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D = E = 4 ext
E = 4 = 4( ext + ind )
Phys. 555/342: Ch 14A
d2x
m 2 = eE
dt
mx = eE
2
x e it
E e it
eE
x= 2
m
ex = e E / m
2
ne
P = nex = 2 E
m
Dipole moment
D( )
P( )
( ) =
1+ 4
E( )
E( )
4ne 2
( ) = 1+
m 2
Plasma Frequency
2
4ne
2p =
m
2p
( ) = 1+ 2
=p when =0
Phys. 555/342: Ch 14A
4ne
p
( ) = ()
=
()
1+
2
2
m
2
4ne
=
m()
2
p
Again---
p =
=0
Phys. 555/342: Ch 14A
2D 2 2
=c E
2
t
For < p
For > p
( ) 2 = ()( 2 2p ) = c 2K 2
K2 <0 so K is imaginary
K2 >0 so K is real
E e|K |x
2 = 2p + c 2K 2 /()
Plasmons
( L ) = 0
2
p
( L ) = 1 2 = 0
Electron charge
Positive background
d 2u
nm 2 = eE = 4n 2e 2 u
dt
d 2u
2
+
pu
2
dt
2
4ne
2p =
m
3k v
(1+
+ )
10
Surface charge
Plasma Oscillations
A plasma oscillation is a collective longitudinal excitation of the
conduction electrons. A plasmon is a quantum of plasma
oscillations.
QuickTime and a
TIFF (LZW) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
History
Ritchie and Birkhoff had submitted separate abstracts
to a conference at the University of Maryland, but
Rufus could not attend --.Birkhoff offered to present
his paper, which met with some fierce criticism from
Dr. Dennis Gabor (later a Nobel laureate), who said
he had studies the problem and concluded that there
was no such animal as the surface plasmon. Upon
learning of this response, Rufus questioned what he
should do. Colleague David Pines encouraged him
to submit the paper anyway.
It is now one of the most cited papers.
Plasmons
Surface Plasmons
EM surface waves that exists
at the interface of two media
whose have opposite signs
Surface Plasmons
Surface Plasmons
Dispersion relation and Drude
Surface plasmons
k = ( )
2
2
c2
p2
( ) = 1 2
m ( )d
2
k|| = 2
c m ( ) + d
&
k|| > 0
Solution 10.1
2p1
2
= 1 +
2p2
2
, so that 2 =
1 2
2
(p1 + p2
).
2
Quantum Calculation
of the induced charge
near a surface as a
result of applying a
constant electric field.
Analog of
classical Surface Charge
Friedel Oscillations: 2kF
4
3
[rsa0 ] = 1/n
3
a0 is Bohr Radii
A view Equations
4ne 2 1/ 2
P =
( ) 1 E( )
dzn(z, ) =
( ) + 1 2
In Jellium Model
P2
( ) = 1 2
A comparison
Work by Feibelman in
the 1970s showed that
the response of the
surface could be
characterized by the
d() function.
d( ) =
dz z n(z, )
( )
First moment of
induced charge.
Red() develops pole
at ~0.8P
No features at SP
Imd() gives photo
absortion.
Phys. 555/342: Ch 14A
Spatial variation in A
Variation in A
g(q, ) =
qz
dz
e
n(z, )
2( )
( ) 1
g(q, ) =
wd( )
1+
( ) + 1 ( ) + 1
(q) = SP (1 d( SP )q /2)
Instrument
Data
Surface plasmon