RATIFICATION PAGE

Complete report of Basic Biology with the title Respiration, created by :

name
: Bertha Tandi
reg. number
: 1414442010
group
:V
class
: ICP Biology B Biology
after its checked and consulted by Assistant and Assistant Coordinator, it has
fulfilled requirement.
Makassar, January
Assistant Coordinator

Djumarirmanto S.Pd

2015

Assistant

Muh. Nur Arsyad

ID . 09104158
Known by,
Lecturer of Responsibility

Drs. H. Hamka L.Ms

NIP. 19621231 198702 1 005

CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
A. Background
Humans were never apart from the activities of daily. These activities can
be done if there is energy assistance has a major influence on the body. Energy can
be obtained from the food we eat. With the energy of all the activities can be

carried out. By contrast, if the intake of food that enters the body is less, we will
feel weak and are not eager to do the activity.
As with humans, animals and plant requires energy for its activities.
Animals obtain energy from the food they consume. While plants obtain energy
from the sun which is the main energy source. With the energy of all living things
carry out life by doing all the activities.
Speaking of food intake and energy gained living things, the food will be
broken down into energy, which if it is associated with metabolic processes then
this is discussed in the catabolism of decomposition of complex compounds into
simpler compounds. One example is respiration. Respiration is the process of
binding of oxygen and release carbon dioxide to decompose foodstuffs to produce
energy. All living things carry out respiration. Both humans, animals and plants.
Respiration can be said as a process of oxidation decomposition of
complex compounds into simpler compounds with exempted amount of power
(energy). Understanding of respiration can be viewed from three aspects, namely
the role of oxygen, hydrogen and electrons. Compounds or elements in oxidized
say, if the compound is getting oxygen, loss of electrons or loss of hydrogen. Vice
versa, a compound or element is reduced in say, if the compound loses oxygen,
hydrogen or gain of electrons.
Respiration aims to produce energy. The results of respiration energy is
indispensable for life activities, such as regulating body temperature, movement,
growth and reproduction. So the respiratory activity and respiration are interrelated
because the process of breathing air entered from the outside (oxygen) and the
oxygen used for respiration to obtain energy, and then the rest of the respiratory
gaseous carbon dioxide (CO2) released through the process of respiration.
Oxygen is required for respiration every organism is different , depending
on the type and size of the living body . To further investigate more deeply about it
, perform the lab unit VI to directly observe the oxygen needed by animals which
in this case was locusts and cockroaches of different sizes as well as in plants

which in this case is the green bean sprouts on Basic Biology with lab the title of "
Respiration "
B. Purpose
Based on this practicum about the respiration the purpose is:
1. To evidence if the living organism needed oxygen for respiration.
2. To compared the oxygen requirement of some organism based on the species
and the size of the body.
C. Benefit
Based on this practicum the benefit of this practicum is:
1. The university students will know if the living organism needed oxygen for
respiration.
2. The university students will know the relation of oxygen requirement and the
size of the body organism.

CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Respiration is the process by which animals take in oxygen necessary for
cellular metabolism and release the carbon dioxide that accumulates in their bodies as
a result of the expenditure of energy. When an animal breathes, air or water is moved
across such respiratory surfaces as the lung or gill in order to help with the process of
respiration. Oxygen must be continuously supplied to the animal and carbon dioxide,
the waste product, must be continuously removed for cellular metabolism to function
properly. For example, if this does not happen and carbon dioxide levels increase in
the body, pH levels decrease and the animals may eventually die (Bailey, 2007).

Respiration is the oxidation process of food material or organic material that

was happen into the cell that can done with aerob and anaerob. In the aerob condition,
this respiration need the free oxygen and release the carbon dioxide and energy. If the
sugar was oxidation, so the reaction that was happen is: C 6H12O6 (aq) + 6 O2 (g) 6
CO2 (g) + 6 H2O (l) + energy. The sum of the CO2 that produced and the sum of O2
that was used in the respiration aerob is not always same. Its dependent of material
kind that was used. The compared between the sum of CO 2 that was released and the
sum of O2 that was needed be said to be Respiratory Quotient (RQ) (Tim Pengajar,
2014).
Oxygen is valuable because it is important in many ATP-producing cycles
occurring throughout the body such as, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport
chain. Glycolysis breaks down glucose, a six-carbon sugar, into the three-carbon
molecule of pyruvic acid. The series of reactions associated with glycolysis are
necessary for anaerobic and aerobic pathways to work, and are also the most
fundamental in cellular metabolism. In the presence of 0 2, the pyruvic acid, which
came about from the breakdown of glucose, is further oxidized. However, under
anaerobic conditions the pyruvic acid is reduced to lactic acid. Glycolysis follows a
specific pathway and ultimately, the oxidation of 1 mol of glucose to pyruvic acid
ends in a net gain of only 2 mol of ATP and 2 NADH molecules (Bailey, 2007).
Most animals have respiratory systems to help with the exchange of gases but
some do not. Earthworms breathe or exchange gases through their skin. Insect have
a large network of small tubes that carry air to all body parts. Fish carry on gas
exchange through special organs called gills. Frogs exchange gases through both
lungs and skin (Kaskel, 1988).
Most insect have ventilating mechanisms that move air into and out tracheal
system. In some insects, carbon dioxide that metabolically active cells produce is
sequestered in the hemocoel as bicarbonate ions (HCO 3-). As oxygen defuses from the

trachea to the body tissue, and isnt replaced by carbon dioxide, a vacuum is created
that draws more air into the spiracles. This process is called passive suction.
Periodically, the sequestered bicarbonate ions are converted back into carbon dioxide,
which escapes through the tracheal system. Other insects contract abdominal muscles
in a pump like fashion to move air into and out of their tracheal systems (Ville. 1999).
Gas exchange in insect occurs through a system of tracheae, which has been
more extensively studied than that of any other arthropods. A pair of spiracles is
usually located above the second and third pairs of legs or only above the last pair.
The first seven or eight abdominal segment possess a spiracle on each lateral surface.
Tracheal spiracles in their simplest form are merely holes in the integument, as in
some apterygota. In most insect, however, the spiracles open into a pit, atrium, from
which the trachea arise. This spiracles is generally provided with a closing
mechanism, and in many terrestrial insects, the atrium contains filtering devices. The
closing mechanism of the spiracles reduces water loss, and the filtering structures
prevent the entrance of dust and parasites as well as reducing water loss (Ville, 1999).
In some animals, such as mammals, if the supply of oxygen to active muscle
cells is not sufficient to produce enough ATP to maintain intense activity, the only
source of additional ATP will be from glycolysis. Without sufficient oxygen, some of
the pyruvic acid produced is reduced to lactic acid, which accumulates in the tissues,
resulting in fatigue. Excess lactic acid may also enter the blood, decreasing blood pH
and affecting other tissues in the body. When muscle activity decreases, extra oxygen
is needed to convert the lactic acid back to pyruvic acid, which is then utilized by the
Kreb's cycle. This extra oxygen represents the animal's oxygen debt. Some animals,
such as the goldfish and some intertidal invertebrates, can avoid oxygen debt through
the use of biochemical pathways that convert lactic acid to alcohol, which can then be
excreted (Bailey, 2007).

The systems may look different in animals, but their jobs are always the same.
One important trait of all respiratory systems is that there must be a large surface area
through which air passes. This large area provides a surface for gases antering or
leaving the animals blood or body cells (Kaskel, 1988).
Insects have a special respiratory tracheal system, made of pipes that
becabang throughout the body, is one of the variations of the internal respiratory
surface folded and that's the biggest pipe called trachea. For a small insect, diffusion
processes alone can carry enough O2 from the air into the tracheal system and remove
enough CO2 to support cellular respiration system. Larger insects with higher energy
demands memventilasi trachea systems with rhythmic body movements (rhythmic)
that compress and conflate pipes blowing air like a tool (Campbell, 2005).
For each activity of living things require energy obtained from natural
biological oxidation of body cells. So that the process goes on, must always available
oxygen, because oxygen is always stored only in the blood or tissues in small
amounts, While the carbon dioxide must be removed. To all live every cell of the
body and the individual's own required continuous gas exchange with the
environment. To get oxygen and dispose of carbon dioxide, an animal must have a
respiratory membrane, which is a thin surface, wet and permeable as well as dealing
with environment that can be passed gas. The membrane can be either surface of the
body, but these membranes typically limited to a portion of the respiratory organs,
such as the lamella man, end of the trachea or alveolar duct or alveolar lung.
Movement of gas through the respiratory membrane surface, entry and exit to the cell
body is always by way of diffusion. If gas is not available in the water, the gas will
dissolve in the wet membrane surface and passed according to the concentration
gradient. Because of the oxygen used by cells, the levels in the cells and the body will
always be lower than in environment, both in water and in the air where the animals
live. Otherwise these cells produce carbon dioxide, because it is in the cell and the
body in an amount greater than the environment (Sappe, 2005).

CHAPTER III
OBSERVATION METHOD
A. Time and Place
Day/Date
: Monday/ January 19th 2015
Time
: 04.00 am until 06.00 am CIT
Place

: Laboratory of Biology, 3rd East floor Department of Biology

Mathematics and Science Faculty State University of Makassar

B. Tools and Materials

1. Tools
a. Two sets of simple respirometer
b. Spoite
c. Stopwatch/ watches
d. Scale
2. Materials
a. Cotton
b. Vaseline
c. Crystal of KOH
d. Eosin solution
e. Mung bean sprouts
f. Big and small cockroachs (Blatta orientalis)
g. Big and small grasshopers (Dissosteria carolina)
h. Bean Sprout
C. Work Procedure
Experiment 1 :
1. Two grasshopers or cockroaches with different body size has taked.
2. The cotton that filled two of crystals KOH entered into respirometer.
3. One tails of cockroach entered into respirometer.
4. Closed respirometer with connected it to glass pipe.
5. Vaseline applied on the connection respirometer tube with glass pipe to
prevent leaks.
6. Eosin solution dropped on the glass pipe until the end of the pipe into the
channel.
7. Eosin shifting scale of glass pipe observed, and the scale range from 0.0 per
one minute noted.

8. Observation continued until 5 minutes (5 data).

Experiment 2 :
1. Simple respirometer cleaned
2. Worked with the same sort order in experiment 1, experiment 2 by used
similar animals with different body weight.
Experiment 3 :
1. Simple respirometer cleaned.
2. Worked with the same sort order in experiment 1, experiment 3 by used bean
sprouts.

CHAPTER IV
OBSERVATION RESULT AND DISCCUSSION
A. Observation Result
1. Table Observation
a. Cockroach (Blatta orientalis)
Oxygen
No

Minute to-

Kinds of

Scale that eosin

volume that

organisms

was pointed

used by

0.09
0,125
0,18
0,220
0,29
0,225
0,38
0,330

organism
0,0015
0,0020
0,0030
0,0037
0,0048
0,0038
0,0063
0,0055

Big cockroach
Small cockroach
Big cockroach
Small cockroach
Big cockroach
Small cockroach
Big cockroach
Small cockroach

Big cockroach
Small cockroach

0,45
0,348

0,0075
0,0058

b. Grasshopper (Dissosteria Carolina)

Oxygen
No

Minute to-

Kinds of

Scale that eosin

volume that

organisms

was pointed

used by

Big grasshopper
Small grasshopper
Big grasshopper
Small grasshopper
Big grasshopper
Small grasshopper
Big grasshopper
Small grasshopper
Big grasshopper
Small grasshopper

3,9
6,2
7,9
10,8
12
14
13,6
15
16
15,1

organism
0,07
0,10
0,13
0,18
0,20
0,23
0,23
0,25
0,27
0,25

Kinds of

Scale that eosin

organisms

was pointed

c. Bean Sprout

No

Minute to-

Oxygen volume
that used by

10 bean sprout

0,045

organism
0,00075

10 bean sprout

0,115

0,00192

10 bean sprout

0,190

0,00317

10 bean sprout

0,243

0,00405

10 bean sprout

0,320

0,00533

B. Analysis of Organism Respiration

General Formula:
s
V=
t
Where,
s: Scale (m)

t : time (second)
1. Cockroach Big
1) For t = 1 minute
s
2. V =
t
0,09
3. V = 1
4. V = 0,09
scale/time
2) For t = 2 minute
s
5. V =
t
0,18
6. V = 2
7. V = 0,09
scale/time
3) For t = 3 minute
s
8. V =
t
0,29
9. V = 3
10. V = 0,10
scale/time
4) For t = 4 minute
s
11. V =
t
0,38
12. V = 4
13. V = 0,10
scale/time
5) For t = 5 minute
s
14. V =
t
0,45
15. V = 5
16. V = 0,09
scale/time

17. So, average velocity of

Cockroach Big:
18. V

=
V 1+V 2+V 3+ V 4+V 5
5

19. V

=
0,09+ 0,09+0,10+0,10+ 0,09
5
V

20.

average

0,094 scale/time
21.
22. Cockroach Small

1) For t = 1 minute
s
23. V =
t
0,125
24. V =
1
25. V = 0,125
scale/time
2) For t = 2 minute
s
26. V =
t
0,220
27. V =
2
28. V = 0,11
scale/time
3) For t = 3 minute
s
29. V =
t
0,225
30. V =
3
31. V = 0,075
scale/time

4) For t = 4 minute
s
32. V =
t
0,330
33. V =
4
34. V = 0,083
scale/time
5) For t = 5 minute
35.
V=
s
t
0,348
36. V =
5
37. V = 0,069

38. So, average velocity of

Cockroach small:
39. V

=
V 1+V 2+V 3+ V 4+V 5
5

40. V

=
0,125+ 0,11+0,075+ 0,083+ 0,069
5

41.

V average = 0.0924
scale/time

scale/time
42.
43. Grasshopper Big
1) For t = 1 minute
s
44. V =
t
0,39
45. V = 1
46. V = 0.39
scale/time
2) For t = 2 minute
s
47. V =
t
7,9
48. V = 2
49. V = 3.95
scale/time
3) For t = 3 minute
s
50. V =
t
12
51. V = 3

52. V = 4.00
scale/time
4) For t = 4 minute
s
53. V =
t
13,6
54. V = 4
55. V = 3.40
scale/time
5) For t = 5 minute
s
56. V =
t
16
57. V = 5
58. V = 3,20
scale/time
59. So, average velocity of
Grasshopper Big:

60. V

73. V = 4.7
scale/time
4) For t = 4 minute
s
74. V =
t
15
75. V = 4
76. V = 3.8

V 1+V 2+V 3+ V 4+V 5

5
61. V

=
0,39+ 3,95+4.00+3.40+3.20
5

62.

average

scale/time
5) For t = 5 minute
s
77. V =
t
15,1
78. V = 5
79. V = 3.02

2,988

scale/time
63.
64. Grasshopper Small
1) For t = 1 minute
s
65. V =
t
6,2
66. V = 1
67. V = 6.2
scale/time
2) For t = 2 minute
s
68. V =
t
10,8
69. V = 2
70. V = 5.4
scale/time
3) For t = 3 minute
s
71. V =
t
14
72. V = 3

scale/time
80. So, average velocity of
Grasshopper small:
81. V

=
V 1+V 2+V 3+ V 4+V 5
5

82. V

=
6.2+5.4 +4.7+ 3.8+3. 0 2
5

83.

average

scale/time
84.
85.

86.
87. Bean Sprout
1) For t = 1 minute

88. V =

s
t

4.624

0,0045
1
90. V = 0,045

100.

89. V =

s
t

scale/time
2) For t = 2 minute
s
91. V =
t
0,115
92. V =
2
93. V = 0,058
scale/time
3) For t = 3 minute
s
94. V =
t
0,090
95. V =
3
96. V = 0,030
scale/time
4) For t = 4 minute
s
97. V =
t
0,11
98. V = 4
99. V = 0,061
scale/time
5) For t = 5 minute

V=

101.

V=

0,320
5
102.

V=

0,064 scale/time
103.

So,

average

velocity of Grasshopper
small:
104.

V 1+V 2+V 3+ V 4+V 5

5
105.

0.045+ 0.058+0.030+0.061+0.064
5
106.

V average = 0.0516
scale/time

107.
C. Graphics of Organism Respiration Velocity Comparison
1. Respiration of Cockroach (Blatta orientalis)
108.

Velocity Respiration of
Blatta orientalis
0.6
0.5
0.4

Scale 0.3
0.2
0.1
0

Minutes
Big

Small

2. Respiration of grasshopper (Dissosteria Carolina)

109.

Velocity Respiration of
Dissosteria carolina
0.6
0.5
0.4

Scale 0.3
0.2
0.1
0

Minutes
Big

3. Respiration of Big Weight

Small

110.

Velocity Respiration of Big Weight

0.6
0.5
0.4

Scale 0.3
0.2
0.1
0

Minutes
Blatta orientalis

4. Respiration of Small Weight

Dissosteria carolina

111.

Velocity Respiration of Small Weight

0.6
0.5
0.4

Scale 0.3
0.2
0.1
0

Minutes
Dissosteria carolina

5. Respiration of Bean Sprout

Blatta orientalis

112.

Velocity Respiration of
Animal & Plant
0.6
0.5
0.4

Scale 0.3
0.2
0.1
0

Minutes
Big Cockroach

Bean Sprout

D. Discussion
113. In this experiment about Respiration, especially for the experiment
that use respirometer, it used KOH crystal that packed into the thin cotton. The
function of this solution to bind the CO 2 that was released by the cockroach and
grasshopper, so the movement from the eosin solution it really caused by oxygen
consumption, which is in this experiment the function of the eosin is the indicator
in the scale. There are reaction that was happen on between of KOH with CO 2 as
follow:
E. KOH + CO2 K2CO3 + H2O
114. In this experiment when we observed Cockroach (Blatta orientalis)
and Grasshopper (Dissosteria carolina) we can found if we compared the
organism that has different body size. The big organism needed the oxygen more

than the small organism. So, we can say the body size had a relationship with the
oxygen consumption, if the organism has big body size the need the more oxygen
consumption. Beside that we had been evidenced about all of living organism
need oxygen for their live.
115. The first observation are same type of animals with different body
weight, there are big and small cockroach (Blatta orientalis). From the
observation result, the average velocity respiration of small cockroach is 0.0924
scale/time and big cockroach is 0,094 scale/time. Therefore, if the observation
result compared, the small cockroach have faster respiration than big cockroach.
Based on the observation result can concluded that even indigenous same
species, but purpose and the need to even oxygen variably. It because of body
weight difference and activity. Happening the same thing too on grasshopper
(Dissosteria carolina) has respiration average speed as big as 2,988 scale/time,
meanwhile little grasshopper have respiration speed as small as 4.624 scale/time.
Then, we compare respiration speed among two species that different, which is
among cockroach and grasshopper. Respiratory average speed on big cockroach
is 0,094 scale/time and on grasshopper is 2,988 scale/time. So gets to be
concluded that respiratory speed on greater cockroach than grasshopper.
Happening thing too on roach and little grasshopper. On little cockroach,
respiration average speeds it are 0.0924 scale/time meanwhile on little
grasshopper is 4.624 scale/time.
116. Based on the result of observation can concluded that is despite has
same body weight, but purpose and the need to different oxygen. It is possible
because of activity difference among species second that.
117. On attempt, utilized by peanut sprout as material as observation. Base
observation result that is gotten, sprouts respiratory average speed be 0.0516
scale/time. So, base this experimental result can be concluded that plant also do
respiration process.

118. Based result entire of observation that is done, can be concluded that
oxygen requirement for every that living thing is different. It can become because
of body weight difference, type, and activity that did by each living thing.
119.
120.
121.
122.
123.
124.
125.
126.
127.
128.
129.
130.
131.
132.
133.
134.
135.
136.

138.
A. Conclusion
139.

137.
CHAPTER V
CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

Based on the practicum about Respiration, the practicum take

the conclusion as follows:

1. The organism can live because of the oxygen required in the process of
respiration.
2. What caused the difference in rates of respiration in these experiments is
dependent on the species but different body weight, body size was a big
animals have a greater respiration rate than small body size it respiration slow
rate.
B. Suggestion

140.

I hope for my friend in the next practicum, we can work together again

more than in this practicum and working seriously to get a good result to get a
good result.
141.
142.
143.
144.
145.
146.
147.
148.
149.
150.
151.
152.

153.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

154.

Bailey, J.L. 2007. Animal Physiology. Colchester : Saint Michael's

155.
156.

College.
Campbell,dkk. 2005. Biologi Jilid 3. Jakarta: Erlangga.
Kaskel, Albert. 1988. Biology an Everyday Experience. Ohio : Merrill
Publishing Company.

157.
158.

Sappe, Lukman W, dkk. 2005. Biologi Dasar. Makassar : Jurusan Biologi

FMIPA UNM.

159.

160.

Tim Pengajar. 2014. Penuntun Praktikum Biologi Dasar. Makassar :

Laboratorium FMIPA UNM.
161.
Ville. 1999. Zoology Umum. Jakarta : Erlangga
162.

163.

164.
165.
166.
167.
168.
169.
170.
171.
172.
173.
174.
175.

APPENDIX

A Question
176.1. What is the function of KOH wrapped in cotton wool?
177.2. What is the function of eosin in this experiment? Can eosin is replaced with
another liquid? Explain!
178.3. How to know the volume of eosin organisms used in the above
experiment?
179.4. Is there a difference in the amount of oxygen demand by type of
organism?
180.5.

Is there a difference in the amount of oxygen demand by the size of

the organism?
181.

B. Answer

182.1. KOH function is to bind carbon dioxide (CO2) released by animals that are
in the respirometer.
183.2. Eosin designation serves to determine the scale on how big the respirometer
tube respiration of organisms and plants. Ie by dropping the glass pipe will then
move scale.
184.3. The volume can be determined by comparing the average amount of time
spent with the scale.
185.4. Oxygen requirements based on the type of organism varies depending on
the activity of the organism. The more active the more requires a lot of oxygen.
186.5. Organism oxygen demand by the body size varies depending on the
severity of the organism. Increasingly heavy body, the greater the need for
organisms necessary for respiration.