Chapter 2 Review

(Pages 134135)

Understanding Concepts
1.

2. (a)
(b)
(c)
3. (a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
4. (a)
(b)

5. (a)
(b)

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Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm.

Pyruvate oxidation and the Krebs cycle occur in the mitochondrial matrix.
The electron transport chain and ATP synthesis occur in the inner mitochondrial membrane.
Ubiquinone (Q) is an electron carrier. As part of the electron transport chain, it carries electrons from NADH
dehydrogenase to cytochrome b-c1 complex within the membrane.
FADH2 is an electron carrier from the Krebs cycle that transfers its two electrons to Q.
Pyruvic acid is a product of glycolysis that enters the mitochondrial matrix to undergo pyruvate oxidation and then
enters the Krebs cycle.
ATP synthase is an enzyme complex located in the inner mitochondrial membrane that uses the proton motive force to
generate ATP.
Theoretically, NADH and FADH2 should generate three and two ATP molecules, respectively.
NADH passes its electrons to the first protein complex in the electron transport chain, NADH hydrogenase. FADH2
transfers its electrons to the second protein in the chain, ubiquinone (Q). The free energy released by the oxidation of
FADH2 is used to pump two protons into the intermembrane space, while NADH oxidation pumps out three electrons.
The result is that two ATP are formed per FADH2, and three ATP molecules are formed per mitochondrial NADH.
The net gain in ATP after one molecule of glucose undergoes cellular respiration is 36 ATP.
The net gain in ATP after one molecule of glucose undergoes alcoholic fermentation is 2 ATP.

Unit 1 Metabolic Processes

Copyright 2003 Nelson

6.

7.

i. Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm.

ii. Pyruvate oxidation occurs in the mitochondrial matrix.
iii. The Krebs cycle occurs in the mitochondrial matrix.
iv. The electron transport chain and chemiosmosis occur in the inner membrane of the mitochondria.
8. NAD+ accepts two electrons and one proton during glycolysis and the Krebs cycle.
9. FADH2 is used as an electron acceptor in step 6 of the Krebs cycle, because the reaction is not exergonic enough to reduce
NAD+ to NADH.
10.(a) An electrochemical gradient is created by pumping ions into a space surrounded by a membrane that is impermeable to
ions. The gradient has two components: an electrical component caused by a difference in charge across the membrane
and a chemical component caused by a difference in ion concentration.
(b) An electrochemical gradient is created during electron transport as the enzyme complexes move protons from NADH
and FADH2 into the intermembrane space. The intermembrane space becomes an H+ reservoir because the membrane
is almost impermeable to protons. There is, therefore, a much higher concentration of protons in the intermembrane
space than in the matrix. Also, protons are consumed in the mitochondrial matrix as oxygen accepts electrons and form
water.
(c) The electrochemical gradient is used to power ATP synthesis by the enzyme complex ATP synthase. The
electrochemical gradient stores free energy and this energy is referred to as proton-motive force (PMF). Protons move
through ATP synthase in response to the PMF, reducing the energy of the gradient. This energy drives the synthesis of
ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate in the mitochondrial matrix.
11. Yeast cells produce ATP from glucose by alcoholic fermentation. NADH passes its hydrogen atoms to acetylaldehyde,
which is formed when a carbon dioxide molecule is removed from pyruvate using pyruvate decarboxylase. This produces
ATP, ethanol, and carbon dioxide.
12. The oxidized form of NAD has a positive charge, whereas the reduced form is neutral. NADH contains two electrons and
one proton (H+), which come from a glucose molecule. NADH is the reduced form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide,
while NAD+ is the oxidized form.
13. Muscle cells produce lactate from pyruvate when there is no oxygen available to accept electrons from the cytochrome
oxidase complex.
14. Ethanol is made of two carbon atoms, while pyruvate is made of three carbon atoms. Ethanol has one fewer carbon atom
that is lost as carbon dioxide.
15. Lactic acid is produced in the cytoplasm.
16. Two acetyl-CoA molecules are produced from one glucose molecule during aerobic respiration.
17.(a) The Krebs cycle occurs in the mitochondrial matrix.
(b) The enzymes for the electron transport chain are located in the inner mitochondrial membrane.
18. A cell that cannot undergo respiration or fermentation will die.
19. Thirty-two percent of the energy stored in glucose is captured and stored in ATP during aerobic respiration.
20. A: inner mitochondrial membrane
B: cristae
C: mitochondrial matrix
D: outer mitochondrial space

Copyright 2003 Nelson

Chapter 2 Cellular Respiration

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21. Dinitrophenol reduces the ability of a cell to produce ATP by making the inner mitochondrial membrane leaky. DNP thus
prevents the creation of a chemiosmotic gradient that is used to generate ATP. Therefore, cells would no longer function
properly and a person would die.
22. Metabolism in a heart undergoing a heart attack would switch from cellular respiration to lactic acid fermentation because
of the lack of oxygen, which would be caused by a blocked coronary artery. However, lactic acid fermentation does not
provide enough energy to keep the heart beating at a life-sustaining rate.
23. It is essential that muscle cells continue to convert pyruvate to lactate or else the muscle cells would cease to contract and
the cells would die.
24. Basal metabolic rate refers to the minimum energy required to remain alive, whereas maximum oxygen consumption
refers to the bodys maximum capacity to generate the energy required for physical activity.
25. A person with a higher VO2 max will feel less tired than a person with a lower VO2 max because they are more efficient
in supplying oxygen to their cells, and therefore, accumulate less lactate.

Applying Inquiry Skills

26. Students should design an experiment that has at least three repeats and two levels of oxygen concentrations (none and
atmospheric levels). Students should state that the yeast that grows best in the presence of oxygen is the aerobic yeast and
the yeast that grows best in the absence of oxygen in the anaerobic yeast.
27. A high concentration of -ketoglutarate in the urine would be due to ineffective protein catabolism. Proline is converted
into -ketoglutarate, which then enters cellular respiration as an intermediate. High levels of -ketoglutarate may indicate
genetic problems with the infant.

Making Connections
28.(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)

Soy sauce, tofu, soy milk, miso (a fermented soy bean paste), soy butter
Soy sauce and miso
Pediococcus halophius, Saccharomyces rouxii, and Torulopsis versatilis
Soy sauce is produced as follows:
1. Soybeans and wheat are blended under controlled conditions. Next, the mixture is inoculated with microorganisms
and allowed to mature for several days in large, vats through which air is circulated.
2. The resulting culture, or koji, is then transferred to fermentation tanks and mixed with saltwater to produce a mash
called moromi. The moromi is allowed to ferment for several months with various lactic acid bacteria and yeasts. The
fermentation process creates the distinct flavour and fragrance of soy sauce.
3. After moromi fermentation, the raw soy sauce is separated from the solids by pressing it through many layers of
cloth. The resulting liquid is finally pasteurized and packaged.
29.(a) Lactobacillus bacteria undergo lactic acid fermentation.
(b) This form of metabolism increases the shelf life of food by increasing the acidity to levels that inhibit the growth of
bacteria.

Extension
30.(a) No minimum drinking age in Jamaica, Poland, Portugal, and Sweden; 14 years in Switzerland; 16 years in Italy,
France, and Germany; 18 years in Chile, Britain; 19 years in Canada; 20 years in Japan; 21 years in United States.
(b) In most cases the reasons for the restrictions are to reduce alcohol dependence and abuse, allow for maturity and
responsibility before drinking, enforce parental rights, and respond to cultural, religious, and political concerns.
(c) Ethanol affects the central nervous system. It is a depressant that in high enough concentrations, may act as a general
anaesthetic. It suppresses certain brain functions. At very low doses, it acts as a stimulant, suppressing certain
inhibitory brain functions. As ethanols concentration increases, further suppression of brain functions produce the
classic symptoms of intoxication: slurred speech, unsteady walk, disturbed sensory perceptions, and slow reaction to
stimuli. At very high concentrations, an intoxicated person will fall asleep and be very difficult to wake. If the person is
awakened, he or she may be unable to move voluntarily. When blood levels reach 0.4 percent, unconsciousness results.
Above 0.5 percent, the breathing centre of the brain and the beating action of the heart can be anaesthetized, resulting
in death.
(d) Student opinions will vary. There is no correct answer, but papers must be well reasoned and thought out.
31.(a) palmitate + 7CoA + 7FAD + 7NAD+ + 7H2O 8 acetyl-CoA + 7FADH2 + 7NADH + 5H+
1. From 7 NADH and 7 FADH2:
2.5 ATP per NADH = 2.5 7 = 17.5 ATP
1.5 ATP per FADH2 = 1.5 7 = 10.5ATP
7 ATP molecules are used
Total ATP produced from 7 NADH and 7 FADH2 = 17.5 + 10.5 7 = 21 ATP

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Unit 1 Metabolic Processes

Copyright 2003 Nelson

2. 8 acetyl-CoA go through Krebs cycle, electron transport, and chemiosmosis to produce

8 ATP by substrate-level phosphorylation
24 NADH 2.5 ATP/NADH = 60 ATP
8 FADH2 1.5 ATP/FADH2 = 12 ATP
Net ATP produced per palmitate = 21 + 8 +60 + 12 = 101 ATP
Net ATP produced for 3 palmitate = 3 101 = 303 ATP
(b) Theoretical energy yield from 3 mol palmitate = 303 mol ATP 31 kJ/mol ATP
= 9393 kJ
= 9.39 MJ
(c) Three moles of the triacylglycerol would have to be ingested to obtain three moles of palmitate.
a triacylglycerol molecule with palmitate contains 51C, 98H, and 6O
molar mass of the triacylglycerol = 51(12 g/mol) + 98(1 g/mol) + 6(16 g/mol)
= 612 g/mol + 98 g/mol + 96 g/mol
= 806 g/mol
mass of 3 mol triacylglycerol = 806 g/mol 3 mol
= 2418 g
= 2.42 kg
(d) Average energy expenditure for a woman actively pedaling a bicycle (at 20 km/h) = 37.0 kJ/min (from Table 2 on page
112).
Amount of time needed = 9.39 MJ 1000 kJ/1.00 MJ 1.00 min/37.0 kJ 1.00 h/60.0 min
= 4.22 hours
The woman would have to actively pedal a bicycle for 4.22 hours to expend the energy gained by ingesting three moles
(2.42 kg) of palmitate.

Copyright 2003 Nelson

Chapter 2 Cellular Respiration

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