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Robert M. Wald
Black Holes
Black Holes: A black hole is a region of spacetime where
gravity is so strong that nothingnot even lightthat
enters that region can ever escape from it.
Michell (1784); Laplace (1798):
Escape velocity:
mM
1 2
mve = G
2
R
so ve > c if
2GM
M
R < RS
3
km
2
c
M
Michell and Laplace predicted that stars with R < RS
would appear to be black.
light cones
event horizon
(r = 2GM/c 2 )
singularity
collapsing
matter
t
r
Black Hole
Planckian curvatures
attained
light cones
event horizon
t
r
r=0
(origin of
coordinates)
collapsing matter
Black Hole
H+
orbits of
time
translation
symmetry
"new universe"
H
White Hole
Singularity
orbits of
Lorentz
boost
symmetry
0th Law
Thermodynamics: The temperature, T , is constant over a
body in thermal equilibrium.
Black holes: The surface gravity, , is constant over the
horizon of a stationary black hole. ( is the limit as one
approaches the horizon of the acceleration needed to
remain stationary times the redshift factor.)
1st Law
Thermodynamics:
E = T S P V
Black holes:
1
M =
A + H J + H Q
8
2nd Law
Thermodynamics:
S 0
Black holes:
A 0
Analogous Quantities
M E But M really is E!
1
2
1
A
4
T
S
kT =
.
2
For a Schwarzshild black hole (J = Q = 0) we have
= c3 /4GM , so
7 M
T 10
.
M
Analogous Quantities
M E But M really is E!
1
where
3
1
c
S S +
A
4 Gh
where S = entropy of matter outside black holes and A =
black hole area.
black hole
Lose entropy S
Gain black hole entropy ( 41 A) =
E
Tb.h.
Tb.h.
=
=
Analogous Quantities
M E But M really is E!
1
Conclusions
The study of black holes has led to the discovery of a
remarkable and deep connection between gravitation,
quantum theory, and thermodynamics. It is my hope and
expectation that further investigations of black holes will
lead to additional fundamental insights.