Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
7, 24-3 1 (1964 )
.Ifeasurements have been made of th e coefficient of friction of a steel pin sliding on a steel ring
lub ricated w it h thr ee com me rcial greases, various ex periment al greases or pastes, and ot her com ponent s of greases. A fter break- in at room tem perature, heat was applied w hich redu ced t he friction
of t he greases to about half t heir room tem perature value. Th e friction increased on cooling. Th e
opposit e effect w as observed wit h base oil. Th e ph enom enon w as dem onstrated in a ball t hrust
bearing operating und er boundary condition s as a reduction in to rque w it h heatin g and an increase
in torque on cooling. Th e reduction in friction w it h heatin g was [ound t o be du e to th e soap
t hick ener. Pastes of CaC0 3 , fil me d silica, and clay in oil, t he base oil, and octadecane did not
calise a redu cti on in friction. It w as concluded t hat grease t hick eners infl uence th e friction of steel
sliding on steel because of th e for matio n of films on t he surjace of t he m etal .
Intr od uction
LOrD
RESTRAINING
FORCE - - - - - - .
F I G.
1.
graph.
II.
P resented as a n America n Society of Lu bri ca tion Engineers
pap er at th e Lu br ication Conference held in Rochester , New York ,
October 15-1 7, 1963.
I Californ ia Resea rch Cor pora tion, Richm ond , California.
24
25
200
I-
a:
15 0
LL 0.3
HEATER
LL
ON
02
10 0
b 0IF...---.....----:~~&i.IlJ~~IIIlIJi_~
. . . oJII!AlII...~---~- ...-....,.....-:.~_;j
.- - - - - - --- -- - -~- - '~
oL--
.-
--;:';,---50
NO . Of"
F IG. 2.
---,-:!-::-
100
150
~=__--~
200
a:
a.
~
i3
W-
a:
:>
I-
50
REVOLUTIONS
R ecorded data to show nature of frictio n sodium stea rate in 480 neutral (st eel vs. stee l; load , 1 kg ; speed, 1 em / sec: room air)
Tribom eter. All the data for the commercial grease are
plotted in Fig. 3. T he sodium soap grease, the EP grease,
as well as the calcium complex (salt and soap ) grease,
all showed a reduction in fricti on with heatin g and an
I ~ RUN
2 .!:!P RUN
Q
to
ii
...
...o
.l 5 ~--_j--------+-----'------f
.10 f----t--....:::.-~~~~_+___a_~~:;.._~-_l
t-
'"
~ .051---
'"uo
---+- - - - - - - - + - - - --
BREAK - IN
-----l
100
ROOM
COOLING
HEATIN G
50
100
15 0
200
250
26
.20
SODIUM
PQTASSIUM
.15
.15
"-
. 10
",--
<; ~
.0 5
.10
'----- .>
.2 0
.0 5
.20
MAGNESIUM
CALCIUM
.15
I\.
.........
.10
I-
E.0 5
.10
<, .>:
--
\
I
.0 5
I..
o
.2 0
I- .2 0
BAR IUM
I.J
ALUMINUM
.1 5
::: .15
1"-
I.J
.10
./\
<,
./
.10
>
I
.0 5
.0 5
B REAK
IN
roo
ROOM
COOLi N..
TEMPERATUA~.c
LITHIUM
.15
.0 5
HEATI NG
.2 0
.1 0
50
100
150
roo
200
250
\..
.:>
' -~
~:'==~:::~~==:'I:==::::::===~1
COOL IN..
HEATING
ROOM
100
I
100
200
TEMPERATURE. C
50
100
150
200
250
F IG. 4. Fri ction of steel on steel lubricat ed with meta l steara tes in 480 neutral (load , 1 kg ; speed, 1 em/ sec ; room air )
T AB L E 2
T ABL E 1
Cation
Coef. of friet.
afte r room temp .
break-in
Penetr ati on
P 60
Stear at e
Temp.
C
Coef.
of frict.
Sodium
Calcium
Lithium
P ot assium
Barium
Ma gnesium
Aluminu m
0.12
0.11
0.11
0.11
0.10
0.10
0.09
443
509
313
361
509
284
509
Sodium
Lithium
Lithium
Sodium
Aluminum
Aluminum
Calcium
100
100
200
200
100
200
200
0.13
0.11
0.09
0.09
0.08
0.07
0.07
Solubility
of steara tes
in oil ;
from Ref. (4)
% by wt.
0
0
6
10
25-50
In finite
Infinit e
27
.20
...:
z
4 8 0 NEUTRAL" ,
52
....
.15
1\
...
ii:
...o
.10
....
...
...o
ii:
r-.
51
52
....
8%
II
.15
./
~----,
....z
- ----
W .IO
--
/:==;;:--
30 %BENTONITE )
......
' , ~ 35% C .
co,
" ::'~----':::'-:'?
<,
./
\r... 35
% C. (OH)2
8 .0 5
COOLING
HEATING
ROOM
100
200
TE M P ERAT URE .
50
~~
"
.I'
/~ECOMP05ED
SOAP
SODIUM STEARATE../
.0 5
BREAK -IN
HEATING
COOLING
II
ROOM
100
200
10 0
T EM PE R ATURE . C
50
100
150
200
250
100
150
100
20 0
BREAK-IN
/'
'\
NO. OF REVOLUTIONS
.25
--
F umed silica, bentonit e, calcium carb onat e, and calcium hydroxide were each stirred into 480 neutral to
make pastes. Th e results of fricti on measurements are
~'::~-----
./
CA L C IUM 5TEARATE-U-.....
:
....,: .2 0
...!.
II
2 50
NO. OF REVOLUTIONS
The base oil and two dry soap powders were tested
separately using the same procedure as that used for the
greases. The result s are presented in Fig. 6, which shows
that fricti on of the base oil increased with heatin g and
decreased with cooling, which is the opposite effect of
the whole grease. Figure 6 also shows that dry soap
powders caused a reducti on in friction with heat , the
rtr:\
-~~
v ----:::::;:::::=:::::::::-t---,
\
~~
.15 t -..;::.".-
- ir --
\
.10
:5
"\l--:::-.
OCTADECYLA~~E
- t\ --
II .0 5 t - --
- ir --
BREAK-IN
--j
yl1\~.--/'
-7
\ '--
- - ~ - - - -----
- --
HEATING
-y{:::::,
--j
COOLING
ROOM
OCTADECANO L "
'"..----
~-;r-
.) OCT ADECANE
10 0
50
100
ISO
200
250
NO . OF REVOL UT IONS
28
D OUGL AS G ODFR EY
in friction of the 480 neutral oil with increa sing tempera ture is also a tt ributed to a decreasing ener gy of adsorption. Fi gure 7 shows that the friction of octadecane
decreases above 175 C and durin g cooling . This reduction
is attributed to the formation of oxida tion products (5) .
Octadecanol and octadecylamine form adsorbed films
which consist of closely packed vertically orient ed molecules. The results show that both of th ese materials
pro duced a decrease in friction up to about 100 C and an
incre ase in friction between 100 C and 200 C. This result
is consistent with th e th eory that it takes considerable
energy or hea t to desorb these polar molecules (6) .
Oct adecanoic acid provides the lowest friction at 200 C.
The momentary reduction in friction near th e melting
point is th e sa me as reported in Ref. (7) . T his
material is expected to react with the metal surface to
form an iron stearate film which would require more heat
.2 0
z
0
i=
.15
u,
-t-----\
u,
0 .10
t-
Z
III
u, .0 5
Jr/
-:
~A55 V5 GL A SS
sr>:
y
-----
"-
~:;~:
---" r--~
V5
ST EEL
LIQUID
III
BREA K- IN
HEAT ING
I
ROOM
10 0
I
200
T E M P E RAT UR E,
50
I
100
COOLI N G
100
15 0
200
2 50
N O. OF REVOLU TIONS
Append ix I
D ETAILS OF EXP ERIMENTS ON
PIN
ON RING TRIBOMETER
Op erational Featur es
29
Experimental Procedure
TABLE 3
Properti es of Greases and Pastes
Base oil
vis. SSU
Thickener
Classificat ion
Co mmercial ball
bearing grease
Commercial EP grease
Commercial multi-duty
Co mposition
Sodium soa p
Calcium-lead soap
Calcium complex
(soap and salt
compl ex)
0/0
(weight )
25
11
100F
500
1066
210 F
61
78
Penetr ation
Dropping Unwo rked
pt. (F)
Po
Work ed
P GO
Steari c acid
content,
0/0 (weight )
450
235
232
235
280
285
o(excess base)
324
333
o(excess base)
411
509+
509+
246
223
227
409
443
509+
509+
313
361
284
509+
0.25
0.43
0.27
0.15
2.8
28
500
61
535
Experim ent al
Experimental
Experimenta l
E xperim ent al
Experimental
Experim ent al
Experimental
Sodium stearate
Calcium stea ra te
Barium stea ra te
Lithium stea rate
Pot assium steara te
Magnesium stea ra te
Aluminum stea ra te
15.9
15.6
17.9
15.2
16.6
15.4
15.9
512
512
512
512
512
512
513
62
62
62
62
62
62
62
374
406
< 104
419
446
< 104
< 104
Past e
P ast e
P ast e
Past e
Microni c CaC Oa
Ca( OH)2
Fumed silica
Bentonite
35
35
8
30
513
513
513
513
62
62
62
62
1.2
0
O(excess base)
0
0
30
DOUGLAS G ODFREY
Soap Powders
The calcium stearate used as a dry powder was a
commercial material of technical grade. The sodium
stearate was a laboratory preparation made by reacting
stearic acid and sodium methylate in the presence of
methanol under conditions which excluded moisture.
Excess stearic acid was removed by ether extraction.
DISCUSSION
L.
Department ,
A1 .
31