W 3 Splicing Connector and Couplers PDF

Optical Fiber Technology
Optical Fiber Splicing, Connectors and Couplers
EETP/BSNL
GOLD CERTIFICATION
COURSE
OPTICAL FIBER TECHNOLOGY
VERSION 1 DECEMBER 2013
EETP/BSNL Gold Certification course

For Restricted Circulation
Page 1 of 20
Contents
Sl. No. Name of Topic
Page No.
INTRODUCTION
SPLICING
SPLICING METHODS
PRINCIPLE OF FUSION SPLICING TECHNIQUE
FIBER OPTIC CABLE SPLICING PROCEDURE (HOW TO

SPLICE FIBER OPTIC CABLE)
11
WARNING
12
WHY DO WE NEED FIBER OPTIC CLEANING?
13
CONNECTORS
15
FIBER OPTIC COUPLER/SPLITTERS
18
10
SUMMARY
20
11
REFERENCES AND SUGGESTED FURTHER READINGS
20

Page 2 of 20
OPTICAL SPLICING, CONNECTOR AND COUPLERS
3.1
INTRODUCTION
3.2
OBJECTIVE
3.3
SPLICING
3.4
SPLICING METHODS
3.5
PRINCIPLE OF FUSION SPLICING TECHNIQUE
3.6
FIBER OPTIC CABLE SPLICING PROCEDURE (HOW TO SPLICE FIBER
OPTIC CABLE)
3.7
WARNING
3.8
CAUTION
3.9
3.10
CONNECTORS
3.11
FIBER OPTIC COUPLER/SPLITTERS
3.12
SUMMARY
3.13
SELF ASSESSMENT QUESTIONS
3.14
REFERENCES AND SUGGESTED FURTHER READINGS
3.1
INTRODUCTION
Splicing often is required to create a continuous optical path for transmission of

optical pulses from one fiber length to another. The three basic fiber interconnection methods
are: de-matable fiber-optic connectors, mechanical splices and fusion splices. De-matable
connectors are used in applications where periodic mating and de-mating is required for
maintenance, testing, repairs or reconfiguration of a system. The penalty for this flexibility is
the larger physical size and higher cost, as well as higher losses of optical power (typically
0.2 to 1 dB) at the connector interface.
Mechanical splices are available for both multimode and single-mode fiber types and
can be either temporary or permanent. Typical mechanical splices for multimode fiber are
easy to install and require few specialized installation tools. Insertion loss, defined as the loss
in optical power at a joint between identical fibers, typically is 0.2 dB for mechanical
multimode splices.
Since single-mode fibers have small optical cores and hence small mode-field
diameters (MFD), they are less tolerant of misalignment at a joint. Consequently, mechanical
Page 3 of 20
splices capable of achieving acceptable performance within a single-mode system loss budget
are somewhat more expensive to purchase, more time consuming to install, and may require
capital equipment outlays on par with fusion splicing. Typical insertion losses for singlemode mechanical splices range from 0.05 to 0.2 dB.
3.2
OBJECTIVE
After reading this unit, you should be able to understand:
3.3
Need of splicing
Principle of fusion splicing
Fiber optic cable splicing procedure
Use of different types of connectors and couplers
SPLICING
Splices are permanent connection between two fibres. The splicing involves cutting of
the edges of the two fibres to be spliced. This cut has to be carefully made to have a smooth
surface and is generally achieved by a special cutting tool. The two ends, thus, prepared are
then brought together and made to butt against each other. The fibres are then fixed
permanently and reinforced. The fixing process can be achieved in a number of ways. It
could be mechanically fixed permanently through uses of epoxies or through fusion.
There are two types of fiber splicing
Mechanical splicing and
Fusion splicing.
Mechanical splicing doesnt physically fuse two optical fibers together, rather two
fibers are held butt-to-butt inside a sleeve with some mechanical mechanism. You will get
worse insertion loss and back reflection in mechanical splices than in fusion splices (the
second type we are introducing below).Mechanical splicing is mostly used for emergency
repairs and fiber testing. You can check out some mechanical splice products here.
Figure 1:
Mechanical splice
The second type splicing is called fusion splicing. In fusion splicing, two fibers are
literally welded (fused) together by an electric arc. Fusion splicing is the most widely used
method of splicing as it provides for the lowest insertion loss and virtually no back reflection.

Page 4 of 20
Fusion splicing provides the most reliable joint between two fibers. Fusion splicing is done
by an automatic machine called fusion splicer (fusion splicing machines).
Figure 2:
3.3.1
Fusion Splice
SPLICE LOSSES
Splice losses can be divided into two categories as shown in Table.
Extrinsic and
intrinsic splice loss factors

Table: Extrinsic and intrinsic splice loss factors
Extrinsic, or splice process-related, factors are those induced by the splicing methods
and procedures. Splice process factors include lateral and angular misalignment (separation
and transverse offset between the fibre cores, axial tilt), fibre end quality, contamination and
core deformation. They can be controlled or minimized by the skill of the individual doing
the splicing, and by the automated fiber alignment and fusing cycles on newer equipment.
Additional splice process factors exist for mechanical (butt-spliced) joints, including fiberend separation, fiber-end angle and fresnel reflection.

Page 5 of 20
Figure 3:
Fibre misalignment
The second category of losses is related to the properties of the fibres spliced and is
referred to as intrinsic splice loss. Intrinsic parameters include variations in fibre diameter
(both core and cladding), index profile, Numerical aperture, Mode Field Diameter (MFD)
and non-circularity of the fibre cores.
Figure 4:
Intrinsic splice loss due to core diameter and NA mismatch
For single-mode dispersion non-shifted fibers, the dominant fiber-related factor is MFD
Page 6 of 20
mismatch. The intrinsic loss contribution due to MFD mismatch may be estimated from
Figure.
Figure 5:
Single-mode intrinsic splice loss due to MFD mismatch
As shown in Figure, the actual splice loss (bi-directional average) is practically nondirectional, (e.g., similar fiber-related loss will be seen across the joint regardless of the
direction of optical propagation). Also, the intrinsic loss is relatively low for MFD
mismatches expected within typical manufacturers tolerances. For example, the worst-case,
fiber-related bi-directional loss for fibers having a 9.3 0.5 micron MFD specification
would be approximately 0.04 dB.
3.4
SPLICING METHODS
The following three types are widely used:
1.
1.
Adhesive bonding or Glue splicing.
2.
Mechanical splicing.
3.
Fusion splicing.
Adhesive Bonding or Glue Splicing
This is the oldest splicing technique used in fibre splicing. After fibre end preparation,
it is axially aligned in a precision Vgroove. Cylindrical rods or other kind of reference
surfaces are used for alignment. During the alignment of fibre end, a small amount of
adhesive or glue of same refractive index as the core material is set between and around the
fibre ends. A two component epoxy or an UV curable adhesive is used as the bonding agent.

Page 7 of 20
The splice loss of this type of joint is same or less than fusion splices. But fusion splicing
technique is more reliable, so at present this technique is very rarely used.
2.
Mechanical Splicing
This splicing is mainly used for temporary splicing in case of emergency repairing.
This method is also convenient to connect measuring instruments to bare fibres for taking
various measurements.
The mechanical splices consists of 4 basic components :
(i)
An alignment surface for mating fibre ends.
(ii)
A retainer.
(iii)
An index matching material.
(i)
A protective housing.
A very good mechanical splice for M.M. fibres can have an optical performance good
as fusion spliced fibre or glue spliced. But in case of single mode fibre, this type of splice
cannot have stability of loss.
3.
Fusion Splicing
The fusion splicing technique is the most popular technique used for achieving low
splice losses. The fusion can be achieved either through electrical arc or through gas flame.
The process involves cutting of the fibres and fixing them in micropositioners the fusion
splicing machine. The fibres are then aligned either manually or automatically core aligning
(in case of S.M. fibre) process. Afterwards, the operation that takes place involve withdrawal
of the fibres to a specified distance, preheating the fibre ends through electric arc and
bringing together of the fibre ends in a position and splicing through high temperature fusion.
If proper care is taken and splicing is done strictly as per schedule, then the splicing loss can
be minimized as low as 0.01 dB/joint. After fusion splicing, the splicing joint should be
provided with a proper protector to have following protections:
(a)
Mechanical protection
(b)
Protection from moisture.
Sometimes the two types of protection are combined. Coating with Epoxy resins
protects against moisture and also provides mechanical strength at the joint. Nowadays the
heat shrinkable tubes are most widely used, which are fixed on the joints by the fusion tools.
3.5
PRINCIPLE OF FUSION SPLICING TECHNIQUE :
It is most widely used method for splicing optical fiber. There are a number of fusion
welding machines manufactured by different companies, some of them are fully automatic
and controlled by a microprocessor and some are partly automatic and manually controlled.
In some cases, the fiber ends & the fusion process can be seen on a TV-monitor screen.
The process can be sub-divided into the following three steps :
Page 8 of 20
(a) Axial alignment.

(b) Perfusion &
(c) Actual fusion welding.
In case of the old machines the axial alignment is done manually by manipulating a
number of knobs and is observed with the help of a high power microscope. This is normally
followed in case of multimode fiber. In case of modern machines, pre-aligned, V-grooves are
provided a finer adjustment is done, if necessary. For single mode fibre, other techniques are
followed. The best one is fully automatic core alignment method which is now days used.
After alignment is done, the ends of the fibres are fire polished by an electric arc and
this method is called pre-fusion. During this process, the fibre ends are kept separated at a
distance, after this they are brought closer and the process is called as fibre end feedings. This
feeding process is continued during actual fusion by electric arc to prevent a reduced section
at the point of welding.
The process of perfusion, fibre ends feed and actual fusion are critical to a good weld
and are frequently automatically controlled by the fusion machine. The fusion time of single
mode fibre is less than that the multimode fibre. The Introduction of single mode fibre for use
in long haul network, brought with it different fibre construction and cable design, from that
of multimode cables. The design of the cable, the brittleness of the fibres and the requirement
of accurately aligning the single mode fibre cores, required splicing techniques different to
those used for multimode fibres, where aligning of the cladding is done. Due to this
sophisticated splicing machines were developed.
The main functions of the above are:
(1) Auto active alignment of the core.
(2) Auto arc fusion.
(3) Video display of the entire process.
(4) Indication of the estimated loss at the slice.
In this core profile alignment system (CPA), the two fibres ends to be spliced are
cleaved and then clamped in accurately machined V- grooves. A video image proceeding
technique is used to detect the boundary between the core and cladding glasses in the fibres
on each side of the splice point. The core boundaries in the fibres and aligned in the
horizontal and vertical plane by microprocessor controlled micropositioners. When the
optimum alignment is achieved, the fibres are automatically fused under the micro-processor
control. The machine then measures the radial and angular offsets of the fibres and uses these
figures to calculate a splice loss estimated, which is used only as a guidance. The operator of
the machine observes the alignment and fusion processes on a video screen showing
horizontal and vertical projection of the fibres and then decides the quality of the splice.
The manual part of the splicing is cleaning and cleaving the fibres. For cleaning the
fibres the following material are used.

Page 9 of 20
(i) Hexane - jelly cleaning.

(ii) Di-chlorine methyl of Acetone or Alcohol - to remove primary coating.
(iii) Freon gas - to clean the bits of scrapper or stripper.
With the special fibre cleaver or cutter, the cleaned fibre is cut. The cut has to be so
precise that it produces an end angle of less than 0.5 deg on a prepared fibre. If the cut is bad,
the splicing losses will increase. The shape of the cut can be monitored on the video screen.
Some of the defects noted while cleaving are as below:
(1) Broken ends.
(2) Ripped ends.
(3) Slanting cuts.
It is desirable to limit the average splice loss to less than 0.1 dB. The completed splice
should be inspected & if not satisfactory, redone.
The Splice loss indicated by the splicing machine should not be taken as the final
value, as it is only an estimated loss and so after splicing is over the splice loss measurement
is to be taken by an OTDR. This makes use of the relative level of back scattered light at 2
points one before and one after the splice point to determine the apparent splice loss.
-fusing the ends of two clean, cleaved fibers with an electric arc.
Requirement of a good splice
Following are the requirements of a good splice.
(i) Low loss.
(ii) Stability of loss
(iii) Reliability.
(iv) Ease of reopening.
(v) Low cost.
Considering all the above facts, suitable methods of splicing should be selected.
The Following are the common steps in every splicing method.
(A) Fibre and preparation:
(I) Fibre stripping.
(II) Fibre cleaning.
(III) Fibre cutting.

Page 10 of 20
(B) Axial alignment.

(C) Actual splicing of two fibre ends.
Figure 6:
3.6
Fusion Splice
FIBER OPTIC CABLE SPLICING PROCEDURE (HOW TO

SPLICE FIBER OPTIC CABLE)
1. Strip fiber cable jacket. Strip back about 1 meters of fiber cable jacket to expose the
fiber loose tubes or tight buffered fibers. Use cable rip cord to cut through the fiber
jacket. Then carefully peel back the jacket and expose the insides. Cut off the excess
jacket. Clean off all cable gel with cable gel remover. Separate the fiber loose tubes
and buffers by carefully cutting away any yarn or sheath. Leave enough of the
strength member to properly secure the cable in the splice enclose.
2. Strip fiber tubes. For a loose tube fiber cable, strip away about 0.9 meters of fiber
tube using a buffer tube stripper and expose the individual fibers.
3. Clean cable gel. Carefully clean all fibers in the loose tube of any filling gel with
cable gel remover.
4. Secure cable tubes. Secure the end of the loose tube to the splice tray and lay out
cleaned and separated fibers on the table. Strip and clean the other cable tubes fiber
that is to be spliced, and secure to the splice tray.
5. Strip first splicing fiber. Hold the first splicing fiber and remove the 250um fiber
coating to expose 5cm of 125um bare fiber cladding with fiber coating stripper tool.
For tight buffered fibers, remove 5cm of 900um tight buffer first with a buffer
stripping tool, and then remove the 5cm of 250um coating.

Page 11 of 20
6. Place the fusion splice protection sleeve. Put a fusion splice protection sleeve onto
the fiber being spliced.
7. Clean the bare fiber. Carefully clean the stripped bare fiber with lint-free wipes
soaked in isopropyl alcohol. After cleaning, prevent the fiber from touching anything.
8. Fiber cleaving. With a high precision fiber cleaver, cleave the fiber to a specified
length according to your fusion splicers manual.
9. Prepare second fiber being spliced. Strip, clean and cleave the other fiber to be
spliced.
10. Fusion splicing. Place both fibers in the fusion splicer and do the fusion splice
according to its manual.
11. Heat shrinks the fusion splice protection sleeve. Slide the fusion splice protection
sleeve on the joint and put it into the heat shrink oven, and press the heat button.
12. Place splice into splice tray. Carefully place the finished splice into the splice tray
and loop excess fiber around its guides. Ensure that the fibers minimum bending
radius is not compromised.
13. Perform OTDR test. Perform a OTDR test of the splice and redo the splice if
necessary.
14. Close the splice tray. After all fibers have been spliced, carefully close the splice tray
and place it into the splice enclosure.
15. Bidirectional OTDR test (or power meter test). Test the splices with an OTDR or
power meter from both directions.
16. Mount the splice enclosure. Close and mount the splice enclosure if all splices meet
the specifications.
3.7
WARNING
Do not use a voltage other than the allowable power voltage indicated. Doing so may
cause a fire or electric shock.
To reduce the risk of fire, electric shock or malfunction, do not get liquid or metallic
objects inside the splicer. Check for condensation before operating. If necessary,
allow the condensation to evaporate before using the splicer.
Do not make mechanical or electrical modifications to the splicer; this may expose
you to dangerous voltages or other hazards.
If liquid, a metallic object or other foreign substance gets inside the splicer,
immediately turn off the power and disconnect the power source. Contact qualified
service personnel.

Page 12 of 20
This fusion splicer performs an arc discharge. Avoid the use of the splicer in a
hazardous location in which flammable gas can generate or only electrical
Do not touch the electrodes. Doing so may cause personal injury or electric shock. If
an abnormal condition such as unusual noise, smoke or unusual odor occurs,
immediately turn off the power and disconnect the power source. Next, contact the
maintenance service center.
Do not let water come in contact with the battery. Safety and protective devices to
prevent danger are built in the battery, but if these devices are damaged, excessive
current flow may cause abnormal chemical reaction in the battery fluid, heat
generation, bursting and fire may result.
Do not use or leave the battery exposed to high temperature conditions, such as a fire.
Only use the specified battery charger. Not doing so can cause the battery to be
overcharged or excessive current flow may cause abnormal chemical reaction in
battery fluid, heat generation, bursting and fire could result.
Make sure the polarities are correctly connected. Reversed connections may cause
abnormal chemical reaction in battery fluid, heat generation, bursting and fire could
result.
Do not attach the battery to a power supply plug or directly to a car's cigarette lighter.
Excessive current flow may cause heat generation.
Use the battery only for the application for which it was designed. Not doing so will
result in a loss of performance and a shortened life expectancy. Also excessive current
flow may cause loss of control during charging or discharging of the battery, heat
generation, bursting and fire.
Do not disassemble or modify the battery. Safety and protective devices to prevent
danger are built in the battery. If these devices are damaged, excessive current flow
may cause loss of control during charging or discharging of the battery, heat
generation, bursting and fire.
Do not place the battery close to heat sources or leave exposed directly to the sun for
long periods of time. Safety and protective devices to prevent danger are built in the
battery. If these devices are damaged, excessive current flow may cause loss of
control during charging or discharging of the battery, heat generation, bursting and
fire.
3.8
CAUTION
Avoid places with too much dust or dirt. Dirt or dust that can accumulate in the fusion
splicer causing short circuits or insufficient cooling, which may lead to splicer
malfunction or deterioration, resulting in fire or electric shock.
To reduce the risk of electric shock, do not plug/unplug the power cord or remove the
battery with wet hands.

Page 13 of 20
Disconnect the power cord by grasping the plug, not the cord.
The battery's optimum charging temperature range is 0 to 45C. Whenever possible,

place the charger in a location that is within this temperature range. Do not charge the
battery at extremely low temperature (below 0C). Doing so may lead to deterioration
in performance and battery leakage.
If you are not going to use the splicer for a while, remove the battery before storing it.
Not doing so will shorten a battery life.
Only use 99% pure alcohol to clean the splicer. To prevent malfunction and damage,
do not use any other kind of chemicals.
The heating plate of the heat shrink oven may be hot during and after heating. Do not
touch it directly.
Do not operate the splicer in rain. Doing so may cause the battery or AC power
supply to be short-circuited.
3.9
Fiber optic cabling has become telecommunication backbone of todays university

campuses and enterprises. With the prosperity of Gigabit Ethernet and 10 Gigabit
Ethernet, ensuring clean fiber optic connections has become one of the most critical
requirements for maintaining error-free communication in these fiber optic
communication systems.
Repeated fiber optic connector disconnection and reconnection often leaves debris in
the bulkhead adapter or receptacle. With single mode fiber core as small as 9
micrometer, even a single 1 micrometer dust particle can cause a big signal loss or
even interrupt the communication, if left blocking the fiber core.
Here are some samples pictures showing optical connector contaminations.
Figure 7:
Fiber optic connector with dust

Page 14 of 20
Figure 8:
Fiber optic connector with liquid (solvent residue) contamination
Figure 9:
3.9.1
Fiber optic connector with dry residue
OPTICAL CONNECTOR CLEANING
Basically there are two types of fiber optic connector applications that need cleaning.
Free connectors on a fiber optic patch cable or fiber pigtail
Connectors plugged in patch panels or other hardware devices and equipment.
We will describe the products suitable for each application later in this article.
3.9.2
FIBER OPTIC CLEANING METHODS
Fiber optic cleaning kit on the market can be divided to following types based on the
cleaning method.
Dry cleaning: Optic cleaning without the use of any solvent.
Wet cleaning: Optic cleaning with a solvent. Typically IPA (isopropyl alcohol).
Non-Abrasive cleaning: Cleaning without abrasive material touching the fiber optic
connector end face. Examples are air dusters or pressured solvent jet used in
automated in-situ connector cleaners.
3.10 CONNECTORS
Connectors are vital elements in the Fibre Optics Technology. Connectors can be
defined as a remittable means of arranging transfer of optical energy from one fibre optic
component to another in an optical fibre system. The connector is a mechanical device
Page 15 of 20
mounted on the end of a fiber optic cable, light source, receiver, or housing. It allows it to be
mated to a similar device. The transmitter provides the information-bearing light to the fiber
optic cable through a connector. The receiver gets the information-bearing light from the
fiber optic cable through a connector. The connector must direct light and collect light. It
must also be easily attached and detached from equipment.
There are many different connector types. Each connector type has strong points. For
example, ST connectors are a good choice for easy field installations; the FC connector has a
floating ferrule that provides good mechanical isolation; the SC connector offers excellent
packing density, and its push-pull design resists fiber end face contact damage during
unmating and remating cycles.
3.10.1 D4 CONNECTOR. 2.5MM FERRULE. SCREW-ON. SIMPLEX ONLY.
D4 connectors are made from a 2.5mm diameter ceramic (zirconia) ferrule for
durability. They have a high-performance threading mounting system and a keyed body for
repeatability and intermateability.
Figure 10: D4 Connector

3.10.2 SC FIBER OPTIC CONNECTOR BASIC STRUCTURE
More than a dozen types of fiber optic connectors have been developed by various
manufacturers since 1980s. Although the mechanical design varies a lot among different
connector types, the most common elements in a fiber connector can be summarized in the
following picture. The example shown is a SC connector which was developed by NTT
(Nippon Telegraph and Telephone) of Japan.
Figure 11: A SC Connector Sample

Page 16 of 20
Figure 12: SC Connector Structure

3.10.3 ST CONNECTOR
It is the most popular connector for multimode fiber optic LAN applications. It has a
long 2.5mm diameter ferrule made of ceramic (zirconia), stainless alloy or plastic. It mates
with a interconnection adapter and is latched into place by twisting to engage a spring-loaded
bayonet socket.
Figure 13: ST Connector
ST Adapter (mating sleeve)
3.10.4 FC CONNECTOR
FC connector also has a 2.5mm ferrule (made of ceramic (zirconia) or stainless alloy)
. It is specifically designed for telecommunication applications and provides non-optical
disconnect performance. Designed with a threaded coupling for durable connections. It has
been the most popular single mode connectors for many years. However it is now gradually
being replaced by SC and LC connectors.
Figure 14: FC Connector

Page 17 of 20
3.10.5 LC CONNECTOR
Externally LC connectors resemble a standard RJ45 telephone jack. Internally they
resemble a miniature version of the SC connector. LC connectors use a 1.25mm ceramic
(zirconia) ferrule instead of the 2.5mm ferrule. LC connectors are licensed by Lucent and
incorporate a push-and-latch design providing pull-proof stability in system rack mounts.
Highly favored for single mode applications.
Figure 15: LC Connector Simplex and Duplex

3.10.6 FDDI CONNECTOR
FDDI connector utilizes two 2.5mm ferrules. The ferrules are sheltered from damage
because of the fix shroud that has been constructed in the FDDI connector. FDDI connector is
a duplex multimode connector designed by ANSI and is utilized in FDDI networks. FDDI
connectors are generally used to connect to the equipment from a wall outlet, but the rest of
the network will have ST or SC connectors.
Figure 16: FDDI Connector

3.10.7 ESCON CONNECTOR
ESCON connectors derive their name from their original application, IBM's enterprise
system connection (ESCON) for mainframe computers. ESCON connectors are similar to
FDDI connectors, but contain a retractable shroud instead of a fixed shroud. ESCON
connectors have two 2.55 mm ceramic ferrules and a robust strain relief design.
Figure 17: ESCON Connector

Page 18 of 20
3.11 FIBER OPTIC COUPLER/SPLITTERS

An optical coupler is a passive optical component that able to combine or split
transmission data (optical power) from optical fibers. Light entering an input fiber can appear
at one or more outputs and its power distribution potentially depending on the wavelength
and polarization. Such couplers can be fabricated in different ways, for example by thermally
fusing fibers so that their cores get into intimate contact. If all involved fibers are singlemode (supporting only a single mode per polarization direction for a given wavelength), there
are certain physical restrictions on the performance of the coupler. In particular, it is not
possible to combine two or more inputs of the same optical frequency into one singlepolarization output without significant excess losses. However, such a restriction does not
occur for different input wavelengths: there are couplers that can combine two inputs at
different wavelengths into one output without exhibiting significant losses. Wavelengthsensitive couplers are used as multiplexers in wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM)
telecom systems to combine several input channels with different wavelengths, or to separate
channels.
Uses of coupler:
Splitter: (50:50)
Taps: (90:10) or (95:05)
Combiners
3.12 SUMMARY
Fiber optic cable fusion splicing provides the lowest loss connection. High precision
fusion splicers are generally bulky and expensive. With proper training, a fiber splicing
technician can routinely achieve less than 0.1 dB insertion loss for single mode fiber.
Splices are critical points in the optical fibre network, as they strongly affect not only
the quality of the links, but also their lifetime. In fact, the splice shall ensure high quality and
stability of performance with time. High quality in splicing is usually defined as low splice
loss and tensile strength near that of the fibre proof test level. Splices shall be stable over the
design life of the system under its expected environmental conditions.
At present, two technologies, fusion and mechanical, can be used for splicing glass
optical fibres and the choice between them depends upon the expected functional
performance and considerations of installation and maintenance. These splices are designed
to provide permanent connections. The most basic fiber optic measurement is optical power
from the end of a fiber. This measurement is the basis for loss measurements as well as the
power from a source or presented at a receiver. Fiber optic power meter is a test instrument
used for absolute optical fiber power measurement as well as fiber optic loss related
measurement.
3.13 SELF ASSESSMENT QUESTIONS

Fill in the blanks:

Page 19 of 20
Splicing often is required to create a . optical path for transmission of

optical pulses from one fiber length to another.
Extrinsic, or splice process-related, factors are those induced by the splicing methods
and procedures.(true/false)
The intrinsic loss contribution due to MFD mismatch. .(true/false)
.. splicing is mainly used for temporary splicing in case of emergency repairing.
The .. splicing technique is the most popular technique used for achieving low
splice losses.
The cut of fibre has to be so precise that it produces an end angle of less than .. deg
on a prepared fibre.
The is a mechanical device mounted on the end of a fiber optic cable, light
source, receiver, or housing.
Externally .. connectors resemble a standard RJ45 telephone jack.
An . is a passive optical component that able to combine or split
transmission data (optical power) from optical fibers.
3.14 REFERENCES AND SUGGESTED FURTHER READINGS
An introduction to fiber optics - Ajoy K. Ghatak, K. Thyagarajan

www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_fiber
http://www.fiber-optics.info
www.arcelect.com
http://www.flukenetworks.com/expertise/learn-about/otdr
www.fiberoptics4sale.com/Merchant2/fiber-optic-splicing-tutorial.php
www.advantra.net/sample1.pdf
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_power_meter
JTOs Handout

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Optical Fiber Technology

Optical Fiber Splicing, Connectors and Couplers

EETP/BSNL Gold Certification course

Optical Fiber Technology

Optical Fiber Splicing, Connectors and Couplers

PRINCIPLE OF FUSION SPLICING TECHNIQUE

FIBER OPTIC CABLE SPLICING PROCEDURE (HOW TO

WHY DO WE NEED FIBER OPTIC CLEANING?

FIBER OPTIC COUPLER/SPLITTERS

REFERENCES AND SUGGESTED FURTHER READINGS

EETP/BSNL Gold Certification course

Optical Fiber Technology

Optical Fiber Splicing, Connectors and Couplers

OPTICAL SPLICING, CONNECTOR AND COUPLERS

PRINCIPLE OF FUSION SPLICING TECHNIQUE

WHY DO WE NEED FIBER OPTIC CLEANING?

FIBER OPTIC COUPLER/SPLITTERS

SELF ASSESSMENT QUESTIONS

REFERENCES AND SUGGESTED FURTHER READINGS

Splicing often is required to create a continuous optical path for transmission of

Optical Fiber Technology

Optical Fiber Splicing, Connectors and Couplers

After reading this unit, you should be able to understand:

Mechanical splicing and

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Optical Fiber Technology

Optical Fiber Splicing, Connectors and Couplers

intrinsic splice loss factors

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Optical Fiber Technology

Optical Fiber Splicing, Connectors and Couplers

Intrinsic splice loss due to core diameter and NA mismatch

Optical Fiber Technology

Optical Fiber Splicing, Connectors and Couplers

Single-mode intrinsic splice loss due to MFD mismatch

Adhesive bonding or Glue splicing.

Adhesive Bonding or Glue Splicing

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Optical Fiber Technology

Optical Fiber Splicing, Connectors and Couplers

An alignment surface for mating fibre ends.

An index matching material.

Protection from moisture.

PRINCIPLE OF FUSION SPLICING TECHNIQUE :

Optical Fiber Technology

Optical Fiber Splicing, Connectors and Couplers

(a) Axial alignment.

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Optical Fiber Technology

Optical Fiber Splicing, Connectors and Couplers

(i) Hexane - jelly cleaning.

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Optical Fiber Technology

Optical Fiber Splicing, Connectors and Couplers

(B) Axial alignment.

FIBER OPTIC CABLE SPLICING PROCEDURE (HOW TO

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Optical Fiber Technology

Optical Fiber Splicing, Connectors and Couplers

EETP/BSNL Gold Certification course

Optical Fiber Technology

Optical Fiber Splicing, Connectors and Couplers

EETP/BSNL Gold Certification course