Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
MARTIN MOSEBACH
THE HERESY OF
FORMLESSNESS
Art Credit:
Thirteenth century, A. D.
ISBN 978-1-58617-127-8
ISBN 1-58617-127-5
CONTENTS
2 LiturgyLived Religion
6 Liturgy Is Art
Bibliographical Note
FOREWORD
These two positions are not as far apart as they might appear.
The Second Vatican Council clearly called for some modest
reforms in the liturgy, but it intended them to be organic and
clearly in continuity with the past. Most of those who call for a
return to the preconciliar liturgy will accept the kind of organic
growth and change that has characterized the liturgy from its
beginning. Those who advocate the reform of the reform want
to see the present Novus Ordo Mass celebrated in a way that
makes visible the deeper christological continuity with the
Churchs celebration of the Eucharistic Sacrifice of the Mass
over the millennia.
did practice it, hearing it every Sunday all their lives. Only
later did I realize, however, that the liturgy and its music must
not be regarded as an occasionally edifying or impressive
concert or as a help toward meditation; no, it is something
that must be practiced ones whole life long. The obligation to
go to church every Sunday should be seen in connection with
the liturgy: the liturgy must permeate our lives at a level
deeper than deliberation and thought; it must be something
that, for us, is taken for granted; otherwise it cannot have
its full effect on us.
priest does, since his own body obscures the view. There is a
splendid old joke about the Jewish schoolboy who happens to
find himself at a Mass and afterward tells his father about it.
A man came in with a little boy and gave the boy his hat. The
boy took the hat and hid it. Then the man asked the
congregation, Where is my hat? and the congregation
replied, We dont know. Then they collected money for a new
hat. In the end the little boy gave the man his hat back, but
they didnt return the money. As I have already explained,
when I was a schoolboy my grasp of the Mass was only
slightly better than the Jewish boys. Now, however, I came to
see why it is important to stretch children and make them
deal with things that are as yet beyond them. What was a
puzzle to me then continued to hold an unconscious but firm
place in my mind. The priests quiet movements to and fro at
the altar, his bowing, genuflecting, and stretching out his
Now, for the first time after so many years, I was watching a
priest in the magnetic field of the altar. The things he said and
sang slid past me: they were not so important. What was
important was the impression that he was doing something.
His standing and stretching out his arms and making the sign
of the cross was an action, a doing. The priest up there was at
his work. What he did with his hands was every bit as decisive
as his words. And his actions were directed toward things:
white linen cloths, a golden chalice, a little golden plate, wax
candles, little jugs for water and wine, the moonlike white
Host, and a great leather-bound book. The altar boys served
him ceremoniously, turned the pages for him, poured water
over his fingertips, and held out a little towel to him. After he
had raised the Host in the air, he avoided touching anything
else with his thumb and first finger and kept them together
a burnt offering of the firstlings of his flock and their fat on the
altar of sacrifice; Abraham had been prepared to sacrifice his
son and, then, sacrificed a ram in his place; Melchizedek, who
was not of the race of Abraham, sacrificed bread and wine.
Primitive religion, Jewish faith, and the Gentile world were
represented by the three names in the prayer of sacrifice;
human sacrifice, animal sacrifice, and the unbloody sacrifice
were cited, whereby the unbloody sacrifice recalled the bloody
sacrifice through its symbolism. It was clear to me that the
Catholic Mass in its traditional formunchanged for more than
1500 yearsshould be seen, not as the rite of one particular
religion, but as the fulfillment of all religions, having absorbed
and enveloped all of them. Taking part in a sacrifice of this
kind, I was uniting myself with all men who had ever lived,
from the most distant times until the present, because I was
doing what they had done. Participating in the traditional
Our liturgy is older than us and our parents, even older than
the world. The liturgy was not invented, it was discovered,
appropriated: it is something that always was, namely, the
distillation of rational prayer, more or less. The Orthodox faith
LiturgyLived Religion
fact that the reformer himself, Pope Paul VI, affirmed the
sacred and sacrificial character of Holy Mass; you may say
that his successor, Pope John Paul II, did the same and that
the new Catechism contains the unabridged teaching on the
liturgy, in harmony with the Churchs tradition. That is true;
what the supreme teaching authority says about Holy Mass is
the ancient Catholic faith. The very fact that the Catechism
could be published and that, despite the innumerable
compromises in its formulations and the woolly lyricism that
covers its various sore points, it does constitute a
compendium of traditional Catholic doctrine of the faith, is
itself a miracle in these times of ours. Since this Catechism
was published we can feel a little less ashamed of being
Catholics. But what effect does it have in our Church, on
ordinary days and holy days? When Tsar Nicholas I was
introducing strict censorship, he explicitly excluded from it any
were put in the washing machine along with the other things.
At the next Mass the women brought a little bag they had
made specially, and afterward they asked for the used
purificator and put it in the bag. What did they want it for?
Dont you see? It is impregnated with the Precious Blood: it
isnt right to pour it down the drain. The women had no idea
that in former times the Church did indeed require the priest
himself to do the initial washing of the purificator and that
afterward the wash water had to be poured into the sacrarium
or into the earth; but they just could not allow this little cloth
to be treated like ordinary laundry; instinctively they carried
out the prescriptions of an ancient rulealbeit one that is no
longer observed. One of these women said, Its like washing
the Baby Jesus diapers. I was a bit taken aback to hear this. I
found this folk piety a little too concrete. I observed her
washing the purificator at home after praying the Rosary. She
carried the wash water into the front garden and poured it in a
corner where particularly beautiful flowers grew. In the
evening she and another woman prepared the altar. Adjusting
the long, narrow linen cloth was not easy. The two women
were very intent on their task, and their actions showed a kind
of reserved concern, as if, in a sober and efficient manner,
they were taking care of someone they loved. I watched these
preparations with a growing curiosity. What was going on? All
the accounts of the Resurrection mention the folded cloths
angelicos testes, sudarium et vestesas the Easter
Sequence says. There was no doubt about it: these women in
the hideous, second-floor chapel were the women beside the
grave of Jesus. They lived in the constant, undoubted,
concretely experienced presence of Jesus. They behaved with
complete naturalness in this presence, in accord with their
background and education. Their life was adoration, translated
the oration that is now missing and that what does actually
follow is another stranded antiphon to a psalm that is no
longer sung at that point. Again, it may seem strange that the
faithful are first of all sent forthand it should be pointed out
that Ite, missaest does not mean Go, you are dismissed,
but Go, it is the mission: your apostolate has begunonly to
be kept there while they wait for the blessing, and yet again
while they are given a second blessing in the form of the
reading of the beginning of Saint Johns Gospel. No doubt
there are more puzzles to be explained by those who are
expert in these matters.
senses. What active role, for instance, did the apostles play
at the Last Supper? They let the astounding events enfold
them, and when Peter started to resist, he was specifically
instructed to be passive: If I do not wash you, you have no
part in me! What I want to find in Holy Mass is the happiness
of the man in the New Testament who sits on the periphery
and watches Christ passing by. This is what Holy Mass is
about, and that is why the Sacrifice of the Mass is seen in the
context of the Jews Exodus meal: For it is the Pasch, the
Lords passing.
past, to the vast army of the dead who were Christians before
us and without whom we would not have become Christians:
but from a religious point of view it has no value.
most effective way of filling a rite with prayer and thus uniting
form and content. It used to be the priests duty, as he put on
each vestment, to recite a specific prayer that explained it.
Long before many of the priestly vestments were done away
with, this prayer had fallen into disuse. This, to me, is an
example of what happens; once the chasuble is no longer
understood as the gentle yoke of Christ, it is just a more or
less tasteful piece of textile: Why not leave it off?
changes from one style to another and has to deal with highly
subjective poetry of the most varied levels. He is moved and
stirredbut not by the thing itself, liturgy: he is moved and
stirred by the expressed sentiments of the commentary upon
it. By contrast, the bond that Gregorian chant weaves
between liturgical action and song is so close that it is
impossible to separate form and content. The processional
chants that accompany liturgical processions (the Introit,
Gradual, Offertory, and Communion), the responsories of the
Ordinary of the Mass that interweave the prayers of the priest
and the laity, and the reciting tone of the readings and
orationsall these create a ladder of liturgical expression on
which the movements, actions, and the content of the
prayersdare brought into a perfect harmony. This language is
unique to the Catholic liturgy and expresses its inner nature,
for this liturgy is not primarily worship, meditation,
next verses were not quite so well known; the singing was still
strong but had lost its overpowering quality, and as people
pressed out of the church they had returned to their usual
state of mind. Enthusiasm was replaced with contentment,
mixed, in the case of particularly hearty singers, with a slight
sense of embarrassment.
What does this imply for the vernacular hymns? It means that,
while I am clearly aware that the whole development of
vernacular hymns is a baneful tradition, conflicting with the
authority bent its whole mighta might that has grown over
centuriesto the task of eradicating the very shape of the
Church, the liturgy, and replacing it with something else. Even
today a vast, intelligent, and efficient organization of officials
is ceaselessly working to transmit decisions made at the
Council to the remotest village in the Andes and the most
secret catacomb chapel in China. Recently, in a newspaper, a
German bishop was describing the distress of Bulgarian
Catholics, who are indeed faced with a thousand trialsbut
the gravest concern, apparently, was that the old Missals are
still doing the rounds there! A highly placed Jesuit told me of a
journey he made to Sweden with another member of his
order; of course they went to the Protestant service and
even to the Lords Supper, and only when they asked to
receive Communion in the hand was it obvious to everyone
that they were Catholics! That is how the Catholics visible
not for a vernacular hymn of the 1820s, but for the archaic
and yet ever-young garment that encloses the sacred
mysteries like a skin. To preserve the liturgy, it seems to me,
is to restore it.
The rubrics in the 1962 Missal still stipulate that altar servers
should reverently kiss every object they hand to the priest,
afterward kissing the priests hand similarly. I can think of no
better way of bringing to mind Jesus holy and venerable
handsas the Canon puts itthan this reverent kissing of
the priests hands. It takes place at the very moments when
the priest acts out in gestures what he is saying in words, thus
expressing that fact that he is now acting in persona Christi. In
Germany this kissing of the hands is rarely seen, even in
traditional circles. People tell me that the custom had died out
a long time ago. As for me, I do not know what the custom
was. For twenty-five years now the custom has been this,
that, and everything, and my memory of what went on before
Then comes the rupture: the celebrant steps out of this whole
sequence, back into his own personality; he is once again the
Reverend Father So-and-so. First he reads the notices for the
week. On Monday, Feast of Saint X, Holy Mass at 7 A.M.;
Womens Meeting in the afternoon with a slide-show of
Baroque churches in Upper Swabia, contributions welcome
toward the refreshments. Then he crosses himself and starts
to give an explanation of the Scripture. I know as well as
anyone else that in the time of Jesus this used to take place in
the synagogue, after the readings; and that in the early
that striving for this goal can only be the second step in
someones religious life. The first step is seeing the sacred
and keeping it sacred, reserving a time and a place, in our
everyday lives, for the sacred; the first step is to separate the
sacred from the profane. As the Third Commandment puts it:
Remember to keep holy the Sabbath day. In the great, ancient
liturgy, we observe this Commandment when, on Sunday, the
day of the Resurrection, we celebrate the sacrifice that Christ
has given us; what we celebrate is not something everyday
and ordinary, not the product of human will, but the revealed
miracle of Gods holiness, an image of our redemption, given
to us from above through the Churchs handsin the same
way that we receive Holy Communion.
us a wide view of the gulf. The castle on the top simply did not
want to be photographed; since last year it had rusted up in
the islands high humidity. We were greeted by an air of decay
as we opened the door. The tabernacles metal door stood
open. There were a few dusty flower vases on the altar, and a
plastic sheet covered the mildewed altar cloth. The candles
had burned right down. Chairs were scattered around
haphazardly. The sacristy looked as though it had been left in
a great hurry. Empty bottles, a tawdry chalice of some kind of
copper alloy, mousetraps, electric cables for the annual
illuminations, desiccated flowers, a chair with three legsthis
was the still life presented to us. The priest opened the
drawers. They revealed a damp amalgam of altar linen and
albs and a disintegrating Missal covered in mildew. My parents
had just given me an old Missal; I had wanted one from the
time of the Holy Roman Empire, and the one they gave me
on the sacristy chest. He arranged the altar and put the flower
vases in a corner of the sacristy. The chairs were now in an
orderly row. The altar was covered with a new altar cloth. We
found two candles and put them in the tall altar candlesticks.
There was a peoples altar in imitation wood, with a metal
vine decoration stuck on to it. Thatll make a good credence
table, the priest said, and in a trice we had put it against the
right-hand wall. He found the bell rope, got on the ladder
outside, and fastened the rope to the little bell. Now the bane
was broken, the crust of sadness scattered. The wind blew
through the open church door like the breath that brings an
instrument to life. The priest put on a bespattered stole of
violet satin, took a mineral water bottle he had brought with
him, emptied its contents into a pink plastic pot, and began to
pray; adding salt to the water, he blessed it and poured it into
the little marble shells beside the entrance. I thought I could
quite different. In other words, the link with Jesus Christ could
only be established by arbitrary force. What has Jesus Christ
to do with Dionysus, the Hellenistic-oriental god of
intoxication, whose mystery-cult the Greek Christians could
not get out of their minds? What has Mary to do with Isis,
apart from superficial features? The Mithras cult, the Imperial
court ceremonial, crown and throne, tassels and fringes,
ancient rhetoric, the Platonic academy, the Egyptian
Serapeumwhat has any of this got to do with the Christian
religion? Or is there in Christianity, perhaps, something
essential that can only be grasped in the form of rite,
something that otherwise would be lost?
into this territory. No. The only new thing in Christianity, and
what distinguishes it from all other religionswhat makes it,
so to speak, the capstone of all religionsis not the doctrine,
but the Person of the God-man, his birth from a Virgin, his
sacrificial death for the sins of mankind, his Resurrection from
the dead. It is a historical person, not a mythical one, and the
historical events of his life can be fairly precisely dated from
the reports of the officials of an obscure Roman province. The
situation is in fact the very opposite of what Goethe
expressed: the teachings of Jesus are less fruitful than his
birth, his death, and his Resurrection for mankindand not
merely for the noble part of mankind. Only in this context do
the teachings of Jesus acquire their authoritative status;
otherwise they would be insights of the most sublime wisdom,
yet still open to debate. At the center of Christianity, however,
stands the miracle of the Incarnation. Only against the
from the visible world; namely, through the action of the Holy
Spirit in the liturgy. So began one of the most unique, most
magnificent spiritual processes of world history: in order to
make present among us the most spontaneous and baffling
being in history, personal in the highest degreethe God-man
Jesus Christa highly restrained, completely harmonious,
impersonal, and non-subjective liturgy was created. When we
want to identify the action of the Holy Spirit (promised us by
Christ) in the Church, we often refer to the presence of the
Spirit in the Churchs councils and synods and in the grace of
state given to bishops and priests, who are illuminated by the
Spirit in their doctrinal decisions. I do not want to deny this in
the least; but often it is not easy to discern the Holy Spirits
influence with certainty in such cases. We know instances in
which the episcopate of an entire country not only took
decisions that were dishonorable in the secular sense, but
clearly took them in the absence of the Holy Spirit (and of all
good spirits). There can be no doubt that the Holy Spirit is
only present in the liturgy and the sacraments when he effects
the bodily presence of Jesus. Putting it in a nutshell, we could
say that Holy Mass is the Holy Spirit promised to the disciples.
Jesus, whose physical existence was the core of his message,
continues to live physically in the liturgy in the laying-on of
hands, in anointing, and in the physical realities of bread and
wine.
I said that Jesus and his disciples, and the first Christians,
were aware that if they were fully to grasp Jesus message, it
was not enough to hand on his teachings faithfullyas, for
instance, in the little black book my father used to read on
Sundays. If these teachings were to have their effect, it was
essential for the disciples to have the experience and know
the influence of Jesus, bodily present. And if the liturgy is to be
this manifestation of the bodily Jesus, essential for the
Christian life, it must be possible to experience it as
something that is not a human artifact but something given,
something revealed. Thus Basil the Great, a monk and one of
the Fathers of the Eastern Church, regarded the Mass as a
revelation that is just as great as Holy Scripture, and
consequently he strictly forbade anyone to alter or refashion
the liturgy. The fact is that the modern reformers of the Mass
When the foundation stone for Saint Raphaels church was laid
in 1903, the priest and community shared the conviction that
they were building a church that should be immediately
recognizable as such to everyone who saw it. At that time, in
fact, people were no longer building in the neo-Gothic style,
which meant that the design produced by the diocesan
architect Ludwig Maier was already a little old-fashioned.
Maier was an experienced professional. His edifice is fine,
All this was being created in the same years that Kandinsky
was painting his first abstract watercolor. In the realm of art a
great civil war broke out, and it has lasted right down to the
present day. This is not the place to go into the development
of art in the twentieth century; suffice it to say that there is
still great realistic art in the twentieth century, but it is hardly
visible. Everything that had been significant since the dawn of
art, namely, the study and the artistic re-creation of the world,
was now outlawed. Prior to this revolution, art, particularly in
its most sublime works, had always fulfilled a function: it had
ennobled a space or preserved someones memory. Artists
painted church walls with the bibliapauperum and created
devotional images that gave a specific direction to prayer.
The destruction that took place in the Second World War cut
the Gordian knot, facilitating decisive action. A bomb had
The churchs most precious treasures, the high altar and side
altars, were still intact. These altars, from the studio of the
Sigmaringen wood sculptor AlfonsMarmon, were notable
works of art that exhibited the independence and theological
daring characteristic of great church art. (An examination of
the role played by painters and sculptors in the development
of the Churchs teaching office would produce some surprising
results.) Although art historians have subsequently
rehabilitated historicism, people often continue to criticize
nineteenth-century buildings for their imitation, lack of
The liturgy constructs its own space, its own ambience. This is
equally true in the case of the Mass of Paul VI. In 1968 the
parish of Saint Raphael (still numbering some of the original
benefactors of the altars in its ranks) was told that Marmons
altars were controversial. Note the date: 1968 was an axis
year in Karl Jaspers sense: there were student riots in
before making the quick and radical incision. It had been said
that the Marmon altar was of plaster; this was clearly proved
to be untrue when the sculptures were chopped and sawn to
pieces, revealing the lime timber beneath the painted surface.
Photographs show the venerable old priest in his utterly
correct clerical garb, not looking at all like an agent of
vandalism, smiling serenely as he observed the results of his
destruction.
Along with the youth movement came the handicraft and doit-yourself movement; it became a philosophically and
intellectually respectable activity and approach. Artists of the
avant-garde practiced this shamans craft of sticking and
hammering together all kinds of rubbish and endowing the
resulting phantasmagoria with profound significance. As the
Christian priesthood was being demolished, a new caste of
art-priests was forming, laying their hand in blessing on
absolutely anything and announcing it to be a work. Otto
von Simson, who was really very well acquainted with
medieval painting, discovered that two empty plastic blood
plasma bottles that Joseph Beuys had mounted beside a
broken stick (the work was called Crucifixion) showed the
power of a Giotto. If this was taking place in the lofty world of
art criticism, one can hardly find fault with the parish priest of
All the same, what we have gone through in the last thirty-five
years is an iconoclasm. These decades were characterized by
both the destruction of images and an inability to create
images. The new altar image of Saint Raphaels is only
superficially an image: in reality it is the rejection of all image.
Christ was not to be idealized like a Greek god. Nor was this
necessary, because the early Christians possessed a real
portrait, the impression left on the great linen cloth that was
held to be the cloth that was found, folded up, in the empty
tomb, as is mentioned in Johns Gospel. This cloth served as a
model for the early icon painters of Christ. The unique face on
this cloth became a standard for images of Christ. It was
modified over the centuries, particularly in the West, but
remained recognizable to everyone until the most recent past
and could still be seen in the Sacred Heart depiction found on
the Marmon altar. The way the master painters treated the
image of Christ at a time when painting was beginning to
separate itself from religion is highly revealing: for instance,
Veroneses paintings of the Last Supper and the Wedding of
Cana show Christ among a lively crowd of people, but Christ
himself seems strangely pale because the painter did not dare
Traditions Avant-Garde
serve the meal enter or leave the refectory, they bow before
the great crucifix above the abbots place, which is raised a
little above the others; if they have something to say to him,
they kneel and whisper into his ear as he inclines toward
them. The abbot uses a little wooden hammer as a sign to
start the meal, and he gives the same sign for it to end.
Similarly, in the great conventual Mass, the master of
ceremonies gives similar signs to the celebrants, tapping his
prayer book with his knuckle to indicate the next section of
the ceremony.
At first the visitor may find the Masses and the Gregorian
chant an intricate drama, hard to follow. As the day unfolds,
however, he discovers in small ways that it is not a drama at
allor rather, that it is a drama that has no end. He discovers
that, in this world of the cloister, there is no other life below
the surface; there is no trivial world with occasional high
pointsoffestal ceremony. The Rule of Saint Benedict, and the
way it is translated into life in Fontgombault, aims to prevent
any part of life from being bracketed out: instead, the whole
day is pronounced to be liturgy. Thus, amazingly, liturgy and
courteousness become intertwined. Two monks whose paths
cross many times in a day bow to each other with the very
same gesture that is given to the priest at Mass. When anyone
The loftiest aristocrat is not the feudal lord in his castle but
the contemplative monk in his cell, writes the Colombian
philosopher Gomez Davila. This kind of contemplative life is a
solitary one, and the solitude is not diminished by the fact
that it takes place in community, alongside so many other
solitaries. At first glance it seems to have little to do with the
notion of aristocracy, with concepts of higher and lower, that
is, with the way people are related to the whole of society.
However, after talking to one or another of the monks and
reflecting on remarks that at the time seemed insignificant,
incidental, and puzzling, I begin to see this solitude in an
entirely different light: in this monastery, apparently, there are
many monks who take quite literally Benedicts exhortation in
the Rule that says that, when at prayer, they are in the
presence of God and his angels. In a life lived in communal
solitude, impregnated with the liturgy, it seems that the
cherubim and seraphim, thrones and dominations, the
heavenly hosts and angelic powers referred to in the Preface
of the Mass become tangible, even visible. Under the
impression of a cosmic order of this kind, the concept of
aristocracy would acquire an entirely new meaning.
There is just one moment in the day when the visitor can
observe the order of movement disintegrate. The last
communal prayer of the day is Compline, the evening prayer,
which goes back to Benedict himself. At this point there are
only two sources of light left in the nave: the sea of candles at
the foot of the Mother of God of the Holy Death and the red
dot of the sanctuary lamp that hangs before the tabernacle at
the end of the choir. In their hymn the monks pray for
protection against phantasmata, demonic intrusions into
their dreams; from their abbot they receive absolution from
the sins of the day and, in the words of the Our Father, Et
dimittenobisdebita nostra, sicut et
nosdimittimusdebitoribusnostris, they are reconciled to one
another. The abbot sprinkles each one of them with holy
water, imparting a blessing to the whole monastery.
Carl Schmitt wrote the following entry in his diary for the
August 1, 1948:
Liturgy Is Art
Wilde. All the same, I could not shake off this equation of
Christ and the artist.
The bread also announces the end of the blood sacrifice. The
death of Jesus is to be the last bloody sacrifice. Is there not,
however, something of the Greek artists ability to transform
and elevate nature in the way Jesus chooses to elevate a
piece of bread to the level of the real sacrificial flesh of the
shape in the same way that new life develops, we are given
an example of how homo religiosus carries out a reform of
prayer (and this was of course the greatest of all reforms): he
changes nothing; rather, he fills it with a new spirit. In the
fullness of time the divine Master suspended a thread, as it
were, in a saturated solution, and the crystals began to form.
At an early stage, suddenly (as it seems to us) the liturgy was
there in its complete and fully developed form.
the burning bush and Gregory the Great celebrating the Mass
during which the crucified Lord himself appeared on the altar
at the Consecration. We see the tiny crosses of Golgotha, lost
in the sea of history; we see the graves opening on the Last
Day, and we glimpse the underworld, still waiting for
redemption. EnguerrandQuartons Coronation of Mary is a
precise vision of the liturgy, making it clear that the Mass
itself contains a vision, hidden beneath the veil of ancient
words, beneath the silent gestures, beneath actions that are
rooted in the earliest period of human history. The liturgy of
the Mass is more than the proclamation of the teaching Christ.
It is a great Ecce homo: it exhibits and points to the silent
Christ. It is infinitely more than the prayer of the faithful. It
gives us a glimpse of something absolutely unthinkable: God
at prayer.
certifying that he had fulfilled his Sunday duty! No: the Mass is
not some basic core activity to which various decorations can
be added, according to opportunity, in order to heighten the
participants awareness. The rites contain nothing
unnecessary or superfluous. Who would dare to pretend to
find unnecessary or superfluous things in a great fresco or a
great poem? A masterpiece may contain gaps, less felicitous
parts, repetitions, things that are unintelligible or
contradictorybut never things that are unnecessary and
superfluous. At all times there have been people who made
themselves ridiculous by trying to eliminate the mistakes in
masterpieces, applying their half-baked scholarship to
Michelangelos frescos and Shakespeares tragedies. Great
works have a soul: we can feel it, alive and radiant, even
where its body has been damaged. The liturgy must be
regarded with at least as much respect as a profane
In fact these signs of the cross are not blessings. What are
they then? I think the answer lies in their number. Twice the
priest makes five signs of the cross, first three and then two.
Let us begin with the two signs of the cross in the
Supplicesterogamus, at the words Corpus et sanguinem.
These are not blessings, but referencesand to what do they
refer here? Nothing other than the fact that both substances,
bread and wine, are of equal dignity since both together, and
each separately, embody the whole Christ. Five is the number
of Christs wounds, and the five signs of the cross over the
sacrificial gifts refer to the five wounds they (invisibly) bear,
the wounds inflicted at the slaughter of the Lamb.
this in the way it looks. Mans first religious act was to fence
around the sacred place; in the old churches this was done not
only by the walls that protected it against the outside world,
but also by the inner arrangement: choir stalls, communion
rails, grilles, choir screens and iconostases, all create a space
for the Blessed Sacrament [das Allerheiligste, the Holy of
Holies]. These things showed faith in Gods bodily presence, a
faith that was embodied in architecture.
stupid in concrete.
hilarious
tormented by choice,
stupid totally.
Just think what significance the Catholic liturgy had for the
work of James Joyce. Joyce had no sympathy at all for the
Church, and many Catholics may find his novel Ulysses, one of
the greatest works of modern literature, almost unbearably
malicious. In it, however, if there is a tangible aesthetic
structure, a final cultural authority, it is the old Latin Mass,
which, with its ritual and language, provides a kind of anchor
The liturgy of the reform and its adornments will never be able
to constitute a seminal fact in the life of the nations. It is too
anemic, too artificial, too little religious, too lacking in form to
do this. The old liturgy, on the other hand, is not as poorly
equipped for the terrible trials it has to face as we might often
think, beholding its daily woes. The struggle against the old
liturgy has helped us toward greater insights into its nature.
Initially it must have felt like a deathblow when the liturgy was
driven from the magnificent old churches that had been
created for it. Then, however, it became clear that it was the
churches that died, once the spirit of the sacred vanished from
them; the liturgy itself stayed alive, albeit in lamentable
circumstances. For it is the liturgy that produces all that is
solemn and festiveart can contribute nothing essential to it.
Once, I recall, the dean of a cathedral, very annoyed, asked
space, the church, like Moses, who heard a voice from the
burning bush telling him to take off his shoes because he was
standing on holy ground. We genuflect during the Credo and
in the Last Gospel (the Prologue of Saint Johns Gospel),
recalling the Incarnation in which God becomes visible. After
uttering the words of Consecration, the priest venerates the
sacred sacrificial gifts by genuflecting, and the people are
kneeling. The congregation is kneeling as the priest shows
them the Lords Body, and Communion is received kneeling.
Finally the faithful receive the priests blessing on their knees,
expressing the fact that it is a blessing from heaven, from
above.
These are the events of the liturgy that are associated with
kneeling. They are all special moments of divine presence. All
other parts of the liturgy are celebrated standing: the entry of
the priest, the prayer before the altar, the Kyrie, Gloria, the
Collect. The people sit for the reading. They stand for the
Alleluia, the Gospel, the Creed, the Offertory, the Preface, the
Sanctus; then, after the Canon, they stand for the Pater noster
and Agnus Dei. After receiving Communion, they stand for the
Postcommunion and, after the priests blessing, the Last
Gospel. Those who want to join, step by step, in the
celebration of Holy Mass as a sacred drama, expressing the
various parts in the appropriate body language, should
respect this order of things. It has been forgotten, like many
other liturgical rules. The customs of popular piety have
obscured the special meaning of kneelingveneration of the
divine epiphanyby obliterating the distinction between
standing and kneeling: the people kneel during many other
parts of the liturgy as well. It became customary to kneel for
the entire course of Low Mass. In many places (and of course I
II
What I have said about kneeling during the liturgy shows that,
by kneeling, the participants are venerating the epiphany of
Jesus Christ, that is, all those moments in which his bodily
presence is recalled or which are filled with this same bodily
presence. In all the other parts of the Mass, according to the
most ancient custom, the congregation stands. This act of
standing, prescribed explicitly for a whole series of prayers
(Gloria, Credo, Pater noster, but also for the Angelus, the
Magnificat, and the antiphons of our Lady), is hard for us to
appreciate as a religious act nowadays. Standing, as a form, a
conscious act, is something that occurs all too rarely in our
III
Procedamus in pace!
men, that you weary my God also? Therefore the Lord himself
will give you a sign. Behold, a virgin shall conceive and bear a
son, and shall call his name Immanuel.
In a family tree that traces only the male line, every deviation
from this rule must be very significant. This is particularly the
case where, as in Jesus genealogy, it seems to lead to Mary,
yet it is not entirely convincing in fitting her in. However, the
other women in Jesus genealogy are also puzzling. Why are
they important enough to break the patriarchal principle?
Pious exegetes find them embarrassing. Not all of these
women were exemplary characters, either; but all of them
were highly peculiar.
However, Tamar, with her son Perez whom she had with her
father-in-law, became an ancestor of King David. Six
generations later we come across Rahab, not a merely
apparent prostitute, but a real one, of the town of Jericho. Her
entry into the House of David is described in the Book of
Jonah. Joshua sends two spies into the enemy town of Jericho.
The two men hide under bundles of flax on the roof of Rahabs
house, which is by the city wall. Rahab is convinced of
Yahwehs almighty power: The Lord your God is he who is
God in heaven above and on earth beneath. She lets the
spies down the city wall in a basket and shows them their
escape route. In return the spies swear to her that she and her
entire family will be spared when Jericho is stormed; a scarlet
cord will identify her house.
The first thing the four women in the genealogy of Jesus have
in common is that they are not Jewesses. Tamar and Rahab
actually come from peoplesCanaanites and citizens of the
obliterated city of Jerichoheld to be particularly wicked, even
cursed. Initially, however, this common feature does not bring
us any farther with regard to Mary. If it is meant to show that
Mary, too, was a foreigner and an outsider, it does not solve
the riddle of Jesus descent from the House of David. Being a
she, too, did not get her son from her husband. All the
offspring of the four women, the illegitimate and those
legitimated by the levirate law, became sons of Abraham
and members of the House of David. Powerful men stepped
into the place of the husbands and raised up offspring in their
name: the patriarch Judah, the victorious Salmon, the rich
Boaz, and finally King David himself. Someone greater than
Joseph, in Josephs place, begat Marys son, Jesus. In
comparison with this Greater One, Mary was from a rejected
and cursed generation, not from a particular people, but from
the guilt-laden human race. By nature, therefore, Jesus is the
Son of him who begot him, but according to the holy levirate
law he is the son of Joseph, he is Davids son and heir.
from collapse and extinction. Ruth said to Boaz: You are most
gracious to me, my lord, for you have comforted me and
spoken kindly to your maidservant, and Mary, the new Ruth,
says in Saint Lukes Gospel: My soul magnifies the Lord, and
my spirit rejoices in God my Savior, for he has regarded the
low estate of his handmaiden. As the new Bathsheba, Mary
brings into the world a new Solomon, who, like the old
Solomon, is a judge, but the Judge of the world.
A Long Night
In the sacristy there was a plastic bottle with water in it. Will
you fill the basin by the door? The basin was a glass dish in a
brass holder that was encrusted with deposits. It could do with
a cleaning first. Good that they had two hours to get ready.
Everything on the altar had to be changed. At present it was
covered with a piece of yellowish artificial velvet; to the left
stood the silver tabernacle, and on the right there were two
fat candles in ceramic saucers. It would all have to go. The
tabernacle was moved to the center. Three very long, narrow
linen cloths, starched and ironed, had to be spread over the
altar so that they hung down to the floor to right and left.
Ludwig and Hermann held these cloths between them and
lowered them until they lay one on top of the other. Flanking
the tabernacle Hermann placed six neo-Gothic bronze
candlesticks, three on either side. Yellow candles were fixed in
them: yellow, not white! said Hermann in a hushed voice.
Then he took three cards out of a drawer, one wide and two
narrower. The wide card had several columns of print on it,
with the heading in red: Canon missae. The narrow ones had
a single column of print, headed Lavabo and Initium; the
first of these was placed to the right, leaning against a
candlestick, the second to the left, and the large one was set
up in front of the silver cabinet. Now, not forgetting to
genuflect, he placed a bronze bell on the stone step before
the altaror rather, a group of bells attached to one handle.
The altar was ready.
timeand the jug with a handle was filled with wine from a
bottle of Rheinhessen, a dry late vintage, as it was
described on the label. In this tubelike room the wine gave off
a rather unpleasantly medicinal aroma. At the credence table
Ludwig covered the little jugs with a starched linen cloth
folded in three along its length. Next to it was placed a brass
basin with a little brass jugwater from the tap!and a
small gold plate, newly resurfacedDont touch it with your
fingers: hold it with a white cloth! Now the credence table
was ready. Ludwig hoped he had put everything in the right
place, arranging it all as symmetrically as possible, as on the
altar. Hermann made no comment.
Ludwig again felt that he was back with Hermann when they
were children. Once again they were in a great game where
every achievement led to further tasks. Hermann noticed
with sadnessthat Ludwig did not like the chapel; everywhere
he found something that betrayed lack of taste, and no doubt
the chapel was indeed tasteless. So, where there was no
beauty to distract them from imperfections of form, they had
to follow the rules all the more strictly.
The next task was the chalice. It was kept in a tall leather
case. Ludwig opened it and saw a golden vessel with a tall
foot, with a shallow golden plate in a little drawer below it.
You mustnt touch either chalice or paten. Lift them out with
a white cloth. Hermann placed a folded cloth into the chalice
so that its ends hung down on either side, then he covered it
with the golden paten. Next he opened a wooden box and
took out a large white wafer, stamped with grooves where it
was to be broken. It was put on the paten, which in turn was
covered by a stiff square card in an embroidered linen case.
After that he looked in a deep drawer containing red, green,
and violet brocades and pulled out a black one. It completely
veiled the chalice and its superstructure. The roof of this
arrangement was a square silk pouch containing a stiff,
starched linen cloth. At this stage the chalice had become a
The Mass garments, in the same colors as the silk cloths from
the drawer, hung in a cupboard. Most of the vestments were
nineteenth-century work. The colors were luminous; the fabric
shone. They were rather worn in places, at the neck and
shoulders. It was clear that these articles did not belong here.
The black vestment hung there, too. Its brocade had a neoGothic motif. He laid it on the table, piling all manner of items
on top of it: lengths of black silk brocade, linen smocks, cloths
and girdles. Another task was complete.
Ludwig sat down on a bench. The chapel was still empty, but
the red candle was burning. Daylight was fading. Now the
chapel was ready; it was as bare and dreary as before, but its
engine had started, so to speak. Although the sacristy door
was closed, one could tell, Ludwig felt, that everything there
was ready, too. He was grateful to Hermann for letting him
help. He felt like a host expecting guests, surveying a table
that was now set, with the bottles of red wine opened.
Ludwig followed him into the sacristy. There he found the man
already dressed in what looked like a white smock. Hermann
was just hanging his jacket and striped tie on a coat hanger.
The man was holding a thin piece of black cloth and trying to
fix it around his neck like a bib. He managed it, with some
difficulty. The upper part of the black bib held a yellowing
band of celluloid and now proclaimed itself to be a clerical
collar and stock.
Are you attending this Mass? The man jerked his head up in
a gesture of alarm, simultaneously taking a step back in a
birdlike combination of anger and caution. This was not a
public Mass, he said. It was not forbidden to attend it, but it
was intended to be kept for a small group. This Mass, he
explained, was a special pastoral concession for a rather
troublesome circle of believers. It was not for normal,
instructed Catholics.
easier to lead if they have their priest with them. The bishop
had no time for this kind of pastoral care; people were
clamoring for him to write off these pig-headed ritualists. The
bishop regarded this Mass, here on the hotels second floor, as
something dangerous.
Hermann said nothing but went out with a cheerful look on his
face. Ludwig introduced himself as Hermanns brother.
We clerics have our secrets, but soon that will be all over.
Priestcraft is finished. What was beneath this gigantic cultural
rubbish heap, this giant liturgical wig? A bald pate, nothing. Or
not much, at any rate. Or, at most, things that were vague,
hard to grasp. The Last Supperfor that is what is supposed
to be beneath the surface of the Latin ceremonialwhat was
it? We dont know. A sacrifice, as people are still happily
parroting? A man has an evening meal with his friendsand
remind him, before they began to get dressed, You must say
the prayer Lavabo when washing your hands. He (the
professor) would wash his hands anyway, because he had just
come from the bus and they felt sticky. As for the prayer,
however, he would leave it out because by the time of Pius
XII it was only optional, according to a decree of the
Congregation of Rites. Hermann really ought to accept this,
but he kept trying.
around only occasionally, his head bowed and his arms open,
showing the palms of his hands, engaging in a kind of
formalized dialogue with the congregation. His movements
were stiff and jerky, like a clockwork puppet. It was clear
throughout that he was not at ease with what he was doing,
that he was acting under some constraint.
melody: the singers white, moon face was staring, his eyes
protruding a little. He looked like a sculpted figure on a
fountain; the music flowed from his mouth in an endless song
like a stream of water, followed by a longer croaking chant
from Gessner, this time on the left side of the altar.
Then it had been their father lying in this white bed, in that
new kind of immobility that is so incomprehensibly different
from the lack of movement of a living person. In this room,
filled with sunlight, the smoke of incense and singing, he was
reminded of what Pressler had said: The two things I say
most often are, I dont understand it, and Thats quite
simple. Ludwig could have said both at the same time, for,
on the one hand, he understood nothing, in fact, of what had
been going on in front of him; and yet at the same time he felt
an idea welling up within himit was suddenly compelling,
something utterly evident and very simple: on the altars
white cloths lay his father and Fidi and perhaps even more of
the dead, but their bodies were small and the black shape of
Professor Gessners back completely obscured them.
bell rang three times, and Ludwig forgot that Hermann had
taken the wafer from the wooden box and put it on the little
golden plate on top of the chalice. This white disc in a cloud of
incensehe did not see it as something material at all, or
rather, he saw it, for one moment, as something very fine and
delicate, like solidified light. Then the hands came down and
Professor Gessner started reading in a whisper again. . . .
10
In the books of the old rite, which were normative until the
liturgical reform, to veil something is to reveal it: it is
revelation through veiling.
prayer that speaks of the helmet of God; but the chief veiling
here is a gesture that is even more expressive in pagan and
Jewish antiquity: it signifies repentance and mourning as well
as reverence for the holy place. It is striking that the attributes
and virtues such as chastity, fortitude, and humility,
associated with the various vestments in short prayers, are
really regarded as parts of that armor of God about which
Saint Paul talks.
Quite literally, the new Man, Christ, is put on. Of course the
prayer also expresses the wish that this outward clothing be
followed by an inner transformation, but the outward act
remains essential: grace comes from above, which means
from outside. Man regards the process of his perfecting, not as
his own achievement, but as a gift that he receives from
outside and makes his own by clothing himself with it. In the
destined and ready for the sacrifice and the wine are hidden
under veils as they are brought forward for the peoples
veneration. The veiled sacrificial gift is Christ prior to his
crucifixion, not yet offered up; it is not yet the sign of
contradiction, lifted high up; it is also the clothed Christ,
waiting to be stripped of his garments.
At the time the rite was being shaped, this veiling of the paten
was also adopted into the simpler forms of Mass, because it
Finally let us mention the veiling that, for most people, is the
most striking and familiar instance of liturgical veiling: the
veiling of the crosses and holy images from Passion Sunday
until Good Friday. This veiling occurs in Lent, when the liturgy
is celebrated with a certain leanness. The organ is silent, as
are the bells from Holy Thursday to Good Friday; certain
prayers are not said; and the altar may not be decorated with
flowers. This veiling of the images and crosses is thus
sometimes called a fasting of the eyes. However, it is not
actually intended as a withdrawal of the appeal to the senses.
Rather, it comes from the cult that surrounded the authentic
Cross of Christ that Empress Helen found in Jerusalem, the
vera crux in Jerusalem and subsequently in Rome, in the
they began enclosing the altar area with huge painted Lenten
cloths. During Lent the cult took place hidden behind this cloth
wall. In Germany some of these huge Lenten cloths have been
preserved, notably in Zittau and Brandenburg. After the
Council of Trent the custom of veiling the rites declined rapidly
in Europe. What remained was the practice of veiling the
images and statues. This had the effect of transforming the
entire church into a narthex, an unadorned anteroom where,
according to the custom of the ancient Church, public sinners
would wait to be absolved. According to the reform of Cluny,
the whole community was to regard itself as doing penance,
like public sinners, and was to remain outside the sanctuary
until Easter.
calls this defect the loss of grace. Man clumsily tries to make
up for this loss. He puts clothes on to try to regain the
radiance that had formerly surrounded him.
In the new rite introduced by Pope Paul VI, and the practical
implementation that went far beyond it (often with episcopal
encouragement), the custom of veiling has disappeared
Appendix 1
This Is My Body
I would like to tell you about the sacred Host, how I came into
contact with it, and what this contact has taught me. As a
child, initially, I saw the Host only from a great distance. I saw
priests and levites moving to and fro, dressed in goldembroidered garments; I saw them bowing, offering incense; I
heard them singing and speaking. Suddenly the church, full of
people and resounding with the music of the organ, fell quiet:
the priest bent forward over the altar; from his posture it was
clear that he was doing something up there, but his back hid it
from view. At the same time the levites and servers were on
their knees, one could hear the silvery tinkling of a little bell,
and then the great church bells in the tower began to speak.
Ponderously at first, these giant pieces of cast metal started
swinging, producing a dizzying, unrhythmical din that seemed
stood up and prayed quietly with the priest at the altar as,
with arms outstretched, he sang the Pater noster.
The outer end of the key to the tabernacle was wide and flat,
so that the priest could hold the key between forefinger and
middle finger when opening the little golden chest to remove
the ciborium containing the Hosts for the congregation. The
chalices nodus also enabled him to hold the chalice without
parting his thumb and forefinger at the ritual elevations and
when receiving Communion himself. The old sacristan told me:
The priest must not touch anything else with his fingers that
have touched the sacred Host until he has washed these
fingers with water and wine over the chalice after giving
Communion and drunk this mixture of water and wine that
contains particles from the Host. The sacristan enjoyed a
The sacristan, for his part, dealt with the altar linen. He took
the cloth the priest had used to wipe the chalice after
Communion, which was now moist with the wine that had
been transformed into the Precious Blood, and rinsed it in a
bowl of water. This bowl was emptied into the sacrarium, a
drain situated behind the altar, communicating directly with
the earth. He did the same with the corporal, the square
linen cloth kept in a brocade purse (burse) in the liturgical
color of the particular feast; this corporal was so called
because the Corpus Christi, the consecrated Host, lay upon it.
The point of this is that there must be no possibility of even a
tiny fragment of the transubstantiated gifts being dishonored.
The corporal was stiffly starched so that it was almost like
cardboard. When the priest opened it out, the sharp folds
created a platelike depression that prevented any particles
that might break off from the Host from being swept away and
falling to the ground.
No doubt the high point of adoration of the Host was the Feast
of Corpus Christi. It was intended to be a celebration of the
mystery of Holy Thursday, but a joyful and triumphant
celebration, without the veil of sadness of Christs impending
Passion. Christ the King, having triumphed over death, was to
go in procession through the town. An especially large Host
was consecrated so that it could be clearly visible in the
monstrance behind the crystal panes of the sunburst. The
procession adopted the sign language of medieval protocol for
a king entering his city. The consecrated Host was treated like
a monarch. The procession path was strewn with flower petals
and carpets. Just as a king traveling over land merited the use
of a baldachino as a mark of his status, a baldachino or
canopy was always carried above the Host once the priest,
carrying it, had left the church. To carry the baldachino was an
honor. When I was a child, prominent men of the community,
in morning dress and with white gloves, used to carry the
baldachino, and servers walked beside it with the silver bells I
have mentioned, ringing them continuously so that the people
standing along the street could be aware of the approaching
Sacrament: when it came into view, they would fall to their
knees in adoration. There were special rules for kneeling. The
reserved Sacrament (consecrated Hosts kept in the churchs
tabernacle for the sick, with a red lamp burning day and night
to signify what the tabernacle contained) was saluted by a
genuflection of the right knee. The Host in the monstrance, on
the other hand, which stood on the altar at Benediction and
was carried through the streets at Corpus Christi, was honored
by kneeling on both knees and bowing ones head.
As an altar server I also saw the Host close up. There was a
slight sheen on the round wafer. It often had an image
embossed on it, a crucifix, a chi-rho, or, at Christmas, a little
Baby Jesus, tightly wrapped in swaddling clothes. Also, the
priests Host had break-marks scored in it so that when it was
broken it did not make a lot of splinters and crumbs that
would be hard to gather up. After the priest had uncovered
the Host at the Offertory, that is, when he removed the
brocade veil and the pall (the stiffened linen lid) from the
golden paten that carried the Host and gave the paten to the
subdeaconwho held it up, hidden beneath a large humeral
veil, for the duration of the Offertorythe Host lay on the
starched linen corporal. The priest stood before it with both
hands raised and looked down at this white disc on the white
cloth. When he touched it, he always used both hands. He
after the liturgy: people go up to the priest, kiss his hand and
the bread, and either eat it in the church or bring it home to
those who could not be present. This bread is not the Host: it
is blessed bread, holy bread, but not the Lords Body; people
can receive it without prior preparation, and, though it carries
a blessing from the altar, it is common food all the same. In
these oriental churches there can never be any confusion as
to where Holy Communion ends and the communitys love
feast begins.
I have talked about the ritual practice of the faith and the
effect on me of such practice. This seemed a truer and more
real way of proceeding than to engage in lay theological
debate about articles of faith. All the same, I do not wish to
avoid the question of faiths actual content. While it is true
that, for me, the veneration of the Host is something
fundamental, beyond argument, something necessary to my
soul and that I do not need to justify; it is also true that it does
find its justification in that Holy Thursday evening two
thousand years ago, when Jesus assembled his disciples in a
room furnished with carpets for the purpose. What took place
during this assembly has become the subject of an endless
debate. Archaeologists, philologists, and philosophers have
pored over this event. Attempts to interpret it deeply split
Christendom in the wake of the Reformation. Here I do not
intend to repeat the ideas put forward by theologians of every
hue concerning the nature of the Last Suppernot even the
explanations that are binding on me as a Catholic. I would
simply like to set forth my own privateperhaps naiveway
of understanding the Last Supper, at which Jesus ate the
Passover lamb with his disciples, as I find it in the Gospels.
This interpretation makes no claim to be authoritative.
story itself: he meant them literally. In this story, the man who
hands his friends a piece of bread and says it is his body
means that he regards this bread as his body, really and truly.
He may be insane; but we must not attempt to water down
what he says. Perhaps he is a megalomaniac artist like
Magritte, who wrote under the picture of a pipe, cecinest pas
une pipe [this is not a pipe]but he himself believes and
means what he says. This was no time, at such a secret,
portentous meal with its profoundly serious tone, for subtle
symbolism, intellectual puzzles, or pseudo-philosophical
language games. I find it impossible to come to any other
conclusion, from the context of the Gospels, than that the
man reported there meant what he said.
Jesus Christ, my child, did not come to waste the little time he
had in telling us trifles.
subtle charades,
riddles,
like the local card-sharper, like the most cunning fellow in the
tavern.1
Appendix 2
these books as they lie open in their glass cases is like looking
at a famous female dancer embalmed in a glass coffin: her
present condition gives no clue to her former life and mastery
of the stage. For these books were not simply places for
conserving texts: they were acting persons, as it were, in the
wider and narrower public spheres. They exercised a creative
influence, and, by radiating far beyond themselves, they
generated an entire cosmos in artistic motion. They not only
contained the rules of this cosmos and enshrined its corpus of
legislation: like major planets, they were also part of it. None
of this comes to mind, however, when one sees them as items
in a museum, abstracted from their real life and kept in airconditioned and shock-proof rooms, in tomblike silencebut
utterly remote from their sacral context. Moreover, very many
connoisseurs and lovers of these noble books have no idea
that the very life to which they gave rise, and which then
Nonetheless the old rite has not ceased to exist; Pope John
Paul II himself allowed the old books to be brought into use
again, and the old rite is celebrated in small chapels in many
places. This means that those who so desire can again
experience the ambience of the wonderful old Missals and
breathe their atmosphere. A detailed study would be required
to show why, for the Catholic Church, an attack on her rites
has almost fatal consequencesbut space forbids. In a
nutshell one could say that the Catholic religion is the religion
of the divine Incarnation: according to her Founders will, she
continues to live this divine Incarnationin ever new
experiencein her sacraments and the rites that express
them; for this reason these sacraments and rites must be
most strictly kept aloof from all subjectivism and all private
and personal inspiration. God alone can guarantee his
presence in the rite: our protestations to this effect are
Tridentine Missal no longer assumes that there is an allpervading Catholic culture that supports the cult because it
springs from it. Ofcourse, the spirit of the Catholic rite is
purely distilled in the Roman basilica or the French cathedral
or the blazing gold of a Spanish altarbut it is found equally
in that World War II Mass-chest I recently saw being used: it
had battered corners and was the size of a large typewriter
case; the lid opened to reveal the Mass cards stuck to its inner
side; a folding panel containing a saints relic (the sepulcrum)
could be laid over the bottom half of the chest; it contained a
chalice as small as an egg cup, Mass cruets in a leather
pouch, an aspergillum the size of a fountain pen, the Missal in
the format of a prayer book, the priests stole like a violet silk
ribbon for wrapping presents, and a small nickel standing
crucifix with matching candlesticks: this chest that seems to
proclaim Omnia mea mecum porto, this dolls altar that can
the Missal and describe its role in the world for which it was
createdand which the Missal has itself shaped.
large and easily legible, even when the light of the celebrants
eyes is beginning to fail. A Missal begins with the Bulls of
Popes Pius V, Clement VII, Urban VIII, and Pius X, who
published the latest editions with modifications particularly
regarding the Calendar. Next comes the major part of the
Calendar, containing a complicated calendar of feasts and
saints, with its concurrences. The degree of knowledge
requiredhow to work out the order of priority of the various
celebrations that can occur on the same day, which feast has
to give way to another or is merely commemorated, which
feast retains its precedenceis quite terrifying and would call
for the passion for order of a Chinese court major-domo. Next
comes a long section with the Ritusservandus, the instructions
concerning the preparation of the altar and the way Mass is to
be celebrated. This is followed by the prayers that are to be
said before the Mass, particularly those said by the priest as
purgatory: here we find (even after World War II) a Mass for
the Roman Emperor, a Mass in time of earthquake, a Mass for
rain, and one for the avoidance of bad weather, a Mass for the
gift of tears, for the gift of patience, a Mass for enemies, for
travelers, and for prisoners. Finally we have the Masses for the
Dead, followed by blessings for the altar vessels and for holy
water. A Missal is a thick book, with at least 850 pages, and a
heavy one: two hands are required to carry it.
The Missal has its special place on the altar, initially on the
right side (seen from the congregation), the cornuepistulae, or
Epistle side. This is where it stands from the beginning of
Mass until after the reading of the Epistle. Then it is moved to
the left side, the Gospel side, where not only the Gospel is
read, but also the Offertory prayers and, most important of all,
the core of the sacrificial ritual, the Canon of the Mass. Today,
mostly, the Missal sits on a small wooden stand that should be
covered with a cloth of the liturgical color of the particular
feast. This stand is a help, enabling the celebrant to read
without difficulty, but it is not a classic item of altar furniture.
The Missals rubrics actually specify a cushion (cussinus) for
the Book to rest on. Liturgical dictionaries often tend to trace
liturgical prescriptions back to some practical requirement or
other; thus one reads that the cushion was used to protect the
Missal from wear and tear, since it was often a very costly
volume encased in ivory carving and inlaid with gold or
precious stones. We should almost always be suspicious of
these attempts to derive practices from profane utility.
Sometimes they may be correct regarding one particular
There are two other objects associated with the book during
the rite. In the pontifical Mass the celebrating bishop has an
assistant at his side, the presbyter assistens, who does not
wear Mass vestments but choir dress, a cope (pluviale). This
priests task is to guide the bishop through the Missal, turning
the pages and indicating the next prayers to be said. In former
times he used a small rod for this purpose, a metal scepter
ending in a tiny hand and extended index finger. Interestingly,
a very similar pointing-stick is used when reading the Torah in
the orthodox Jewish service. It may seem puzzling at first that
prelates who spend their whole lives in and with the liturgy
cannot find their way around the Missal on their own; but we
begin to see that this ritual of pointing actually manifests the
celebrants submission to the traditional order of prayer: it is
not something created by him. Here again the cult wishes to
be understood and experienced as something given, not made
Rubrics
The most precious pages of the old evangeliaria, that is, the
beginning of Saint Johns Gospel, were colored purple, with
lettering in gold. Purple, the imperial color, was utterly
appropriate for these sublime words. We discern a hint of the
Incarnation of the Immaterial One even in the material of the
book: the thick color creates a convex surface on the page,
creating a kind of relief. In the Missal of Trent the purple has
become the red ink that is used for all the parts of the text
that are not prayers but instructions about the physical
posture to be adopted when saying them. We could call these
passages in red the stage directions. They are called rubrics
because they are printed in red. Many people regard the
rubrics as the most distinctiveand most problematical
feature of the old Missal. People felt they needed to
emancipate themselves from rubrics. Among those who
advocate liturgical reform, the word rubricism is a pejorative
When the priest crosses himself he always lays his left hand
on his breast; when giving other blessings at the altar,
blessing the Offertory gifts or anything else, he lays his left
hand on the altar, unless something else is prescribed. When
However, anyone who has seen the mosaics, the frescoes, and
the illuminations of book artists representing the Book with
Seven Seals lying on a cushion is bound to think of the Missal,
its seven broad marker-ribbons hanging from it just like the
seals that hang from the book in Saint Johns vision. In the
Vulgate the seals are actually termed signacula, which is what
the Missals rubrics call its marker-ribbons. The rite in which
the Lamb receives the Book with Seven Seals from the hand of
God, so that he may open them, resembles the ceremony in
which the celebrant commissions the deacon to read the
Gospel, and even the solemn incensing of the book that
follows comes from the Apocalypse. And when we read of the
silence in heaven when the Lamb opened the seventh seal,
are we not bound to think of the Consecration at Mass and the
canonical silence that surrounds it? As for the menacing
figures and catastrophes that emerge from its pagesthe
BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTE
NOTES
Chapter 2
Chapter 6
Chapter 7
Appendix 1
Appendix 2