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Architecture
LTE Introduction
LTE is the latest standard in the mobile network technology tree that previously realized
the GSM/EDGE and UMTS/HSDPA network technologies that now account for over
85% of all mobile subscribers. LTE will ensure 3GPPs competitive edge over other
cellular technologies.
Goals include :
Significantly increase peak data rates, scaled linearly according to spectrum
allocation
improving spectral efficiency
lowering costs
improving services
making use of new spectrum opportunities
Improved quality of service
better integration with other open standards
LTE Introduction
Peak data rate
LTE Introduction
Spectrum issues
Spectrum flexibility
E-UTRA to operate in 1.25, 1.6, 2.5, 5, 10, 15 and 20 MH allocationshence
allowing different possibilities for re-framing already in use spectrum
- uplink and downlink
- paired and unpaired
Co-existence
- with GERAN/3G on adjacent channels
- with other operators on adjacent channels
- with overlapping or adjacent spectrum at country borders
- Handover with UTRAN and GERAN
- Handover with non 3GPP Technologies (CDMA 2000, WiFi, WiMAX)
LTE Introduction
LTE Requirements
Optimised for 0-15km/h mobile speed and support for up-to 120-350 km/h
LTE Introduction
3GPP Evolution
3GPP work on the Evolution of the 3G Mobile System started in November 2004.
LTE Introduction
Evolution of Radio Access Technologies
LTE Introduction
Key Features of LTE
Multiple access scheme
Downlink: OFDMA
Rel-6 Turbo code: Coding rate of 1/3, two 8-state constituent encoders, and a
contention- free internal inter leaver.
Possible support for operating as single frequency network (SFN) to support MBMS
LTE Introduction
Key Features of LTE
Multiple Antenna (MIMO) technology for enhanced data rate and performance.
ARQ within RLC sub layer and Hybrid ARQ within MAC sub layer.
LTE has been designed to support only packet switched services, in contrast to the
circuit-switched model of previous cellular systems.
LTE aims to provide seamless Internet Protocol (IP) connectivity between User
Equipment (UE) and the Packet Data Network (PDN), without any disruption to the
end users applications during mobility.
The term LTE encompasses the evolution of the radio access through the EvolvedUTRAN(E-UTRAN), it is accompanied by an evolution of the non- radio aspects
under the term System Architecture Evolution (SAE) which includes the Evolved
Packet Core (EPC) network. Together LTE and SAE comprise the Evolved Packet
System (EPS).
EPS = EPC + E-UTRAN
GB
GPRS Core
UTRAN
Iu
SGSN
S4
Rx+
S6
S7
S3
Operators
IP Services
(e.g. IMS, PSS,
etc,)
IASA
eNB
eNB
eNB
Evolved RAN (LTE)
eNB
S1
MME
UPE
S5a
3GPP
anchor
S5b
EPC (SAE)
Trusted non 3GPP
IP Access
SAE
S2b
anchor
S2a
SGi
EPDG
WLAN 3GPP
IP Access
WLAN
Access Network
EPS uses the concept of EPS bearers to route IP traffic from a gateway in the PDN to the UE.
A bearer is an IP packet flow with a defined Quality of Service (QoS) between the gateway and
the UE.
The E-UTRAN and EPC together set up and release bearers as required by applications.
A common anchor point and gateway (GW) node for all access technologies
All IP network
Support for multiple, heterogeneous RATs, including legacy systems as GPRS, but
also non-3GPP systems (say WiMAX)
Manages and stores the UE control plane context, generates temporary Id, provides
UE authentication, authorization, mobility management
Manages and stores UE context, ciphering, mobility anchor, packet routing and
forwarding, initiation of paging
3GPP anchor:
SAE anchor:
S-GW(Serving gateway).
MME tracks & maintains the current location of UEs.This allows MME to page a
mobile.
MME selects SGSN & Performs inter CN nodes signalling for inter 3GPP handovers
It also plays a vital role in user authentication & for that it consults HSS on S6a
interface which enables transfer of subscription & authentication data to MME
Based on subscription data MME selects PDN GW & then SGW & finally
establishes a bearer between UE & PDN-GW.
It is basically define to handle user data functionality & is involved in routing &
forwarding of data packet to P-GW via S5.
S5 interface can be GTP based or PMIP based & is also used for S-GW relocation
due to UE mobility.
S-GW is connected to eNB via S1-U interface which provides user plane tunneling
& inter-eNB handovers.
Load sharing of MMEs enables mobility of aUE with in a geographical area without
changing the MME.
The PDN Gateway is the node that connects the UE to external PDNS & as the
UEs default router.
A PDN-GW is responsible for anchoring the user plane mobility within the
LTE/EPC network as well as for inter-RAT handovers.
The PDN Gateway may be responsible for the allocation of an IP address to the UE
during default EPS bearer setup. Packet filtering of user traffic may be implemented
at P-GW in support of QOS differentiation between multiple IP flows.
The S7 interface provides transfer of(QOS)policy & charging rules from the
policy(PCRF) to P-GW.The policy rules indicate whether the P-GW Should grant
resource reservation request & if it is allowed to process packets for given IP flow
HSS is a user data base that stores subscription related information to support other
call control & session management entities.
During registration MME talks to HSS via S6a interface for user authentication &
ciphering. The HSS generates security information for mutual authentication,
integrity check& ciphering & can also provide information about the user physical
location.
The
PCRF functionalities include policy control decision & flow based charging
control.PCRF is the main QOS control entity in the network.
It is responsible for building the policy rules that will apply to user services &
passing the rules to the PDN-GW via S7 interface.
The PCRF may use the subscription information as basic for the policy & charging
control decision.
E-UTRAN Architecture
E-UTRAN
The evolved UTRAN (eUTRAN) architecture consist of eNBs(evolved Node Bs).
Functions of eNodeB :
Terminates RRC, RLC and MAC protocols and takes care of Radio Resource
Management functions :
-Controls radio bearers
-Controls radio admissions
-Controls mobility connections
-Allocates radio resources dynamically (scheduling)
-Receives measurement reports from UE
Schedules and transmits broadcast information coming from MME & O&M
E-UTRAN
E-UTRAN