JB502 Chapter 1.0

Diploma in Mechanical Engineering (Material)
JB502 DESTRUCTIVE TESTING

www.pis.edu.my
Chapter
One (1)
pis/yth/jb502/chapter1
peneraju ilmu sejagat
Week : One (1)

CLO 1 : Explain the principle of material testing
and mechanical properties for engineering
material.
1.1 Understand material testing

1.2 Understand destructive test and nondestructive test
1.3 Understand material testing selection
1.4 List the three classes of test specimen
1.5 Understand types of loading system using in

universal testing machine
1.6 Understand standard used in material testing
1.7 Understand engineering material
1.8 Understand mechanical properties of materials
material testing
destructive test and non-destructive test material testing selection
three classes of test specimen
types of loading system using in universal testing machine
standard used in material testing
engineering material
mechanical properties of materials
INTRODUCTION TO MATERIAL TESTING

We select materials for many components and applications by matching the properties
of the material to the service conditions required of the component.
The first step in the selection process requires that we analyze the application to
determine the most important characteristics that the material must posses/belongs.
Should the material be strong, or stiff, or ductile ?
Will it be subjected to repeated application of a high force, a sudden intense force, a

high stress at elevated temperature, or abrasive condition ?
Once we have determined the required properties, we can select the appropriate
material using data listed in handbooks.
However, we must know how the properties listed in the handbook are obtained, know
what the properties mean, and realize that the properties listed are obtained from
idealized tests that may not apply exactly to real-life engineering applications.
In this chapter we will study several tests that are used to measure how a material
withstands an applied force.
The results of these tests are the mechanical properties of the material.
material testing
MATERIAL TESTING
DEFINITION
The determination of the properties of a substance in comparison with a standard
or specification.
PURPOSES OF MATERIAL TESTING
Materials are tested for one or more of the following purposes:
a)
To access numerically the fundamental mechanical properties of ductility,
malleability, toughness etc.
b)
To check chemical composition.
c)
To determine suitability of a material for a particular application.
d)
To determine data i.e. force deformation (or stress) values to draw up sets of
specifications upon which the engineer can base his design.
e)
To determine the surface defects in raw materials or processed parts.
SIGNIFICANCE OF MATERIAL TESTING
a)
To determine the material properties, and
b)
To determine the integrity of the material or component
material testing
CLASSIFICATION OF TESTS
Tests on materials may be classified as;
a) Destructive tests
b) Non-destructive tests
DESTRUCTIVE TESTS
In destructive testing, the component or specimen either breaks or remains no
longer useful for further use.
The purpose of destructive testing is to determine the mechanical properties of
materials.
Example : Tensile test, impact test, torsion test, etc.
NON-DESTRUCTIVE TESTS
In non-destructive testing, a component does not break and so even after being
tested it can be used for the purpose for which it was made.
The purpose of non-destructive testing is to revealing (dedahkan) defects in
components that could impair (jejaskan) their performance when put in service
Example : radiography, ultrasonic inspection etc.
material testing
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN DESTRUCTIVE AND NON-DESTRUCTIVE TEST

DESTRUCTIVE TEST
NON-DESTRUCTIVE TEST
This test is used to determine the

mechanical properties of materials.
This test is used to detect the

presence of internal or surface
flaws in a material, component or
finished product.
This test are performed on samples

of a material.
Sampling is not required as, if

necessary, every item can be
checked.
The test-piece is damaged or

broken in the process.
These tests do not damage the

parts being tested.
material testing
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF DESTRUCTIVE TEST

NO.
ADVANTAGES
DISADVANTAGES
Able to determine the mechanical properties of materials.

Example: hardness, tensile strength, toughness, fatigue,
ductility, and so on
The sample or test pieces will be destroyed after the test. This
will result in increased the cost for testing.
Complete data are available to be analyzed.
Require competent operator (skilled) to do the test and

interpret the data.
Permanent record can be kept as a reference. It can be

used as a guide in the design and selection of materials in
the manufacturing process.
Materials testing machines and equipment is big and heavy.

So it is not portable. Testing should be done in a specific
place.
Have standard reference for testing. Have coordination in

terms of results (machine and test pieces.)
Require a higher load / forces to do the test. Require a system

to produce the force.
A test piece with a limit of a particular geometry and size.

Therefore, it is easier for test.
Different service conditions can alter test results. Individuals

and equipment will have little effect on the test results.
Effective and reliable
Require a lot of samples according to the type of the testing.

This means that sample preparation is required in the testing
process.
Not require specialist for conduct the testing because

machine and equipment is easy to operate.
Test period is quite long. For example, in creep tests, fatigue

tests, and tensile the test .
Normally testing is conducted in a laboratory, so it is easier

to control the environment in the testing process.
Only able to determine the mechanical properties of

materials only. For other defects such as porosity and cracks
are not detected.
material testing
MATERIAL TESTING SELECTION

MATERIAL TESTING SELECTION PROCEDURE
Material properties to be determined. Example: tensile strength, toughness and
hardness.
Type of defects. Example: cracks, porosity and impurities.
The component manufacturing process. Example: welding, machining and casting.
The accessibility of component, that is easy or difficult it is to be tested.
Equipment available, the facilities available.
The desired level of acceptance, the accurate or vice versa.
The cost of testing. Are they commensurate with their capabilities and components
that are tested?
The size and geometry of the test piece, which is large or small; the form of simple or
complex.
material testing
GEOMETRY AND LOADING SITUATIONS

Samples of engineering materials are subjected to a wide variety of mechanical tests
to measure their strength or other interest.
Such samples, called specimens, are often broken or grossly deformed in testing.
Some of the common forms of test specimen and loading situation are:
a) Tension
b) Compression
c) Indentation
d) Cantilever bending
e) Three-point bending
f) Four-point bending
g) Torsion
The most basic test is simply to break the sample by applying a tensile force.
Compression test are also common.
In engineering, hardness is usually defined in terms of resistance of the material to
penetration by a hard ball or point.
Various forms of bending test are also often used, as is torsion of cylindrical rods or
tubes.
10
material testing
CLASS OF TEST SPECIMEN
There are 3 classes test specimens commonly used in testing:

a) Smooth or un-notched
b) Notched
c) Pre-cracked
The simplest test specimens are smooth (un-notched) ones.

More complex geometries can be used to produce conditions resembling those in
actual engineering components.
Notched that have a definite radius at the end may be machined into test specimens.
The term notch is used here in a generic manner to indicate any notch, hole, groove,
slot, etc., that has the effect of a stress raiser.
Sharp notches that behave similar to cracks are also used, as well as actual cracks
that are introduced into the specimen prior to testing.
11
material testing
LOADING SYSTEM
Equipment of a variety of types is used for applying forces (loads) to test specimens.
Test equipment ranges from very simple devices to complex systems that are
controlled by digital computer.
2 common configurations of relatively simple devices called universal testing
machines:
a) The mechanical-screw-driven machine
b) The hydraulic system machine
12
material testing
a)The mechanical-screw-driven machine
a)The hydraulic system machine
13
material testing
These general types of testing machine first became widely used in the period 1900
to 1920, and they are still frequently used today.
The mechanical-screw-driven machine
The hydraulic system machine
Rotation of 2 large threaded posts (screws)

moves a crosshead that applies a load to
the specimen.
Loads is applied using the pressure of oil

pumped into a hydraulic piston.
A simple balance system is used to

measure the magnitude of the force
applied.
The oil pressure provides a simple means

of measuring the force applied.
Testing machines of these types can be used for tension, compression, or bending,
and torsion machines.
14
material testing
The closed-loop servo-hydraulic concept is the basic of the most advanced test
systems in use today.
Integrated electronic circuitry has increased the sophistication of these system.
Also digital computer control and monitoring of such test systems has steadily
developed.
Sensors for measuring loads and displacements using electrical signals are important
features of testing machines.
Modern closed-loop servohyraulic testing system.
15
material testing
STANDARD TEST METHODS
The results of materials tests are used for a variety of purposes.

One important use is to obtain values of material properties, such as the materials
breaking strength in tension.
Another use in quality control of material that is produced, say plates of steel, to be
sure that they meet established requirements.
Such application of measured values of materials properties requires that everyone
who makes these measurement do so in a consistent way.
Otherwise, users and producers of materials will not agree as to standards of
quality, and much confusion and inefficiency will occur.
Perhaps even more important, safety and reliability of engineering design requires
that materials properties be well-defined quantities.
Therefore, materials producers and users, and other involved parties, such as
practicing engineers, governmental agencies, and research organizations, have work
together to develop standard test methods.
This activity is often organized by professional societies, with the Standards and
Industrial Research Institute of Malaysia (SIRIM), British Standard Institute (BSI),
American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM), International Organization for
Standardization (ISO) and etc, to coordinates and publishes standards on a worldwide
basis.
16
material testing
Example:
The Annual Book of ASTM Standards is published yearly and consists of more than
60 volumes, approximately ten (10) of which include a significant number of standards
for mechanical tests.
The details of the test methods differ depending on the general class of materials
involved, such as metals, concrete, plastics, rubber, and glass, and ASTM Standards
are organized according to such classes of materials.
The numbers identifying some of the major standards for mechanical testing are given
in table below:
17
material testing
18
material testing
MALAYSIAN STANDARDS (MS)
The Department of Standards Malaysia (STANDARDS MALAYSIA) is an agency under the ambit
(control) of Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation (MOSTI).
STANDARDS MALAYSIA was officially launched on 28 August 1996 following the incorporation of
Standards and Research Institute of Malaysia (SIRIM) into SIRIM Berhad.
STANDARDS MALAYSIA took over the statutory (berkanun) roles in standardization, formerly carried out
by SIRIM.
In addition, STANDARDS MALAYSIA is also entrusted with the responsibilities of accreditation.
In performing its duties and functions, STANDARDS MALAYSIA is governed by Standards of Malaysia
Act 1996 (Act 549).
OBJECTIVES
The Objectives of establishment of STANDARDS MALAYSIA are as follows:
a)
To promulgate and promote the national standards. (untuk menyebarluaskan dan menggalakkan
piawaian kebangsaan)
b)
To manage the national accreditation schemes in accordance to the international practices

(Untuk menguruskan skim akreditasi kebangsaan selaras dengan amalan antarabangsa)
c)
To maintain the credibility, integrity and competency of the national standardisation and
accreditation systems (Untuk mengekalkan kredibiliti, integriti dan kecekapan bagi penstandardan
kebangsaan dan sistem akreditasi)
d)
To safeguard the interest of Malaysia at regional and international level in the fields of
standardisation and accreditation. (Untuk melindungi kepentingan Malaysia di peringkat serantau
dan antarabangsa dalam bidang standardisasi dan akreditasi.)
EXAMPLE:
Tensile test : MS ISO 6892 : 2002
[Metallic Material-Tensile Testing At Ambient Temperature)
19
material testing
BRITISH STANDARDS (BS)

History
BSI Group began in 1901 as the Engineering Standards Committee, led by James Mansergh, to
standardise the number and type of steel sections, in order to make British manufacturers more
efficient and competitive.
Over time the standards developed to cover many aspects of tangible (nyata) engineering, and
then engineering methodologies including quality systems, safety and security.
British Standards are the standards produced by BSI Group which is incorporated under a Royal
Charter (piagam diraja) (and which is formally designated as the National Standards Body (NSB)
for the UK).
The BSI Group produces British Standards under the authority of the Charter, which lays down as
one of the BSI's objectives to:
Set up standards of quality for goods and services, and prepare and promote the general
adoption of British Standards and schedules in connection there with and from time to time
to revise, alter and amend such standards and schedules as experience and circumstances
require.
(Menetapkan standard kualiti bagi barangan dan perkhidmatan, dan menyedia dan menggalakkan
penggunaan umum Piawaian British dan jadual yang berkaitan di sana dan dari masa ke masa untuk mengkaji
semula, mengubah dan meminda apa-apa piawaian dan jadual sebagai pengalaman dan keadaan memerlukan)
EXAMPLE:
Tensile test : BS 18 : 1987 [British Standard Method for Tensile Testing of Metals)
20
material testing
ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials)

History
ASTM was formed in 1898 by chemists and engineers from the Pennsylvania Railroad.
At the time of its establishment, the organization was known as the American Section of the
International Association for Testing and Materials.
Charles B. Dudley, Ph.D., a chemist with the Pennsylvania Railroad, was the driving force behind
the formation of the Society.
In 2001, the Society became known as ASTM International.
OVERVIEW
ASTM International, formerly known as the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM), is
a globally recognized leader in the development and delivery of international voluntary consensus
standards.
Today, some 12,000 ASTM standards are used around the world to improve product quality,
enhance safety, facilitate market access and trade, and build consumer confidence.
ASTMs leadership in international standards development is driven by the contributions of its
members: more than 30,000 of the worlds top technical experts and business professionals
representing 135 countries.
Working in an open and transparent process and using ASTMs advanced electronic infrastructure,
ASTM members deliver the test methods, specifications, guides, and practices that support
industries and governments worldwide.
EXAMPLE:
Tensile test : ASTM E 8M-91[Standard test Methods for Tension Testing of Metallic Material)
21
material testing
SIGNIFICANCE OF STANDARD
a) To protect the consumer rights
b) To protect the safety of consumer
22
material testing
ENGINEERING MATERIAL
The material used to resist the mechanical force/load.

They are formed from elements and fall into 4 groups:
a)
metals
b)
ceramics
c)
polymers and
d)
composites
METAL
In chemistry, a metal is defined as an element
with a valence of 1, 2, or 3.
All metals possess metallic properties such as
luster (kilau), opacity (legap-tidak lutsinar), malleability,
ductility and electrical conductivity.
Typical examples of metallic materials are iron,
copper, aluminium, zinc, etc., and their alloys.
23
material testing
CERAMIC
A ceramic can defined as a combination of one or
more metals with a non-metallic element.
Hence, metal oxides, carbides, nitrides, borides
and silicates are considered as ceramics.
They are characterised by high hardness, abrasion
resistance, brittleness and chemical inertness
(lengai), and are poor conductors of electricity.
Typical examples of ceramics include refractories
glasses, abrasives, clays and cements.
POLYMERS
Polymers are organic substances and
derivatives of carbon and hydrogen.
They are also known as plastics.
Most plastics are light in weight and are soft as
compared to metals.
They possess/are high corrosion resistance
and can be moulded into various shapes by the
application of heat and pressure. Typical
examples of polymers are polyester, phenolics,
polyethylene, nylon and rubber.
24
material testing
COMPOSITES
A composite is a combination of two or more
materials that has properties different from its
constituents (juzuk/kandungan).
Typical examples of composites are wood, clad
metals, fibre glass, reinforced plastics,
cemented carbides, etc.
Composites as a class of engineering material
provide almost an unlimited potential for higher
strength, stiffness, and corrosion resistance
over the pure material systems of metals,
ceramics and polymers.
They will probably be the steel of the next
century.
25
material testing
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
Mechanical properties are the characteristics of a material
that are displayed when a force (load) is applied to the
material, OR
Mechanical properties are the properties that describe how a
material will respond to applied loads (or forces) OR
The mechanical properties of a material are those properties
that involve a reaction to an applied load.
These mechanical properties are determined by subjected
prepared specimens to standard laboratory tests designed to
evaluate the materials reaction to applied force.
The mechanical properties of metals determine the range of
usefulness of a material and establish the service life that can be
expected.
Mechanical properties are also used to help classify and identify
material.
They usually relate to the elastic and plastic behavior of the
material.
(Elastic deformation = recovered immediately upon unloaded,
Plastic deformation = not recovered upon unloaded and is therefore
permanent.)
The most common properties considered are strength, hardness,

ductility, modulus of elasticity, yield strength, tensile strength,
percent elongation, reduction in area, impact, fracture toughness,
fatigue, creep strengths and etc.
26
material testing
The application of a force to an object is known as loading.

Materials can be subjected to many different loading scenarios and a materials
performance is dependant on the loading conditions.
There are five fundamental loading conditions;
1)
tension,
2)
compression,
3)
bending,
4)
shear, and
5)
torsion.
Tension is the type of loading in which the two sections of material on either side of a
plane tend to be pulled apart or elongated.
Compression is the reverse of tensile loading and involves pressing the material
together.
Loading by bending involves applying a load in a manner that causes a material to
curve and results in compressing the material on one side and stretching it on the other.
Shear involves applying a load parallel to a plane which caused the material on one side
of the plane to want to slide across the material on the other side of the plane.
Torsion is the application of a force that causes twisting in a material.
27
material testing
28
material testing
Strength
The strength of metal is its ability to withstand various forces to which it is
subjected during a test or in service, or
Ability of a material to resist applied forces without yielding or fracturing
It is usually defined as tensile strength, compressive strength, proof stress, shear
strength, etc.
Strength of materials is a general expression for the measure of capacity of
resistance possessed by solid masses or pieces of various kinds to any cause
tending to produce in them a permanent. and disabling change of form.
29
material testing
Elasticity
This is the ability of a material to deform under load and
return to its original size and shape when the load is
removed.
A material is said to be perfectly elastic if the whole of the
stress produced by a load disappears completely on the
removal of the load, the modulus of elasticity of Youngs
modulus (E) is the proportionally constant between stress and
strain for elastic materials.
Figure below shows a tensile test specimen:
If it is made from an elastic material it will be the same length
before and after the load is applied.
All materials possess elasticity to some degree and each has
its own elastic limit.
If stressed beyond this limit, permanent deformation (plastic
deformation), and ultimately fracture, occurs.
At stress levels below the elastic limit the amount of
deformation is directly proportional to the applied force which
may be tensile or compressive.
30
material testing
Youngs modulus is the indicative of the property called stiffness; small values of E
indicate flexible materials and large value of E stiffness and rigidity. The property of
spring back is a function of modulus of elasticity and refers to the extent to which metal
spring back when an elastic deformation load is removed.
In metal cutting, modulus of elasticity of the cutting tools and tool and holder affects their
rigidity.
Values of modulus of elasticity for some important metals are given in table below:
31
material testing
Plasticity
Plasticity is the property that enables the formation of permanent deformation in a
material.
It is the state of a material which has been loaded beyond its elastic limit so as to
cause the material to deform permanently. Under such conditions the material
takes a permanent set and will not return to its original size and shape when the
load is removed.
It is reverse of elasticity; a plastic material will retain exactly the shape it takes
under load, even after load is removed.
Under such conditions the material takes a permanent set and will not return to its
original size and shape when the load is removed.
Gold and lead are the highly plastic materials.
It is because of this property that certain synthetic materials are given the name
plastics.
These materials can be changed into required shape easily.
Example : When a piece of mild steel strip is bent at right angles into the shape of
bracket, it shows the property of plasticity since it does not spring back straight again.
32
material testing
Example : When a piece of mild steel strip is bent at right angles into the shape of
bracket, it shows the property of plasticity since it does not spring back straight again.
33
material testing
Ductility
It is the ability of a metal to withstand elongation or bending, or
A material that can undergo large plastic deformation without fracture / before
fracture occurs by applying a tensile load.
A ductile material allows a useful amount of plastic deformation to occur under tensile
load before fracture.
Due to this property, wires are made by drawing out through a hole.
Example: A material is manipulated by processes such as wire drawing, tube drawing,
and cold pressing low-carbon steel sheets into motor car body panels.
The material shows a considerable amount of plasticity during the ductile extension.
This is a valuable property in chains, rope etc., because they do not snap off, while in
service, without giving sufficient warning by elongation.
34
material testing
Malleability
This is the property by virtue of which a material may be
hammered or rolled into thin sheets without rupture.
Ability of material allows a useful amount of plastic
deformation to occur under compressive loading before
fracture occurs.
Such a material is required for manipulation by such
processes as forging, rolling, and rivet heading.
This property generally increases with the

increase of temperature.
The metals in order of their ductility and
malleability (at room temperature) are given
in table below:
35
material testing
Toughness (Impact resistance or Tenacity)

Toughness is the strength with which the material opposes/resists rupture, or
Ability or capacity of a material to absorb energy during plastic deformation or
Ability of a material to withstand shatter.
If a material shatters it is brittle (Ex : glass)
Rubber and most plastic materials do not shatter, therefore they are tough.
Example : A metal rod in a vice being broken by impact loading.
a) If the rod is made from a piece of highcarbon-steel, example silver steel in the
annealed (soft condition), it will have only a
moderate tensile strength, but under the
impact of the hammer it will bend without
breaking, therefore it is TOUGH.
b) If a similar specimen is made hard by making
it red hot and quenching it (cooling it quickly
in water), it will now have a very much higher
tensile strength, although it is now stronger it
will prove to be brittle and will break off easily
when struck with a hammer. So, it is now
LACKS TOUGHNESS.
36
material testing
It is due to the attraction which the molecules have for each other; giving them power to
resist tearing apart.
The area under the stress-strain curve indicates the toughness (i.e. energy which can be
absorbed by the material upto the point of rupture.
Toughness is expressed as energy absorped (Nm) per unit volume of material
participating in absorption or Nm/m3 .
Brittleness
It is the property of a material that shows little or no plastic deformation before
fracture when a force is applied.
It is usually regarded as the opposite of ductility and malleability.
Lack of ductility is brittleness
When a body breaks easily when subjected to shocks it is said to be brittle.
For example : A steel rod can be bent but a grey cast iron rod snaps when you try to
bent it. Therefore grey cast iron is a brittle material.
37
material testing
Hardness
Hardness is usually defined as resistance of
material to penetration.
Ability of a material to withstand scratching
(abrasion) or indentation by another hard body.
It is an indication of the wear resistance of the
material
Hard material resist scratches or being worn out
by friction with another body.
Example : A hardened steel ball being pressed first
into a had material and then into a soft material by
the same load. The ball only makes a small
indentation in the hard material, but it makes a
very much deeper impression in the softer
material.
Hardness is primarily a function of the elastic limit (i.e. yield strength) of the material.
The modulus of elasticity also exerts a slight effect on hardness.
In the most generally accepted test, an indentor is pressed into the surface of the
material by slowly applied known load, and the extent of the resulting impression is
measured mechanically or optically.
A large impression for a given load and indentor indicates soft material, and the
opposite is true for small impression.
The converse of hardness is known as softness.
38
material testing
Fatigue
Failure in metals that are subjected to many reversed or repeated stresses.
When subjected to fluctuating or repeated loads (or stress), material tend to develop a
characteristic behavior which is different from that (or materials) under steady loads.
Fatigue is the phenomenon that leads to fracture under such conditions.
Fracture takes place under repeated of fluctuating stresses whose maximum value is
less than the tensile strength of the materials (under steady load).
Fatigue fracture is progressive, beginning as minute cracks that grow under the action
for the fluctuating stress.
39
material testing
Creep
The slow and progressive deformation of a material with time under a constant
stress.
Creep is the slow plastic deformation of metals under constant stress or under
prolonged loading usually at high temperature.
It can take place and lead to fracture at static stresses much smaller than those which
will break the specimen by loading it quickly.
Creep is specially takes care of while designing engines, boilers and turbines.
40

JB502 Chapter 1.0

Încărcat de

Informații document

Titlu original

Drepturi de autor

Formate disponibile

Partajați acest document

Partajați sau inserați document

Opțiuni de partajare

Vi se pare util acest document?

Este necorespunzător acest conținut?

Drepturi de autor:

Formate disponibile

JB502 Chapter 1.0

Încărcat de

Drepturi de autor:

Formate disponibile

Diploma in Mechanical Engineering (Material)

JB502 DESTRUCTIVE TESTING

peneraju ilmu sejagat

Week : One (1)

peneraju ilmu sejagat

1.1 Understand material testing

1.5 Understand types of loading system using in

peneraju ilmu sejagat

INTRODUCTION TO MATERIAL TESTING

Will it be subjected to repeated application of a high force, a sudden intense force, a

peneraju ilmu sejagat

peneraju ilmu sejagat

peneraju ilmu sejagat

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN DESTRUCTIVE AND NON-DESTRUCTIVE TEST

This test is used to determine the

This test is used to detect the

This test are performed on samples

Sampling is not required as, if

The test-piece is damaged or

These tests do not damage the

peneraju ilmu sejagat

ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF DESTRUCTIVE TEST

Able to determine the mechanical properties of materials.

Complete data are available to be analyzed.

Require competent operator (skilled) to do the test and

Permanent record can be kept as a reference. It can be

Materials testing machines and equipment is big and heavy.

Have standard reference for testing. Have coordination in

Require a higher load / forces to do the test. Require a system

A test piece with a limit of a particular geometry and size.

Different service conditions can alter test results. Individuals

Effective and reliable

Require a lot of samples according to the type of the testing.

Not require specialist for conduct the testing because

Test period is quite long. For example, in creep tests, fatigue

Normally testing is conducted in a laboratory, so it is easier

Only able to determine the mechanical properties of

peneraju ilmu sejagat

MATERIAL TESTING SELECTION

peneraju ilmu sejagat

GEOMETRY AND LOADING SITUATIONS

peneraju ilmu sejagat

CLASS OF TEST SPECIMEN

There are 3 classes test specimens commonly used in testing:

The simplest test specimens are smooth (un-notched) ones.

peneraju ilmu sejagat

peneraju ilmu sejagat

a)The mechanical-screw-driven machine

a)The hydraulic system machine

peneraju ilmu sejagat

The hydraulic system machine

Rotation of 2 large threaded posts (screws)

Loads is applied using the pressure of oil

A simple balance system is used to

The oil pressure provides a simple means

peneraju ilmu sejagat

Modern closed-loop servohyraulic testing system.

peneraju ilmu sejagat

STANDARD TEST METHODS

The results of materials tests are used for a variety of purposes.

peneraju ilmu sejagat

peneraju ilmu sejagat

peneraju ilmu sejagat