Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
2007
x
E, A, I
Curved structures
Load carrying by
membrane, not bending
Characteristic feature:
-Load carrying by membrane and bending interaction
-Equilibrium, by stresses, foreces
-Kinematic Compatibility, strains (curvature) expressed by displacement
-Hookes law, relation between stresses and strains
1
Stiffness relation
(between nodal forces and displacements)
may be written as
S = kv + S 0
T
S = N qds
0
= H Nv = HBv
= E
Table 8.1 Finite element approximations of circular arch with point load
Example study
Moment at A1)
Conventional
Element
type
B31
Number of Displ.at A
elements
(10-2)
0.7586
4
0.7751
8
0.7798
16
0.496
C31
4
0.1402
8
0.3464
16
0.7795
D3151
4
0.7810
8
0.7814
16
0.7795
C3152
4
0.7810
8
0.7814
16
0.5177
C32
4
0.7478
8
0.7791
16
0.3719
C33
2
0.7659
4
0.7808
8
EXACT
0.7814
1)
5.6
82.6
292.2
300.7
302.6
292.2
300.7
302.6
225.0
290.8
301.7
119.2
251.2
300.8
303.0
Generalized
287.4
299.1
302.1
60.4
99.4
178.3
310.8
305.0
303.5
287.2
299.1
302.0
304.4
302.7
303.0
283.5
302.3
303.0
Shell elements
Curved shells
-a
dx
w,x
] = [v
T
Midsurface
h/2
v Tp
x,u
Midsurface
z
w,x
x,u
w,x
h/2
a) Differential element of
a thin plate before loading
Figure 8.7 Shell element made up of a triangular plate element with 9 d.o.f. (T9)
and constant strain triangle (CST).
7
0x
P
z
T
m
v k = u k v k , w k , xk , yk
u=-z0x
u=-zw,x
For plane element there is no coupling between in-plane and bending behaviour
The stiffness relation for a plane shell element therefore can be established by
superimposing the plate and membrane stiffness relations.
For the element in Figure 8.7 the d.o.f. for each node, k are
x,u
w,x
Shell theory
- thin, thick shell analogous to plate
formulations
- strain (for a thin shell: mean strain, curvature;
for a thick shell : starins incl. shear deformation)
- small strain or finite strain
Approximation
- assumed displacements & interpolation polynomial
- assumed strains
- number of nodes and degrees of freedom
- numerical integration over the surface and thickness
10
elements that use five degrees of freedom per node where possible
continuum shell elements.
- SC6R, and SC8R
READ Guidelines, Sect.23.6.1 Shell elements; Overview ;
Sect. 23.6.2 Choosing a shell element of Theory Manual
11
12
Numerical Study:
finite element modelling of shell structures.
- Effect of mesh viz characteristic length, Rh
of a cylindrical shell with radius, R and plate thickness, h.
q
h = 20 mm
Local
bending
R = 1000 mm occurs
adjacent to
the radial
load
L = 1000
13
14
.45
DISPLACEMENT, z
.5
.4
R STRESS
0
.2
.35
0.434
Mesh 2
0.434
Fine Mesh 3
0.434
Theoretical
value
0.433
.3
-1
.25
-1.5
.2
-2
.15
-2.5
.1
-3640
-3540
-3546
-88.5
-96.7
-99.1
-100
Max. element
shear force Nyz
(N)
23.9
21.2
20.9
20.77
Note: The element size in the longitudinal direction is 25,50 and 100 mm for
the fine, medium and coarse mesh, respectively.
The characteristic length: Rh = 141.4 mm
Rh
-4
.2
Min. element
shear force Nyz
(N)
DISTANCE
-3.5
0
-.05
.6
-3
Rh
.05
-4380
.4
-.5
.4
.6
DISTANCE
a)Displacement, w (mm)
-4.5
b)Moment, Mx(NM)
16