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Exercise 1
Exercise 2
2. log2 1024
solution If we let x = log2 1024, then x is the number such that
1024 = 2x .
Because 1024 = 210 , we see that x = 10. Thus log2 1024 = 10.
3. log2
Exercise 3
1
128
1
128 ,
1
128
Because
1
128
1
27
= 2x .
1
128
= 7.
4. log2
Exercise 4
1
256
1
256 ,
1
256
Because
1
256
1
28
= 2x .
1
256
= 8.
5. log4 2
1
solution Because 2 = 41/2 , we have log4 2 = 2 .
Exercise 5
6. log8 2
1
solution Because 2 = 81/3 , we have log8 2 = 3 .
Exercise 6
Exercise 7
7. log4 8
3
solution Because 8 = 2 4 = 41/2 4 = 43/2 , we have log4 8 = 2 .
Exercise 8
8. log8 128
7
solution Because 128 = 2 64 = 81/3 82 = 87/3 , we have log8 128 = 3 .
Exercise 9
9. log 10000
solution
10. log
Exercise 10
1
1000
solution
log
1
= log 103
1000
= 3
Exercise 11
= log (103 )
= log 103/2
=
3
2
12. log
Exercise 12
1
10000
solution
log
1
= log 100001/2
10000
1/2
= log (104 )
= log 102
= 2
Exercise 13
3.1
Exercise 14
6.3
Exercise 15
15. log16 32
solution
log16 32 = log16 25
5/4
= log16 (24 )
= log16 165/4
=
5
4
Exercise 16
16. log27 81
solution
log27 81 = log27 34
4/3
= log27 (33 )
= log27 274/3
=
4
3
Exercise 17
Exercise 18
Exercise 19
1
32 .
Exercise 20
1
512 .
Exercise 21
22. logb 64 = 2
solution The equation logb 64 = 2 implies that
b2 = 64.
Thus b =
64 = 8.
Exercise 22
23. logb 64 = 3
solution The equation logb 64 = 3 implies that
b3 = 64.
Because 43 = 64, this implies that b = 4.
Exercise 23
24. logb 64 = 6
solution The equation logb 64 = 6 implies that
b6 = 64.
Because 26 = 64, this implies that b = 2.
Exercise 24
Exercise 25
25. logb 64 = 12
solution The equation logb 64 = 12 implies that
b12 = 64.
Thus
b = 641/12
1/12
= (26 )
= 26/12
= 21/2
= 2.
Exercise 26
26. logb 64 = 18
solution The equation logb 64 = 18 implies that
b18 = 64.
Thus
b = 641/18
1/18
= (26 )
= 26/18
= 21/3 .
27. logb 64 =
Exercise 27
3
2
3
2
implies that
b3/2 = 64.
Raising both sides of this equation to the 2/3 power, we get
b = 642/3
2/3
= (26 )
= 24
= 16.
28. logb 64 =
Exercise 28
6
5
6
5
implies that
b6/5 = 64.
Raising both sides of this equation to the 5/6 power, we get
b = 645/6
5/6
= (26 )
= 25
= 32.
Exercise 29
Exercise 30
31.
Exercise 31
32.
Exercise 32
33.
Exercise 33
34.
Exercise 34
35.
Exercise 35
36.
Exercise 36
Exercise 37
Exercise 38
Exercise 39
Exercise 40
Exercise 41
41. f (x) = 6x + 7
solution To nd a formula for f 1 (y), we solve the equation
6x + 7 = y for x. Subtract 7 from both sides, getting 6x = y 7. This
equation means that x = log6 (y 7). Hence
f 1 (y) = log6 (y 7).
Exercise 42
42. f (x) = 5x 3
solution To nd a formula for f 1 (y), we solve the equation
5x 3 = y for x. Add 3 to both sides, getting 5x = y + 3. This
equation means that x = log5 (y + 3). Hence
f 1 (y) = log5 (y + 3).
Exercise 43
43. f (x) = 4 5x
solution To nd a formula for f 1 (y), we solve the equation
y
4 5x = y for x. Divide both sides by 4, getting 5x = 4 . This equation
y
means that x = log5 4 . Hence
f 1 (y) = log5
y
4.
Exercise 44
44. f (x) = 8 7x
solution To nd a formula for f 1 (y), we solve the equation
y
8 7x = y for x. Divide both sides by 8, getting 7x = 8 . This equation
y
means that x = log7 8 . Hence
f 1 (y) = log7
y
8.
Exercise 45
45. f (x) = 2 9x + 1
solution To nd a formula for f 1 (y), we solve the equation
2 9x + 1 = y for x. Subtract 1 from both sides, then divide both sides
y1
y1
by 2, getting 9x = 2 . This equation means that x = log9 2 . Hence
f 1 (y) = log9
y1
2 .
Exercise 46
46. f (x) = 3 4x 5
solution To nd a formula for f 1 (y), we solve the equation
3 4x 5 = y for x. Add 5 to both sides, then divide both sides by 3,
y+5
y+5
getting 4x = 3 . This equation means that x = log4 3 . Hence
f 1 (y) = log4
y+5
3 .
Exercise 47
Exercise 48
Exercise 49
Exercise 50
Exercise 51
y 5
.
3
6(y5)/3 1
.
2
Hence
f 1 (y) =
6(y5)/3 1
.
2
Exercise 52
y 8
.
9
2(y8)/9 +7
.
4
Hence
f 1 (y) =
2(y8)/9 + 7
.
4
Exercise 53
Exercise 54
1
y
61/y
.
5
61/y
5
. Hence
Exercise 55
solution
(f g)(x) = f g(x) = f (63x ) = log6 63x = 3x
Exercise 56
solution
(f g)(x) = f g(x) = f (53+2x )
= log5 53+2x = 3 + 2x
and
Exercise 57
g(x) = log6 x
solution
(f g)(x) = f g(x) = f (log6 x)
3
= 63 log6 x = (6log6 x ) = x 3
and
Exercise 58
g(x) = log5 x
solution
(f g)(x) = f g(x) = f (log5 x)
= 53+2 log5 x = 53 52 log5 x
2
= 125(5log5 x ) = 125x 2
Exercise 59
Exercise 60
Exercise 61
Exercise 62
Exercise 63
log2 13
solution log2 13 =
log 13
3.70044
log 2
64.
log4 27
solution log4 27 =
log 27
2.37744
log 4
Exercise 64
65.
log13 9.72
solution log13 9.72 =
log 9.72
0.88664
log 13
Exercise 65
66.
log17 12.31
solution log17 12.31 =
log 12.31
0.886065
log 17
Exercise 66
67.
log9 0.23
solution log9 0.23 =
log 0.23
0.668878
log 9
Exercise 67
68.
log7 0.58
solution log7 0.58 =
log 0.58
0.279934
log 7
Exercise 68
69.
log4.38 7.1
solution log4.38 7.1 =
log 7.1
1.32703
log 4.38
Exercise 69
70.
Exercise 70
log5.06 99.2
solution
log5.06 99.2 =
log 99.2
2.83535
log 5.06
Problem 71
1
4
and
Problem 72
1
3.
1
x
gives
31/x = 40.
Note that 33 = 27 and 34 = 81. Because 40 is between 27 and 81, the
1
equation above implies that x is between 3 and 4. Thus x is between
and
1
3.
1
4
Problem 73
m
n.
Thus
2m/n = 3.
Raising both sides of the equation above to the nth power gives
2 m = 3n .
However the left side of the equation above is an even number, and the
right side is an odd number. This contradiction means that our
assumption that log2 3 is a rational number is false. Thus log2 3 is an
irrational number.
Problem 74
m
n.
Thus
2 = 10m/n .
Raising both sides of the equation above to the nth power gives
2n = 10m ,
which we can rewrite as
2n = 10m = (2 5)m = 2m 5m .
Thus
2nm = 5m .
However the left side of the equation above is an even number, and the
right side is an odd number. This contradiction means that our
assumption that log 2 is a rational number is false. Thus log 2 is an
irrational number.
Problem 75
Problem 76
76. Explain why logarithms with a negative base are not dened.
solution The equation logb y = x means that bx = y. If we allowed
the base b to be negative, we could only consider values of x that are
m
rational numbers of the form n , with n an odd number (because bx is
not dened for other values of x). The allowable values of y would be
hard to describe. Thus this denition would not be useful, and hence
logb y is left undened when b is negative.
5 = 12 .
5 = 12 .
Problem 77
5.
Problem 78
78. Suppose a and b are positive numbers, with a = 1 and b = 1. Show that
loga b =
1
.
logb a
loga y
.
loga b
1
.
logb a
Problem 79
79. Suppose b and y are positive numbers, with b = 1 and b = 12 . Show that
log2b y =
logb y
.
1 + logb 2
loga y
.
loga b
logb y
logb y
logb y
=
=
.
logb (2b)
logb b + logb 2
1 + logb 2