APPENDIX

Fwli Yorb ( Yorb Vowels )

/a/
aj
ara
wa
p
l
l
ab
r
gbra
ga

n.
n.
pr.
n.
n.
n.
n.
n.
n.
n.

dog
body
we
a wasteful person
dream
riddle
hut
style
strength
chair

Tone practice:
p
ap
p

n.
n.
n.

a wasteful person
arm
scar

Tongue twisters:
jl j jku Jd.
jl ate Jds leftovers.
Ad j jaa Jay
Ad ate Jays fish.
/e/
ew
we
er
er
ed
d
p
pl
gl
t

n.
n.
n.
n.
n.
n.
n.
n.
n.
n.

COERLL - Yorb Ymi

leaf
youth
play, game
python
shrimp
language
curse
a type of facial mark
headwear(female)
lip
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Tone practice:
ed
d

n.
n.

shrimp
language

er
er
r

n.
n.

play, game
python
benefit / gain

n.
n.

dust
a type of meal made with black eyed peas

eruku
kuru

n.

Tongue twisters:
Ww l w k l jre y. (Proverb)
Taking birth prevents ones body from feeling cold.
Dl d ad ba.
Dl wore the kings crown.
//
d
kk
rk
y
y
jj
g
s
p
n
kn

n.
n.
n.
n.
n.
adv.
n.
n.
n.
n.
n.

human being
bicycle
cheek
bird
honor
gently
cassava
leg
peanut
mat
leopard

Tone practice:
i

n.
n.

work
poverty

j
j

n.
n.

blood
pledge, oath

COERLL - Yorb Ymi

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Tongue twisters:
d j j lri kk.
The hunter ate fish on the bike.
Plpl ld dgb. (Proverb)
A hunter hunts carefully.
/i/
igi
r
b
Bs
d
d
iy
id
dl
dw

tree, stick
dew
birth
name of a person
bundle
butt, the reason why
honor
brass
family, household
obstacle

n.
n.
n.
n.
n.
n.
n.
n.
n.
n.

Tone practice:
ife
f

n.
n.

cup
whistle

d
d

n.
n.

bundle
butt, the reason why

Tongue twisters:
rri Rs n rnjo r yani lnu.
Rss experience on her trip surprised everyone.
d igi ni Jd w.
Jd is by the tree.
Bs dr n d igi gga.
Bs stands by the tall tree.

COERLL - Yorb Ymi

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/o/
ow
w
op
p
kta
j
ojo
j
olw
rr

n.
n.
n.
n.
n.
n.
n.
n.
n.
n.

money
trade
widow
pillar
stone
name of a male person
coward
rain
rich person
ground nut oil, peanut oil

Tone practice:
j
j

n.
n.

name of a person (male)

rain

op
p

n.
n.

widow
pillar, post

ow
w

n.
n.

money
trade

Tongue twisters:
j gbow lw olw lwd.
j got the money from the wealthy person in Owd town.
Ol drr sn odo Mma Tol.
Ol poured the peanut oil into Tols mothers mortar.
//
w
w
w
w
k
k
k
k
pl
pl
klkl
kkr

n.
n.
n.
n.
n.
n.
n.
n.
n.
n.
n.
n.

COERLL - Yorb Ymi

hand
broom
respect
name of a Yorb town
hoe
spear
vehicle
husband
toad
brain
fox
key
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Tone practice:
k
k

n.
n.

spear
hoe

pl
pl

n.
n.

brain
frog

Tongue twisters:
pl d n i bi pl klkl
The brain of the young person works like the brain of a fox. (S/he is canny like a fox.)
l jk sk ga r.
l threw a spear at the vehicle of his boss.
/u/
kkr
burk
dd
k
l
tut
l
t
f
l

adj. short
adj. bad
adj. black/dark
v.
to die
v.
beat
v./adj. to be cold
v.
to mingle
v.
untie
v.
to wash
n.
drum

Tone practice:
l
l
lu
t
t
tu

v.
v.
v.
v.
v.
v.

to mingle
to beat
to make a hole(under)
untie
to ease, to soothe
to uproot

Tongue twisters:
Mo lu lu dndn nlu Lol.
I beat the dndn drum in Lols town.
Ooru brk m Ol n ru.
Ol was very hot in the middle of the night.
COERLL - Yorb Ymi

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Pronunciation and Tone Practice

Oral Vowels - Part I (No tones tested)
Listen to your teacher for the pronunciation of the words in the left column. There is an oral vowel
underlined in the word. Check the appropriate box where the underlined oral vowel belongs.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.

r
bdn
y
oj
igi
ed
m
ow
d
k
d
aj
w
k
j
w
k
od
w
od
do

COERLL - Yorb Ymi

[a]

[e]

[]

Page 306

[i]

[o]

[]

[u]

CC 2011 The University of Texas at Austin

Oral Vowels - Part II (Tones tested)

Listen to your teacher for the pronunciation of the words in the left column. There is an oral vowel
underlined in the word. Check the appropriate box where the underlined oral vowel belongs.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.

r
bdn
y
y
If
f
d
ed
er
re
p
ap
s
r

ara
r
ja
er
pr
br
apr
aff
ad
gd
br

COERLL - Yorb Ymi

[]

[]

[a]

[]

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[]

[e]

[]

[]

[]

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Oral Vowels - Part II (Tones tested) Continued

Listen to your teacher for the pronunciation of the words in the left column. There is an oral vowel
underlined in the word. Check the appropriate box where the underlined oral vowel belongs.
r
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.

[]

[i]

[]

[]

[o]

[]

[]

[]

[]

[]

[u]

[]

j
oj
j
ab
d
j
b
j
o
iu
et
b
op
p
w
ir
igi
w
ka
r
r
k
k
b
kta

COERLL - Yorb Ymi

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Nasal Vowels
Standard Yorb language has five nasal vowels: -an; -n; -in; -n; -un
/an/
iyn
ran
itan
tn
sn
bdn

n.
n.
n.
n.
n.
n.

pounded yam
generation
thigh
story
afternoon
name of a Yorb city

Tone practice:
itan
tn

n.
n.

thigh
story

sn
sn

n.
n.

orange
afternoon

/n/
bn
pn
pn
ahn
gbn
gbn
gbn
agbn
gbn

n.
n.
n.
n.
n.
n.
n.
n.
n.

gun
wooden bowl
a bachelor
tongue
wisdom
thirty
coconut
basket
chin

Tone practice:
gbn
gbn

n.
n.

wisdom
thirty

gbn
agbn
gbn

n.
n.
n.

coconut
basket
chin

/n/
yn

adj.

COERLL - Yorb Ymi

that one
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nn
n-n-n!
yn

adv.
adv.
pr.

yes
really? Is that so?
that

It is important to note that not very many words end in /n/ in Yorb.
/in/
eyn
yn
yin
gbn
pn
irin
rn
rn
in
sn
sn

n.
n.
pr.
n.
n.
n.
n.
n.
n.
n.
n.

tooth
back
you (plural)
snail
portion
iron, metal
walk
laughter
horse
worship
shame

Tone practice:
yn
yin

n.
pr.

back
you (plural)

irin
rn

n.
n.

iron, metal
walk

/un/
irun
dun
fun
bn
okn
kun
run
rn
dn
adn

n.
n.
n.
n.
n.
n.
n.
n.
n.
n.

hair
bed bug
chalk
a dirty person
rope
ocean
heaven
neck
year
sweetness, flavor

Tone practice:
okn

n.

COERLL - Yorb Ymi

rope
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kun
run
rn

n.
n.
n.

ocean
heaven
neck

Nasal Vowels - Part I (No tones tested)

Listen to your teacher for the pronunciation of the words in the left column. There is a nasal vowel
underlined in the word. Check the appropriate box where the underlined nasal vowel belongs.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.

r
bdn
rn
un
gbn
ikn
gbn
gbn
irin
ikn
ynb
rn
gn
iyn
ahn
erin
ikn
jgbn
iyn
gbn
eyn
obnrin
ibsn
orn
dnkn
itan
orin
ktn
igun
yn
ikun

COERLL - Yorb Ymi

[an]

[n]

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[in]

[n]

[un]

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Nasal Vowels - Part II (Tones tested)

Listen to your teacher for the pronunciation of the words in the left column. There is a nasal vowel
underlined in the word. Check the appropriate box where the underlined nasal vowel belongs.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.

r
bdn
rn
un
gbn
ikn
gbn
gbn
irin
ayn
ynb
rn
gn
iyn
ahn
erin
ikn
jgbn
iyn
gbn
eyn
obnrin
ibsn
orn
dnkn
itan
orin
ktn
igun
yn
ikun

[n]

[n]

[an]

[n]

[n]

[n]

[n]

[n]

[in]

[n]

[n]

[n]

[n]

[n]

[un]

The syllabic [m] and [n]

[m] and [n] are considered nasal consonants. They are allophones of the same phoneme/n/.
However, they can act in capacity as syllabic nasals because they behave like vowels on which
tones can be marked. In other words, they can stand on their own just like a syllable. Examples of
the syllable /n/ can be found in the following:
Adrel
dd
Bnk
gbangba
kk
gbgb
Dd
Bll
algb
COERLL - Yorb Ymi

a/d//re/l
d//d
b/n/k
gba/n/gba
k//k
gb//gb
D//d
B/l//l
a/l//gb

name of a person
fried yam
a girls name
open arena
toad
very big
name of a male person
name of a person
lizard
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kr
fn

//k/r
//f//n

a type of fabric
benefit

Examples of the syllable /m/ can be found in the following:

Bmbl
Bmp

COERLL - Yorb Ymi

B/m/b/l
B/m/p

name of a person
name of a boy or girl

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Ksnt Yorb ( Yorb Consonants )

Yorb consonants are depicted below in various environments in which they can occur: word
initially (at the beginning of a word), intervocalically (between vowels), or word finally (at the end of a
word).
/b/
bb
b
br
Bs
bt
b
b
br
bbur
bn

n.
v.
v.
n.
n.
v.
v.
v.
adj.
v.

father
to peel
to start; to squat
name of a male or female Yorb person
shoe
to cover
to jump; to puncture
to fear
wicked
anger

Tone practice:
b
b
bi

v.
v.
v.

to deliver a baby
to throw up
to ask

b
b
b

v.
v.
v.

to be free
to boil/parboil
to worship

Tongue twisters:
Bs b bb b bt.
Bs helped father take off his shoe(s).
Drum song
B a b lni
B a b bni
wn l bni t m
Translation:
If we pursue people in order to wickedly hurt them and we fail to get a hold on them, we should stop
pursuing them. It is not good to be an eternal enemy to people.
COERLL - Yorb Ymi

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/d/
d
dm
dl
d/dd
drj
dw
dw
dnilj
d
d

n.
n.
n.
n.
v.
n.
v.
adv.
n.
n.

human being
worry
a foreign country, city, town, village
backyard
to forgive
money contribution
to contribute money
to be sure of, to be certain
a stupid person
a hunter

Tone practice:
d
d

v.
v.

to cover, to arrive, to wear(e.g a crown / a hat)

to tie down

d
d

v.
v.

to soften
to trap

ed
d

n.
n.

shrimp
language

d
d

n.
n.

a stupid person
a hunter

Tongue Twisters:
Ad d ad ba n Ayd.
Ad (name of a person) wore the crown of the king in the city of Ayd.
Dda tut b y db.
Dda (name of a boy) is gentle like a dove.
/f/
If
f
aff
funfun
fk
frn
fun
fn
fl
Fmi

n.
n.
n.
adj.
n.
v.
n.
v.
n.
n.

COERLL - Yorb Ymi

a Yorb city in Nigeria

love
breeze
white
a Yorb town in Nigeria
to like
chalk
to give
hat, cap
name of a person
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Tone practice:
f
f

v.
v.

to blow
to widen

f
f

v.
v.

to wash
to break

Tongue Twisters:
Fmi frnan fl funfun.
Fmi likes white hats.
Aff f y funfun n l.
The breeze blew away the white feather.
Fl f funfun fn Fmi.
Fl washed the white clothe for Fmi.
/g/
g
n.
go
n.
ogn
n.
ogun
n.
gn
n.
gd
n.
agogo (aago) n.
igi
n.
ga
n.
g
v.

boss
glory
twenty; inheritance
war
god of iron
plantain
clock, wristwatch, time
tree
chair
to cut

Tone practice:
gn
v.
to climb
gn
adj. to be lengthy, tall
gn
v.
to pound, to mash
Tongue twisters:
Gbnga g igi gga.
Gbnga cut a tall tree.
Proverb:
Igi gogoro m gn-n mi lj, kr la ti w .
Be mindful of impending troubles.

COERLL - Yorb Ymi

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The [kp] and [gb] are referred to as plosive consonants. They have double places of
articulation(labial and velum).. Hence they are labio-velar consonants. Their manner of articulation
is plosive. Hence, they are both labiovelar plosives. Their difference is in voicing. The sounds
indicate double articulation. The letter /p/ is represented as [kp] in Yorb pronunciation. The /k/
and the /p/ in the [kp], and the /g/ and the /b/ in [gb] are not separate but pronounced together.
/gb/
gbogbo
gbgb
gb
gb
gb
agbd
gbdo
algb
agbrn
gbgb

adj.
n.
n.
n.
prep.
n.
n.
n.
n.
n.

all
root
the elderly
group, people, association, organization
beside, side
Yorb mens flowing garment
corn
lizard
umbrella
faith, belief

Tone practice:
agbn
gbn
agbn

n.
n.
n.

basket
coconut
wasp

gbr
agbra

n.
n.

flood
power

Tongue Twisters:
Gbogbo gbgb l s ja Gbgi.
All the elderly people went to Gbagi market.
Gbogbo algb s lgblgb nn gbl.
All the lizards are running around in the compound.
/h/
ih
whl
Wl
h
h
h
ahn
lh
h
h

n.
n.
n.
v.
v.
adj.
n.
n.
v.
n.

COERLL - Yorb Ymi

pit, hole
trouble
name of a male person
to peel
to distribute
tight; narrow
tongue
a veiled woman
to scratch; to run away
side; region
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Tone practice:
han
hn
hn

v.
v.
v.

to scream
to appear
to grasp (something)

h
ha

v.
v.

to be tight; to distribute
to scratch

Tongue Twisters:
Hhanrun t bba Dl hanrun j whl.
The snoring of Dls father is a problem.
/j/
[d]
j
j
j
j
j
j
j
onj
ij
j

v.
n.
n.
n.
v.
n.
n.
n.
n.
n.

to dance
trip, travel
market
storm
to fight
day
rain
food
jungle
fight

Tone practice:
j
j

n.
n.

blood
oath

Tongue Twisters:
j j n j j n jeje.
There was a storm on market day seven days ago.
Jmk jd n aj ij.
Jmk shook her butt at the dance association.
/k/
k (ml) n.
k
n.
ork
n.
COERLL - Yorb Ymi

cooked yam flour

cobra
praise name
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kk
eku
kk
knrin
rk
k
kn

adv.
n.
n.
n.
n.
n.
n.

quickly
rat
bicycle
man, male
cheek
gossip
leopard

Tone practice:
k
k
k
k

n.
n.
n.
n.

vehicle
husband
hoe
spear

Tongue twisters:
Kmi k Kk kr.
Kmi (a name of a female person) greeted Kk (a name of a female person) good morning.
Kk k Kmi kr
Kk (a name of a female person) greeted Kmi(a name of a female person) good morning.
Proverb:
Kkr ni abr kr, k e mm fn ad
Though the needle is small, it cannot be swallowed by a hen.
/l/
l
l
l
l
l
Lkan
labalb
lb
l
lti

v.
v.
adj.
v.
n.
n.
n.
n.
n.
prep.

to chase
can, to be able to
to be lazy
to beat
honor; wealth
name of a male person
butterfly
name given to the second child born after twins
dream
in order to; from

Tone practice:
l
l

v.
v.

go, went
to blend

l
l

v.
v.

to cut; to be free
to lick

COERLL - Yorb Ymi

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Tongue twister:
Ll l l lb lb.
Ll dreamed in lbs hut.
/m/
mj
m
mw
m
am
mbnrin
mknrin
mm
omi
mlml

adj.
n.
n.
n.
n.
n.
n.
n.
n.
n.

two
knowledge
a PhD degree holder
child
clay
a young female person
a young male person
mother
water
builder

Tone practice:
m
m

adj.
v.

to be clean
to know

Tongue twisters:
Mo mu omi n ile mm Myw.
I drank water at Myws mothers house.
Mm mi mu omi mi.
My mom drank my water.
/n/
n
nb
nbo
npn
nwj
nsny
nbyn
nkan
n
nr

v.
adv.
interro.
adj.
adv.
adv.
prep.
adj.
v.
n.

COERLL - Yorb Ymi

to have
here
where?
thick
in front of, ahead
now
over there
only, alone
to clean
nr (Nigerian currency)

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Tone practice:
n
ni

v.
v.

to have
to be

n
n

v.
v.

to haggle or bargain
to beat (someone)

Tongue Twisters:
Ny n nr nl naa r.
Ny spent nr at the in-laws house.
Nran nw nnkn.
Nran spent money extravagantly.
/p/ = [kp]
p
p
epo
p
ptpt
ptpt
pn
pt
pl
ptk

n.
n
n.
n.
n.
adv.
n.
n.
n.
adj.

scar
peanut
cooking oil, gas for vehicle
bag
puddle
completely
divide
underwear
cardboard, cardboard box
important, crucial

Tone practice:
ap
p

n.
n.

arm
a wasteful person

pn
pn

adj.
v.

to be ripe
to carry on the back (e.g. a baby)

Tongue Twisters:
Pkte Pj pa y par.
Pjs trap killed the partridge.
Parl pn p n.
Parl (name of a male person) divided the peanuts.
Pd (name of a male person) pej n ppa bl pp .
Pd killed a snake on pp soccer field.
COERLL - Yorb Ymi

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/r/
ara
r
r
rere
rrnn
rr
ron
roj
ryn
rnt

n.
v.
v.
adj.
v.
adv.
v.
v.
v.
v.

body
to see
to buy
nice, good
to laugh
not at all
to think
to complain
to report
to remember

Tone practice:
r
r

v.
v.

to think, to stir
to tie as in wrapper/cloth

er
r

n.
n.

game, play
profit

er
re

n.
n.

boa constrictor
statue

Tongue Twisters:
Rr t Rm r r mi Rnt m inu Rm dn.
Rm became happy on seeing my good friend Rnt.
Rm ra rs n Rm.
Rm bought rice in Rm.
/s/
rs
ws
sr
s
sn
sr
Simill
sinmi
sn
s

n.
n.
n.
n.
n.
v.
n.
n.
n.
n.

COERLL - Yorb Ymi

rice
insult
patience
leg
worship
to speak
name of a female person
to rest
sickness
a party, a get-together

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Tone practice:
sn
sn
sin

v.
v.
v.

to worship
to sneeze
to bury

sn
sn
sn

n.
n.
n.

worship
shame, reproach
religion

Tongue Twisters:
Simill sinmi lj sinmi.
Simill rested on Sunday.
Sanm (name of a male person) bin s Snn.
Sanm was mad at Snn.
//
// is pronounced as sh as in shy.
kt
in
iu
a
al
ad
l
ro

n.
n.
n.
n.
n.
n.
n.
adj.
n.
n.
n.

a pair of pants
horse
yam
cloth, fabric
the seller/owner of fabric/cloth
name of a female person
name of a person
to be difficult
custom, tradition
hawk
command

Tone practice:

v.
v.

to break
to sin, to commit a crime

n.
n.

custom, tradition
hawk

Tongue Twisters:
ad ub nwju l.
ad fell in front of l.
COERLL - Yorb Ymi

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 l i n sb y?
Does l work in ys shop?
/t/
atgn
tlw
ti
ata
t
t
gbkt
tltl
tt
bt

n.
n.
conj.
n.
n.
n.
v.
adv.
n.
n.

air
palm of the hand
and
pepper
conspiracy
alcoholic beverage
to summersault
originally, before
truth
shoe

Tone practice:
[Sgo] t n.
t
n.

name of a Yorb town

enemy

t
t

to urinate
to raise, e.g. a child

v.
v.

Tongue Twister:
Tt ta at n tt.
Tt sold peppers on the street.
Proverb:
Att sn ltt j.
Early to bed, early to rise.
/w/
w
w
wrwr
wr
whl
w
w
w
w
Wl

n.
n.
adv.
adj.
n.
v.
v.
v.
v.
v.

COERLL - Yorb Ymi

book
behavior
quickly
small, little
trouble
to be crooked
to like
to exist
to come
name of a male person

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Tone practice:
w
iwe

n.
n.

book
gizzard

wl
Wmm

v.
adj.

to enter
name of a person

Tongue Twisters:
Wl wle Wmm.
Wl entered Wmms house.
Wl wle Wl.
Wl entered Wls house.
Wl wale mi.
Wl came to my house.
/y/
iyanrn
n.
yt
adj.
ynyn
n.
ynmynm n.
yj
v.
yn
v.
Ynk
n.
Ym
n.
yynyyn n.
yn
n.

sand
different
ice
mosquito
to appear
to praise
name of a person
name of a person
a dentist
back

Tone practice:
y
y

v.
adj.

to rejoice, to slip
to be slimy

yr
yar

n.
n.

room
to refuse

Tongue Twisters:
yy ya Ymi my y .
Ymis moms enthusiasm is rewarding.
Ay y Yl n l y.
Life is pleasant with Yl in y town.
COERLL - Yorb Ymi

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Consonants
Listen to your teacher for the pronunciation of the words in the left column. There is a consonant
underlined in the word. Check the appropriate box where the underlined consonant belongs.

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.

r
ad
labalb
igi
a
as
bt
fl
g
ab
ahn
b
gbl
adj
hanrun
jk
omi
ap
kt
yr
d
oko
apr
yw
ow
sr
agbgb
w
nw

plp

[b]

COERLL - Yorb Ymi

[d]

[f]

[g]

[gb]

[h]

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[j]

[k]

[l]

[m]

[n]

[p]

[r]

[s]

[]

[t]

[w]

CC 2011 The University of Texas at Austin

[y]

SYLLABIC NASALS
Examples of the syllabic /n/ can be found in the following:
Adrel
dd
Bnk
gbangba
kk
gbgb
Dd
Bll
algb
kr
fn

a/d//re/l
d//d
b/n/k
gba/n/gba
k//k
gb//gb
D//d
B/l//l
a/l//gb
//k/r
//f/n

name of a person
fried yam
a girls name
open arena
toad
very big
name of a male person
name of a person
lizard
a type of fabric
benefit

Examples of the syllable /m/ can be found in the following:

Bmbl
Bmp

B/m/b/l
B/m/p

name of a person
name of a boy or girl

Proverb
Pounded yam is food,
k is medicine.
Solid pap is a last resort,
Popcorn is a snack.

Iyn lonj k logn

r rr l j k
Knu m dil ni ti ggr.

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A Poem on the city of bdn

bdn
bdn
l b dan, ol pnl y
l wn jagunjagun
l Lgel tOlyl
l bknl un gnml
Ogun k kbdn r
bdn l k gbogbo wn yye
l t gb lej, t gb onle
bdn l f f f
To kja Mny ln y
Tt fi d m d ln Abkta.
Ondnd ln If ti Ongbr ln jb
bdn, l olgunlg rl
Elr nyn b eu yako
B dbdn, b mi k wn lj j
Ljaba, Dgb tAlinly oun Gbagi tuntun
N bi ti wn ti e ktkr
Tw ti wl sp w n pru
Olbdn mo e n kbys
ba l bdn, mo gb bb
l olk pp lb dn
k d, ke Mp, k r
ke Sn, ke Bl, ke Bk
k lyl, kbdan!
kbdan dkun gb m o
B o ti gbe ara iwj o
ni to fap e, fs e nbdnn gb
N ekra n tmi.
By
Professor Addtun gndj
Dean, Faculty of Arts
University of Ibadan
Ibadan, Nigeria
June 2006

COERLL - Yorb Ymi

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