Extrasensory Perception (ESP)

This is sensitiveness to the external world without the meditation of

sensation.

It is a branch of parapsychology, which includes clairvoyance,

psychokinesis, precognition and telepathy.

Parapsychology

is a field of study concerned with the investigation of paranormal

and psychic phenomena.

Most scientists regard parapsychology as pseudoscience.

Parapsychology has been criticized for continuing investigation
despite not having demonstrated conclusive evidence of psychic
abilities in more than a century of research.

Clairvoyance

The term clairvoyance (from French clair meaning "clear" and

voyance meaning "vision") is used to refer to the ability to gain
information about an object, person, location or physical event
through means other than the known senses.

Clairaudience

Is a psychic ability to hear things that are beyond the range

of the ordinary power of hearing, such as voices or messages
from dead.

Precognition and Retro-cognition

If clairvoyance or clairaudience concern things in the future or the

past then these are referred as precognition and retrocognition.

Dreams have sometimes been related to Precognition and character

like Nostradamus are famous for their precognitive visions.

Retrocognition can be about recent events or distinct events

(historic events)

Retrocognition is different from past life regresision

For telepathy the source of information is another persons mind

Telepathy

The principle requirement of telepathic transmission is that the

information transfer cannot be explained by any known physical
process

Often the demonstration involves information transfer over large

distance

Unlike physical information transfer, telepathy is not subject to the

weakening of the signal the further you move away from the source

Psychokinesis

Psychokinesis (PK) is the process of using only the mind, with no

physical intervention, to manipulate physical objects.
Telekinesis
When the manipulation involves moving an object by mental effort,
it is referred to as telekinesis

Pyrokinesis

Pyrokinesis is the psychic ability to speed up of the naturally

occurring vibrations of atoms in matter to alter temperature,
possibly to the point of ignition if combustible. At low levels, one
could move a candle back and forth. At a higher level, one could put
out the flame or making it relight using only the mind. Pyrokinesis is
one of the more practiced powers like telekinesis. It could be useful
too, for warming people up or setting things a flame.

Astral Projection

is an interpretation of out-of-body experience (OBE) that assumes

the existence of an "astral body" separate from the physical body
and capable of travelling outside it

Also known as your inner eye or your all-seeing eye, your third eye
is at the point right above the middle of your brows. Your third eye
is the eye through which you can see beings or things that are not
visible to your physical eyes. It is what you use to look with when
you wish to connect to the higher or spiritual realms.

Third Eye

BIOPSYCHOLOGICAL PROCESS AND DEVELOPMENT

Transmission of Genetic Traits

Heredity

Most animals and plants reproduce sexually, the offspring arising

from the mating of male and female parents.

Organism of the same kind and the resulting offspring are also of
the same type as the parents.

However offspring are almost never exactly identical to either

parents.

There are certain hypothesis about how organism pass their traits
on their offspring.

1. Offspring of 2 parents usually resemble the parents and

each other

2. Many traits in the offspring are not exactly like those of

either parents.

George Mendel performed experiments which became the

foundation for the modern science of genetics.

He postulated hypothesis to explain the result of his experiment.

Chromosome

Genes are submicroscopic particles in chromosomes and are the primary

unit that carries of heredity.

The chemical influence of a gene is put into action directly upon the jellylike substance, called cytoplasm, which surrounds the nucleus.

The genes also determine the sex of the fertilized egg cell at the time of
conception.

If two chromosomes are identical (both X) the result is female.

If one pair is not an X but Y, the result is male.

Henceforth, all the characteristics of the new baby, the color the texture,
hair and eyes, even the shape of the fingernails have been determined.

During the prenatal development, case of monozygotic or identical twins

result.

This is the division of one ovum into 2 separate cells and develop into two
individual organism.

Since both babies came from the same sperm and egg, they share the placenta
and fetal sac, and have the same genes, they are likely to resemble each other
in sex and in all other identical attribute and characteristics

On the other hand, dizygotic or fraternal twins develop from two zygotes,
each produced by the union of separate sperm cell with separate egg cell,
develop independently, usually having separate placenta and separate
fetal sacs, have different genes, and may be different or the same sex and
may not resembles each other closely in their hereditary attributes.

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

This is complex biochemical foundation in the nuclei of living cells. The

chromosomal DNA is believed to be the material out of which genes are
made.

It has been said that molecules of DNA constitutes a kind of code or

blueprint, which shape the chemical materials of the cell through the
medium of ribonucleic acid (RNA) which molecule serve as messengers
or contractors to carry out the instructions supplied by DNA

Chromosomal Abbreviations/ Chromosomal Mutations

Refers to structural and numerical deviations from the norm that affect
many genes and are responsible for various genetic malformation

The chromosome number is constant in a given species. Changes in

chromosome number are called euploidy.

On the other hand, when a single chromosome is added to or subtracted

from diploid set is called aneuploidy.

The most common type of euploidy is polyploidy, the carrying of one or

more additional sets of chromosome.

The Cell

The human body is made up of cells. It is the unit of biological structure

and function of all living things. The complex biochemical and physical
processes which allow life to continue are essentially carried out in these
minutes units which are organized into tissues.

All animal cell have at least three components: plasma membrane,

cytoplasm and nucleus.

Parts of Cell

Nucleus

is where the DNA is kept and RNA is transcribed. RNA is moved out
of the nucleus through the nuclear pores

Proteins needed inside the nucleus are transported in through the

nuclear pores

The nucleolus is usually visible as a dark spot in the nucleus, and is

the location of ribosome formation.

Ribosomes

are where RNA is translated into protein

his process is called protein synthesis

Protein synthesis is very important to cells, therefore large numbers

of ribosomes are found in cells

Ribosomes float freely in the cytoplasm, and are also bound to the
endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

is the transport system for molecules needed for certain changes

and specific destinations, instead of molecules that float freely in
the cytoplasm.

There are two types of ER, rough and smooth. Rough ER has
ribosomes attached to it, as mentioned before, and smooth ER does
not.

Lysosome

is the digestive system in the cell

It breaks down molecules into their base components digestive

enzymes

Cell membrane

functions as a semi-permeable barrier, allowing a very few

molecules across it while fencing the majority of organically
produced chemicals inside the cell

Cytoplasm

Is the material between the plasma membrane (cell membrane) and

the nuclear envelope

Fibrous proteins that occur in the cytoplasm, referred to as the

cytoskeleton maintain the shape of the cell as well as anchoring
organelles, moving the cell and controlling internal movement of
structures.

Mitochondria

The mitochondria are the main energy source of the cell, in fact,
they are often called the "power plants" of the body because this is
where energy is created