March - April - International Aquafeed - FULL EDITION

I N C O R P O R AT I N G
F I S H FA R M I N G T E C H N O L O G Y
Extrusion of aquafeeds
- the benefits of extrusion
technology over pellet milling
Wheat proteins
- high quality proteins for
aquaculture feeds
Immunostimulation
in aquatic animals
Rotifers
- Exploring this important species
Fish Farming Technology supplement

- Safety on aquaculture farms
Volume 18 Issue 2 - MARCH | APRIL 2015
Editor
Professor Simon Davies
Email: simond@aquafeed.co.uk
10
Extrusion
of aquafeeds
Associate Editors
Dr Albert Tacon
Email: albertt@perendale.co.uk
Dr Yu Yu
Email: yuy@perendale.co.uk
Dr Kangsen Mai (Chinese edition)
Email: mai@perendale.co.uk
Editorial Advisory Panel
Abdel-Fattah M. El-Sayed (Egypt)
Dr Albert Tacon (USA)
Professor Antnio Gouveia (Portugal)
Professor Charles Bai (Korea)
Colin Mair (UK)
Dr Daniel Merrifield (UK)
Dr Dominique Bureau (Canada)
Dr Elizabeth Sweetman (Greece)
Dr Kim Jauncey (UK)
Eric De Muylder (Belgium)
Dr Pedro Encarnao (Singapore)
Dr Mohammad R Hasan (Italy)
Editorial executive
Olivia Holden
Email: oliviah@perendale.co.uk
36 EXPERT TOPIC
- CARP
30 ROTIFERS
Editorial assistance
Malachi Stone
Email: malachis@perendale.co.uk
Editor - Asia Pacific
Roy Palmer
Email: royp@perendale.com
Circulation & Events Manager
Tuti Tan
Email: tutit@aquafeed.co.uk
Design Manager
James Taylor
Email: jamest@perendale.co.uk
International marketing team (UK)
Darren Parris
Email: darrenp@aquafeed.co.uk
Tom Blacker
Email: tomb@perendale.co.uk
Tilly Geoghegan
Email: tillyg@perendale.co.uk
Latin America
Ivn Marquetti
Email: ivanm@perendale.com
Pablo Porcel de Peralta
Email: pablop@perendale.com
India
Raj Kapoor
Email: rajk@perendale.com
CONTENTS
Volume 18 / Issue 2 / March-April 2015 / Copyright Perendale Publishers Ltd 2015 / All rights reserved
REGULAR ITEMS
3-9 INDUSTRY NEWS
5 THE AQUACULTURISTS
28 PHOTOSHOOT
36 EXPERT TOPIC - CARP
44 INDUSTRY EVENTS
52 THE MARKET PLACE
54 THE AQUAFEED INTERVIEW
56 INDUSTRY FACES
FEATURES
10 Extrusion of aquafeeds
14 Wheat proteins - high quality
proteins for aquaculture feeds
18 Immunostimulation in aquatic animals
22 AWF at ten - gearing up
for new challenges
30 Rotifers
34 Tour of a fish farm
FISH FARMING TECHNOLOGY

SUPPLEMENT
002 Safety on aquaculture farms
Africa
Nathan Nwosu
Email: nathann@perendale.com
More information:
International Aquafeed
7 St George's Terrace, St James' Square
Cheltenham, GL50 3PT, United Kingdom
Tel: +44 1242 267706
Website: www.aquafeed.co.uk
International Aquafeed is published six times a year by Perendale Publishers Ltd of the United Kingdom.
All data is published in good faith, based on information received, and while every care is taken to prevent inaccuracies,
the publishers accept no liability for any errors or omissions or for the consequences of action taken on the basis of
information published. Copyright 2015 Perendale Publishers Ltd. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may
be reproduced in any form or by any means without prior permission of the copyright owner. Printed by Perendale
Publishers Ltd. ISSN: 1464-0058
Professor Simon Davies
Creoso - welcome
am writing this editorial from Llanelli, a coastal town

in South Wales on a Spring visit to my home region.
A view of the ocean provides much inspiration along
with the wonderful Welsh culture, cuisine and the
locally famous beer (Felinfoel), and also the heart of our
rugby heritage in Wales - the famous Llanelli Scarlets team.
Fishing has always been a major recreation here and
we have some of the finest beaches in Europe and water
sports activities.
Aquaculture in Wales has much potential and I hope it
is encouraged in future.
The magazine has always tried to bring innovations to
the forefront and we always focus on the most exciting
developments and technologies embracing aquafeed technology and the latest news and interviews of major figures
and those making waves in this dynamic industry. After
periods of uncertainty and austerity, we see encouraging
trends and a surge of interest in the fish nutrition domain
and applications to feed production.
As usual, we span some hot topics and articles from
experts in various fields.
In our news section we report on a new generation of
BioMars ORBIT feed concept targeting the specific challenges of the production of salmon smolt in Recirculation
Aquaculture Systems (RAS) that will become available
from the beginning of April.
Our feature on extrusion of aquafeeds by Gordon
Young, Food Stream Pty Ltd, Australia and Dennis Forte,

Dennis Forte & Associates, Australia, outlines a number
of major benefits over the more traditional pellet milling processes. But extrusion is a very complex process.
Technology is ever changing to deal with this and we
report on these new developments.
Wheat proteins offer high quality proteins for aquaculture feeds, and a feature by Dr Emmanuelle Apper, MSc
Aurlien Feneuil and Dr Frdrique Respondek of Tereos
provides an interesting scope for this interesting ingredient.
Immunostimulation in Aquatic Animals by Philippe
Tacon, Global Aquaculture Manager, Phileo reveals a new
applied perspective on natural solutions to combat emerging diseases in aquatic farmed species.
In our Fish Farming Technology section my very good
friend, Robert M Durborow, Professor and Aquaculture
Specialist, Kentucky State University, and Melvin L. Myers,
Associate Professor and Safety Engineer, Emory University
Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta review safety
measures on aquaculture farms, a very important topic as
the industry expands.
Our special species focus in this issue is on Carp. This
feature covers specific areas: Fish and finance: How China
dictates the size of your carp farm, by Malachi Stone of
International Aquafeed, and Carp production in India:
Present status and prospects, by Dr B. Laxmappa of the
Department of Fisheries in Mahabubnagar, India.
The significance of gender in aquaculture will be
addressed at the WA2015 on Jeju Island, Korea 26-30
May. Entitled Women in Fisheries and Aquaculture, it
will have a particular significance to Jeju, given that historically, the role of seafood-gathering on the island has been
dominated by women.
We also report on the recent Aquaculture America
2015 (AA15) in New Orleans. The Aquaculture America
conference is the best place to learn about the latest
aquaculture research and issues, newest technology and
associated aquaculture trade show.
Our Interview section is with Nils Einar Aas, Sales
Director, Aker BioMarine. He explains why krill is so beneficial, krills future and how Aker BioMarine is working to
protect the krill resources of tomorrow.
Please enjoy the latest edition and keep sending us your
views and articles for possible publication.
World Aquaculture 2015 - International Aquafeed
will be exhibiting at World Aquaculture this year!

See the latest news on this event on page 44 of this edition of
Meet the team and pick up a free copy of the magzine on the beutiful Jeju
Island, Korea - between May 26 - 30, 2015
NEWS
Nutriad announces
new Asian partnerships
Energy from
salmon
sperm?
see much synergy with this association, with the depth of reach, from
small to major customers that this
partnership will bring.
In the Philippines Nutriad agreed
for Enovet to be the sole importer
and distributor of all major product
lines. Stated BK Chew: The partnership is very timely as the market
has already recognized the need
to move from AGPs on which
NUTRIAD products will be a
perfect fit.
Er ik Visser, CEO
Nutriad: Our new
par tner ships allow
Nutriad to get even
more involved in the
key feed markets in
Erik Visser
Boon Kee Chew
Thailand and the
In Thailand Nutriad appointed Philippines. Nutriads local sales
Brenntag as its distributor. BK Chew, management, regional technical
Regional Director APAC, high- management and global product
lighted: We are confident that the management will suppor t our
Nutriad - Brenntag partnership will experienced distribution partners
bring enormous benefits to both to establish product leadership in
companies and our customers. We the market.
t the recent VIV Asia in
Bangkok, Nutriad CEO Erik
Visser formally announced
new distribution par tnerships in
Thailand and the Philippines: Asia
Pacific is an important region for
our company. In the coming years
we aim to double our presence in
this dynamic market and are therefore extremely pleased to partner
with recognized companies that
share our ambitions.
New edition of AMINONews

by Evonik is out now
hreonine, an essential amino

acid, is not only a building
block in meat production
but has also a key function in the
metabolism of the intestine and
in immune responses. The current
knowledge about this subject and
the consequences for an ideal
amino acid profile of pigfeed is
explained by Dr John Htoo in the
latest edition of Evoniks customer
magazine AMINONews for the
feed industry.
Amino acid supplementation
is also catching on in aquaculture.
But how to define a species amino
acid requirements? Dr Andreas
Lemme provides an insight into test
approaches for tilapia feeding. As the
results show, the optimum methionine concentration for this African
cichlid fish is significantly above
current recommendations.
New approaches to animal nutrition also come along with new
findings on the topic of oxidative
stress. Dr Behnam Saremi summarises the basic mechanisms for the
latest AMINONews.
Evonik is the only company

in the wor ld that produces
and mar kets all four essential amino acids used in advanced
animal nutrition: MetAMINO
(DL-methionine), Biolys
(L-lysine source), ThreAMINO
(L-threonine) and TrypAMINO
(L-tryptophan). Mepron, a rumenstable DL-methionine for highperformance dair y cows, and

CreAMINO, a creatine source for
broilers complement the product
portfolio. The company markets
innovative products and services in
more than one hundred countries
and thus makes a valuable contribution to the cost-efficiency of its customers and to healthy and environment-friendly animal nutrition.
Ioannis Zabetakis,
assistant professor
of food chemistry,
university of Athens,
Greece
n aquaculture, we are looking at issues of functionality and

sustainability in order to produce more fish at affordable
prices to feed the World. But there are some other applications that are promising and fascinating.
For example, have you ever thought how fish and batteries
are connected?
A research group in China have turned to nature to help
overcome one of the key challenges facing the most probable
successor to the lithium ion (Li-ion) battery by using salmon
sperm!
Today, lithiumsulphur (LiS) batteries are cheaper, more sustainable and already capable of delivering up to three times the
energy density of most Li-ion cells. However, they are not stable
and this is a major problem for further development.
LiS cells typically consist of a lithium metal anode and a
carbonsulphur cathode separated by a liquid electrolyte.
Lithium ions dissolve from the anode during discharge, reacting
with sulphur to form lithium polysulfides (Li2Sx) at the cathode,
while the reverse occurs on charging. Some of the polysulfide
intermediates are unfortunately soluble in the electrolyte and
their dissolution from the cathode leads to irreversible loss of
the active sulphur, adversely affecting cell performance.
Several strategies have been tested to reduce the Li2Sx dissolution problem, which often involve coating the cathode to
isolate sulphur from the electrolyte, or hybridising it with third
party materials that can help to anchor Li2Sx to the cathode
surface through electrostatic interaction with the lithium ions.
The drawback with these approaches is that there is substitution of the active materials that can increase internal resistance
or reduce capacity.
In a important development, though, Chenggang Zhou and
his colleagues at the China University of Geosciences, Wuhan,
have been looking for an additive that was molecularly lightweight, dispersible on the carbonsulphur cathode material,
and rich in sulphur-loving functional groups, they thought of
DNA. Computational chemistry verified that functional groups
common in all four of the nucleobases that comprise DNA
were sulphur-loving, with phosphate groups exhibiting the
strongest adsorption. Having confirmed their suspicion, the
team then observed experimentally a three-fold enhancement
in capacity retention after 200 discharge cycles by dispersing a
small amount of DNA derived from salmon sperm onto the
carbonsulphur surface.
This development is quite exciting in terms of crossing species
barriers but also on joining forces of material scientists with bioscientists.
The future is definitely holistic and salmony!
Further reading
High-performance lithium/sulfur batteries by decorating CMK-3/S
cathodes with DNA
http://pubs.rsc.org/en/Content/ArticleLanding/2015/TA/
c4ta06083k#!divAbstract
izabet@chem.uoa.gr
@yanzabet
March-April 2015 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | 3
NEWS
Second edition
of Mycotoxins in
Focus comes to
VIV Asia 2015
Since commencing fish-feed

production 50 years ago, Aller
Aqua has experienced continuous
growth. Besides their factor y
in Christiansfeld, Denmark, they
have built a factory in Poland in
2001 and another in Germany in
2007 which integrates a modern
fish-feed factor y with a facility
producing protein derived from
peas and broad beans.
Hans Erik Bylling, majority shareholder and managing director of
4 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | March-April 2015
Aquaculture is today the fastest

growing food sector and more
than half of the fish consumed
globally are farmed fish. Thus we
focus on growing our activities in
several of the worlds emerging
mar kets, Hans Erik Bylling
explains.
Get more daily industry news at the
Aquaculturists
i i i i i i
i
i i
i i i i i i
i
i i
i i i i i i
i
i i
ation of mycotoxins in feed and

feed raw materials in Asia.
Next, renowned industr y
exper ts from Asia will deliver
species-specific presentations.
Dr Pariwat Poolperm, from
Kasetsar t Univeristy, Thailand,
will discuss the economic
impact of mycotoxins in swine
farms. Prof Dr Charles Rangga
Tabbu from Universitas Gadjah
Mada, Indonesia, will present
on the common pathological lesions of mycotoxicosis in
poultry.
The presentations will be
followed by an open Q&A
session. The afternoon conference will conclude with an
Austrian wine tasting.
All VIV Asia 2015 delegates
are welcome to attend the conference, and to visit the Biomin
booth J002 located in hall
102.
Fastest growing food

sector
i i i i i i
i
i i
he Mycotoxins in Focus:
Trends, Facts, and Effects
conference is set to
provide an insight into the latest
mycotoxin trends and occurences
to delegates at VIV Asia 2015 in
Bangkok, Thailand.
Biomin will host the second
edition of the Mycotoxins in
Focus: Trends, Facts, and Effects
conference on 12 March 2015
in the afternoon of second day
of VIV Asia 2015 at BITEC, in
Bangkok, Thailand, in partnership
with All About Feed, Pig Progress,
and VIV.
W i t h i t s a n nu a l B i o m i n
Mycotoxin Sur vey r unning
for over a decade, Biomin has

become the leading authority on
mycotoxins. The second edition
of the Mycotoxins in Focus conference builds upon the success
of the inaugural edition held at
VIV Europe 2014 in Utrecht, The
Netherlands.
The educational presentations from Biomin exper ts and
renowned academics from Asia
will provide new insights into
mycotoxin risk management, an
over view of developments on
mycotoxin occurrences in Asia
over the last decade, and their
effects on animal production.
The conference begins at 2pm
with opening remarks from Dr. Jan
Vanbrabant, Managing Director of
Biomin Asia Pacific. Dr Shu Guan of
Biomin Singapore will present key
points from the latest mycotoxin
survey, including trends in mycotoxin occurrence and the prolifer-
An expanding
company
i i i i i i
i i
i
In cooperation with the IFU

(Investment Fund for Developing
Countries), Aller Aqua Group
bought the major ity of an
Egyptian family company in 2011.
In 2014 the company finished a
brand new state-of-the-ar t fish
feed factory in Egypt. It is this
factory Egypts largest and most
modern producer of environmentally friendly, extruded fish
feed which was inaugurated on
3rd March.
Aller Aqua Egypt, as the
Egyptian company is called, has in
this connection invested a large
sum of money in the area known
as 6th of October City, situated
a 1-hour drive from Cairo.
The momentum we have
managed to create in Egypt since
the Aller Aqua Group, explains

that the company now sells its
fish feed to more than 50 countries worldwide.
We have a clear and concise
strategy at Aller Aqua, designed
to create further growth over the
coming years and investments
like the one in Egypt is one of
the tools to reach our targets, as
well as the continued growth in
existing and new markets.
2014 has been a busy year for
us, as we have fur ther inaugurated our new research center in
Bsum, Germany. This helps bring
us to the forefront in the development of new efficient types of
feed with increased focus on
better utilisation of raw materials.
The company are proud to have
been awarded a German innovation award for this particular
effort.
i i i i i i
i i
i
Biggest in all of Africa
We believe in the market and

a bright future for Egypt, and
the growth during the last year
strengthens this belief.
We exper ience a great
interest in our project from
various politicians, and thus we
have had visits from both the
Danish Minister for Trade and
Development Cooperation, the
Danish Ambassador and several
local Egyptian politicians. It should
come as no surprise that we with our production which helps
create jobs, healthy food and a
significantly better environment
for our customers - experience a great deal of attention in
Denmark and Egypt, as well as
internationally.
i i i i i i i
i
i i
ller Aqua Group A/S,

situated by Christiansfeld
in Denmark, is one of
Europes largest producers of
environmentally friendly fish feed.
The company officially inaugurated the new Egyptian factory
on Tuesday 3rd March 2015.
2011 creates the basis for this

extraordinary expansion, giving us
the opportunity to triple sales,
explains Henrik Halken, Chairman
of Aller Aqua Egypt.
We have settled well in Egypt,
where the daily management, with
great experience and a huge drive,
are co-owners and thereby motivated to create a success story.
Since 2009, when we first
travelled to Egypt, a great deal
has happened politically in the
countr y. We experience daily
challenges, which we wouldnt
even contemplate in Denmark.
For the first year it could take up
to 3 days to get petrol for the
trucks transporting raw materials
to the factory great planning
was essential for success! We
have also had to accommodate
all our employees at the factory
during the most recent revolution, during which President Mursi
was overthrown.
Managing a company in Egypt
requires that we make frequent
visits, staying close to the customers and allocating the necessary resources for training and
education of both our staff and
our customers.
Fur ther it is crucial to have
skilled local management which
we have!
i i i i i i i
i
i i
Aller Aqua Group

inaugurates its new
Egyptian factory
www.theaquaculturists
.blogspot.com
NEWS
BioMar launches new ORBIT diets to salmon smolt

farmed in recirculation systems
new generation of
BioMars ORBIT feed
concept targeting the
specific challenges of the production of salmon smolt in
Recirculation Aquaculture
Systems will become available
from the beginning of April.
With the rapid expansion
of recirculation systems used
for smolt production and even
in some cases for on-growing
of salmon BioMar has decided
to apply the successful ORBIT
concept to salmon feed and
launch a new range of ORBIT
products to salmon.
BioMars ORBIT concept has
for long been the ultimate feed
for trout farming in Recirculation
Aquaculture Systems (RAS).
Fish farmers have praised it
for optimal feed performance
combined with optimal bio-filter
performance. Both contribute to
an increased biomass production
in farms with RAS and as a consequence, an improved return
on investment, says BioMars
Norwegian Product Manager
for fresh water diets Kristian Tuff

Carlsen.
The new diets focus on delivering high growth and an optimal
water quality with a minimal load
on the biofilter. This is achieved
mainly through a combination of
changes in the digestible energy
to protein ratio, a perfectly
balanced and very precise aminoacid profile and a careful selection
of raw materials.
The launch of the new product
range follows three years of
research and development with
trials performed in laboratories
and recirculation farms in places
such as Norway, Denmark, and
Chile.
Kristian Tuff Carlsen explains
that good water quality has been
a key success factor in the development of the ORBIT diet for
salmon smolt and several changes
have been made compared
to standard diets used in the
sector.
The result is that we can both
reduce the nitrogen load and
the amount of organic matter in
the water column

and we make the
removal of faeces
in sludge cones
and mechanical filters easier.
This improves the
growth conditions
for the fish and
it increases the
capacity of the biofilter allowing
for a larger production, he
says.
Our researchers have refined
our raw material matrix to perfection to ensure that we have the
right information regards to the
amino acid profile and digestibility
for each raw material type. And
we have identified within each
raw material type the specific
products which have the optimal
profile with regards to these
parameters, and at the same time
we have identified their potential
impact on the faeces structure.
This allows us to create a very
unique diet for smolt in recirculation systems, concludes Kristian
Tuff Carlsen.
The new diets are being presented to fish farmers with recirculation systems at customer
meetings during March with
the par ticipation of recirculation specialists from BioMars
global recirculation team. In
September BioMar is again the
main sponsor for the Nordic
RAS workshop, which this year
takes place in Molde, Norway. The
workshop will gather recirculation
exper ts from the whole world
and Kristian Tuff Carlsen looks
forward to an event which is an
optimal forum for experience
sharing and networking between
farmers, researchers, and other
key persons within recirculation
aquaculture.
Skidmore College is the first liberal arts college in the state of

New York to achieve MSC certification
n March 12, Skidmore

College became the
first liberal arts college
in New York to achieve Marine
Stewardship Council (MSC) Chain
of Custody certification, the worlds
leading certification program for sustainable, wild-caught seafood.
Skidmores Dining Services offers
MSC certified sustainable seafood
in the full-service Murray-Aikins
Dining Hall, which serves more
than 4000 meals to students, faculty
and staff on a daily basis.
A variety of seafood is offered
weekly on the dining hall
menus and includes MSC certified haddock, pollock, and cod.
Skidmore plans to add more
species of sustainable fish to the
menu in the future. Starting today,
MSC certified haddock and other
MSC certified species will be regularly featured on the Dining Hall
menu cycle.
MSC Chain of Custody certifica-
tion ensures that in every step of

the chain from the fishers, to the
processor, to the distributor and the
end user MSC certified seafood
is not mixed with or substituted
for non-certified seafood. It also
provides assurance that seafood
bearing the blue MSC ecolabel can
be traced back to a fishery that has
been certified as sustainable and
well-managed against the global, science-based MSC standard.
Commitment to
sustainability initiatives
is key
Sustainability is a key theme

in our dining facilities and were
committed to reducing impact on
the environment and increasing
sustainable initiatives, said Mark
Miller, director of Skidmores
Dining Services.
MSC Chain of Custody certification is a sign of our commitment
to sustainability. Skidmores Dining
Services believes that by obtaining

MSC certification, college students
and staff are able to contribute to
the health of the worlds oceans
by choosing seafood that can be
traced back to fisheries that have
achieved the MSC standard for
sustainable fishing.
Skidmore Dining introduced MSC
cer tified seafood at Skidmores
fourth annual American Culinary
Federation (ACF) Conference
and Competition held in January.
The three-day event offered chefs
in the industr y the oppor tunity to participate in demonstrations, educational sessions, and an
ACF-sanctioned culinary competition during which MSC certified
sea scallop samples were served
and Skidmores team won a gold
medal.
Additional sustainability initiatives led by Skidmore Dining
Ser vices include composting
coffee-grounds, zero-sor t recy-
cling, efforts to repurpose fryer

oil product as fuel, eliminating
trays from the dining hall, and
re-fillable water-bottle stations
that have saved the equivalent
of 171,816 bottles to date from
being used and discarded.
Culinary leadership
rewards sustainable
fishing
We congratulate Skidmore
College for their leader ship
and effor ts to recognize and
reward sustainable fishing practices through the achievement of
MSC Chain of Custody certification, said Geoff Bolan, MSC's US
program director.
Skidmore Dinings commitment to offer seafood that has
been certified to the global, science-based MSC standard,
will help to ensure sustainable
seafood for this and future generations.
NEWS
GAA signs memorandum of understanding with Vietnam

Pangasius Association
he Global Aquaculture
Alliance (GAA) has signed
a memorandum of understanding (MoU) with the Viet Nam
Pangasius Association (VNPA), in
which the two organisations will
work collaboratively to advance
responsible aquaculture in the
Pangasius sector in Vietnam and
globally through the exchange of
information and research. GAA
and VNPA agreed to the MoU
after January meetings in Can Tho
and Hanoi.
We are delighted to formalise our relationship with
VNPA through this MoU. We
are looking forward to working
together with VNPA to advance
responsible practices not only

in the farming of Pangasius
through VietGAP as a stepping
stone to BAP cer tification, but
also through the incorporation of responsible practices at
the hatchery level and through
responsible feed. We are also
looking forward to assisting in the
development of stronger market
ties for BAP-certified Pangasius,
said Carson Roper, international
business development manager
for GAAs Best Aquaculture
Practices (BAP) division.
VNPA welcomes this MoU as
a positive step toward building
a more robust Vietnamese
Pangasius production system, said
Dr Vo Hung Dung, vice chairman

and general secretary of VNPA.
Equally important, we welcome
the collaborative support of GAA
to assist in the application of
VietGAP and the BAP certification program. We look forward to
build stronger market ties product
from VietGAP and BAP-certified
Pangasius facilities.
BAP-certified facilities
In the MoU, VNPA agreed to

help identify and enrol processing
plants, farms, feed mills and hatcheries in the BAP third-party certification program to increase the
number of BAP-certified facilities
in Vietnam. VNPA will also enlist
GAAs assistance and exper tise

in its effor ts of implementing
good aquaculture practice standards in Vietnam regarding food
safety, environment responsibility,
social responsibility and animal
welfare.
In return, GAA agreed to help
identify market endorsers to
fur ther promote responsibly
produced Vietnamese farmed
Pangasius products to retailers
and foodservice operators worldwide. GAA also agreed to offer
training and seminars to help
Vietnamese producers to be able
to apply VietGAP and the BAP
standards to improve their aquaculture practices.
Book Review:
New book takes a deep look at brain health & explores the positive effects of omega-3s
ker BioMarines director

of scientific writing contr ibutes chapter on
krill
Diet and Nutrition in Dementia
and Cognitive Decline, a new
book published by Elsevier under
the Academic Press imprint
and written by Colin Mar tin
and Victor Preedy, outlines for
researchers and clinicians the
complex relationships between
cognitive decline, dementia and
diet. In addition to clinical applications and preclinical studies,
various chapters explore the
evidence of how nutritional

components (either in the diet
or supplements) can either
hinder the development to, or
progression from, the onset of
dementia.
Lena Bur r i, PhD, Director
of Scientific Writing at Aker
BioMarine Antarctic AS and a
well-respected researcher and
scientific writer specialising in
omega-3 phospholipids, has
written a chapter on krill and its
positive effects on brain health.
It was an honour to write the
chapter on krill for this book,
said Ms Burri. As omega-3 fatty

acids are crucial nutrients for
brain health, krill has an important role to play here.
Omega-3s are vital to brain
development, as well as health
and maintenance throughout
the lifecycle. In particular, phospholipid omega-3sfrom krill
are crucial for proper structure and function of brain cell
membranes and cell signaling.
This is why the brain prefers
omega-3s in phospholipid form.
Theomega-3 fattyacid DHA
(docosahexaenoic acid) is the
most common fatty acid in the

human brain. Supplying the brain
with an ample amount of DHA
can suppor t memory and may
reduce the risk of many diseases
such as Alzheimers.
Omega-3s are very well established for heart health and their
role in brain health is considered by some experts as equally
impor tant, said Nils Hoem,
Chief Scientist, Aker BioMarine
Antarctic AS. Krill, especially its
phospholipid omega-3s, play key
roles in supporting the integrity
of brain cell membranes.
Book Review:
Marine Oils (From Sea to Pharmaceuticals)

Edited by Ioannis Zabetakis (Laboratory of Food Chemistry Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian, University of Athens,
Greece)
his book is about the

fish we eat, fish that not
only sustains us but also
provides us with pleasure and
wellbeing. Fish is also a valuable
source of nutraceuticals and pharmaceuticals. We follow a holistic
approach in this book viewing
fish in its entirety from the food
that fish need in order to grow to
the pharmaceutical applications

of fish oil.
2014 is a historic year; it is the
first year in human history where
the amount of fish we consume
from aquaculture will surpass that
from the wild. As it seems that
aquaculture will play a vital role in
the future feeding of mankind, it
should be considered imperative
that it be done in a responsible

and sustainable way.
Food security is both the top
political and scientific priority
today. With this book, we try to
provoke some thoughts as to
how fish is produced, how it is
valorised and what could be done
in the future.
We address within this book
the issue of resource management, fish nutritional requirements, aquatic food security, nutritional value of marine oils and
fish themselves as well as to how
we can fur ther exploit marine
oil usage in the production of
nutraceuticals and pharmaceuticals. Published by Nova Science
Publishers.
i i i i i i
i i
i
Woman of the month
i i i i i i
i
i i
i i i i i i
i
i i
i i i i i i
i
i i
Roy Palmer, director, Aquaculture

without Frontiers
i i i i i i i
i
i i
i i i i i i
i i
i
NEWS
i i i i i i
i
i i
i i i i i i i
i
i i
The Aquaculturists
A regular look inside

the aquaculture
industry
Major Korean processor gains MSC
Chain of Custody certification,
launches new surimi product
Hansung Enterprise Co, Ltd, a seafood
processor based in Busan, South Korea,
has achieved Marine Stewardship
Council (MSC) Chain of Custody certification for sustainable, wild-caught
seafood.
bit.ly/18IftNr
Mexican Southern Gulf of California

thread herring fishery enters MSC
assessment process
The Southern Gulf of California
thread herring (Opisthonema liber tate, Opisthonema bulleri and
Opisthonema medirastre) fisher y
located in Mexican territorial waters
has voluntarily entered the Marine
Stewardship Councils (MSC) full
assessment process.
bit.ly/1MKgnIi
.blogspot.com
Number crunching Carp

67lb 14oz - The weight of Two
Tone, the UKs biggest known carp
who died in 2010. - http://carp-uk.
net/forum/articles/carpfacts.htm
75lb - The largest reported grass
carp in Florida, USA.
1972 - The year Chinese grass carp
were imported and stocked into
Florida lakes as an experimental
effort to control hydrilla - http://
plants.ifas.ufl.edu/manage/controlmethods/biological-control/chinesegrass-carp
114 - The amount of calories in
100 grams of Chinese grass carp
- http://www.fatsecret.com/caloriesnutrition/generic/chinese-grass-carp
roblems with communications over the

festive season meant that we had to delay
our processes for our monthly award and
had to miss January.
February sees another unanimous approval for
Dr Anna Mercy, a professor at College of Fisheries,
Panangad since 1984 and there can be no doubting
that Dr Mercy has made a longstanding and significant contribution in aquaculture with over 30 years
engagement in research and teaching.
Anna has spent invaluable time studying the
indigenous ornamental fishes of the Western Ghats
of India, originally starting her research with the
blind catfish, Horaglanis krishnai (Menon) but over
the years Anna is accepted as the God Mother of
Miss Kerala (Puntius denisonii), considered the most
beautiful ornamental fish of the Western Ghats of
India. Dr Mercy with her team showed how Miss
Kerala could be successfully bred under captive
conditions.
Having successfully pioneered the development
of technology for raising 15 different species of
ornamental fish in the Ghats region Anna then
decided to initiate rural women in the breeding of
these fish.
Her teaching obligations at the university did
not prevent Anna from developing a highly original
pioneering project to improve the living conditions
of the village of Kumbalam in the State of Kerala,
whose residents were daily wage earners. During
lean seasons where work was not available, the
families here would often struggle to even have
one square meal in a day, as is the case in most
circumstances.
Anna succeeded in convincing the Indian
Government Department of Technology to fund
five-day training to 20 women, teaching them all the
different aspects of this process, from the building
of aquariums to the production of food for the
fish. The training continued and many hundreds of
people have been able to be able to engage in this
opportunity.
Anna encouraged participants to start breeding the fish in their own ponds and on their own
terraces and about 20 percent of those who are
trained establish aquariums in their own homes
and many others have started building molded
glass tanks. Aquarium keeping is a famous hobby
worldwide but its popularity has still not reached
the majority of households of Kerala, however, for
a village such as Kumbalam where almost every
other house had a natural water body, there could
not have been a better area to be converted to an
ornamental fish village.
A report of this training states the majority of

participants in this experiment earn an income of
around USD 100 per month thanks to the sale
of fish, aquariums and plants for aquariums or fish
food. Shops have been opened to sell fish and
accessories for aquariums, which increases local
income. The project has not only had a significant
financial impact, but has also had other positive side
effects. For instance numerous women suffering
from hypertension or asthma have acknowledged
the positive effects of this activity on their health.
There has also been a drastic decrease in domestic
violence and - especially important - most families
now send their girls to school. To insure the continued success of the project, participants receive
regular follow-up visits. Worldwide, ornamental fish
breeding is worth hundreds of millions and possibly
billions of US dollars and India could certainly turn
this into a significant source of income both for
individuals and the country.
Through a series of popular articles, radio talks,
public talks in different seminars, television programs and training programs Anna generated an
interest among the rural people especially women
to adopt this activity. Her work on the socio
economic development of the rural population of
Kumbalam Panchayat, Ernakulam District of Kerala
saw her chosen as one of the eleven laureates of
the world in 2010 for her creativity in rural life by
Worlds Womens summit Foundation of Geneva
(WWSF).
Currently Anna has retired from the service of
College of Fisheries and working as a guest faculty
in Sacred Heart College, Thevera, Cochin in the
Department of Aquaculture and continuing her
passion in the field of ornamental fishes through
conducting training programs in ornamental fish
culture for the rural people.
Our Executive Director, Roy Palmer, first met
Anna when the APC Conference was held in Kochi
in 2011 and last year he was able to listen to her
in Adelaide where she made a presentation at the
AwF Session Finding livelihood through ornamental
fish culture a success story from Kerala, India.
At Jeju Anna is Co-Chairing the Ornamental Fish
sessions and may also be presenting a paper in the
Women in Aquaculture and Fisheries session so
look out for her there.
These awards are organised so that we recognise achievements such as those accomplished by
Anna not only covering aquaculture through her
research and technology and teaching but also in
other important issues such as poverty, gender and
promoting aquaculture as a solution in the world.
Congratulations Dr. T.V. Anna Mercy
NEWS
"Preston positive despite restructure"

- Australia responds to increased
national and international demand
for aquaculture technology despite
limited funding
r Nigel Preston is the

Research Program
Director for Aquaculture,
one of eight new programs in
the recently created Agriculture
Flagship in the Austr alian
C o m m o n w e a l t h S c i e n t i fi c
Industrial Research Organisation
(CSIRO).
The restructure of CSIRO and
formation of the Agriculture
Flagship followed a reduction of
Aus$111 million to CSIRO in the
May 2014 federal budget, with significant reduction in science and
support staff.
Dr Preston acknowledges that it
is always difficult to meet the challenges of funding cuts, especially
the departure of close colleagues,
however, he and his research
team are determined to focus
on responding to the increasing
national and international demand
for aquaculture research and
development.
His research experience includes;
marine biology, marine ecology,
environmental management of
aquaculture and the development and application of advanced
genetics and nutrition technologies in aquaculture.
He is an acknowledged world
authority in aquaculture and has

contributed to the sustainable
growth of aquaculture industries
in Australia and overseas. His proficiency in assembling multidisciplinary research teams to tackle key
research issues has been invaluable
in developing CSIROs research
portfolio and delivering realised
impacts to industry.
The program
T h e C S I RO A q u a c u l t u r e
Research Program cover s a
large area within Australia, from
tropical aquaculture in the north
to temperate aquaculture in the
south.
The program has also established
collaborative research partnerships
in many other countries.
The goal of the Program is to
transform the productivity, profitability and sustainability of Australian
and global aquaculture industries
via whole of system collaborative
research. The Program integrates
capabilities in applied selective
breeding and quantitative genetics,
molecular genetics bioinformatics
and genomics virology and immunology, physiology and biology,
nutrition, nutrigenomics, feed technologies, microbiology, organic
chemistry, sensor based technology

and decision support systems.
At the World Aquaculture
meeting in Adelaide in June 2014,
Dr Preston was honoured by
the World Aquaculture Society
and made a Fellow of the
Society. Matt West, President of
the Australian Prawn Farmers
Association (APFA) said that
making Dr Preston a Fellow of
such an important body is a welldeserved honour in recognition
of his contributions to Australian
and global aquaculture over the
last 25 years.
"Nigel has been at the forefront of driving Australia's aquaculture industry and his decades of
research work have encompassed
most aspects of the industry from
water quality to selecting broodstock. However the success of
recent commercial trials of the
new fish-meal-free feeds for
farmed prawns, the result of a
Aus$10 million CSIRO research
program headed by Nigel is a
standout achievement.
Nigel is rightly proud of leading
the CSIRO team that created the
Novacq prawn feed additive. The
research was a truly multidisciplinary team effort.
Dr Brett Glencross turbocharged the research with his

comprehensive knowledge and
experience of feed technologies
and nutrition. Stuart Arnold and
Simon Irvin played critical roles in
testing the technology in China
and Vietnam. Andrew Chalmers
skillfully negotiated all aspects of
commercialising the Novacq technology. Every other member of
the team has also contributed to
the success of Novacq.
After 10 years of research,
the CSIRO team delivered the
Novacq technology.
Prawns (shrimp) fed with
Novacq grow on average 20-30
percent faster, are healthier and
can be produced with no fish
products in their diet, a world-first
achievement in sustainability.
Major global
breakthrough
Matt West considers that this

achievement by Nigels Program
in Australia is a major global breakthrough in the prawn aquafeed
industr y something which is
viewed by the APFA as "a game
changer that will deliver direct
benefits to the industry.
"This means that Australian
NEWS
prawn aquaculture; already a
world leader in sustainability and
environmental management, is
now set to become even better,
and really solidifies aquaculture
as a sustainable source of protein
to help meet the ever growing
demand for food."
"When we are talking about
relieving pressure on our ocean
stocks of fish, every little bit helps.
Novacq will mean that the prawn
farming industr y could potentially no longer be reliant on
wild-caught fishery products," Dr
Preston said.
Novacq is an entirely natural
food source based on the smallest
organisms in the marine environment, the marine microbes
which are the foundation of the
marine food pyramid. Working on
understanding the natural marine
microbial processes that occur in
prawn farm ponds and natural
marine estuaries, and the role of
microbes in prawn nutrition also
won the CSIRO team the prize
for the Environment, Agriculture
and Food categor y in The
Australian Innovation Challenge
in 2014.
Natural extension
Nigel sees his work as Research

Director of CSIROs Aquaculture
Program as a natural extension of
his career in science research and
management, with new challenges
in critical thinking and nurturing
partnerships that deliver practical
outcomes for aquaculture.
Research and industr y par tnerships have proven vital to Dr
Preston 's research in domesticating the Black (Giant) Tiger
Prawn (Penaeus monodon) in
close collaboration with industry
organisations Gold Coast Marine
Aquaculture, Australian Prawn
Farms and Pacific Reef Fisheries,
is relieving the dependency of
Australian prawn farmers on wild
broodstock.
Subsequent genetic improvements made through selective
breeding have improved reproductive performance by 200
percent and doubled the harvest
yields of domesticated farmed
prawns.
Australia is a minor player in
the global business of prawn production, accounting for around
4500 of the three million tonnes
produced annually. The country is

a net importer of seafood (and
prawns) but, looking at the bigger
picture, Preston realises a rising
global population and greater
demand than ever for protein
that can be produced sustainably, seafood is growing in importance.
Although the Australian aquaculture industry is small by global
standards it has an excellent reputation for sustainably producing
high quality seafood. There is
growing awareness the opportunity for a step-change in the
sustainable growth of Australian
aquaculture and to respond to
the increasing global demand for
advanced aquaculture knowledge
and technology.
Novel technology
The success of Novacq has highlighted the opportunity for the

development of novel Australian
aquaculture technology and
products for global markets.
In responding to this oppor tunity it will be important to work
with effective commercialisation
partners.
An excellent example is Ridley
Agri-Products, the Australian
licensee for Novacq, who have
already enhanced the efficiency
and effectiveness of the technology for Australian and global
markets. Likewise, the commercialisation par tners in Vietnam,
China and other major prawn
farming countries are helping to
obtain maximum market penetration via exclusive licenses.
Preston says The CSIRO
Aquaculture Program is currently working a portfolio of new
technologies to further enhance
advances in; applied selective
breeding technology, reducing the
impacts of disease, relieving the
pressure on wild harvest fisheries
and sustainably enhancing production efficiency.
The business model that CSIRO
operates in today is so very different to the old days when
they were solely financed by the
Australian Government.
Commentators have highlighted
that prior to the latest cut-backs
the CSIRO operated under a
matrix management system that
is overly complex. They claim it is
more or less bound to maximise
both the scale of the management process and the number of

its management personnel and its
major characteristic is a diffusion
of the lines of responsibility.
There are multiple repor ting
avenues that vastly increase the
time a scientist spends on bureaucracy rather than research. Whilst
governance is essential much of
the paperwork shuffling is not
necessarily conducive to good
and original research an adds to
the cost burdens.
The operation of the matrix
system with its inputs and outputs
and themes and streams and flagships and business units and the
like would be a nightmare to the
CSIROs staff, let alone to potential clients that have to deal with
and negotiate with the organisation.
Changing finances
causes comments
The changing financial environment caused comments from

financial media who raised the
issue some time ago that CSIRO
is no longer as independent and
unbiased as it once was due to it
having to obtain external funding
and suggesting that its advice
might be compromised.
Conflicts, however, are not necessary an issue as long as there is
good transparency.
Whilst Australia still has good
intellectual capability in its aquaculture research area the finance
streams for industry to connect
with are becoming drought like
and when funding is available the
paper war that ensues can be
overly costly.
Many industry operators have
indicated frustration as they
say that Fisheries Research &
Development Cor por ation
(FRDC), a co-funded par tnership between the Australian
Government and the fishing
industry (commercial wild catch,
aquaculture, recreational and
indigenous) program is also
locked down in bureaucracy and
when you add the criticism mentioned above regarding CSIRO it
has become very difficult for small
business to get direct access to
the needed expertise.
Another major complaint from
business has been the overall
aversion to risk.
Added to all this negativity

there has been a feeling in university circles that the very presence
of the CSIRO was cutting them
out of their natural constituency
of pure research and that FRDC
are controlling who is awarded
the funding for various research
projects.
CRC falls short on vital

role outcomes
Fur thermore, The Australian

Seafood Cooperative Research
Centre (CRC) which star ted
in 2007 is in its last months of
existence. According to documents from the Australian
Governments Senate Legislation
Committee this CRC aimed to
play a vital role in the seafood
industry by developing technologies to improve productivity
and quality in the high-end of the
market, and delivering improvement the entire value-chain.
Based on the planned seven year
investment of Aus$160 million
which included significant industry
cash contributions of Aus$37
million the CRC projected delivering a NPV of Aus$1.05 billion
over 12 years.
Whilst the CRC has undertaken and suppor ted over 400
projects during its existence it will
not go close to the NPV it projected.
Whilst there can be no doubt
that some sectors have profited
from engagement it would be
taking a very long bow to suggest
that is has played a vital role in
the seafood industry during its
existence. At the grass roots end
of the industry there has been
minimal change and from a consumers perspective it would
be hard to suggest any massive
improvements in the offering.
So in this atmosphere there can
be no doubts about Preston and
the work he and his team have
done at CSIRO. They have been
a shining light considering the difficulties relating to funding and
industry engagement have been
a constant.
Dr Nigel Preston will be
International Chair of the Shrimp
G e n e tic s , Bro o d s t ock a n d
Hatchery Management Session
at the World Aquaculture 2015
Conference & Trade Show in Jeju,
Korea in May 2015.
FEATURE
Extrusion
of aquafeeds
by Gordon Young, FoodStream Pty Ltd, Australia and Dennis Forte, Dennis Forte & Associates, Australia
Extrusion technology provides a number of major benefits over the more traditional
pellet milling processes commonly used for aquaculture feeds. In particular, extrusion
can provide a much higher degree of control over the cook achieved, as well as better
control of the product density (therefore controlling the floating/sinking characteristics).
ut extrusion is a very complex

process and we only have
indirect control over that
process. That is, we have full
control over some variables eg screw
speed and amount of water added. But
there are other inputs over which we have
limited control. For example, we specify
a formulation, and within limits we control
the specifications of ingredients that go into
it but ingredients do vary, so our process
needs to cope with normal variation. We
set up the extruder and die to a known configuration but the machine and the die-plate
wears, so that over time the process changes.
determine the feed conversion ratio (FCR)

for the product.
So to use extrusion effectively and take
full advantage of the opportunities offered
by the technology the extrusion process
needs to be properly understood. This article
discusses just a couple of the issues relating to
successful extrusion of aquafeeds.
Extrusion chemistry &

aquafeed ingredients
In the area of ingredients, the aquafeeds

industry faces a series of contradictions.
In addition, we never get just one parameter changing during extrusion if ingredients vary, it doesnt just change the final
product composition it changes the rheology of the mix and therefore changes how
the melt moves through the extruder and
the die, which in turn affects the residence
time and temperature developed in the melt,
which changes degree of cook and expansion and therefore affects digestibility and
floating/sinking characteristics. Within this
complex relationship, we need to achieve
consistency of nutrition, of digestibility, of
physical characteristics. It is the cumulative
effect of these parameters which ultimately
Marine meals provide the best nutritional

basis, but are increasingly difficult to obtain
and are therefore expensive. Selected plant
sources of protein can provide required
proteins, but tend to come with fibre and
starch which can interfere with the extrusion process and affect digestibility. We
generally require very high fat (energy) contents in the feeds but high fat levels are a
problem in extrusion. Following are some
basics of extrusion chemistry that relate
to the way we design aquafeed extrusion
processes:
Figure 1
FEATURE
Starch
Many fish species do not tolerate starch

especially uncooked starch. But starch comes
with many of the alternative plant-based
protein ingredients. Also starch can be an
important binder to help achieve pellet
durability.
Firstly, realise that starch does not truly
gelatinise during extrusion there is not
enough water present for the swelling and
unravelling of granules that characterise the
gelatinisation reaction. In addition, the starch
is easily damaged by excessive shear during
extrusion. So we promote conditions that
will cook the starch achieving sufficient
temperature with sufficient water, and with
sufficient time, but without excessive shear
therefore use of a preconditioner can be a
major advantage.
Another option if we require starch for
pellet binding is to choose a starch that
cooks and binds more effectively at a lower
temperature such as use of tuber starches
instead of grain starches. Therefore effective
selection of both the source and the amount
of starch can be used to optimise the processing and nutritional characteristics of the
product formulation.
Protein
During extrusion, the protein dena-
Effect of Density on Sink / Float

Pellet Behaviour
Sea Water (3% Salt)
Fresh Water
Fast Sinking
640 g/L
> 600 g/L
Slow Sinking
580 to 600 g/L
540 to560 g/L
Neutral Bouyancy
520 to 540 g/L
480 to 520 g/L
Floating
< 480 g/L
< 440 g/L
Figure 2
turation reaction is not unlike that of
starch that is, with respect to good
functional protein (here referring to
protein functionality from a physical, rather
than nutritional, perspective). The globular proteins unravel and, under the right
conditions (optimal moisture content and
temperature), can cross-link. Therefore
functional protein contributes to binding
and pellet durability. But many of the traditional fish meals, while good nutritionally,
contain denatured protein, and contribute

little to the binding function.
So while the scarcity of traditional
marine proteins (eg fish meals) is an
issue for nutritional balance, the substitution of functional plant proteins
can have the added benefit of assisting
pellet durability as long as the process
promotes rather than destroys that
functionality (temperature and shear not
excessive).
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FEATURE
of the melt. Figure 1 shows some measured results of bulk density vs SME.
The SME is influenced by process parameters, most significantly the melt moisture
content (used to manipulate the melt rheology), the screw profile design, and the screw
speed.
Aquafeed specifications
not the full story
Fat
Fat under normal extrusion conditions

is stable it does not itself change and
cook as starches and proteins do. But it
does have a major effect on the extrusion
process increasing slip and effectively
lowering viscosity, and therefore affecting expansion/density, extruder backfill/
degree of cook, and pellet durability. An
increase in fat content of the mix of only
two percent (which can happen due to
raw material variations) has a similar effect
on the effective viscosity of the melt as a
five percent increase in moisture content.
Therefore control of fat content can be a
major issue.
At the same time, for most species, as high
a fat content as possible is required for nutrition (feed energy). This is where one of the
tensions lie the challenge of achieving good
stable pellets at sufficiently high fat content.
Strategies to achieve this balance include
the use of appropriate extrusion systems
(twin screw extruders can operate in a more
stable manner to higher fat levels than single
screw extruders), and methods to maximise
post-process addition of oil, such as vacuum
infusion.
There are of course many other aspects of
ingredients that also need to be balanced in
successful feed extrusion.
Density control
The finished product bulk density is one

of the key product quality attributes, as it
directly influences the sink / float behaviour
of the finished product. Note, however,
that this does not only relate to the extrusion process eg drying also affects pellet
density. In fact, drying under inappropriate
conditions can result in drying and shrinkage of the outside layers, increasing overall
density so the pellet sinks (eg as required).
Then, over time in storage, moisture redistributes within the pellet, the outside layers
relax and expand, and the feed turns from
floating to sinking.
The bulk density is the result of the balance between the expansion (influenced by
the process conditions and the amount and
type of starch) and elastic collapse (influenced
by the amount and type of protein). That is,
again there is a complexity in the extrusion
process which makes it inherently difficult
to predict and control. Under the correct
conditions:
Higher amylose starch content makes
the extrudate expand more at the time
of exiting the die
Higher functional protein makes the
melt more elastic, so it recoils after the
initial expansion and starts to collapse
Higher amylopectin starch increases the
solidification temperature of the melt,
which determines how far the melt
recoils before the structure hardens.
So the final pellet size and therefore
density is the result of the interaction of all
these effects (Figure 2).
In addition:
Degree of Expansion = f { Melt
Temperature (TM), Die Pressure Drop (DPd)
}, with the Melt Rheology and the Die
Geometry greatly affecting DPd.
The product bulk density is also significantly influenced by the Specific Mechanical
Energy (SME), since the SME directly
affects TM and also affects the molecular
degradation of the starch and the proteins
which changes the viscosity and elasticity
Final product nutrition (and FCR) is not

just due to the composition of the formulation ingredients though that is what feed
specifications almost exclusively (along with
density) often dictate.
The manufacture of a feed should be
considered as
Formulation + Process ----> Product
The ingredient source (and the order of
addition) have a significant impact upon the
product nutrition. For example, the effect of
oil added during the process is not the same
as oil added via external coating complexes
formed during extrusion can change the
nutritional effect of the oil.
Energy inputs also have a major role in final
nutrition of the feed. Energy may be added via
Convective Energy (steam injection), Thermal
Energy (barrel heating) and Mechanical Energy
(viscous dissipation or SME). The comparative
balance of these energy inputs affect nutrition
by changing the conversion and break-down
of proteins and starches, changing their nutritional contribution. In extreme cases, it can
even form fat complexes that are toxic to fish.
When considering Convective Energy, the
role of process time is also critical. This is
the basis of preconditioning, which allows
extended time to initiate the cooking of
starches and proteins.
Conclusion
Extrusion is not a simple process. The

interactions that occur in process parameters,
along with variations in raw materials and
changes over time due to extruder and die
wear, makes it a difficult process to control.
And these variations can have invisible
effects because nutritional content of the
formulation does not fully define the nutritional performance of the feed. Variations
in the extrusion process do not only affect
physical changes in the product such as density and size/shape, it also affects the way in
which the fish will digest the ingredients. A
good understanding of the extrusion process
and well-defined process parameters to
guide operators is required for reliable and
consistent feed production.
The authors are presenting a short
course on Aquafeed Extrusion Technology
at Centre for Feed Technology, FrTek,
Norway, from 25 to 27 March 2015
(www.foodstream.com.au/events)
FEATURE
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FEATURE
Wheat proteins
high quality proteins for aquaculture feeds

by Dr Emmanuelle Apper, MSc Aurlien Feneuil, Dr Frdrique Respondek Tereos, Innovation department
any fish feed producers now formulate low fishmeal

diets. To ensure high growth performance, the use of
high quality alternative protein is then required. Both
Vital and Hydrolysed Wheat Gluten are high quality
proteins. While they dont exhibit the same behaviour at extrusion,
they can both ensure good physical quality of pellets and high level
of growth performance with high nitrogen and energy retention.
Additionally, Vital and Hydrolysed Wheat Gluten may have some
functional health benefits at gut level, especially by stimulating gut
cell proliferation and antioxidative system without damaging gut
structure.
as good water stability. Moreover, increased VWG inclusion rate in

replacement of soy protein concentrate results in decreasing extruder
motor load. Indeed, extrusion behaviour of 2 commercial salmon
feed diets has been explored both at small scale (Application Centre,
Tereos, Marckolsheim, France) and at a fish feed Technology Centre
(scale-up; Nofima, Fana, Norway). One diet contained 10 percent
VWG and the other 20 VWG. The two diets were extruded in the
same processing conditions. This resulted in a lower motor load (i.e.
torque) for 20 percent VWG compared to 10 percent VWG (36
percent versus 41 percent motor load). Higher inclusion of VWG
in formulation leads to a decrease in motor load due to the lower
water holding capacity of VWG compared to soy protein concentrate
(Draganovic et al., 2011).
The technological properties of HWG had not yet been reported
in the literature while VWG and HWG have different impacts on
extruder system parameters, especially on motor load and pressure
at the die. Indeed, replacing 25 percent of Crude Protein (CP) of a
FM diet by either VWG or HWG (Voller et al., in preparation) results
in lower motor load with HWG (283 and 376 Nm with HWG and
VWG respectively). The higher effect of VWG on the motor load
Intensive production of farmed fish fed with compound feeds has

increased greatly, mainly due to the growth of aquaculture production,
but also because it is the most efficient way of production (Olsen
and Hasan, 2012). In such feeds, Fish Meal (FM) used to be the major
source of proteins, especially for marine fish and salmonids (Tacon et
al., 2011). Nevertheless, because of the limited amount of available FM
on the market, its impact on the environment and marine diversity, and
its increasing price, its utilisation has been progressively reduced in the
formulation of diets.
In order to achieve a low FM incorporaTable 1: Water Holding Capacity (WHC) of different vegetable proteins
tion (below 10 percent in formula) without impairing growth performance, active
Soy Protein
Amytex (VWG) Solpro 508 (HWG)
Concentrate (Imcosoy
research was conducted on plant proteins
62, Imcopa)
(PP), which represent an interesting alternaWHC in g of water/g of
tive to FM. In this context, many studies
commercial product (Mean
1,5 +/- 0,0
0,6 +/- 0,0
3,0 +/- 0,0
were undertaken to evaluate the effects
+/- Standard Deviation)
of replacing FM with different types of PP,
tested one by one or in mixture, on fish
growth and health. Among the tested PP
being considered to replace FM, Wheat Proteins (WP), including Vital can be attributed to the higher water holding capacity (table 1) of this
Wheat Gluten (VWG) and Hydrolysed Wheat Gluten (HWG) are ingredient (1.5 g of water/g) compared to HWG (0.6 g of water/g).
easily available PP sources that have given very promising results from The reduction in motor load can be seen as a direct process advantage
allowing reduction of energy consumption during extrusion (Specific
technological, nutritional and health points of view.
Vital and Hydrolysed Wheat Gluten exhibit different behaviour in Mechanical Energy reduced from 65 to 50 Wh/kg). An alternative is to
extrusion and both proteins allow obtaining pellets of high physical run the HWG diet at the same motor load as the VWG diet with the
potential to increase the extrusion capacity.
quality
VWG has already been described elsewhere (Apper-Bossard et al.,
2013) as an effective binder in fish feed, imparting good mechanical Wheat Proteins: Amino acid profile
properties (i.e. durability and hardness) to the fish feed pellets as well
Wheat proteins are a source of functional amino acids, especially
FEATURE
108.28
[2750]
Effects of wheat proteins on growth performance
Because of its high digestibility and its absence of anti-nutritional 88.00

[2236]
factors, replacement of a large proportion of FM with VWG results
in similar growth performance and fish composition whatever the
species are. The apparent CP digestibility of VWG is high, between
Advanced Feature Extrusion
15.00
[381]
12.00
[305]
36.91
[937]
F085 SHIMPO
sulphur amino acids and leucine. They contain rather low levels of
lysine, tryptophan, and arginine meaning that they should be complemented with these amino acids when used at high level in formulae.
Several experiments showed WP can successfully replace a large part
of FM when diets are supplemented with free lysine in salmonids
(Davies et al., 1997).
WPs contain a relatively high concentration of sulphur-containing
amino acids, due to the numerous di-sulphur bonds (1.8 percent CP
of methionine and 2.6 percent CP of cysteine), whereas PP sources
are generally low in sulphur-containing amino acids. For instance, soybean meal and soy protein concentrate respectively contain 1.4 and
1.3 g/100 g CP of methionine and 1.3 and 1.4 g/100 g CP of cysteine.
Furthermore, WPs are high in leucine, with about 7.9 g/100 g CP.
Leucine is considered as the main amino acid triggering muscle protein
synthesis and inhibiting proteolysis in mammals (Li et al., 2009) and
probably in fish. Indeed, in different species, amino acids regulate the
TOR signalling pathway (Seilliez et al., 2008). Furthermore, supplementing media containing 0.6 mM leucine with an additional 2.5 mM
leucine reduced rates of protein degradation in rainbow trout primary
myocytes by 8 percent (Cleveland, 2010).
WPs are also rich in glutamine: from 35 to 40 percent CP.
Glutamine is a major substrate for all rapidly proliferating cells and
plays an important role in maintaining intestinal trophicity (VerlhacTrichet, 2010). In addition, glutamine is one of the most important
energy substrates of enterocytes. Free glutamine significantly increases
enterocyte and microvilli length in catfish gut (Pohlenz et al., 2012),
hybrid striped bass (Cheng et al., 2012), and juvenile hybrid sturgeon
(Zhu et al., 2011). Glutamine also constitutes a major substrate for
immune cells, thus modulating immune response (Verlhac-Trichet,
2010; Zhu et al., 2011; Cheng et al., 2012). Moreover, glutamine
278.03
plays a role in eliminating free radicals as it acts as
a precursor for glutathione synthesis (Wu, 1998). Such effects are[7062]
reported for juvenile
hybrid sturgeon (Zhu et al., 2011) and hybrid striped bass (Cheng et
al., 2012). Glutamine has proven to stimulate muscle synthesis in terrestrial vertebrates but such results are not available for fish. However,
dietary glutamine supplementation increases growth performance in
juvenile hybrid sturgeon (Qiyou et al., 2011) and in hybrid striped bass
(Cheng et al., 2012).
67.28
[1709]
101.44
[2577]
30.38
[772]
108.59
[2759]
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Figure 1: Nitrogen apparent digestibility of a fish-meal based

diet where fish meal is replaced from 0 to 75% by hydrolysed
wheat gluten (HWG), on a Crude Protein basis. Nitrogen
apparent digestibility curvilinearly increases with increasing
HWG in diet.
March-April 2015 | INTERNATIONAL

| 15
ET-261A.indd AQUAFEED
1
P.O. Box 8
100 Airport Road
Sabetha, KS 66534, USA
Phone: 785-284-2153
Fax: 785-284-3143
extru-techinc@extru-techinc.com
www.extru-techinc.com
2/12/15 4:52 PM
FEATURE
Figure 2. Posterior intestine of rainbow trout fed with a

diet containing only fish meal (FMC), 50% hydrolysed
wheat gluten, 50% vital wheat gluten, or a blend of
hydrolysed and vital wheat gluten, on a crude protein
basis (electronic microscopy, 900). No large areas of
necrosis whatever the treatment. Enterocytes appear
uniform, regular and healthy.
92 and 98.5 percent (Apper-Bossard et al., 2013). In rainbow trout,

VWG successfully substitutes more than 50 percent FM providing
diets supplemented with lysine without affecting protein and lipid
composition of the carcasses (Davies et al., 1997). Furthermore, the
inclusion of 14.5 percent VWG in diets does not adversely affect
the flavour of fillets (Skonberg et al., 1998). In Atlantic salmon, the
replacement of 35 percent FM with VWG without supplementing by
lysine results in similar final body weight and growth (Storebakken
et al., 2000). These authors estimate the replacement of FM with
VWG without amino acid supplementation can go up to 50 percent
based on the amount and the availability of lysine in VWG and on
the requirement of fish.
In European sea bass, substituting more than 50 percent FM with
VWG does not impair palatability, growth performance, and nitrogenenergy retention (Tibaldi et al., 2003). In gilthead sea bream, the
use of 88 percent CP from VWG not only successfully replaced FM
but also produced better growth and feed conversion ratio, probably related to higher protein and energy intake of fish (Allan et al.,
2000). In Nile tilapia fed with diets differing in their protein sources,
the highest growth is reported for VWG, FM, and soybean extract
diet. In shrimp, results are scarce but the replacement of up to 20
percent marine protein with VWG does not significantly affect feed
efficiency and growth performance (Molina-Povida et al., 2004; Tereos i
nternal data).
HWG also seems promising in aquaculture feeds as it results in high
growth performance. CP digestibility of HWG has recently been measured. It is very high and further increases with higher HWG inclusion
rate in FM-diet for rainbow trout (figure 1; Apper et al., 2014). Recent
studies on juvenile hybrid sturgeon show that the replacement of 1 to
5 percent of soy protein concentrate by 1 to 5 percent of HWG in a
diet containing animal and plant proteins significantly increases growth
performance (Qiyou, 2011). The use of 12.5 to 50 percent CP of
HWG to replace high quality FM does not modify growth performance
and feed efficiency in rainbow trout (Apper et al., 2014). In the same
experiment, authors compared energy and nitrogen retention obtained
with either VWG or HWG. Nitrogen retention was similar for the 2
protein sources, with very low metabolic losses of nitrogen (35.1 and
43.4 kg/ton of fish produced for HWG and VWG respectively). Energy
retention was higher with HWG than with VWG.
Figure 3. Microvilli of posterior intestine of

rainbow trout fed with a diet containing only fish
meal (FMC), 50% hydrolysed wheat gluteTable
1Formulation and compositions of experimental
diets (%).tein basis (electronic microscopy, 20
000). Microvilli are uniform and densely packed for
all treatments.
Effects of wheat proteins on gut

health and microbiota
Compared to a fishmeal-based diet, the use of Wheat Proteins

does not damage gut morphology and microbiota. In Rainbow trout,
the replacement of up to 50 percent high quality FM by either VWG
or HWG results in no modification of gut structure (figures 2 and
3; Apper et al., 2014). Indeed, no areas of necrosis were observed
in enterocytes, all appearing uniform, regular, and healthy. Microvilli
observations confirmed such results, all microvilli being packed and
showing the same density. Similarly, in the same study, microbiota was
not significantly different between FM, HWG and VWG diets, with a
predominance of Firmicutes. Richness, OTUs, and diversity of microbiota were not different across treatments, suggesting that replacing up
to 50 percent of high quality FM by WP is without consequence for
gut health. Such results are typical of wheat proteins as soy-proteins
or pea proteins have been demonstrated to impair gut morphology or
microbiota at high inclusion rates (Mc Kellep Bakke et al., 2007; Penn
et al., 2011).
In soy-based diets, the inclusion of hydrolysed wheat proteins modulates gut function and morphology, the anti-oxidative system, and the
non-specific immune system. The replacement from 1 to 5 percent of
soy protein concentrate in a diet based on 20 percent FM, 20 percent
soybean meal, eight percent corn gluten meal and 10 percent blood
meal increased digestive enzyme activities and fold heights, modulated
non-specific immune response and stimulated anti-oxidative status
(Qiyou et al., 2011; Zhu et al., 2011). Interestingly, in these studies,
the results of 3 percent of HWG inclusion were equivalent to results
obtained when authors added one percent free glutamine in the soy
protein concentrate diet. Such results suggest that HWG may have a
bioactive role, by acting on highly proliferative cells or by saving energy
as a glucose precursor.
Due to their technological and nutritional properties, Vital and
Hydrolysed Wheat Gluten already appear as high value protein sources
for fish feeds. Furthermore, new insights on gut morphology, microbiota and health highlight a potential functional role of these proteins
on the antioxidative system and on digestive enzyme activity and reveal
that wheat proteins do not disturb carnivorous fish microbiota significantly. Further research is needed to confirm these functional benefits
and to fully understand the underlying mechanisms.
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FEATURE
Immunostimulation
in aquatic animals
by Philippe Tacon, global aquaculture manager, Phileo
survey made at the end of an aqua industry forum

meeting in Vietnam last year has shown that for 63
percent of the participants, the most limiting challenge
for developing aquaculture was health and disease
management. Indeed, in recent years, we have seen numerous
diseases appearing and impacting aquaculture production, such
as WSSV and EMS in shrimp, or Infectious Salmon Anemia
(ISA) in salmonids. Working around the classic Host-PathogenEnvironment triad, new technologies and management techniques
have been developed to better control diseases in aquatic
animals: vaccination, which has led to the decrease of antibiotic
use in salmonids; biosecurity procedures in hatcheries and in
farms; biofloc technology. All of these technologies have proven
successful. Their further development and expanded use will
certainly improve the way aquatic animals are farmed.
Another strategy is to increase the health of the animal through
feeding, and this magazine might be a good place to discuss it. Well
balanced diets can certainly improve the health status of a fish or a
shrimp, but in some challenging conditions, like a pathogen infection,
the use of immune stimulants can be required to enhance the
response of the immune system.
When studying immune stimulation, it is important to understand
that the immune system of aquatic animals differs not only between
theirs and the mammalian one but also between teleost and
crustacean. Fish are the first group in which a specific immune
system appears in the evolutionary tree. The fish immune system
therefore has a greatly inferior performance to that of mammals
(see Tort et al 2003). It is less specific, less sensitive and has only
oneclass of antibodies (IgM). Fish being poikilothermic animals, it is
highly dependent on temperature, low temperature slowing down
the immune response up to 10 to 12 weeks. Fish rely by then more
on their non-specific immune system (also called innate immunity) to
fight against pathogens. The innate immune system recognises nonself molecules that could be of foreign origin - also called pathogen
associated molecular patterns (PAMP) - and molecular patterns
exposed though damage to the host. These patterns are recognised
by germline-encoded pattern recognition receptors (PRR) or pattern
recognition proteins (PRP). These molecular patterns can be for

example peptidoglycans and lipopolysaccharides from bacteria cell
walls, fungal b1, 3-glucan, viral double-stranded RNA and bacterial
DNA (see Magnadottir 2006 for an overview of fish innate immunity).
Fish innate immunity starts with first barrier defences such as mucus;
it traps pathogens and includes lysozymes, antibacterial peptides
which can eliminate pathogens. Neutrophils and macrophages are
key cells of the innate immune complex as they can phagocytose
pathogens (a mechanism which is not temperature dependent) and
release Reactive Oxygen species, which are toxic to pathogens.
Completing this cellular response, the humoral response implicates
the synthesis and release of antimicrobial components.
In shrimp, where the picture is even simpler as they rely only on
innate immunity, we find the same type of mechanisms in place as
in fish with phagocytosis performed by granulocytes (a specific form
of the blood hemocyte cells) and humoral response. However the
most effective mechanism of invertebrates (as arthropods) is cellular
melanotic encapsulation. This requires the combination of circulating
hemocytes and several associated proteins of the prophenoloxidase
(proPO) activating system. Recognition of PAMPs such as LPS and
-1, 3 glucans by PRPs is an essential step for the activation of the
proPO cascade (Amparyup et al 2013).
Stimulation of the innate immune system, which would enhance
the speed and the effect of the immune response, is therefore
possible by mimicking the effect of PAMP on PRR and PRP. In
that regard, beta glucans have been studied for a long time in
aquaculture and seem the ideal immune stimulant in aquaculture
(see Meena et al 2013 and Ringo et al 2012) as they can specifically
activate macrophages in fish and the proPO cascade in shrimp.
Parietal fractions, such as Safmannan are extracted from
a selected Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain respecting strict EU
manufacturing control standards. They contain beta glucans,
mannan oligosaccharides that are all activators of the immune
system (Song et al 2014).
Earlier internal trials have shown that yeast cell walls and parietal
fractions have different effects in mycotoxin binding and immunity
in aquatic animals. Indeed several trials done at the Hellenic Center
for Marine Research in Greece have shown that yeast fraction
FEATURE
products with similar manna/
glucan ratios from Phileo, Lesaffre
Table 1: Formulation and compositions of experimental diets (%).
Animal Care Business Unit, have
Ingredients
very different effects in the
stimulation of immune parameters
Fishmeal 38.5
25
25
25
25
25
and in survival following challenge
Soybean protein concentrate
20
20
20
20
20
20
in Vibrio anguillarum. It looks like
Soybean meal
0
21
21
21
21
21
not only the mannan and glucan
Wheat flour
21
21
21
21
21
21
content is of importance, but the
strain and the drying processes
Fish oil
6
6.4
6.4
6.4
6.4
6.4
are also key parameters to ensure
Monocalcium
1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
a good effect in aquatic animals.
phosphate(Ca(H2PO4)2)
Another concept that came out
Microcrystalline cellulose 10.1
1
0.975
0.95
0.9
0.8
of these trials was that there is a
Phospholipid (93%)
2
2
2
2
2
2
threshold of yeast material to be
Choline chloride(50%) 0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
ingested before it starts to kick in
and improve the immune system.
Vitamin and mineral Premixa
1
1
1
1
1
1
Product origin, quality, dosages
Methionine hydroxy analog-Ca(98%)
0
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
and duration of treatment are all
Safmannan (mg/kg)
0
0
250
500
1000
2000
clearly linked.
Analyzed chemical compositions(dry matter basis %)
A trial has been undertaken to
further study a dose response of
Crude protein 47.6
48.2
48.7
47.9
48.4
48.5
Safmannan in a marine species.
Crude lipid 12.1
12.0
11.7
11.6
11.8
11.6
The objective was twofold:
Crude ash 7.86
8.51
8.46
8.52
8.59
8.41
investigate the influence of
parietal fractions in diets with a
Gross energy(MJ/kg) 21.5
21.3
21.4
21.5
21.4
21.6
reduced amount of fishmeal, and
determine the dosage needed for
diets were supplemented with 0 (SBM), 250, 500, 1000 and 2000
an optimum immune response (Yu et al 2014).
Six diets were designed (see table 1): a high fishmeal diet with g/T of Safmannan. Juvenile Japanese seabass (18 g) were selected
38.5 percent fish meal inclusion and no soybean meal (HFM) and 5 and distributed into 280 L tanks after 24 h starvation with 30 fish
diets with 25 percent fishmeal and 20 percent soybean meal. These per tank, and six tanks per treatment. The water temperature was
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FEATURE
maintained. Fish were fed to apparent satiation twice daily at 08:00

and 15:00 for 72 days.
At the end of the treatment period fish were anesthetsed, weighed
and viscera and blood were sampled. Intestine samples from the FM,
Y0, Y4 and Y5 groups were removed from 2 fish in each replicate tank
at the end of trial (12 fish per treatment) and processed for histology
analysis (H & E staining). Morphological parameters associated with
SBM-induced enteritis of anterior and distal intestines, including the
height of mucosal folds (HMF), width of mucosal folds, lamina propria
and connective tissue were quantified.
After all samples were taken, 40 fish of each treatment (67 fish
per tank) were divided into 2 groups and transferred into a still water
system with temperature at 26 1 C. The fish were fed as before and
recovered from weighing and sampling stress by a 2-week acclimation.
Then they were challenged by intramuscular injection with Aeromonas
veronii (CGMCC No. 4274) at 8 104 cells/100 g body weight. Ten
fish from each tank were sampled for plasma immune parameters
two days after challenge and the others (20 fish per treatment) were
recorded for 7-day cumulative survival rate without any food.
This study showed a lower growth of SBM diets as expected
compared to HFM diets, but an even lower growth with the 500g/T
treatment, and a much better growth at 2000 g/T (Fig1). These results
can be correlated to a wider width of mucosal folds in anterior and
distal intestinal in SBM diets compared to HFM diets suggesting a
negative effect of these diet on intestinal health, and also to a higher
height of mucosal folds in the 2000 g/T group (Fig1). This suggests that
Safmannan at 2000 g/T was able to compensate the negative effect
of soybean meal and increase gut health leading to a better growth.
The study also shows that IgM levels were significantly elevated
after the bacterial challenge in the diet containing parietal fractions
at 500g/T (Fig2) indicating a strong immune stimulation. The levels
decrease as the yeast parietal fraction concentration is increased
showing a potential fatigue of the immune system. This is confirmed
by the survival of the fish after the challenge. The optimum dosage
was 500g/T of Safmannan, whereas higher dosage did not improve
survival. Remarkably, we can see this optimum dosage for immune
stimulation was also the one giving the lowest growth, confirming
hypothesis that the strong stimulation of the immune system is at the
expense of the growth potential of the fish.
This study highlights the duality of role of parietal fractions in fish
depending on the dosage and feed composition: they can be used
either as gut health enhancer (high dosage) or immune enhancer (low
dosage).
Formulators and farmers can benefit from using this efficient
and sustainable solution against pathogens but they need to choose
quality products and work with proper (and proven) dosages and
administration durations.
Figure 1 growth and intestinal health parameters in

Japanese seabass following a treatment with yeast parietal
fractions. Values with different subscripts are significantly
different (P<0.05) (Yu et al 2014)
Figure 2 immune parameters and cumulative mortality

following treatment with parietal fractions.
Values with different subscripts are significantly different
(P<0.05) between treatments, asterisks show a different
between time. For the bacterial challenge, Safmannan 500 is
different than control at P<0.05 (Yu et al 2014)
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FEATURE
by Roy Palmer, Aquaculture Without Frontiers, Australia
orn and bred from the Aquaculture sector in order to

create a voluntary organisation to contribute to the
alleviation of poverty through small-scale aquaculture,
Aquaculture without Frontiers (AwF), recently celebrated
its 10th birthday with an updated vision and strategy.
Beginnings
AwF was formed by Michael New OBE, having been encouraged by

colleagues after delivering a keynote paper at the World Aquaculture
Society (WAS) conference in Salvador, Brazil in 2003 (New 2003).
Michaels idea was stimulated by reading about the activities of
Mdecins Sans Frontires (MSF) and two articles published in The
Economist (Anonymous 2003a, b). He ventured the idea that people
who had retired from a career in aquaculture might wish to volunteer
their experience to help those less fortunate than themselves. In
fact, Michael found that the idea of voluntary service in aquaculture
appealed to a wide spectrum of individuals, from students to retirees.
A gem, run on a shoestring
The board was a veritable whos who of aquaculture and it ran

then, as it does now, on a shoestring. AwF is not an organisation built
around creating a massive bank of donated funds, creating overheads
and paying high salaries to staff but on actually working with the great
goodwill of aquaculture people and doing things that create positive
outcomes for the poor and hungry of the world. It is the real meaning
of what a charity is all about people give what they can, whether
that is a few dollars, or more importantly their time, knowledge and
experience. It is a real gem in todays world of professional NGOs and
it is a credit to its founder and all that have or are still serving its needs.
Having said that, there was the need to modify some of the organisation and during these changes there can be no question that we lost
some momentum. John Forster, Dave Conley and Cormac OSullivan
have greatly assisted the organisation with constant input and wise
council and have been a strength on the board. It felt like we were
going backwards, but sometimes in life these changes need to be made
in order to take stock and move forward with greater and stronger
steps. Hopefully, that is what we are doing!
Establishing sustainable networks
First was the creation of a strategy and a vision and mission, and
clearly the people engaged at the time saw Aquaculture Learning
Centres (ALCs) as a major key in the future of AwF.
That means we have eased back on chasing smaller projects and are
trying to create a more sustainable model for wherever we tread. It means
we are building capability and capacity in one area at a time so that when
we leave, essential networks of people are well established and can communicate internally and externally.
Additionally, we also have taken a broader brush to aquaculture.

Education on nutrition (both human and animal) is essential people
need to know why seafood is important in their diet and how feeding
their fish the right mixes helps deliver not only excellent fish health but
also connects to human health.
Entrepreneurial activities are also essential and encouraged, as we
need to encourage people to want to get out of the poverty trap.
Clearly, not everyone can run their own fish farm; there will always be
people who are prepared to take the extra calculated risks and who
are leaders. As long as they are building enterprises which are employing people and paying them a fair wage for a fair days work, and are
transparent in their activities, then they are helping improve the world,
and need to be encouraged and supported.
Our incredible volunteers
Of course, our business model means we are reliant on our incredible volunteers, and we needed to review our processes on how we
manage and work with these fantastic individuals. Slowly and surely,
we have built a committee and secretariat which now manage the
Volunteer Program. What used to be done with a nod and a wink
in the old days is not possible today, and our Volunteer Committee
- consisting of Cormac OSullivan, Ignacio Llorente and Stacey Clarke,
with Paul Liew running the secretariat - are working hard on ensuring we have an efficient databank of all the volunteers, and that we
are in regular contact, keeping them up to date about activities and
opportunities.
We are always seeking new volunteers, so anyone that is interested
in assisting us on the journey we are taking, please complete the form
at http://www.aquaculturewithoutfrontiers.org/volunteers/
Learning centres are key
Our strategic plan is based around building Aquaculture Learning

Centres (ALCs), and our first ALC is in Tancol, a suburb of Tampico
in the State of Tamaulipas, Mexico, in collaboration with Universidad
Tecnolgica del Mar de Tamaulipas Bicentenario (UTMarT). Whilst
the main centre for UTMarT is at Soto La Marina - La Pesca, about 4
hours drive north of Tampico, near to Laguna Morales, this new centre
in Tancol will be used to educate students and industry on aquaculture
and hospitality, and will have connections to both the Mexican Federal
Government (SAGARPA) and the State Government.
All of these ALCs need strong, passionate leaders and, in the case of
Tancol, this has definitely been UTMarTs Director de Vinculacin, MC.
Hctor Hugo Gjon Bez, who has been supported by the Rector,
Dr. Guadalupe Acosta Villarreal, and the Director Acadmico, MC.
Tonatiuh Carrillo Lammens.
Fresh water is in abundance at the Tancol site and, being an old
water plant, there are some excellent - albeit old but well-constructed
- inbuilt large tanks. Some of these are being used as is, but others
FEATURE
are being converted, with sailing cloth roof-coverings, to smaller areas,
which will be able to be used in research projects for the students.
Government funding
Funding from the Mexican Federal Government has enabled the

building of a brand new education centre that will accommodate 200
students, but unfortunately the funds did not stretch to finishing the
important hatchery area. Efforts are being made now to find the extra
pesos to finish the hatchery area and, importantly, to have it housed in
a solidly constructed building.
Through the great assistance of Kevin Fitzsimmons (ex-AwF
President) and the US Aid Farmer to Farmer program, AwF were able
to invite Scott Lindell and Rick Karney to visit Tamaulipas and conduct
a survey of facilities as well as have discussions at UTMarT with staff
and students, meet industry people and offer some training about
shellfish and microalgae aquaculture. This visit was followed up quickly
by Daniel Herman and Imad Saoud, who were looking at other aspects
and challenges for the ALC.
Prospects for expansion
were had with business people of the area and education institutions,
and hopefully this will see AwF have operations on both sides of
Mexico in the near future.
AwF are also very excited about the prospects of two other important ALC centres. One is based in the United Kingdom, and will be a
major connection for our plans in the African continent. The other, in
Sarawak, Malaysia, could be our first ALC in Asia.
In Malaysia, AwF have a Memorandum of Understanding with the
Association of International Seafood Professionals and STEM States
Incorporated, both of which are not-for-profit associations and incorporated in Australia. The latter acts as a forum through which industry,
associations, academia and government can come together to discuss
"Our strategic plan is based around building Aquaculture

Learning Centres (ALCs), and our first ALC is in
Tancol, a suburb of Tampico in the State of Tamaulipas,
Mexico, in collaboration with Universidad Tecnolgica
The opportunity became available at the end of 2014 for a meeting

at La Pesca to consider what has been achieved and what the next
major steps are in the arrangement. A report is currently being prepared for further actions during 2015.
The oyster aquaculture prospects to replace the fishing methods
currently adopted in Laguna Morales are a key ingredient to the potential success of the plans. The early work done by AwF volunteers has
paved the way for some excited fisher folk, as they can see a future
for their business with a more sustainable model than was originally
the case.
At the same time, during the visit to Mexico AwF had the opportunity to visit another potential site for an ALC in Sonora. Discussions
del Mar de Tamaulipas Bicentenario (UTMarT)"

Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM) education
and innovation, and the role it plays in the needs of industry, export,
trade and development.
STEM states
The background to the 'Global STEM States' is as a grassroots

movement, with a medley of not-for-profit, academic, industry and
government organisations entering into dialogue over the role STEM
education plays in a state's future human resource needs, and how this
should be implemented.
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FEATURE
ment of the Aquaculture industry in Malaysia and AwF will be creating
some guidance for that.
Biotech
STEM States hosts conferences and events around the world every
year, and each one plays a role in bringing the international community
to the host city, and leaving tangible benefits to the host city. Upon
launching in September 2013, five states took up full membership:
Western Australia (Led by Murdoch University and the AsiaPacific Society for Solar and Hybrid Technologies)
New York, USA (Led by the Global Industry Development
Network; AwF also is a member of this network)
Sarawak, Malaysia (Led by STEM States Malaysia and the
Department for Advanced Education)
Saskatchewan, Canada (Led by Tourism Saskatoon, Innovation
Saskatchewan and the University of Saskatchewan)
Nova Scotia, Canada (Led by the Department of Education and
the Halifax Convention Centre)
The United Arab Emirates, China, India, Russia, Germany, South
Africa, Tanzania and Brazil have also applied to become members
at different levels, and the potential for AwF through this association
could lead to activities in all those countries.
The Aquaculture Borneo connection sees AwF possibly involved in
working collaboratively on the formation of an Aqua Learning Centre
within Malaysia, with the purpose of educating and upskilling locals and
people from around the region, and the establishment or introduction
of aqua training programs within technical and vocational education
and training (TVET) and science, technology, engineering and mathematics education (STEM). Additionally, a conference that will take
place in Malaysia in 2015
that will have specific track
dedicated to the develop-
In the UK, a project called REFARM (Research and Education

in Foods, Aqua-foods and Renewable Materials) has been started
between the Global Biotechnology Transfer Foundation (GBTF),
Seafox Management Consultants Ltd (SMCL) and AwF.
GBTF is an international, not-for-profit organisation whose mission
is to promote awareness of the potential for biotechnology to support sustainable, long-term, socio-economic development. It aims to
achieve its mission through three platforms: education, demonstration
and implementation.
SMCL is based in Grimsby, working closely with the Grimsby and
Humber regional seafood processing sector. The business is at the
forefront of the seafood cluster and works closely with local groups
such as the Grimsby Fish Merchants association, Seafood Grimsby and
the Humber Cluster Group, the Seafish Authority and private-sector
seafood businesses. It works internationally too with supply-chain support and also represents the North Atlantic Seafood Conference in the
UK. Additionally, the business has a particular skill-set towards accessing
funding and grants for major projects.
GBTF has acquired a brown-field site at Brookenby, Market Rasen,
Lincolnshire which includes buildings and 4 hectares (10 acres) of open
land, which provides for significant expansion as well as access to a
130-hectare farm which will be used for crop trial and field demonstrations.
There are many aspects to this partnership, but in summary we
want to link developed-world infrastructure with developing-world
needs for education, training and technology transfer to develop grassroots entrepreneurs. At the same time, the aim is to be producing a
highly nutritious protein for the local market, and by taking an open
and transparent path could open the door for the UK to become
food-secure on seafood.
The connection to biotech adds dimensions that are not currently
happening on any major scale. Given the interactions between Europe
and Africa regarding food production and technology transfer, our
approach will hopefully be seen as a catalyst for collaboration on the
future. If successful, this approach can be copied in other parts of the
world using an eco-cluster model.
Networks: gender, students and indigenous people
We are making an effort to broaden the base for AwF to maximise

our reach and engage more people in networks. From an internal perspective, initially we have established a Women/Gender Network and
have plans to establish a Schools/Students Network and an Indigenous
Network.
Establishing such networks is no easy feat, and takes time and
patience to organise well. With members at all ends of the earth, it
is always difficult to find the right time and means of communication.
Eventually, there is belief that these networks will be a driving force for
AwF, so the time and effort put in by all will definitely be worthwhile.
There is always the pressure within the groups to set lofty agendas
which might be too difficult to achieve in the early days, so tempering
expectations and keeping the aims/outcomes on the low side to start
is essential until we find our feet.
It has been an excellent start with the Women/Gender network,
FEATURE
and some of the leadership group were able to meet in November
2014 at GAF5 in Lucknow, India.
Our Women/Gender network believes there is insufficient awareness, information and action for gender issues in aquaculture.
As one of the group, Chloe English said, This deficit is not due to
an absence of concerned people, or an absence of potential strategies
and policies. As a woman passionate about aquaculture, I identify one
key barrier to change-making is our capacity to effectively join the
dots between people and strategy. Change for women working in
aquaculture will gain momentum once we have united an engaged
network of people and adapted existing tactics.
AwF Women and Gender Network could potentially be the
podium needed to bring together the tools and people for meaningful
change. AwF Women and Gender network hopes to connect women
and men in new and diverse ways to find intelligent solutions for gender issues in aquaculture.
We will start our Indigenous Network through the arrangements in
Australia which are outlined below, and the Schools/Students Network
which has in one sense started (events in Marine Science Magnet H.S.,
Groton, CT, USA and Huon Valley Trade Training Centre, Huonville,
Tasmania, Australia) yet not been finalised and that will be an important
2015 activity.
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Also to that end, we have established Aquaculture without

Frontiers (Australia) Limited and are open to establish other such AwFs
in other countries. The strong aim is to build around the central model
that is established in the USA, but to enable the organisation/brand to
be built in other countries. With all such activities there are pluses and
minuses, but it is thought that, if there is the opportunity to expand
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Externally, we have joined the Volunteers for Economic Growth

Alliance (VEGA), which is strongly aligned with the US AID organisation. VEGAs 36 programs are located in 28 countries and we hope
to continue working with Kevin and the University of Arizona on the
Farmer to Farmer programs that they have funded.
At VEGA we are a non-voting member at this time, primarily to
see how this might work for us. AwF are making a presentation to
Bierhefe
Beta-S
Mannan
at their next meeting in Washington DC
W60 all the VEGA connections
in early March. We are the only identity that is specifically involved in
aquaculture and believe we will be able to create linkages with some
of their larger members who implement programs on their own, and
other times in partnership with other members. VEGAs overall focus
for all programs is to build sustainable enterprises that contribute to
prosperous economies, so we are all on the same page there.
We are also members of the Alliance Against Hunger and
Malnutrition, which is based at the FAO Headquarters in Rome,
and they have a global group of partners with whom we have
communication. We are having a meeting with the US Alliance
Against Hunger and Malnutrition whilst in Washington DC, to
see if there are any mutual opportunities for collaboration. With
the recent news that the number of children in the United States
relying on food stamps for a meal spiked to 16 million (20 percent
of all children in the US) last year, perhaps there are ways for
AwF to assist.
Naturally, we are a strong affiliate of WAS, and we highly regard
that connection. We are starting to plan more for the WAS meetings,
organising sessions on Development, Welfare and Poverty Alleviation,
and encouraging our volunteers to engage and put their names forward
to put a program together for the regular meetings.
The connection to all of these will enable us to continue to expand
our horizons, to engage with more people and to ensure we have a
sustainable long-term organisation.
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FEATURE
health of disadvantaged people and to foster social and economic
development. At the same time, it will promote and support responsible and sustainable aquaculture to alleviate poverty and malnutrition
and to enhance global food security.
Partnership with Deakin University
Hatchery needing building
New student HQ in Tancol
with everyone being aware of the strategy, it will be interesting to see

how it all grows and what the outcomes are.
AwF Australia is registered as a business, and it is waiting for
its approval from the Australian Charities and Not-for-profits
Commission, which registers organisations as charities. Whilst registration as a charity is voluntary, each organisation must be registered
with the ACNC to access any charity tax concessions from the
Australian Taxation Office.
The board of AwF Australia is (in alphabetical order): Norman
Grant, Katherine Hawes (Chair), Mark Oliver, David (DOS) OSullivan,
Roy Palmer (Executive Director), Emma Thomson and Meryl Williams;
they met for the inaugural meeting in Sydney on 15 December 2014.
The aim is to connect Australias aquaculture skills and latent resources,
along with enthusiastic volunteers, to opportunities to make a difference in the lives of disadvantaged people both here and abroad.
One of its first tasks will be to create awareness of the organisation
and to engage with like-minded enterprises and individuals to create
projects and programs that will assist in improving the nutrition and
The Board acknowledged that there is much to be done in the

areas of indigenous and Pacific Islands aquaculture, boosting the status
of women in aquaculture and engaging with schools and students in
the region, and will be working to roll out plans on these issues in
the future; to that end, in January 2015 we signed a Memorandum of
Understanding with Deakin University.
Deakin University will partner with AwF Australia to improve
outcomes in disadvantaged communities using sustainable aquaculture
farming. Plans are also being put in place to look at incoming training
or short course workshops at Warrnambool, utilising Deakin and AwF
networks.
Deakin Associate Head of School of Life and Environmental
Sciences, Associate Professor Giovanni Turchini said, We are
excited to partner with AwF, which supports responsible and
sustainable aquaculture to alleviate poverty and malnutrition and to
enhance food security for disadvantaged people. The partnership
will also provide a platform for aquaculture professionals to come
together and volunteer their services to achieve these objectives.
We are keenly anticipating the opportunities this will provide for
Deakin students to undertake student placements and research
projects with the support of AwF around the world.
Deakins main aquaculture activities are in Warrnambool, Victoria,
and are very close to the birthplace of aquaculture, by indigenous
Australians many thousands of years ago. We aim to kick off the partnership with an Indigenous Symposium in the first semester of 2015 as
it is important to know how we can assist Australian indigenous people
in todays environment with aquaculture activities.
Worthy work
Fundraising is never easy. The competition is immense, and there

are very many worthy causes, so the competition is tough. We strongly
hope that the seafood industry and particularly the aquaculture sector
will continue to be a strong supporter, and we welcome all and any
ideas to assist our great cause. Our work is worthy, not only because
of the great outcomes we can give regarding nutrition, food security,
alleviating poverty and hunger, but also because it promotes aquaculture as being a force for the future.
Where we are today is far from the original ideas that our founder
had all those years ago, but hopefully it is taking AwF into an exciting
and sustainable era. Of course, this will not be possible unless we
continue to get support from as many people and organisations in the
aquaculture industry, so we continue to seek your support, your ideas
and your contributions - whether that be through donating funds or
donating valuable time, experience and know-how.
PHOTOSHOOT
University of Southern
Mississippi's Gulf Coast
Research Laboratory
Tom Blacker from International Aquafeed travelled with
a group from Aquaculture America 2015 to Cedar Point,
MS, USA to visit the University of Southern Mississippi's
Gulf Coast Research Laboratory - the Thad Cochran
Marine Aquaculture Centre. Founded in 2006, the
$25 million Centre aims to promote the development
of technology for production of commercially and
recreationally important marine organisms. This
includes a staff of 20 leading researchers of aquaculture
technology and methodology.
Investigations focus on the production of species of
economic importance in the Gulf of Mexico region in
closed, recirculating systems. The Centre is located on
a 225-acre site with some buildings (part financed by
Qatari investment funds) and consists of approximately
100,000 squared feet of culture and research space
devoted to live feed, broodstock, hatchery, and nursery/
growout systems. On-going projects focus primarily
on blue crabs, marine shrimp, spotted seatrout, and
red snapper in joint projects with federal and state
agencies. The Centre's research capabilities include
state-of-the-art laboratories conducting research in
nutrition, genetics, disease, and reproductive physiology
of aquaculture species.
See more information at: http://www.usm.edu/gcrl/cmac/
TECHNOLOGY
SUPPLEMENT
FISH FARMING
Safety
on Aquaculture Farms
SUPPLEMENT
SAFETY
Figure 1: Feed trucks eliminate the need for handling feed.
on aquaculture
farms
by Robert M Durborow, Professor and Aquaculture

Specialist, Kentucky State University, and Melvin L. Myers,
Associate Professor and Safety Engineer, Emory University
Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta
quaculture has many hazards that are expected when

agriculture in an aquatic environment is performed.
Avoiding injury maintains aquaculturists health and
quality of life as well as their economic security. Injury
can be costly due to lost work hours, medical expenses and
possible lawsuits, so maintaining safe working conditions on fish
farms has multiple benefits.
Figure 2: This hydraulic feeding system runs feed from the

feed bin through a pipe out to chambers located above the
raceway water. This feeding mechanization eliminates much of
the labour, repetitive motion and muscle strain involved when
feeding is done manually.
Occupational safety survey research performed in the US

(Melvin Myers, Robert Durborow, Henry Cole, Tiffany Ogunsanya,
et al. from 1997 to 2012 see below) and the U.K. (Durborow
and Gomelsky, unpublished, presented at the U.S. Trout Farmers
Association annual meeting, Denver, Colorado in September 2012)
identified twelve potential hazard categories present on aquaculture
farms: muscle strains, falls, entanglement, drowning, electrocutions,
working in confined spaces, equipment overturns, chemical exposures, impalement, self-injections, dark working conditions and lack
of emergency communication.
In safety studies, the old adage of being careful is considered
the least advanced of injury prevention intervention, avoiding the
hazardous behavior is a bit more advanced while engineering the
work environment to eliminate the hazard is considered the most
advanced intervention.
Muscle strains
Figure 3: The two pulleys above this dip net reduce the load
weight by a half, and the whole net system can slide on a
metal track (where the blue scale is) to the end of the tank for
unloading.
A common muscle strain occurs in the lower back region, often

caused by lifting and carrying heavy loads. Leg muscles rather than
back muscles should be used primarily to lift heavy weights and twisting (turning the upper body independent of the lower body) while
holding a heavy load should be avoided.
A fish production facility in the US found that if workers carry
smaller, more manageable loads of fish in nets, they avoid muscle
strains, increase the speed of transferring fish between tanks, and
avoid inadvertently dropping fish out of overloaded nets onto the
floor (which not only stresses the fish but slows down the fishmoving process). In the effort to increase fish farm safety, one could
002 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | Fish Farming Technology
"Injury can be costly

due to lost work hours,
medical expenses
and possible lawsuits,
so maintaining safe
working conditions
on fish farms has
multiple benefits"
be careful while carrying feed bags around a farm or, better yet, one
could use a truck or utility vehicle to transport the bags, but the best
option for avoiding muscle strain during feeding is to fill a bin on a feeding truck and mechanically blow the feed from the bin through a pipe
to dispense it into the ponds or raceways (an engineering intervention;
Figure 1).
A large trout farm in the US eliminates the truck and simply augers
the feed from a stationary feed storage bin through a pipe that has discharge ports over each raceway receiving a pre-determined amount of
feed programmed by computer (Figure 2). Other interventions designed
to reduce muscle strains include keeping the fish tank loading dock at
the same level as the fish hauling truck bed to avoid having to step up
and down while carrying heavy loads; constructing fish hauling tanks
to be waist-high so heavy loads of fish in a dip net do not have to be
hoisted chest-high; using metal chutes at the hauling tank discharge ports
to allow for quick and easy stocking of fish; using dip nets attached to
pulleys for easy lifting and a track for sliding (done manually in Figure 3
and mechanically in Figure 4); and using cranes and forklifts for all general
lifting activities on the farm (Figure 5). Water pumps (Figure 6) and fish
pumps (Figure 7) save time and prevent muscle strain.
Figure 4: The overhead crane in this photograph can move

heavy loads of minnows between tanks and onto live haul
trucks.
Figure 5: Oxygenated fish-holding buckets are carried and

elevated by forklifts to load baitfish on this Arkansas minnow
farms live haul truck.
Fall prevention
Settings with water, and possibly ice, have the inherent hazard of
potential slips, trips, and falls (which includes the obvious risk of drowning after a fall). Walking on trout raceway crosswalks or on the narrow
raceway walls themselves involves risks especially if the crosswalks
are broken, rusty or splayed and the raceway walls are crumbling or
simply very narrow. Metal crosswalks in good condition with traction/
grip (grip-strut) and widened raceway walls (wide concrete in Figure
8 and wide metal grip-strut attachments in Figure 9) reduce falling
risk. Wooden surfaces can be given more traction even when wet
by veneering with rough, unfinished lumber or attaching chicken wire
to the surface (commonly seen in the U.K.). Newly poured cement
surfaces can be given a rough texture by a coarse broom before the
cement dries completely (Figure 10); this helps to avoid the extremely
slippery wet smooth cement that poses an extreme falling hazard. Slips
Figure 6: Water is pumped into tanks conveniently as the

hauling truck drives underneath the water supply pipe. This
alleviates the need for filling up tanks manually bucket-bybucket.
Fish Farming Technology | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | 003
Figure 7: In the back of the truck is a fish pump mounted

to the right of the oxygen cylinder. Pumping fish onto the
truck during loading is more efficient and safer than dipnetting or using a crane to move them.
Figure 10. Rough concrete floors, providing traction even

when wet, can be created with a coarse broom when the
newly-poured drying concrete is still wet.
Figure 8: The tops of the raceway walls at this federal

facility are wider (14 inches wide) than the walls themselves
(about 10 inches wide). This width is noticeably wider than
the top of most raceway walls. The U.S. governments
Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)
inspects this hatchery because it is a federal facility.
Figure 9:
Raceway walls
can have a
metal crosswalk
bolted onto the
top; the extra
width is just at
the top where
the worker must
walk, while
the raceway
wall itself is
fairly narrow.
This allows for
a maximum
amount of
water for
the fish and
a minimum
amount of
cement to pour
the wall (thereby
conserving
costs).
Figure 11: The red pipe on this feed bin extends up to the bin
top allowing feed trucks to fill the bin from ground level. This
intervention engineers the falling hazard out of this farm task.
Figure 15: Those working near or on

equipment must take precautions to
assure that the power in the breaker
box is turned off and locked. The
Lock OutTag Out system should be
practiced; a worker doing equipment
repairs locks the breaker box in the off
position and a second worker working
on another piece of equipment coming
off of the same breaker box also locks
the breaker box switch so that one
worker does not complete his job and
then return to the breaker box to turn it back on while the
other worker is still working on his piece of equipment.
Figure 12: The side-mounted walkway on this fish hauling

truck is swung down to be used as a walking and standing
platform during loading and unloading of fish. Most live haul
trucks have this hinged platform, but the unique feature on
this truck is the retractable guardrail that rolls out from the
tanks.
Figure 16: This ground fault

interrupter (GFI, also called a
ground fault circuit interrupter,
GFCI) is used in the power box of
a permanent electric paddlewheel
aerator. On this farm, two workers
were in the pond rewiring a
paddlewheel aerator (all power
was turned off while they were
working on the wiring). After they
finished the rewiring, a third worker turned the aerator on
prematurely while they were still in the water (one waistdeep and the other ankle-deep). Both men received heavy
electrical jolts, especially the worker who was waist-deep.
The shock occurred because the workers had erroneously
connected the ground wire to the hot, and the hot wire to
the ground.
Figure 13: The netting mounted on the wooden frames keeps

birds and other predators out of the trout raceways and
can also break workers falls, preventing possible drowning.
The neat mounting of the netting also helps to prevent
entanglement that may occur if it were loosely draped over
the raceways.
Figure 14: This PTO shield is cut near the tractor to allow for
lubrication to be applied. The farm owner recommended that
PTO shield manufacturers provide a way to lubricate the PTO
shaft without having to remove the shield. PTO shields protect
farm workers from getting caught and entangled in this
rapidly spinning tractor part.
Figure 17: Trout farm waste in North Carolina is collected

in concrete reservoirs where it is held until it can be used
for things such as agricultural field fertilization. Drowning
and exposure to toxic fumes are potential hazards in
these concrete tanks. Geo-tubes are an alternative waste
collection method. Hydrogen sulfide and carbon dioxide
are decomposition products from fish waste. Both gases
are heavier than air (i.e., have a higher specific gravity)
and both can accumulate, even in an open topped tank.
Even when tanks are empty or nearly empty, workers
entering tanks for cleaning and maintenance can be
overcome by harmful gases. Unconsciousness can result in
a few seconds and death shortly thereafter. Even worse is
that approximately one third of such deaths are to other
workers who entered such structures to rescue a colleague
and, as a result, also died.
Figure 18: This confined space used to collect fish waste has
pump controls that have been moved to the pits surface
eliminating the need for workers to go down into the pit/
confined space. Previously this hole was covered with a
metal lid with a manhole in it. A tripod had to be used
on top of the hole with a tether attached to a worker in a
harness.
can occur when walking from a rough to smooth surface, and conversely, trips can occur when walking from a smooth to rough surface.
Falls from high places like the tops of feed bins can be avoided by
active safety measures such as enclosed metal guards surrounding the
metal ladder on the feed bin sides. Active safety measures require the
person to play a role in their safety such as catching oneself on the
metal guard in the event of falling. An engineered safety intervention
of having a cable attached to the feed bin lid that can be pulled from
ground level to open the lid eliminates the need to climb to the top,
and an even better engineering intervention is having a pipe extend
from the feed bin top to ground level where a feed tanker truck can
attach to the pipe and blow feed into the top of the feed bin (Figure
11).
In cases, however, when someone needs to climb ladders, a harness attached to a cable paralleling the ladder can be worn by the
worker. Usually when a worker is on a hauling truck side platform, the
potential fall is only three or four feet unless the truck is parked on a
ledge or steep levee; under this scenario, falls could exceed 20 feet.
To safeguard against such hazards, an Idaho trout farm has engineered
retractable guard rails for the side of their hauling trucks (Figure 12).
Under icy conditions (on hauling trucks or elsewhere on the
farm), salt can be applied to melt ice or prevent it from forming. To
increase traction, one Kentucky operation surfaced their trucks with
SlipNOT high traction metal plating (pepper plate) that is also
used on battleship decks.
Entanglement, drowning and electrocution
Figure 19: The dual tires in the rear of this tractor and the
wide-set front tires help to keep this tractor from rolling over
when on steep terrain including pond banks. The cab acts
to protect the driver from injury in the event of a roll-over
and maintains a controlled temperature to prevent hyper- or
hypo-thermia. The side of the cab with the door (left side in
this picture) should always face away from the pond water
when driving on the levee top (the driver could easily exit
the cab if the tractor landed in the pond on its right side).
Modern tractors with cabs have breakout panels at the rear
for a second exit, and tractors in Scandinavian countries
have an escape hatch at the top of the cab.
Loose and random placement of bird netting around raceways

and ponds can present an entanglement hazard that can lead to
drowning. Using a more rigid netting material fastened to wooden
frames is effective in excluding bird predators without posing a
drowning hazard; additionally, workers falling into these structures will
likely have their fall broken, reducing the chance of injury (Figure 13).
Drowning can also be prevented by having anchored rope lifelines extending into ponds, especially ponds with slippery rubberized
pond liners on the levees. Aquaculturists should also be aware of a
rare drowning threat present at wastewater treatment facilities; fish
are sometimes produced in decommissioned (retired) concrete tanks
at wastewater treatment plants. Some bodies of water at these plants
are aerated so intensively that the water loses its buoyancy friction,
making it impossible to swim in the foamy water.
Another type of entanglement that can occur on fish farms is being
caught in a tractors power take-off (PTO) while aerating a pond or
being caught and traumatized in a paddlewheel aerator. PTOs should
have a protective guard to prevent workers from having their clothing
Figure 20: A safety precaution commonly practiced in the

coal mining industry is to construct an earthen berm on the
edge of the road to deflect truck or tractor tires away from
the drop-off.

caught in it and being spun and beaten to death on the ground (Figure
14). Likewise, aquaculturists working near or on a paddlewheel aerator
must take precautions to assure that the main breaker box as well as
individual aerator switches in the breaker box are turned off.
The Lock Out Tag Out system of breaker box locking should be
practiced (Figure 15); a worker doing electrical repairs on an aerator,
for example, locks the breaker box in the off position and a second
worker working on equipment coming off of the same breaker box
also locks the breaker box so that the first worker does not complete
his job and then return to the breaker box to turn it back on while the
second worker is still working on his or her piece of equipment. This
prevents both workers from being exposed to entanglement trauma as
well as electrocution hazards.
Also in the realm of electrocution prevention, ground fault interruptors should be used around outlets and on breaker boxes (Figure
16). A farm in North Carolina raised their overhead electrical wires
from their original 30 foot height up to 45 feet to prevent cranes from
contacting the wires when moving trout between raceways. Another
precaution taken by a fish farm in Arkansas is to use only gasolinepowered power washers; one of the farm owners was killed using an
electric-powered washer when the plastic insulation on some internal
wires eroded away allowing the metal wires to come into contact with
the metal casing of the washer.
Figure 21: Mounting a metal screen on the tractor ROPS can

block debris (rocks, logs, etc.) propelled toward the driver.
Confined spaces
Toxic gases that are heavier than air (such as hydrogen sulfide and
carbon dioxide) can accumulate in deep confined spaces including inground manure collection tanks on trout farms (Figure 17). Calibrated
multi-gas monitors should be lowered into confined spaces to test air
quality before workers descend into them, and in all cases these workers should wear harnesses and be observed/assisted by a co-worker
at ground level. As with other safety issues, engineering the hazard
out of the procedure is the best approach; figure 18 shows a confined
space at an Idaho trout farm where the controls have been moved to
where workers at ground level can make adjustments without entering
the space.
Figure 22: Workers should protect their arms and hands by

wearing long rubber gloves when using chemicals such as
formalin for treating fish pathogens.
Equipment overturns
Farm equipment (notoriously tractors) can roll over and crush the
driver unless a proper rollover protection structure (ROPS) is used.
A combination of a roll bar or enclosed cab with a seatbelt keeps
the driver in a protected zone of the equipment. Using dual tires on
tractors adds to their stability (Figure 19). Proper management of
the farms roadways, especially on levees, can also help to prevent
rollovers. Maintaining an adequate gravel surface and repairing areas
Figure 23: Locking hinges on hauling tank lids prevent

them from being blown closed onto workers hands.
Other techniques for keeping tank lids open include using
wedges, bungee cords and screw-down clamps.
Figure 24: Trout are held securely on this vaccination table for injection. The corrugated surface prevents the fish from
moving or slipping, reducing the chances of self-injection. Severe anaphylactic shock can occur when workers are
injected with trout vaccines, especially if they had been accidentally injected previously. Consult a physician to see if
carrying an EpiPen would reduce workers risks.
where the road has eroded (or at least keeping grass mowed so any
washed-out areas can be seen and avoided more easily) can keep a
vehicle from sliding or rolling off the road and into a pond.
Additionally, the water in a pond can erode the levee causing a
cavity into the levee in which the under-cut can give way from the
weight of equipment on the levee. This erosion can be mitigated
with aggregate at the interface between the levee and water. A
safety precaution commonly practiced in the coal mining industry is
to construct an earthen berm on the edge of the road to deflect the
truck or tractor tires away from the drop-off (Figure 20). An additional safety intervention is to mount a metal screen on the tractor
ROPS to block debris (rocks, logs, etc.) propelled toward the driver
(Figure 21).
Chemical exposures, impalement, falling

hauling tank lids, and self injection
In a somewhat miscellaneous listing of potential hazards in aquaculture, respiratory, eye and skin protection (Figure 22) should be
worn when applying chemical treatments including fertilizers, disease
therapeutants and herbicides. Protruding rebars used to enforce the
strength of concrete should either be capped with plastic protectors
or bent to a horizontal position to prevent impalement. Bruises and
cuts can also occur from falling hauling tank lids; hands have been
broken and fingers can be severed. This can be prevented by installing locking hinges (Figure 23) or even by using lightweight lids (e.g.,
sheet metal).
When injecting trout with vaccines, corrugated fiberglass roofing
material (Figure 24) can help to stabilize the trout to prevent them
from making sudden movements that could lead to self-injection by the
worker. Accidental injections of fish vaccines into people can cause a
strong inflammatory response or even anaphylactic shock (if the person
had a previous accidental injection of the vaccine). If previously injected
with a fish vaccine, a person should consult a physician about keeping
an EpiPen injection kit handy in the event of another inadvertent
vaccine injection. Moreover, automatic fish vaccination machines have
been produced in Norway and Denmark that eliminate manual vaccination of fish.
Dark working conditions and

lack of communication
Much work on fish farms takes place at night, a time when visibility is compromised. Being visually restricted makes it more likely
for farm workers to experience injury; sufficient lighting can help to
reduce this risk. Aquaculture ponds often require aeration at night
when respiration is at its peak and fish experience low oxygen
stress. Working in a hurried fashion in an attempt to save as many
hypoxic fish as possible while not being able to see very well can
result in serious injury; a catfish farm manager in Alabama had
electric cables powering pond aerators get tangled under his truck
in the middle of the night his attempts to free the wires resulted
in his electrocution. Similarly, on a North Carolina trout farm in the
middle of the night during the winter, the water intake to the trout
raceways was frozen and clogged; a farm manager died during his
attempt to clear the intake and restore the water supply. In both
cases lighting was inadequate. Installing bright overhead lights on
utility poles and on pickup trucks can provide increased visibility to
make the nighttime tasks less risky.
Having adequate communication during emergencies can help to
avoid tragedy. Mobile telephone service in remote locations (typical
of many fish farm settings) is often unreliable. Fish farmers in rural
Alabama often rely on two-way radios to reach co-workers or family
members during such emergencies.
The objective of presenting this aquaculture occupational safety
information is to make aquaculturists aware of potential hazards in the
fish farm workplace and provide ideas on how to avoid or eliminate
them. The text should be helpful in explaining these ideas, but the
photos and captions may even be more helpful by triggering the
thought process involving circumstances that are similar to those on
the readers farm. For more detailed information and references, please
contact robert.durborow@kysu.edu.
FEATURE
They often evoke a love-hate relationship,

but you just cant get away from them
by Rohan Mak, ZM Systems
he green water encouraged by the

traditional carp farmers in the Far
East and then Europe would be rich
with live infusoria including cilates
and freshwater rotifers for first feeding.
The marine fish industry has had to look at
marine rotifers and recreating the plankton
soup as many larval species are too small
to take newly hatched Artemia. The leading
research labs using fish in medical and
ecotoxicology projects that
have relied upon lab-grown
Paramecia cultures are
revisiting rotifer culture to
maximise fry survival rates.
Whilst attempts have
been made to replace livefoods with artificial diets, the
protocol of co-feeding live
and processed diets cannot
be ignored. Through careful
enrichment, rotifers can be
used as a smart nutritional
package to aid the development of gut bacteria, boost
health and support early larval development.
Do your research and plan ahead
The Plankton Culture Manual by Frank

Hoff of Florida Aqua Farms is an invaluable
introduction to live food culture including
microalgae, rotifers, and Artemia culture. The
practical examples shown in this book are
based on the experience gained from the
creation and development of Instant Ocean
Hatcheries and operating a commercially
viable marine fish hatchery. The biggest mis-
take we have seen customers make is not

planning ahead and not having well-managed
cultures in place.
Where to get rotifers from
Live resting rotifer cysts are available to

establish cultures and can be shipped internationally by courier or airmail service. Two rotifer species are normally available: Brachionus
plicatilis (L-strain) for brackish-marine work
ZM live rotifers and live

microalgae
The smaller marine S-strain Brachionus

rotundiformis is sometimes available for specialist projects where a smaller prey item is
required.
How to view rotifers
A basic binocular dissecting microscope

with at least 20x magnification is an essential
tool in managing rotifer cultures and even
monitoring the density of any live microalgae
FAF resting rotifer cysts being

hydrated for hatching
and Brachionus calyciflorus, used for freshwater cultures. The resting cysts are stored in
vials and may be frozen for long-term storage
and may be stored until you are ready to
inoculate a starter culture. The dehydrated
cysts will first need to hydrate in a Petri dish
before completing the incubation process and
hatching 48 plus hours later.
For the UK market we can supply live
B.plicatilis starter cultures at different salinities
for different applications.
present. Right from resting cysts to adult

rotifers the behaviour, feeding and breeding
condition of a culture can be observed. Once
the rotifer culture has been transferred to a
larger vessel, a simple torch can often be used
to illuminate and monitor culture densities.
Rotifer management
and harvesting
Under optimal conditions rotifer cultures

breed asexually with daughter cells produced.
FEATURE
The life cycle is normally 6-8 days; L-strain

rotifers are most prolific with a salinity at
"Single vessel culture
22ppt and at optimal temperatures of 25
setups with pH,
degrees Celsius. Only light aeration is normally
applied to avoid fast water movement that
ammonia control and
may strip the daughter cells off the adult
rotifers.
biological filtration
Batch culturing rotifers in four to
can operate within a
five vessels has proved a straightforward
protocol and allows a culture to develop
compact area, yield
over four to five days with one vessel
harvested each day. Normally two thirds
high rotifer densities and
of a mature culture is harvested for feedallow daily harvesting"
ing and one third retained to establish
a new culture. This culture setup limits
water quality becoming an issue, the vessels are cleaned between uses, and any
background build-up in ciliate populations
that may compromise the rotifers can be
kept in check.
ZM live adult rotifer
and daughter cell
Single vessel culture setups with pH,
ammonia control and biological filtration can
operate within a compact area, yield high be at risk if the culture does crash and need from microalgae plates that can be stored
lture | 2015
Hatchery Ad Campaign | Theme: Ad-1 Conal True | Design: A | Version: 1
rotifer densities and allow daily harvesting. replacing.
in the fridge and shipped internationally by
ernationalCareful
Aquafeed
| Size: Half
Page
| Dimensions:
190mm X 132mm
management
of single
vessel
cultures
courier. Normally Nannochloropsis and/or
is still required to avoid ciliate population build Food options for rotifers:
Tetraselmis is used for a day-to-day rotifer
up and water parameters being exceeded
Live microalgae have traditionally been feed and Isochrysis used as a DHA enrichthrough laziness. This setup will represent all cultured for feeding and enriching rotifer ment just prior to using the rotifers as a larval
your eggs in one basket so your hatchery will cultures. Starter cultures can be established feed. Microalgae culture technique remains
Algae When You Need It
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providing custom adjustments to enrichments and
sharing live feed culture protocols.
Dr. Conal True, head of the Fish Culture Biotech Unit
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DANIE
FEATURE
ZM live paramecia
ZM live rotifer sample in beaker
Biosecurity:
Inve sparkle invert feed
a useful skill to know and may be applied

to other specialist livefood cultures including
copepods.
The use of marine algae concentrates and
prepared solutions have proved convenient
and have aided the design of high-density
rotifer rearing systems. The ability to coldstore concentrates and feed by peristaltic
pump on a timer leads to regular feeding,
a more stable culture and a major laboursaver.
The development of formulated dry yeast
invert feeds was the next progressive step
and these can be mixed daily and fed in the
same way as algae solutions. In their nature
53-micron nylon mesh strainers,

smaller than the standard 120-micron
used for newly hatched Artemia. For
breeding projects requiring specifically small rotifers a 25-micron mesh
strainer can be used to grade out the
smallest individuals.
When harvesting rotifers it is
important to limit physical damage;
for example, when using a strainer
to harvest rotifers, aim to have
the mesh submerged as long as
possible. When siphoning a rotifer
culture from one tank to another,
limit the head difference so water
velocity is reduced.
prepared algae solutions have a lower percent dry matter nutritional content, making it
easier for the new dry diets to offer a higher
contribution and cost savings.
INVE Aquacultures latest S.parkle product is an evolution of the Culture Selco range
based on deactivated yeast. As a separate
development S.presso is the latest HUAF
emulsion/suspension enrichment product to
evolve from the Easy DHA Selco range and
now has protocols for both Artemia and
rotifers.
Harvesting rotifers:
Rotifers are normally harvested with
Rotifers, like Artemia cysts, can

get everywhere and cross contaminate cultures including microalgae cultures if
you are not careful. Ideally rotifers and microalgae should be maintained in separate rooms
and staff should thoroughly wash and dry their
hands in between any maintenance work.
If you wish to be ultra-careful start the day
with water quality work on reservoir water
stocks, follow with microalgae work, and then
follow with live rotifer or copepod work with
hand-washing in between each session. When
working with both S-strain and L-strain rotifer
cultures cross contamination may be reduced
by running S-strain cultures at higher salinity
and temperatures to L-strain cultures.
www.zmsystems.co.uk
Gustor Aqua
A powerful natural growth promoter

Antimicrobial activity
Trophic effect on intestinal
epithelium
Immunological properties:
Anti-inflammatory
Reinforce of the intestinal defence barrier
Improves performance
Providing proficient tools to achieve cost-effective and sustainable aquaculture practices

Head Office and Orders: Jess Aprendiz, 19. 1 A-B 28007 Madrid SPAIN T. +34 915 014 041 norel@norel.es www.norel.es
FEATURE
FAF plankton strainers for rotifer and

artemia collection
FAF microalgae disk and micro algae

grow F2 fertiliser
FAF rotifer cysts strainer

rotirich
About the author
Rohan Mak has 27 years experience in aquaculture, aquatics, biotechnology, research holding systems, specialising in early feeding, live-food and microalgae culture. He trained at Sparsholt College,
Hampshire and the University of Plymouth for his M.Sc. in Applied Fish Biology. He was subsequently
employed at the University of Southampton on transgenic Nile tilapia and at Kings College, London
and University College, London on zebrafish for developmental biology and medical research studies.
ZM Systems are ZM fish-food and fishroom equipment UK distributors for INVE products including Sep-Art Polarised Artemia, S.parkle, S.presso enrichments, Florida Aqua Farms microalgae culture
plates and fertilisers, resting rotifer cysts and the Plankton Culture Manual.
Their customers include developmental biology, biomedical and ecotoxicology research laboratories, government and commercial fish hatcheries and public aquaria.
In 2015 they are due to sponsor the first UK Artemia Workshop at the Plymouth Marine
Laboratory, currently being planned by John Rundle.
ZM rotifer culture station
World Aquaculture 2015

AquaForum
Jeju Island, Korea
May 26-29, 2015
forum
WAS aqua
WORKING TO IMPROVE THE

SUSTAINABILITY OF
COMPOUND FEED PRODUCTION
The International conference and trade show on Aquaculture,

World Aquaculture 2015, Jeju, Korea, will enhance industry
participation by incorporating the newly organized WA15
AquaForum.
www.globalgap.org/cfm
The WA15 AquaForum has been created to benefit industry

professionals during the WA15 conference and exhibition. The
organizing committee invites Asian farmers, suppliers, and other
industry professionals to Jeju, Korea to attend this forum. Activities will include specific topical industry sessions, facilitated workshops, round table discussions, simultaneous translations, designated meeting spaces, farm tours, etc. The focus of the WA15
AquaForum is targeted towards the most important industry
issues affecting key Asia Pacific aquaculture producing countries.
It is a true Industry forum whereby timely topical and regionally
relevant sessions are tailored to enhance industrial representation
and participation. Session topics will include Flatfish Health,
Shrimp Health, Aqua Feed technologies, Marine Finfish Technologies, Enhancing Shellfish Production and Integrated Aquaculture.
VISIT US AT SEAFOOD EXPO GLOBAL

21-23 April 2015, Brussels, Belgium
Booth 4026 in Hall 9
GLOBALG.A.P. News Conference at

Seafood Expo Global in Brussels
22 April 2015, 2.30 - 3.30 p.m.
Hall 11, Room 1122, 3rd Floor
www.globalgap.org/events
2015
Updated information on: www.was.org

and Linked-in group World Aquaculture 2015 AquaForum
FEATURE
Day-tripping
across the Gulf
- 25,000 farmed Sea

Trout on the move and
copepod feed research
by Tom Blacker, International Aquafeed
Tom (right) with a fish
farmer at the reed beds
The trout transport tank on

the back of a trailer
On Monday 24th February 2015, Tom Blacker of IAF visited two special
scientific research sites for aquaculture. He followed the journey of 25,000
trout from the University of Southern Mississippis (USM) Gulf Coast Research
Laboratory The Thad Cochran Marine Aquaculture Centres RAS system
near Gulfport and Biloxi - to the Lyman Fish Hatchery. He reports below on
copepods, trout and more from Mississippi, USA
ravelling from New Orleans with a

group of around 40 delegates from
the Aquaculture America 2015
conference, the first faces welcoming our group on one of six mini tours of the
Thad Cochran Marine Aquaculture Centre
were researchers Michael and Adam.
Adam was a leading researcher of
copepods and actively works with Dr Eric
Henry from Reed Mariculture in using their
InstantAlgae products.
Adam explained that non-algal live diets
are his research area of specialism at the
moment and he is looking to produce around
500,000,000 (thats half a billion) copepods
per week. He admits to an ambition of being
part of the Centres goal to be the world
leader in copepod production. These will be
used for feed trials. After a stint researching
many different aquaculture species in Hawaii
he prefers now to work with slightly looser
regulations on imports and exports of fish and
supplies in Mississippi.
He explained in detail that feeding sea
trout (Cynoscion nebulosus) rotifers result in

unpredictable outcomes whereas copepods
are better, after much hard work to develop it
fully. Also red snappers are efficient consumers of copepods.
There were many buildings at the Centre
over its 20ha (45 acres) of space for aquaculture, each housing different species and for
different research experiments.
There were some Integrated Recycling
System raceways for shrimp, RAS tanks for
red snapper and trout as well in the Centres
complex.
An outside greenhouse in the centre
cultivates and fixes waste-water produced by
the site. Water reeds were growing for both
marsh research into environmentally friendlier
aquaponics for the Centre and beyond. They
hope to expand aquaponics to fix water for
use on the water produced from the shrimp
raceways as well as being sustainable.
Following the tour bus
At around mid-morning of the tour, the

25,000 trout were counted by hand and
then pumped into the stainless steel trailer

on the back of a USM truck. The truck
then followed the tours bus from Jackson
County to Harrison County to the Mississippi
Department of Marine Resources (DMR),
Lyman Fish Hatchery Centre which is located
30 miles north-west on Fish Hatchery Road,
just off the Little Bilox River and Interstate 10.
The leader at the Lyman Fish Hatchery is
Dr Kelly Lucas, the Chief Scientific Director of
the DMR. Dr Lucas gave a brief history of his
113ha (280 acre) site: the Hatchery began in
the early 1930s and transferred to the DMR
in 2007.
From 2008 they have broadened their
remit into both freshwater and saltwater
species for research and commercial partners.
First, we visited a new building at the western end of the site, which is being converted
from a veterinary centre to a new visitors
centre. After this the tour went around the
large lakes on the eastern side. The lakes are
saltwater and are manually salinated with salt
purchased in large quantities and at a large
expense for the hatchery and stored in large
blue upright tanks.
The dramatic action of the day was the
pumping out of the 25,000 trout into one of
the 0.2ha (half-acre) lined ponds.
Michael from the GCRL held the pump.
With a continually fast rate of pumping, he
The hatchery RAS system with the trout

waiting to be moved to the ponds
Leading the tour at the Lyman fish

hatchery was Dr Kelly Lucas, Chief
Scientific Officer of the Mississippi
Department of Marine Resources
FEATURE
Michael from the GCRL pumping

the trout into their new home
Close up of the trout being

pumped from the tank
times, an indoor crab hatchery was added for

development of the farmed blue crab species
that are held in the RAS tanks here. Blue crabs
can be grown in just nine months and tests in
the R&D stages are experimenting with diets
and solitary living conditions to maximise the
rate of growth.
The current batch that I saw were at the
end of their life and are likely to move on to
be used for other purposes soon.
As bluecrabfarms.com citing William
McLarney shows, the Gulf of Mexico coastline is a part of the US that can support all
types of extensive and intensive crab farming.
Marine farming of crabs can be achieved
in theory around this rather wooded and
lagoon-stricken region.
took around 10 minutes to pump all the trout

into the pond when at which point he said
that they will look dizzy or even floating like
they have perished in the process, but they
will all be absolutely fine. Sure enough, visible
fish gradually disappeared towards the centre
of the pond and then down into the darker
water.
In this hatcherys site there are 14 modern,
purpose-built outdoor pools with a capacity of each being 25-cubic metres and three
much older, manually-dug pools further to the
south of the newer ponds.
The older ponds were the first ponds at
the complex in the 1930s.
Today, one of these older ponds holds
an outdoor crab hatchery. In more recent
The crabs were in freshwater tanks alone,

apparently because of their carnivorous
behaviour patterns that amused the entire
group!
With that the tour was over and we
all returned to the Aquaculture America
Conference hotel in central New Orleans.
We look forward to hearing more and
keeping in touch with these organisations that
are striving to build an aquaculture ecosystem
for all in the Gulf of Mexico.
The Thad Cochran Marine Aquaculture Centre
Website: http://www.usm.edu/gcrl/cmac
Mississippi Department of Marine Resources
Website: http://www.dmr.ms.gov
Complete Plants and Machines

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EXPERT TPIC
EXPERT TOPIC
CARP
Welcome to Expert Topic. Each issue will take an in-depth look
at a particular species and how its feed is managed.
EXPERT TPIC
Fish and
finance:
How China
dictates the
size of your
carp farm
by Malachi Stone, International Aquafeed
bureau de change? What's that

got to do with the price of fish?
Quite a lot, actually. Well over
two thirds of the world's farmed
common carp is produced in China. As a
result, it is believed that the strength of the
Chinese yuan can have a significant effect on
the market price of this fish worldwide.
Now, imagine you are a carp-farmer in
India. You are well aware that the cheaper
carp is for the consumer, the less lucrative
it is for you, the producer. And therefore,
the fewer production costs you can meet.
Production costs such as the price of speciallyformulated fish feeds.
Without such feeds, you are forced to rely
on whatever protein sources you can gather
from the surrounding countryside: snails,

worms, clams and insects. But even if you had
all day free to gather it, such a supply has its
limits. There's only so many bugs and slugs an
area can produce every twenty-four hours.
And so, you are caught in a classic catch22 situation: you will only be able to feed,
and thus produce, more carp per unit area of
your pondage should the price of carp go up
significantly, providing you with a comfortable
profit-margin from which to spend on specialised feeds. But such a price-hike will tend to
happen only if fewer carp are being produced.
Unless, of course, the Chinese oblige you by
doing something to significantly strengthen
their own currency and so drive carp prices
up that way. Which isnt terribly likely.
Small wonder, then, that only about 3 percent of carp are currently farmed intensively
in tanks or cages.
Nevertheless, the common carp is still one
of the most widely cultured freshwater fish in
the world, accounting for about eight or nine
percent of global aquaculture production. This
percentage has remained constant over the
last few years: carp aquaculture has increased
in direct proportion to the growth in aquaculture of all species worldwide.
Most carp are farmed on a less intensive
scale, in ponds in polyculture with a variety of
other fish species. The ratio of carp to other
fish can vary hugely, from a few percent to
almost all the individuals in a pond.
When it comes to breeding, the farmer
can let the fish just 'do their thing' and spawn
when they feel the urge, depositing their
fertilised eggs on artificial substrates which

are then removed to another pond before
the forgetful parents eat their own offspring
(alternatively it is the adult fish who are
transferred).
But to maximise production, a little ingenuity is called for. The following 'recipe' gives a
general outline of the usual practice:
1. Take a female fish - the bigger the
better.
2. Inject her with hormones to induce ovulation artificially and on a larger scale than
would occur naturally (Alternatively, the
hormone can be administered in little
balls put into the water).
3. When she's fat with eggs, scoop her out
of the water, hold her over a bucket and
give her belly a gentle squeeze.
4. Take the eggs thus collected, mix them
with sperm (likewise produced by injecting hormones into one or more males)
and allow fertilisation to take place.
5. Incubate the fertilised eggs for 3 to 5
days at at least 20 degrees Celsius.
Being poikilotherms (ie, 'cold-blooded'),
carp do best in warmer climes. The eggs hatch
quicker, the juveniles and adults feed more
actively, food is converted more efficiently
to body-mass and, as a result, the fish grow
more rapidly.
Optimum growth and propagation seem
to occur between 20 and 25 degrees Celsius.
Widely distributed across the globe, this
is nonetheless a fish that does best in and
around the tropics.
Source: FAO
2
EXPERT TPIC
Carp production in India:

Present status and prospects
By Dr B. Laxmappa, Fisheries Development Officer, Department of
Fisheries, Mahabubnagar, India
orld freshwater fish farming produced a total of

about 50 million tonnes in 2012. The main fish
family in production was the Cyprinidae (carp
family). India is the second largest producer in the
world, a long way behind to China. Inland fish production in India has
increased at a higher rate since 1980.
Carp is a common name for various species of freshwater fish of
the family Cyprinidae, a very large group of fish native to Europe and
Asia. Cyprinids particularly the wide variety of carp species, represent a
cheap source of protein for subsistence aquaculture in warm temperate and subtropical countries.
Present status
In India carp production is coming from both the systems of inland

resources i.e. capture and aquaculture.
Inland capture fisheries: The inland water resources of the country
are in terms of 29,000 km of rivers, 0.3 million ha of estuaries, 0.19 million ha of backwaters and lagoons, 3.15 million ha of reservoirs, 0.2 million ha of floodplain wetlands and 0.72 million ha of upland lakes, which
contributes about 1.05 million tonnes of fish annually. The 14 major, 44
medium and innumerable small rivers of the country provide for one
of the richest inland fish faunal resources of the world. The principal
rivers of India as Yamuna, Ganga, Brahmaputra, Mahanandi, Godavari,
Krishna and Cauvery including their main tributaries and distributaries
harbors about 11.5 percent of the fish fauna so far know in the world.
Freshwater aquaculture: Ponds and tanks are the prime resources
for freshwater aquaculture; however, only about 40 percent of the
available area is used for aquaculture currently. Ponds in eastern India

are typically homestead ponds of less than 1 ha in size, while the watersheds in western India are larger covering expanses of between 1525
ha each. In northern India, open waters with in-flows are common,
while southern India has watersheds, termed as tanks, largely used for
crop irrigation along with carp fish culture.
Carp culture forms the backbone to freshwater aquaculture practice
in India. India, as the second largest aquaculture producer in the world,
has the major contribution from freshwater aquaculture, whose share
in inland fisheries has gone up from 46 percent in the 1980s to over 85
percent in the recent years. Carp production is increasing tremendously throughout the India since 1991 and caters to the tastes of all classes
of people ranging from aristocratic urban consumers to the rural poor
(Table: 1 & Image: 1). Carp form the mainstay of aquaculture practice
in India contributing over 85 percent of the total aquaculture production. The three Indian major carps, viz. catla (Catla catla) rohu (Labeo
rohita) and mrigal (Cirrhinus mrigala) contribute bulk of the production in the country,
whereas the three
Table 1: Carp production in India from 1991
domesticated exotic
to 2010
carp such as silver carp
Inland fish
Carp
(Hypophthalmichthys
production production Carp fish
molitrix), grass carp
Year (in tonnes) (in tonnes)
percent
(Ctenopharyngodon
idella) and common
1991 1655407
1140693
69%
crap (Cyprinus car2000 2828106
2008412
71%
pio) from the second
2010 5077200
4073322
80%
important group.
EXPERT TPIC
To incorporate several other medium and minor carps into the

carp polyculture systems, several methods were used because of their
religion-specific consumer preference and higher market demand
besides their growth potential. Some of these included kalbasu (Labeo
calbasu), fringe-lipped carp (L. fimbriatus), bata (L. bata), Malabar labeo
(L. dussumieri), olive barb (Puntius sarana), Jerdons barb (P. jerdoni),
Cauvery carp (Cirrhinus cirrhosa) etc. Out of 266 carp species available
in Indian region, about 34 carp species are economical and which are
produced mainly from capture fishery, and less than 10 carp species
are produced from both the aquaculture and capture fishery in the
country (Table: 2).
The research and development efforts during last six decades
have placed the carps farming as an importance economic enterprise
revolutionised the fresh water aquaculture section to the level of a
Table 3: Commercially cultured Carp species in India

Category
Indian
Major Carp
Common Name Scientific Name

1. Catla Catla catla
2. Rohu Labeo rohita
fast growing industry. The nation mean the production levels from
still-water ponds as gone up from about 600 Kg/ha/year in 1974 to
over 2.5 tonnes /ha /year at present, and several farmers are even
demonstrating higher production levels of eight to 12 tonnes / ha /
year. Carp culture, expanded its dimensions from 1984 in terms of
area coverage and intensity of operation, with Andhra Pradesh, Punjab,
Haryana, Maharashtra, etc. taking of fish culture as a commercial farming enterprise.
Chinese hatchery introduction in the country in the year 1980s
led to the large-scale production of carp seed in the country and the
spread of carp culture technology. The carp culture technology has
been popularised throughout the country and the average productivity levels are reported to around
2200 kg/ha/year in the
polyculture systems of carp.
Seed raring and grow-out cultures are the two main components
of carp culture technology, which
have undergone several modifications and
refinements over the years to evolve to
the present day package of farming
3. Mrigal Cirrhinus mrigala

1. Silver carp Hypophthalmichthys malitrix
Exotic Carp
2. Grass carp Ctenopharyngodon idella

3. Common carp Cyprinus carpio
EXPERT TPIC
Table 2: Important commercial Carp species and source of production in India
Sl.
No.
16.Mrigala
Common name Scientific name

Amblypharyngodon microlepis
(Bleeker, 1853)
Amblypharyngodon mola (Hamilton,
Mola caplet
1822)
Barred baril Barilius barilius (Hamilton, 1822)
Indian carplet
2
3
4
18.Silver carp
19.High backed Mahseer
Catla Catla catla (Hamilton,1822)
Mrigal Cirrhinus mrigal (Hamilton,1822)
Cauvery white carp Cirrhinus cirrhosus (Bloch, 1795)
Reba carp Cirrhinus reba (Hamilton, 1822)
Grass carp
Common carp
10
12
13
14
15
16
Malabar labeo
Fringe-lipped carp
Deccan labeo
Pigmouth carp
24.Labeo bata
Labeo dussumieri (Valenciennes, 1842)

Labeo fimbriatus (Bloch, 1795)
Labeo kawrus (Sykes, 1839)
Labeo kontius (Jerdon, 1849)
Rohu Labeo rohita (Hamilton,1822)
24
Bheema osteobrama
25
Jerdons barb
26
Olive barb
27
Spot fin barb
28
Kooli barb
29
Black line rasbora
30
Large minnow
31
Deccan Mahseer
32
Tor Mahseer
33
Golden Mahseer
34 High backed Mahseer
23.Cirrhinus reba
Capture
Capture &
Aquaculture
Capture &
Aquaculture
Capture
Capture &
Aquaculture
Aquaculture &
Capture
Aquaculture &
Capture
Capture
Kalbasu Labeo calbasu (Hamilton, 1822)
23
22.Cirrhinus cirrhosa
Capture
Boggut labeo Labeo boggut (Sykes, 1839)
18
19
20
21
22
Cyprinus carpio (Linnaeus, 1758)
Capture
Bata labeo Labeo bata (Hamilton, 1822)
17
21.Puntius sarana
Ctenopharyngodon idella
(Valenciennes,1844)
Gotyla Garra gotyla (Gray, 1830)

Gonoproktopterus curmuca (Hamilton,
Cumuca barb
1807)
Nilgiris barb Gonoproktopterus dubius (Day, 1867)
Kolus Gonoproktopterus kolus (Sykes, 1839)
Gonoproktopterus micropogon
Korhi barb
(Valenciennes, 1842)
Hypophthalmichthys molitrix
Silver carp
(Valenciennes,1844)
11
20.Puntius jerdoni
Source of
production
Osteobrama vigorsii (Sykes, 1839)

Puntius jerdoni (Jerdon, 1849)
Puntius sarana (Hamilton,1822)
Puntius sophore (Hamilton, 1822)
Puntius vittatus Day, 1865
Rasbora daniconius (Hamilton, 1822)
Salmostoma bacaila (Hamilton, 1822)
Tor khudree (Sykes, 1839)
Tor tor (Hamilton, 1822 )
Tor putitora (Hamilton, 1822)
Tor mussullah (Sykes, 1839)
Capture
Capture
Capture
Capture
Aquaculture
Capture &
Aquaculture
Capture
Capture &
Aquaculture
Capture
Capture
Capture
Capture
Capture &
Aquaculture
Capture
Capture
Capture
Capture
Capture
Capture
Capture
Capture
Capture
Capture
Capture
Table 4: Carp culture system levels in India

Sl. Culture
No. System
Seed
stocking
Level
Management Level
Fish
Production
Level
Low - input
system
(Extensive)
No supplementary feeding
2500-3000/ Use of low cost fertilisers for
2-3 tonnes
ha
development of natural food forms
/ ha/ year
Less care on health and growth of fish
Medium input system

(semiintensive)
Medium supplementary feeding

Aeration very rare
4000-5000/
Use of medium fertilisers
ha
Normal care on health and growth of
fish
High - input
system
(Intensive)
25.Labeo dussumieri
26.Labeo calbasu
800010,000/ha
27.Labeo fimbriatus
Higher supplementary feeding

Intensive aeration
Use of high fertilisers
Intensive care on health and growth of
fish
4-6 tonnes
/ ha/ year
10-15
tonnes /
ha/ year
EXPERT TPIC
practices. Culture systems, from extensive to

intensive, have been developed depending on
the varied input use. The technologies of seed
rearing, comprising rearing spawn to fry in
nursery and farther fried to fingerlings in rearing ponds have been accepted as economically viable activities farmers level throughout
the country. Indian freshwater aquaculture is
mostly based on few species e.g. about 90

percent of production is contributed by Indian
major carp viz., Catla, Rohu and Mrigala and
exotic carp viz., Silver carp, Grass carp and
Common carp (Table: 3).
Carp culture is undertaken mostly in earthen ponds, irrigational tanks, reservoirs etc of
varying dimensions. Over the years, several
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www.was.org
WA2015 - Jeju Island

Korea
May 26-30, 2015
culture practices were evolved in

the country for different water
resources utilising a wide spectrum of fish species, fertilisers and
feed resources as main inputs. The
standardised packages of practices for carp polyculture include
pond preparation, liming, fertilisation, stocking management, supplementary feeding, water quality
management, health management
etc. With an understanding of the
biological basis of fish production,
a series of systems are available
with varying levels of inputs and
outputs (Table: 4).
Farmers of Andhra Pradesh,
particularly in the Krishna, East
Godavari and West Godavari
Districts has innovated several
new techniques of carp culture
and those have contributed to
increase the carp culture productivity in the country substantially.
Farmers in this state are now able to get an
average production of 8000 kg/ha/year with
Rohu as the most dominant species in the
culture system. This impressive production
has been made possible by adapting the following various techniques in culture system:
Stocking of stunted fingerlings of larger
initial weight.
EXPERT TPIC
Regular feeding with farm made feed consisting largely of rice

bran mixed with different types of oil cakes and mineral mixtures.
Heavy fertilisation with both organic manures and inorganic
fertilisers.
Proper tank / pond management from stocking to harvesting time
Similar spectacular developments in carp culture have taken place
in the state of Punjab and the farmers have modified the technology to
suit their areas and obtain an average production of more than 5000
kg/ha/year. Besides these two states, West Bengal on Eastern part
of the country not only produces significant amount of carp, but also
most of the production from the states like Andhra Pradesh have been
reaching fish markets in West Bengal and other Eastern States.
Constraints
Though the country is producing significant level of carp production

still there is a scope to enhance the carp production further.
Seed: The country is self sufficient for fry production at present but
non availability of quality fingerlings of desired species and size has been
a major constraint over the years in carp farming. The fingerling rearing
process is often ignored due to shortage of rearing space in carp farming. Higher cost involvement and cumbersome process of long distance
transportation of fingerlings also forces the farmers resorting to stocking
their tanks/ponds with fry, often in irrational quantity, which leads to poor
survival and low production. The culture technology recommends different species ratios of the carp species depending on their combination;
the farmers do not have any choice but to depend on the seed supply by
the seed farm/vendors. Such a situation often leads to irrational stocking
and this failing to harvest at potential level.
Feed and manures: In many tanks / ponds in the country though

continue carp culture activity, productivity levels in small ponds have
declined since most farmers resort to stocking large number of fish
seed without providing any other inputs like feed and manures in
significant quantities. Feed costs are also increased significantly in the
market and fish cost was not enhanced proportionately.
Prospects
Keeping in view of these constraints, there is a large yield gap

between potential production and actual productions obtained. For
example, the research and farmers in Andhra Pradesh have demonstrated the potential for obtaining over 15 tones / ha production in
carp culture and, the national average presently is around 2.20 tonnes
/ ha and in some states it is much lower. Hence it is necessary to
reassess the methods being followed for transfer of research outputs
to the farming community.
Carp culture in India, during the last five decades, has grown in
geographical coverage with diverse systems, besides intensification
of farming practices. A concern however is with regard to species
diversification, in spite of the fact that the country possesses several
other potential and cultivable medium and minor carp species having a high region demand, viz. Labeo calbasu, L.fimbriatns, L. gonius,
L. dussumeieri, L. bata, Cirrhinus cirrhosa, C. reba, Puntius sarana,
P. jerdoni (Figure 20-27) etc. Presently, efforts are being made for
mass-scale seed production of these species and their inclusion
as a component of conventional carp polyculture, based on their
regional importance.
References available upon request
DIRECTORY & BUYERS GUIDE 2015/16

The International Aquafeed Directory was launched in 1997 as an
easy-to-use publication for manufacturers of fish feed to source
suppliers. It evolved to become a practical guide to plant and
materials available throughout the world.
The International Aquafeed Directory continues to maintain its
unique position. It is one of the most comprehensive directories
specifically designed to identify all aquafeed ingredients, raw
material feedstuffs, feed additive micro-ingredients, production
machinery, plant and equipment available on the world market.
Make sure your company is listed in

the 2015/16 edition
If you have not already received your listing renewal via email, then
contact Barbara Williams on Tel: +44 (0) 1923 437616 or email
b.williams@turretgroup.com. Alternatively you can visit
www.turretgroup.com to download the entry form. For details on
display advertising contact Julie Saridakis Tel: +44 (0) 1923 437620
j.saridakis@turretgroup.com.
Published by:
Turret Group Ltd

Cardinal Point, Park Road, Rickmansworth, Herts WD3 1RE. UK
Tel: +44 (0)1923 432705 Fax: +44 (0)1923 432770
ww.turretgroup.com
THE INTERNATIONAL RESOURCE GUIDE
INDUSTRY EVENTS
EVENT LISTINGS
11 - 13 March 2015
VIV Asia 2015

www.vivasia.nl/en/Bezoeker.aspx
16 - 18 March 2015
AquaME 2015
www.agramiddleeast.com/en/Aqua
25 - 27 March 2015
Aquafeed Extrusion Technology short

course
www.foodstream.com.au/events
05 - 07 April 2015
Middle East Aquaculture Forum 2015

www.meaf.ae
21 - 23 April 2015
Seafood Expo
www.seafoodexpo.com/global
22 - 23 April 2015
European Algae Biomass

http://v11.vuturevx.com/exchange-sites/
Whitmore%20Group/59/events-pdfs-eu/
eal5-mktg-agenda.pdf
22 April 2015
GLOBALG.A.P. at Seafood Global Brussels

www.globalgap.org
18 - 21 May 2015
VIV Russia 2015

www.vivrussia.nl/en/Bezoeker.aspx
26 - 30 May 2015

www.was.org
09 - 11 June 2015
FIAAP, VICTAM & GRAPAS

INTERNATIONAL 2015
www.victam.com
29 - 31 July 2015
Indo Livestock 2015 Expo & Forum Indonesia

www.indolivestock.com
24 - 26 June 2015
Livestock Philippines 2015 Expo

www.livestockphilippines.com
Find more event stories at the
Aquaculturists
NEWS SERVICE
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.blogspot.com

Women in Aquaculture Jeju significance
ne of the important sessions at the

WA2015 in Jeju, Korea 26-30 May
will be Women in Fisheries and
Aquaculture which has a particular significance
to the island of Jeju.
As one of travel guides to Jeju states The local
traditional culture stands in stark contrast to the
mainland (and much of Asia) as being matriarchal. Stemming from this basis the role of seafood
gathering on the island has been dominated by
women. As such, a common sight around Jejus
coastline is that of the haenyo or woman
diver, a figure that has become somewhat iconic
of the island.
The session will welcome researchers and
development experts on the gender research
in fisheries and aquaculture following up on
other recent sessions from World Aquaculture
Society meetings and it will include four
themes:
(1) Gender equality and the position of
women in aquaculture and fisheries;
(2) New technologies accessible to fisherwomen;
(3) Case studies on the women participation
to the regional fisheries and aquaculture;

(4) Networks (GAF & Aquaculture without
Frontiers) will update their information and participants can share their own experiences and
future plans in the session.
Everyone is welcome to put in abstracts and/
or posters to the session as gender issues will
only be resolved if we all share information and
continue to raise the profile said Joint Chairs of
the Women in Fisheries & Aquaculture Session,
Karolina Kwasek (WorldFish, Penang) and Jin
Yong Kim (Gyeong Nam development Institute,
Korea).
Whilst in Jeju a visit to Haenyeo Museum
which exhibits various photos of haenyeo
female divers and their activities is a must.
Abstracts (Orals and Posters) for this and all
sessions can still be posted at https://www.was.org/
meetings/Abstracts/default.aspx?Code=WA2015
and Early Bird online registration is still available till 26 March for the event is available at
https://www.was.org/meetings/Registration/Default.
aspx?code=WA2015 . Registration by March 26
- $435; by April 26 - $535; and after April 26 $635.
i i i i i i i
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INDUSTRY EVENTS
Aquatic at VIV Asia 2015: focus on sustainable aquaculture
quacultures impor tant role in the For health management

Asian animal proteins market will
GeneReach Biotechnology is introducing new
receive special recognition at the VIV diagnostic products for industries such as aquaAsia 2015 trade show in Thailand from March culture to manage health by the application of
11 - 13. Aquatic is a Special Event at VIV Asia nucleic acid detection technology in detecting
for the aquaculture sector, featuring exhibitors diseases. Also on managing health, Axcentive is
who have developed innovative products for presenting its Halamid universal disinfectant for
the sustainable farming of fish and shrimp. The shrimp and fish farming applications which, in
Aquatic Conference highlights sustainable aqua- Asia, include high value fish such as grouper, sea
culture.
bass and barramundi; usage can be at concenThe Aquatic Pavilion will be prominently trations that kill vibrio and other pathogens and
located in the Welcome Hall of VIV Asia. Feeds, the disinfectant has a prolonged activity, even in
feed ingredients and health management will be waters rich in organic matter.
leading topics. Sustainable aquaculture, driven
by consumer demand, is a central topic in the Advanced technology
Aquatic Conference. Blue Aqua International
Additionally, aquaculture operators visiting
F/Vaqua(A4):2015 19/9/14 09:15 Page 1
will organise a conference on March 11,
ADDCON is hosting a topical program
on March 12.
VIV Asia can find details of other technology

such as the patented Mixotrophic system
from Blue Aqua International. The protocol
provides guidelines on how to successfully
manage and balance of nutrient cycles and
micro-organisms in the pond in different
stages during the culture for super-intensive and intensive culture. The natural emulsifier Verolec HE-60 from Lasenor Charbhuja
Foods gives polyunsaturated fatty acids,
choline, inositol, and organic phosphorus in
feeds for shrimp and tilapia. Guabi Nutrition
& Animal Health offers a wide range of
floating and sinking extruded aqua feeds.
IDAH presents advanced shrimp feed pelleting equipment.
Focus on feed
INVE Aquaculture will promote its

principle of the Best Balance between
live feed and dr y diets in rearing
Pangasius, based on research and experience with large commercial runs of
Vannamei shrimp in countries such as
Vietnam. It demonstrated a significantly
reduced larval production cost without
adversely affecting the quality of the
lar vae at har vest. Among aqua feed
products processed from brewers yeast
that will be on Leibers display in Aquatic
is Leiber Beta-S, described as a highly
purified beta-glucan for strong, immunocompetent fish.
THE WORLDS FOREMOST

INGREDIENT & PRODUCTION
EVENT FOR AQUACULTURE FEEDS
9 11 JUNE 2015 COLOGNE EXHIBITION HALLS, COLOGNE, GERMANY
Ingredients and additives
The Aliphos feed ingredients division

of Ecophos Group is bringing details
of Windmill Monamphos, a feed phosphate promoted to be especially
suitable for aqua feed production.
Darling Ingredients repor ts that its
Sonac brand will present Phosterol, a
natural source of cholesterol and phospholipids for aqua feed.
Norel Animal Nutrition brings Gustor
BP70 alongside commercial shrimp
farm results from using the protected
sodium butyrate feed additive, showing
enhanced performance when supplementing butyric acid in its sodium salt
form. Included in the Soleval feed ingredients from rendered animal by-products being highlighted by the Akiolis subsidiary of Tessenderlo is Hypro, a special
hydrolysed feather meal with very high
digestibility.
Ingredients
Nutrition Additives
Specialist conferences:
Aquafeed Horizons International 2015
The FIAAP Conference 2015
Petfood Forum Europe 2015
The IFF Feed Conference 2015
Global Milling Conference with
GRAPAS INTERNATIONAL 2015
Biomass & Biomass Pelleting 2015
GMP+ International 2015
Co-located with:
The flour milling and grain processing equipment show

Please contact your local consultant:
Feed Production Machinery

Ancillary Equipment Formulation
For further information please contact:
Victam International BV
PO Box 197, 3860 AD Nijkerk, The Netherlands
T: ++31 (0)33 246 4404
F: ++31 (0)33 246 4706 E: expo@victam.com
Free online visitor registration is available
from 1st January 2015 at:
www.fiaap.com
www.victam.com
See us on Twitter, Facebook, LinkedIn and Google+

or scan the QR codes:
INDUSTRY EVENTS
Aquaculture
America 20 5
by Tom Blacker,
Tom Blacker, International Aquafeed magazine with Dr Craig

Browdy, Director of Research & Development at Zeigler Bros.
Inc
own by the busy Mississippi River, New Orleans once

again hosted Aquaculture America which focused on
Aquaculture Centre of the Plate. The event ran
from February 19-22.
Hosted by the local chapter of the WAS including the US
Aquaculture Society, the National Aquaculture Association
and the Aquaculture Suppliers Association the event took
over the top three floors of the Marriott Hotel on Canal
Street.
Official media partners, International Aquafeed, exhibited
and attended the entire exhibition and conference and also
attended the Industry Tour Day that travelled out to the
Mississippi after the final day. (We carry a report elsewhere in
this magazine about the research and development happening
in and around Mississippian aquaculture.)
Beginning at the Opening Ceremony and Plenary Session,
Kathleen H. Har tman, outgoing President of the US
Aquaculture Society, welcomed all to New Orleans and this
years Aquaculture America conference and exhibition.
Other speakers from the seafood restaurant and distributor
parts of the value chain were great in promoting aquaculture
from their perspective. The common thread of the conference this year was Centre of the Plate. This meant that each
speaker described what is the priority on the plate, how it
reaches it and how consuming aquatic products is better for
our society, our planet and us as humankind.
Both the market and the publics perception of aquaculture
is changing and becoming more appreciative of our products.
We were all told that we have to believe in aquaculture
in order to change the tide and agenda of, in this case, the
American consumer and the anti-aquaculture movement.
On this note, the meeting of Federal Regulators came to
the conferences second day. No meaningful outcomes were
achieved to the disappointment of attendees. The US aquaculture industry was said by many throughout the conference to be languishing and in need of developing larger economies of scale.
Examples, such as the way that regulations for aquaculture
differ greatly between states, the changing climate, the difficulty of raising capital and investment to start up, reinvest
and grow and also how the cottage industry still sits alongside the developed industry were mentioned with room for
improvement.
At one conference session on US tilapia and soybean
feed, a great Aquaculture Handbook Fish Farming and
Nutrition in Pakistan produced by the American Soybean
Association (ASA), the World Initiative for Soy in Human
Visitors to Rangen Inc's stand
Kristina Macias, Inside Sales Manager at Waterloo USA, Inc
Left to right: Dr Kevin Fitzsimmons, Aquaculture Researcher

at Arizona University presenting the WISHH, USDA and ASA's
'Aquaculture HandbookFish Farming and Nutrition in
Pakistan' to Dr RSN Janjua and a Tilapia Fish Famer.
INDUSTRY EVENTS
Health (WISHH) and with funds from the US Department of
Agriculture (USDA), was distributed.
The handbook will help all tilapia farmers. Professor Kevin
Fitzsimmons, extension specialist and research scientist in
aquaculture, freshwater and marine algae and aquatic biology
from the University of Arizona chaired the session with Dr
R.S.N. Janjua, country representative for the USDA, ASA and
WISHH in Pakistan. They were joined by an audience of many
tilapia farmers from countries such as Uganda, Ghana and
the US.
In fact there is a good recent eight-minute video documentary about Feeding Pakistan online at: https://youtu.be/r4B7xpN9riU.
As well as joining the many exhibitors (of which the statistics
are above), the large numbers of visitors to the conference
made this year a very memorable one indeed.
Mario Stael and John Cooksey, joint lead organisers of this
years events, said that the exhibition was in fact so popular for
exhibitors that the academic poster boards - which included
Dr John E Ewarts stand for the aquaculture career/resums
of students seeking aquaculture careers and the stand for the
next WAS conference and exhibition in Jeju Island, Republic of
Korea - had to be moved out of the exhibition hall area due
to the demand for exhibitor space from both US companies
and those from outside the US wanting to take more space
than initially expected!
For next year, Aquaculture America will be held in Las Vegas,
Nevada, from February 22-26, 2016. We will be looking
forward to seeing you all there again.
AlgaeTec Ltd
AwF Board Meeting: (L-R): Gorjan Nikolik, Senior Analyst at

Rabobank International and Financial Advisor to AwF; Roy
Palmer, Director of AwF and Dr Charles Bai, Undergraduate
and Graduate Faculty Professor, Department of Aquaculture,
Feeds and Foods Nutrition Research Center, Pukyong
National University, Republic of Korea
VIV Russia 2015

May 18, 2015 SUMMIT | May 19 - 21, 2015 EXPO | Moscow, Russia
REGISTER NOW
for FREE entrance at
www.viv.net
Special Events
The international Feed-to-Meat platform

for Russia and the surrounding CIS region
INDUSTRY EVENTS
Canal Street in New Orleans, outside the conference's hotel

door
David Calitri, Sales Manager, Calitri Technology
A vibrant and busy exhibition hall
Tori Sorensen, Marketing Manager, InstaPro International
perendale IDL 15 1-2 hal cetak.pdf
2/23/15
5:11 PM
CM
MY
CY
CMY
INDUSTRY EVENTS
Aquaculture America a success
A report from the World Aquaculture Society
he United States Aquaculture Society (chapter of

the World Aquaculture Society, USAS/WAS), the
National Aquaculture Association (NAA) and the
Aquaculture Suppliers Association (ASA) hosted Aquaculture
America 2015 (AA15) in New Orleans, LA, February 19-22,
2015. The Aquaculture America conference is the best place
to learn about the latest aquaculture research and issues,
newest technology and visit the largest aquaculture trade
show. The AA15 conference attendees included 1894 registered participants from 58 countries. The conference offered
59 sessions, both technical and industry sponsored, with 626
oral presentations and 121 posters.
The tradeshow featured 142 booths with lots of hands-on
exhibits. This years conference theme, Aquaculture
Center of the Plate, spotlighted the significance of aquaculture in global seafood production and celebrated aquaculture products as the centerpiece of a delicious, nutritious meal.
The theme of this years conference provided a common
thread through many of the sessions, from the characteristics of the millennial generation as locavores to the production of healthy aquatic animals with a story to which consumers can connect, said Kathleen Hartman, USAS Past
President. Aquaculture America Conferences provide an
opportunity for everyone in the business of aquaculture
to come together to network and unify behind a common
goal of increasing seafood production and consumption as
well as support all the varies types and purposes of aquaculture.
Sponsors of the conference wish to thank the city of New
Orleans for its unparalleled fun and hospitality. Aquaculture
2016, a triennial international conference and exposition
will be in Las Vegas, NV February 22-26, 2016. Aquaculture
America 2017 will be hosted in San Antonio, Texas, February
19-22, 2017.
Academic poster presentations
Exhibition hall
Tom (right) meeting with a commercial supplier from Canada
AQUACULTURE AMERICA 2015 IN NUMBERS

Participants 1894
Booths 142
Countries 58
Abstracts 718
Oral Presentations
626
Poster presentations
121
Sessions 59
(Left to Right): Mark Occhipinti, Manager pet meals and fat

sales - Animal Nutrition Group;
Mike Blanchard, Director Science and Technology and Kiah
Gardner, Sales Manager - feed ingredients, poultry and
prepared foods at Tyson Foods Inc
INDUSTRY EVENTS
Aquaneering Inc's exhibition stand

Joe Kearns, vice president aqua-feeds division and Doug
Baldwin, director of business development at Wenger
Manufacturing
Tim Reed, Founder and Director of Reed Mariculture Inc
Patrick (left) and colleague from YSI, a Xylem brand
AE2015 JOIN US IN THE NETHERLANDS
Images courtesy of Rotterdam Marketing, the Dutch Mussel Promotion Board and Holland Aqua B.V.
THE INTERNATIONAL
PLATFORM FROM
FEED TO FOOD
VIV MEA 2016
easonline.org
FEBRUARY 16-18, ABU DHABI, U.A.E
Organised by the European Aquaculture Society in cooperation

with IMARES Wageningen UR
AE2015 Gold
Sponsor
WWW.VIV.NET
STIF
+33 2 41 72 16 80
www.stifnet.com
Welcome to the market place, where you will find suppliers of products and services to the industry - with help from our friends at The International Aquafeed
Directory (published by Turret Group)
VAV
+31 71 4023701
www.vav.nl
Elevator & Conveyor Components

4B Braime
Additives
+44 113 246 1800
TSC Silos
+31 543 473979
Chemoforma
www.tsc-silos.com
+41 61 8113355
www.chemoforma.com
Evonik
+49 618 1596785
www.evonik.com
Ab Vista
+1 204 233 7133
+44 1672 517 650
www.westeel.com
www.abvista.com
+31703074120
www.liptosa.com
www.sonac.biz
Westeel
JEFO
+1 450 799 2000
GMP+ International
+34 902 157711
+31 499 364800
Enzymes
Certification
Liptosa
Sonac
www.go4b.com
www.gmpplus.org
www.jefo.com
Equipment for sale
Conveyors
ExtruTech Inc
+1 785 284 2153
Vigan Enginnering
www.extru-techinc.com
+32 67 89 50 41
Analysis
R-Biopharm
+44 141 945 2924
www.r-biopharm.com
www.vigan.com
Event organisers
Colour sorters
VIV
Bhler AG
+31 30 295 2772
Romer Labs
+41 71 955 11 11
www.viv.net
+43 2272 6153310
www.buhlergroup.com
www.romerlabs.com
Amino acids
Evonik
+49 618 1596785
www.evonik.com
Animal Health & Nutrition
Satake
+81 82 420 8560
www.satake-group.com
Computer software
Adifo NV
+32 50 303 211
Extruders
Almex
+31 575 572666
www.almex.nl
Amandus Kahl
+49 40 727 710
www.akahl.de
Cenzone
www.adifo.com
+1 760 736 9901
Format International Ltd
Andritz
www.cenzone.com
+44 1483 726081
+45 72 160300
www.formatinternational.com
www.andritz.com
Bags
Mondi Group
Colour sorters
Brabender
+43 1 79013 4917
SEA S.r.l.
+49 203 7788 0
www.mondigroup.com
+39 054 2361423
www.brabender.com
Bin dischargers
Denis
+33 2 37 97 66 11
www.denis.fr
www.seasort.com
Coolers & driers

Consergra s.l
Buhler AG
+41 71 955 11 11
www.buhlergroup.com
+34 938 772207
Coperion GmbH
www.consergra.com
+49 711 897 0
Bentall Rowlands
FrigorTec GmbH
www.coperion.com
+44 1724 282828
+49 7520 91482-0
www.bentallrowlands.com
www.frigortec.com
Chief Industries UK Ltd
Geelen Counterflow
+44 1621 868944
+31 475 592315
www.chief.co.uk
www.geelencounterflow.com
Insta-Pro International
Croston Engineering
Muyang Group
+44 1829 741119
+86 514 87848880
www.insta-pro.com
www.croston-engineering.co.uk
www.muyang.com
Silo Construction Engineers
Wenger Manufacturing
+32 51723128
+1 785-284-2133
www.sce.be
www.wenger.com
Bulk storage
Silos Cordoba
+34 957 325 165
www.siloscordoba.com
Symaga
+34 91 726 43 04
www.symaga.com
Elevator buckets
Alapala
+90 212 465 60 40
www.alapala.com
Tapco Inc
+1 314 739 9191
www.tapcoinc.com
Dinnissen BV
+31 77 467 3555
www.dinnissen.nl
+1 515 254 1260
Ottevanger
+31 79 593 22 21
www.ottevanger.com
Zheng Chang
+86 21 64188282
www.zhengchang.com
Palletisers
Feed
Aller Aqua
+45 70 22 19 10
www.aller-aqua.com
SPAROS
Tel.: +351 249 435 145
Website: www.sparos.pt
Wynveen International B.V.
Obial
+90 382 2662120
Ehcolo A/S
+45 75 398411
www.obial.com.tr
www.ehcolo.com
MYSILO
PAYPER, S.A.
+90 382 266 2245
+34 973 21 60 40
www.mysilo.com
www.payper.com
Symaga
Pellet binders
+34 91 726 43 04
www.symaga.com
Akzo Nobel
+31 26 47 90 699
+46 303 850 00
www.wynveen.com
Tornum AB
www.bredol.com
Hatchery products
+46 512 29100
Borregaard LignoTech
Reed Mariculture
+47 69 11 80 00
www.tornum.com
Sensors
+1 877 732 3276
www.lignotechfeed.com
www.reed-mariculture.com
PellTech
Aqualabo
+47 69 11 80 00
+33 2 97 89 25 30
www.pelltech.org
www.aqualabo.fr
Laboratory equipment
Bastak
+90 312 395 67 87
Pest control
www.bastak.com.tr
Level measurement
BinMaster Level Controls
+1 402 434 9102
Agromatic
Rentokil Pest Control
+41 55 2562100
+44 0800 917 1987
www.agromatic.com
www.rentokil.co.uk
Dol Sensors
Pipe systems
+45 721 755 55
+49 571 9580

FineTek Co., Ltd
+886 2226 96789
www.fine-tek.com
www.dol-sensors.com
Jacob Sohne
www.binmaster.com
Shrimp feed additives
www.jacob-pipesystems.eu
Dishman
Used around
all industrial
Plants
sectors.
+31 318 545 754

www.dishman-netherlands.com
Andritz
Vega
Fr. Jacob Shne GmbH & Co. KG, Germany

Tel. + 49 (0) 571 95580 | www. jacob-pipesystems.eu
Visit us! www.pipe-systems.eu+45
+44 1444 870055

www.vega.com/uk
Moisture analyzers
72 160300
Aqua TT
Buhler AG
+353 1 644 9008
+41 71 955 11 11
www.aquatt.ie/aquatt-services
www.buhlergroup.com
CHOPIN Technologies
Training
www.andritz.com
Vaccines
+33 14 1475045
FAMSUN
www.chopin.fr
Ridgeway Biologicals
+86 514 87848880
+44 1635 579516
www.muyang.com
www.ridgewaybiologicals.co.uk
Doescher & Doescher GmbH

+49 4087976770
Probiotics
www.doescher.com
Biomin
+43 2782 803 0
Hydronix
+44 1483 468900
www.hydronix.com
www.biomin.net
Rolls
Leonhard Brietenbach
Seedburo
+49 271 3758 0
+1 312 738 3700
www.breitenbach.de
www.seedburo.com
OJ Hojtryk
NIR systems
+45 7514 2255
NIR-Online
+49 6227 732668
www.nir-online.de
www.oj-hojtryk.dk
Safety equipment
Packaging
CB Packaging
+44 7805 092067
www.cbpackaging.com
www.wynveen.com
Weighing equipment
Parkerfarm Weighing Systems
+44 1246 456729
www.parkerfarm.com
Yeast products
Leiber GmbH
+49 5461 93030
www.leibergmbh.de
Phileo (Lesaffre animal care)
www.rembe.com
Second hand equipment

Sanderson Weatherall
+44 161 259 7054
www.mondigroup.com
www.sw.co.uk
www.ugurmakina.com
+31 26 47 90 699
+49 2961 740 50
+43 1 79013 4917
+90 (364) 235 00 26
Wynveen International B.V.
Rembe
Mondi Group
Ugur Makina
Vacuum
Silos
+33 3 20 81 61 00
www.lesaffre.fr
To include your company in the

International Aquafeed market place in
print, and a company page on our website
contact Tom Blacker.
Kepler Weber Group

+55 11 4873-0300
www.kepler.com.br
+44 1242 267700 tomb@perendale.co.uk
The aquafeed
interview
Aas, Nils Einar 1966, born in Oslo, Norway, Norwegian citizen. International sales and marketing executive, from the beginning of
2014 Sales Director at Aker BioMarine, responsible for sales and marketing of Qrill, Antarctic krill meal, to aquaculture applications
across the Asian continent.
Mr Aas holds a masters degree in business administration from the Norwegian School of Management, and has an additional executive
education from IMD in Lausanne, Switzerland. After working as a sales manager for industrial alginates in Europe and Asia, he was sales
director and vice president in Norske Skog, a world leader in publication paper. Following this he worked for the French industrial
company Veolia, as managing director for their Norwegian subsidiary for sanitary cleaning and waste treatment.
Aas was junior national skating champion twice in the eighties and a member of the national speed skating team until 1989. From 2010
through 2013 he served as secretary-general of the Norwegian Skating Association.
There are substantial health benefits derived

from krill products. Can you tell us about the
range of krill based products that Aker BioMarine
offers and any latest scientific innovations?
Antarctic krill lives in the coldest and most pristine waters on

Earth, free of contaminants and environmental pollution. And
did you know that krill is one of the largest biomasses in the
world? We harvest krill and use it to produce krill meal and
krill oil as an ingredient for aquaculture feeds, pet food and for
human consumption with great health benefits.
There are three of our products Id like to highlight. Firstly,
Superba is our product for human consumption. The red krill
oil is rich in omega-3 fatty acids EPA (eicosapentaenoic acid)
and DHA (docosahexaenoic acid). In studies, Superba increases
the Omega-3 Index faster and more efficiently compared to
other marine sources. Krill oil has well documented healthpromoting properties within heart, brain, joint, and inflammation.
I actually have Superba with every meal in the office, and so do
my colleagues.
Secondly, Qrill Aqua is our krill meal product for fish- and
shrimp feed. Krill meal is dried Antarctic krill. Just like for
humans, the highly bioavailable phospholipid Omega 3 fatty
acids, the powerful antioxidant astaxanthin and high quality
proteins speed up growth, improve filet yield and quality, as well
as the fishs heart health. The product has become an increasing
relevant ingredient as the industry faces scarcity of fishmeal and
fish oil. This is the product that I am personally responsible
for across the Asian market. Qrill Aqua contains a range of
essential nutrients for shrimp and fish, including essential amino
acids, feed attractants, phospholipid fatty acid, astaxanthin and
cholesterol. Numerous studies document increased growth and
higher efficiency with diets that contain krill.
Thirdly, Qrill Pet provides all the listed health benefits to
our dogs. We have launched Qrill Pet in Europe and it will
soon also become available in the US and other markets. Just
like krill has numerous health benefits for humans fish, and
shrimp, research indicates health benefits for pets vision, brain,
cardiovascular, coat, liver, and kidneys. The krill phospholipid
omega-3 also has a positive effect in regulating food intake in
obese animals and an added value and as for humans, it will
prevent your dog from having a fishy breath after its meal.
Harvesting krill in a commercially viable and

environmentally sound way is challenging.
What eco-friendly technology is used
by Aker-BioMarine to achieve this?
As the largest krill supplier in the world, our proprietary ecofriendly technology is paramount to our activities. Working
in the Antarctics fragile ecosystem we are entrusted to care
for and responsibly handle this bountiful, but not unlimited,

resource. Our vessels, Antarctic Sea and Saga Sea, use Pelagic
trawls with our Eco-Harvesting System. The systems hose
(between the trawl and the vessel) ensures that the fishing net
stays underwater during the entire operation. This minimises
interactions between the net and surface predators, especially
seals and birds, as the net is not hauled and shot. At the
opening of the net, a fine mesh screen excludes unwanted
by-catch when harvesting krill, the vessel moves very slowly in
the water. This allows fish species caught in the net to easily
swim out.
This method also ensures that the products we produce are
of the highest quality as the krill is swiftly processed. Although
our technology is recognised as the industry-leading standard,
we are always looking to see how we can improve to work as
sustainably and eco-friend ly as possible.
How does Aker-BioMarine seek to achieve

long-term sustainable development
with regards to krill harvesting?
With opportunities come responsibilities, especially for us

working in the Antarctics fragile ecosystem. Besides our EcoHarvesting, we also work closely with key stakeholders to
achieve long-term sustainable krill harvesting. As the largest
krill-supplier in the world we have a very strong interest in
protecting the Antarctic environment.
International conventions limit the catch. The Convention of the
Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR)
is an international treaty that oversees krill fishing with 24
members including six countries that fish for krill. In advance of
each season our vessels notify CCAMLR about our fishing area
and potential catches.
Aker BioMarine takes its certification as seriously as its
technology. As of today we are the only Marine Stewardship
Council (MSC) certified krill supplier. The certification is done
by MSC assesses the fishery management, its impact on the
stock and on species dependent on krill, while monitoring the
wider eco-system. You can recognise this certification by a
distinct blue eco-label on our products. We really encourage
others to also become MSC certified.
Protecting the krill and the pristine waters in Antarctica is a
collective responsibility. Aker BioMarine has many partnerships
with regulatory authorities, NGOs and environmental
researchers including WWF Norway. They advise us on how to
develop the fishery in the most sustainable manner, and have
brought scientists and experts into the conversation. So now
we have introduced standards such as 100 percent observer
coverage on our ships and satellite tracking on our vessels.
An extended version of this interview can

be found on the Aquaculturists blog.
AQUACULTURE
INDUSTRY FACES
Biorigin has a new sales manager for the animal nutrition sector in Asia
iorigin has a new Technical Sales Manager, Zurong Wang. Wang graduated in Animal Science
and has a masters degree in Nutrition by the Agriculture University of China. He is a Ph.D. in
Nutrition by the University of Arkansas, USA. Wang has more than 6 years of experience in the
market, as technical sales manager of important animal nutrition companies in Asia.
At Biorigin, he will be Technical Sales Manager in Asia of products of all animal species.
According to Biorigins Global Feed Business Managere, Roberto Vituzzo, hiring Zurong Wang consolidates one
further step of Biorigins growth in the Animal Nutrition sector, as well as reinforces our strategy of having a stronger
presence in the Asian market. We are already present in that continent, and Zang's work and experience will help us
accelerate our growth in important Asian animal nutrition market segments.
Biorigins portfolio includes products dedicated to animal nutrition, such as Nutricell (inactive dry yeast derived from alcohol fermentation),
Brewcell (brewers inactive dry yeast), HiCell (autolyzed yeast), Primecell (hydrolyzed yeast), Selemax (organic selenium), in addition of animal
health products, such as MacroGard (1,3/1,6 beta-glucans, immune system modulator), ActiveMOS (mannan oligosaccharides for intestinal health),
Protemyc (mycotoxin adsorbent), and ProWean (triple-action package for weaning animals).
Marine Stewardship Council names Marin Hawk as Fisheries Manager
arin Hawk has been named The Marine Stewardship Council (MSC)s Fisheries Manager
for US Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico and will be the primary outreach representative for
these areas. Previously with the Atlantic States Marine Fisheries Commission (ASMFC),
Ms Hawk is based in MSCs recently opened Washington, DC office.
Geoff Bolan, MSCs US Program Director, says: Were delighted to welcome Marin and to have her
based on the East Coast. Marin is well-known in the industry from her time with the ASMFC and brings
to the MSC extensive knowledge and experience working with fisheries and promoting responsible and
effective management.
Jay Lugar, the previous fisheries outreach representative for much of the area, was promoted to Program Director Canada.
Celebrating 41 years each in the service of the food and feed industries
n 1974 both Marc Wenger and Joe Kearns started their careers
with Wenger on the Technical Center clean-up crew and feed
ingredient preparation team. In those days everything was
in its infancy when you consider the precision of production
equipment today. Mixers, grinders, dryers and all aspects of feed
production especially extrusion cookers and dryers after 40 years of
developments resulted in changing extrusion from an art to a science,
including the ability for total computer control.
Joe moved up into drafting and finally into sales where he is VP of the Aquatic Division. Years ago we had to convince companies
to consider extrusion as a process method. Today it is a predominate method of fish feed production.
Marc now a CO-CEO and President of Wenger Manufacturing of Sabetha Kansas, USA. This industry is ever changing, we had
to develop feed production method to optimise floating, sinking and even slow-sinking technology. That does not even take into
account the varieties of ingredients and technology to utilise the full range. Keep testing us we are ready to move the industry forward! he says. This industry is challenged to feed our ever growing population and we need to improve sustainability of all aspects
of the aqua sector.
Wolfgang Kaster appointed as President Evonik Japan
olfgang Kaster has been appointed as President of Evonik Japan and Senior representative of Evonik group in Japan effective June 1, 2015. He succeeds Ulrich Sieler, who will
retire from active service on May 31, 2015 and will return to Germany.
Wolfgang Kaster, after completing his studies in Material Science, began his professional career in the Group as an engineer in R& D of the former Degussa AG in Hanau in 1987. After
further assignments in technical customer support and process engineering and he transferred to Degussa
Pacific in Hong Kong as regional technology and marketing manager in 1996. In 1999, he relocated to
Degussa Japan in Tokyo in a similar function. In 2000 he moved back to Germany and became managing
director of Prometron GmbH, the subsidiary company of Degussa. Kaster joined Rhm GmbH in 2002 in the Molding Compounds
Business Line, and three years later was assigned to Evonik Cyro in Parsippany (USA) as General Manager NAFTA for the same
Business Line. Back in Germany in 2010 he became Global Vice President of Sales at Acrylic Monomers in Darmstadt and since 2013,
Kaster has been heading the joint Sales & Marketing department of the Acrylic Monomers business.
Mr. Ulrich Sieler completed in total 33 years working for the Evonik Group spending the last 12 years in Japan. Evonik is extremely
thankful for his dedication to the company but particularly for his leadership during his time in Japan.

March - April - International Aquafeed - FULL EDITION

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I N C O R P O R AT I N G

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