtained. From this, two connections are made :
(i)
(ii)

The constant dc output

ou
near to 12V from bridge rectifier is given to
Power MOSFET, which drives BLDC motor.
The constant dc output
ou
near to 12V is given to the input
inpu pin of Voltage
regulator 7805,, for getting a constant 5V DC at its output for
Microcontroller and other components.

4. CONTROL SECTION :
The speed of the BLDC motor is mainly controlled using a Microcontroller
(uC). It is a smaller computer.
computer It has on-chip
p RAM, ROM, I/O ports, ADC etc. The
microcontroller which we are using in this project is ATMEL AT89S52 from
8051 family. It has the
he same architecture and instruction set as that of the
original Intel 8051, except that it has a Flash memory opposed to EEPROM in
older version. The architecture of Microcontroller is shown below :

PIN DIAGRAM OF AT89S52

5. BRUSHLESS DC MOTOR (BLDC) :

Standard DC motor : Magnetic field is stationary in stator, rotor poles

switch polarity due to commutation to provide constant rotation.

Brushless DC motor : Magnetic field of rotor is fixed. Magnetic field in

stator poles is electronically commutated, provides rotating magnetic field.
Motor contains internal position encoder to provide position feedback to
the control system.
Applications of BLDC Motors:
- CPU cooling fans
- CD/DVD Players
- Electric automobiles
Advantages over brushed DC Motors:
-Higher efficiency
- Longer lifespan, low maintenance
- Clean, fast, no sparking/issues with brushed contacts.
Disadvantages over brushed DC Motors:
- Higher cost
- More complex circuitry and requires a controller.

BLDC used in this project for speed control is a CPU Cooling Fan rated at
12V.

6. ISOLATION:
Opto-coupler or Opto-isolator is used to isolate low Power side
(Microcontrollers and other ICs ) from high Power Side ( MOSFET and BLDC
Motor). Opto coupler is a 6 pin IC. It is a combination of 1 LED and a
transistor.

When logic zero is given as input then the light doesnt fall on transistor so
it doesnt conduct which gives logic one as output.
When logic 1 is given as input then light falls on transistor so that it
conducts, that makes transistor switched ON and it forms short circuit. This
makes the output a logic zero as collector of transistor is connected to
ground.

7. MOSFET AS SWITCHING DEVICE:

The MOSFET (Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor) is a

Voltage controlled device. This means that a voltage at the gate control the
current flows from the drain to the source. There are three terminals: Gate(G)
, Source(S) and Drain(D). The Voltage across Gate and Source controls the state
of the device.

Power MOSFETs are used in the circuit for switching purpose. Using
PWM in microcontroller, MOSFET is switched on and off via Opto-isolator,
which controls the output to the BLDC motor.

8. FEEDBACK :
A feedback is taken from the BLDC motor as speed (RPM) using IR LED
and Photodiode. IR LED transmits IR signals and Photodiode receive these
signals and convert them into voltage or current corresponding to the Current
Speed. This speed is then compared with the Reference speed (User Input
Speed), and necessary control is provided through Microcontroller.

9. WORKING OF THE PROJECT:

BLDC Motor, which is a cooling fan, is initially kept rotating at a Specific
speed (Full Speed). The speed of the motor is sensed by an IR pair (IR LED and
Photodiode) and is displayed on LCD and is also fed to the Microcontroller. The
motor is interfaced to the MC through an Opto-coupler & a MOSFET, which
drives the motor.
The required speed is entered using a keypad which is interfaced with
microcontroller. According to the entered required speed, PWM pulses are
generated from microcontroller and fed to MOSFET and then Motor. Thus,
motor is adjusted to that speed and maintained at that speed.