WCMC LAB MANUAL

1. Network configuration (giving IP, gate way, subnet mask, DNS)

2. Creating peer to peer network
1. Open software packet tracer
2. Click End Devices icon (lower left corner)
3. Drag two personal computer icons and drop them on worksheet.

4. Click Connections icon, then click Automatically Choose Connection Type.

5. Click PC0 then click PC1.
6. Double click PC0.
7. Desktop tab, then click IP Configuration.

8. set IP Address for Subnet Mask.

IP Address PC0 = 192.168.2.1
Subnet Mask = 255.255.255.0

9. Close window PC0

10. Double click PC1
11. Desktop tab, then click IP Configuration.
12. Set IP Address for Subnet Mask.
IP Address PC0 = 192.168.2.2
Subnet Mask = 255.255.255.0
13. Desktop tab, then click Command Prompt
14. Type ping 192.168.2.1 then enter
15. If it appears as shown below, it means PC0 and PC1 are connected and successful.

3. Creating LAN using hub ,switch

Ex: One Network(with one PC) One Switch:

Step1: Put one PC & One Generic Switch (or Hub)

Step2: Connect them both with copper straight cable
Step3: Open property of My PC >> Desktop >> IP Configure
Now set following,
IP Address:
192.168.0.1
Subnet Mask: 255.255.255.0
.Thats all.
4. Configuring Switch and router

Configuring Switch Ex: Two Networks(two PC each) One Switch

Step1: Put four PC & One Generic Switch

PC0 & PC1 for Network 1
PC2 & PC3 for Network 2
Step2: Connect them all with copper straight cable
Step3: Set following IP & Mask
PC Name
PC0
PC1
PC2
PC3

IP Address
192.168.0.1
192.168.0.2
172.16.0.1
172.16.0.2

Subnet Mask
255.255.255.0
255.255.255.0
255.255.0.0
255.255.0.0

Try to ping each other and see what happens

Observation: Though they are connected with each other with single switch - only PC0&PC1 can
communicate with each other and PC2&PC3 can communicate with each other. PC0 cannot communicate
with PC3, as they are in two different logical networks.
Conclusion: For two computers to communicate, they must be in same logical network.
Configuring Router Ex: Two Network Two Switch One Router

Step1: Put four PC, two Generic Switch & One Generic Router
PC0 & PC1 for Network 1
PC2 & PC3 for Network 2
Step2: Connect them all(Switch & PCs) with copper straight cable
Step3: Connect Switches with Router using Fiber Cable
Step4: Set following IP & Mask
PC Name
PC0
PC1
PC2
PC3

IP Address
192.168.0.2
192.168.0.3
172.16.0.2
172.16.0.3

Subnet Mask
255.255.255.0
255.255.255.0
255.255.0.0
255.255.0.0

Default gateway
192.168.0.1
192.168.0.1
172.16.0.1
172.16.0.1

Step5: Set the Routers FastEthernet IP Address(Double click on router-config-Fast ethernet) in its respective
Interface IP Configuration (check port status on) as follow.
Interface
IP Address
Subnet Mask
Cable connected with Switch 0
192.168.0.1
255.255.255.0
Cable connected with Switch 1
172.16.0.1
255.255.0.0
Try to ping each other and see what happens
Observation: Two network 192.168.0.0/24 and 172.16.0.0/16 can communicate now. We have not specified(applied)
any routing algorithm.
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Conclusion: With Router, We can make communication between two different networks. When different networks
are connected with only one router then they dont need to use routing algorithm because router knows all the
networks and where to send packets.
5. Sub-netting

Subnetting is the strategy used to partition a single physical network into more than one smaller
logical sub-networks (subnets). An IP address includes a network segment and a host segment. Subnets are
designed by accepting bits from the IP address's host part and using these bits to assign a number of smaller
sub-networks inside the original network. Subnetting allows an organization to add sub-networks without
the need to acquire a new network number via the Internet service provider (ISP). Subnetting helps to
reduce the network traffic and conceals network complexity. Subnetting is essential when a single network
number has to be allocated over numerous segments of a local area network (LAN).
Subnets were initially designed for solving the shortage of IP addresses over the Internet.
Each IP address consists of a subnet mask. All the class types, such as Class A, Class B and Class
C include the subnet mask known as the default subnet mask. The subnet mask is intended for determining
the type and number of IP addresses required for a given local network. The firewall or router is called the
default gateway. The default subnet mask is as follows:

Class A: 255.0.0.0

Class B: 255.255.0.0

Class C: 255.255.255.0

The subnetting process allows the administrator to divide a single Class A, Class B, or Class C
network number into smaller portions. The subnets can be subnetted again into sub-subnets.
Dividing the network into a number of subnets provides the following benefits:

Reduces the network traffic by reducing the volume of broadcasts

Enables users to access a work network from their homes; there is no need to open the complete
network.

6. NAT (Network Address Translation)

Primarily NAT was introduced to the world of IT and networking due to the lack of IP addresses, or looking at it from
another view, due to the vast amount of growing IT technology relying on IP addresses. To add to this, NAT adds a
layer of security, by hiding computers, servers and other IT equipment from the outside world.

How NAT works

When computers and servers within a network communicate, they need to be identified to each other by a unique
address, in which resulted in the creation of a 32 bit number, and the combinations of these 32 bits would
accommodate for over 4 billion unique addresses, known as IP address. This was named IPv4, and although over 4
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billion addresses sounds a lot, it really is not considering how fast the world of computers and the internet has grown.
To circumvent this problem, a temporary solution was produced known as NAT. NAT resulted in two types of IP
addresses, public and private. A range of private addresses were introduced, which anyone could use, as long as these
were kept private within the network and not routed on the internet. The range of private addresses known as RFC
1918 are;
Class A 10.0.0.0 - 10.255.255.255
Class B 172.16.0.0 - 172.31.255.255
Class C 192.168.0.0 - 192.168.255.255
NAT allows you to use these private IP address on the internal network. So within your private network you would
assign a unique IP address to all your computers, servers and other IP driven resources, usually done via DHCP.
Another company can use the same private IP addresses as well, as long as they are kept internal to their network. So
two companies maybe using the same range of IP addresses but because they are private to their network, they are not
conflicting with each other.
However when internal hosts do need to communicate to the public network (Internet) then this is where a public
address comes into the equation. This address usually purchased from an ISP is a routable public address everyone
can see, which would represent your network gateway. This public address would be unique, no one else would use
this address.
Now getting to the point; When a host on the internal network with an internal IP address does need to communicate
outside it's private network, it would use the public IP address on the network's gateway to identify itself to the rest of
the world, and this translation of converting a private IP address to public is done by NAT. For example a computer
on an internal address of 192.168.1.10 wanted to communicate with a web server somewhere on the internet, NAT
would translate the address 192.168.1.10 to the company's public address, lets call this 1.1.1.1 for example. so that
the internal address is identified as the public address when communicating with the outside world. This has to be
done because when the web server somewhere on the internet was to reply to this internal computer, it needs to send
this to a unique and routable address on the internet, the public address. It can not use the original address of
192.168.1.10, as this is private, none routable and hidden from the outside world. This address, of 1.1.1.1 would be
the address of the public address for that company and can be seen by everyone. Now the web server would reply to
that public address, 1.1.1.1. NAT would then use its records to translate the packets received from the web server that
was destined to 1.1.1.1 back to the internal network address of 192.168.1.10, and though the computer who requested
the original info, will receive the requested packets.
Now you can obviously see the two benefits of NAT. Firstly it would save on the IP addresses we use, as every single
computer does not need a public address, and also it would hide these private computers from the outside world.
Everyone can only see the public address, the rest is hidden behind this public address. So from the internet only the
public address on the external interface of the firewall or router can be seen, and nothing beyond it.
7. DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol)
The Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) is a standardized network protocol used on Internet
Protocol (IP) networks for dynamically distributing network configuration parameters, such as IP addresses for
interfaces and services. With DHCP, computers request IP addresses and networking parameters automatically from a
DHCP server, reducing the need for a network administrator or a user to configure these settings manually.
Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol is used by computers for requesting Internet Protocol parameters, such as an IP
address from a network server. The protocol operates based on the client-server model.
Why use DHCP?
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Every device on a TCP/IP-based network must have a unique unicast IP address to access the network and its
resources. Without DHCP, IP addresses for new computers or computers that are moved from one subnet to another
must be configured manually; IP addresses for computers that are removed from the network must be manually
reclaimed.
With DHCP, this entire process is automated and managed centrally. The DHCP server maintains a pool of IP
addresses and leases an address to any DHCP-enabled client when it starts up on the network. Because the IP
addresses are dynamic (leased) rather than static (permanently assigned), addresses no longer in use are automatically
returned to the pool for reallocation.
Benefits of DHCP
In Windows Server 2008, the DHCP Server service provides the following benefits:

Reliable IP address configuration. DHCP minimizes configuration errors caused by manual IP address
configuration, such as typographical errors, or address conflicts caused by the assignment of an IP address to
more than one computer at the same time.
Reduced network administration. DHCP includes the following features to reduce network administration:

Centralized and automated TCP/IP configuration.

The ability to assign a full range of additional TCP/IP configuration values by means of DHCP
options.
o The efficient handling of IP address changes for clients that must be updated frequently, such as those
for portable computers that move to different locations on a wireless network.
8. Creating wireless network
o
o

1 Choose your router (usually the manufacturer name aka SSID), the security method and enter the passkey
in order to connect to it. Use Auto DHCP, unless otherwise instructed.

2 This should find the wireless router (click refresh until it does) and connect to the network through the new
router.
9. Merging wired and wireless network together
1 Turn everything on, i.e. your computer, modems (in case of DSL).
2 Connect them on the relative ports.
3 Dial, or do whatever you need to do to establish internet connection and test each one by one, separately. If
all good proceed to the next step.
4 While each one is active and connected navigate to the "Network Devices" folder of your computer. It usually
stays under control panel.
Windows 8 or Windows 8.1: Press Windows+D to navigate to the desktop, and rest is same as windows 7
below.
For Windows 7 and Vista: Click the network icon on the task bar-> then click "Open Network and Sharing
Center". Then click "Change Adapter settings".
For XP: Click Start > Control Panel. Then on the Control Panel window, double-click Network Connections.
6 Review the window showing all of your network connections. The active connections will be two blue desktops
without a red cross sign.
7 Drag and select Active LAN (Wired, Wireless or DSL Modem) connections.
Right click on one of the selected-> click "Bridge Connections" . Then wait and a network bridge with different
icon will appear. You might have to provide administrative right.
8 Enjoy double speed.
10. Access point configuration
Access point
In a wireless local area network (WLAN), an access point is a station that transmits and receives data (sometimes
referred to as a transceiver). An access point connects users to other users within the network and also can serve as
the point of interconnection between the WLAN and a fixed wire network. Each access point can serve multiple users
within a defined network area; as people move beyond the range of one access point, they are automatically handed
over to the next one. A small WLAN may only require a single access point; the number required increases as a
function of the number of network users and the physical size of the network.
Configuring a Wireless Access Point
The physical setup for a wireless access point is pretty simple: You take it out of the box, put it on a shelf or on top of
a bookcase near a network jack and a power outlet, plug in the power cable, and plug in the network cable.
The software configuration for an access point is a little more involved, but still not very complicated. It's usually
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done via a Web interface. To get to the configuration page for the access point, you need to know the access point's IP
address. Then, you just type that address into the address bar of a browser from any computer on the network.
Basic configuration options
When you access the configuration page of your wireless access point on the Internet, you have the following
configuration options that are related to the wireless access point functions of the device.
Enable/Disable: Enables or disables the device's wireless access point functions.
SSID: The Service Set Identifier used to identify the network. Most access points have well-known defaults..
So leave the SSID at the default.
Allow broadcast SSID to associate? Disable this option. Normally, the access point regularly broadcasts its
SSID so that wireless devices that come within range can detect the network and join in. For a more secure
network, you can disable this function. Then, a wireless client must already know the network's SSID in
order to join the network.
Channel: Lets you select one of 11 channels on which to broadcast. All the access points and computers in the
wireless network should use the same channel. If you find that your network is frequently losing connections,
try switching to another channel..
WEP: Lets you use a security protocol called wired equivalent privacy.
DHCP configuration
You can configure most multifunction access points to operate as a DHCP server. For small networks, it's common for
the access point to act as DHCP server for the entire network. In that case, you need to configure the access point's
DHCP server. To enable DHCP, you select the Enable option and then specify the other configuration options to use
for the DHCP server.

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