Class 4 Oral Question and Answers Homework

4/5/2015
Class4OralQuestionandAnswers
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MMDOrals
MMDObjective
REGISTERYOURSELFANDCOMEBACKFORMOREQUESTIONS
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Q3)Isthereanyregulationaboutaircompressorstime
requiredtofilltheAirBottles?
Ans)Twostartingcompressorsmustbefitted,ofsufficient
totalcapacitytomeettheenginerequirements.
EachcompressormustbeabletopressupAirreceiverfrom15
barsto25barsin30minutes.
Twoairreceiversmusttobeprovided.
TotalairreceivercapacityistobesufficientforTwelve(12)
startsofReversibleenginesandsix(6)startsfornon
reversibleengines.
Q4)TYPESOFEVAPORATORSINREFRIGERATION
SYSTEM?
ANS)Inthelargerefrigerationandairconditioningplantsthe
evaporatorisusedforchillingthewater.Insuchcasesshell
andtubetypeofheatexchangersareusedastheevaporators.
Insuchplantstheevaporatorsorthechillersareclassifiedas:
1) Dryexpansiontypeofevaporators
2) Floodedtypeoftheevaporators
Incaseofthedryexpansiontypeofchillersorevaporatorsthe
expansionvalvecontrolstheflowoftherefrigeranttothe
evaporators.Theexpansionvalveallowstheflowofthe
refrigerantdependingontherefrigerationload.Incaseofthe
shellandtubetypeofevaporatorstherefrigerantflowsalong
thetubeside,whilethesubstancetobechilled(usuallywater
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orbrine)flowslongtheshellside.Incaseofthefloodedthe
evaporatorisfilledwiththerefrigerantandconstantlevelof
therefrigerantismaintainedinsideit.Intheseevaporatorsor
thechillerstherefrigerantisalongshellsidewhilethe
substancetobechilledorfreezerflowsalongthetubesideof
theheatexchanger.
Thoughthisclassificationisalsoapplicabletothedomestic
refrigeratorsandtheairconditioners,theevaporatorsusedin
thesesystemsareclassifiedbasedontheirconstruction.The
evaporatorsareclassifiedbasedontheconstructionas:
1) Baretubeevaporators
2) Platesurfaceevaporators
3) Finnedevaporators
Thebaretubeevaporatorsarethesimplecoppercoil
evaporatorsoverwhichthesubstancetobecooledflows.
Theplatesurfaceevaporatorsarecommonlyusedinthe
householdrefrigerators.Theseevaporatorsarealsointhe
formofcoil,whichisattachedtotheplate.
Thefinnedevaporatorsarealsomadeofcoppercoilwithfins
ontheexternalsurfaceaswellontheinternalsurface.
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FIN
Q5)WHATISERMATOJOINT?
ANS)Itisakindofcouplingtoabsorbvibration,fittedonpipes
likescavengedrainpipe,intankssteamheatingcoils.
Q6)EXPLAINPROPELLERSHAFTWITHDIAGRAM?
ANS)Thepropellershaftisboltedtothemainengineflywheel,
passingthroughthethrustblockthenalongtheshafttunnel.
Hereitissupportedbytheshaftbearingsbeforepassing
throughthesterntubetodrivetheship'spropeller.
Theshaftismanufacturedfromforgedsteel,completewith
couplingflanges.Itismachinedleavingalargerdiameteratthe
locationoftheshaftbearings;thissectionhastohaveafine
finishtorunwithinthewhitemetalbearing.
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Theshaftcouplingflangefacesareaccuratelymachinedandtheboltholes
reamedtoacceptfittedbolts.Theyareboltedtogetherusinghightension
bolting,whichistightenedusinghydraulictensioninggear.
Thesupportingbearingsarecastintwohalvesandareusuallywhitemetal
lined.Thesehaveoilscrollscutintothemtodistributethesplashlubrication.
Nowadaysballbearingshaftsupportsarebeingused,buttheyhavebeen
reportedasbeingquitenoisywithatendencytorunhot.
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Atypicalpropshaftwhitemetalbearingwithsplashlubricationis
shownhere.
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Q7)EXPLAINRUDDERCARRIERBEARINGWITHDIAGRAM?
ANS)Theruddercarrierbearingtakestheweightoftherudderonagrease
lubricatedthrustface.Therudderstockislocatedbythejournal,alsogrease
lubricated.Supportforthebearingisprovidedbyadoublersplateandsteel
chock.Wedgetypesidechocks,weldedtothedeckstiffening,locatethebase
ofthecarrierbearing.Thecarrierisofmeehanitewithagunmetalthrustring
andbush.Carrierbearingcomponentsaresplitasnecessaryforremovalor
replacement.Screwdownlubricatorsisfitted,andthegreaseusedfor
lubricationisofawaterresistanttype(calciumsoapbasedwithgraphite).
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Weardown
Asmallallowanceismadeforweardown,whichmustbe
periodicallychecked.Thismaybemeasuredeitherbetween
padsweldedontopoftherudderandontotherudderhorn,or
betweenthetopoftherudderstockandafixedmarkonthe
innerstructureofthesteeringgearflat.Thelattergenerally
involvestheuseofa'Trammelgauge'whichtakestheformofa
'L'shapedrodadetofitthenewconditionofthegear.Aswear
downoccursitcaneasilybecheckedwiththisgauge.
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Therudderispreventedfromjumpingbyrudderstopswelded
ontothesternframe.
Ruddermovementstops
Rudderstopsarearrangedasfollows;
Anglefrom
centreline
o
35
Positionofstop
Note
Ontelemotor
system
Normallimit
o
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Onsteeringgear
Preventsrudderstriking
externalstops
External,on
sternframe
Emergencystoptoprotect
propeller
37
39
Theselimitsrefertoruddersoftraditionaldesignandare
governedbyboththephysicallayoutoftherudderand
actuatorbutalsoduetothestallanglesoftherudder.i.e.the
angleatwhichlift(turningmoment)isreducedorlostwith
increasingangleofattack.Therearedesignsofruddersuchas
o
Beckerflapwhichhaveincreasedstallanglesupto45
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Reasonsforcriticalcontouringofthrustface;
I.Forlubrication
ii. Conicalinordertopreventsideslipandcentralizerudder
iii. Projectedareagivesgreaterbearingareaallowingsmaller
diameterbearing
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Q8)WHATARESTABILIZERS?WHATISITSPURPOSE?ON
WHICHSHIPSTHEYAREREQUIREDMORE?
ANS)Shipstabilizersarefinsmountedbeneaththewaterline
andemerginglaterally.Incontemporaryvessels,theymaybe
gyroscopicallycontrolledactivefins,whichhavethecapacity
tochangetheirangleofattacktocounteractrollcausedby
windorwavesactingontheship.
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Locationanddiagramofretractablefinstabilizersonaship.
Purpose
Thepurposeofcruiseshipstabilizersistoreducethe
rockingmotionoftheship.Theyhelpashipmovemore
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smoothly,whichcutsdownthechanceofseasicknessfor
passengers.Whenthereisagreatdealofmovement,it
cancauseadiscrepancybetweenwhatapersonseesand
whatherinnerearsenses.Thisiswhatcauses
seasickness.Thesmoothertheride,thelesschancefor
thistohappen.
Function
Cruiseshipstabilizersextendoutbelowthewaterlineon
theportandstarboardsidesoftheship.Theypreventit
fromrollingtotheleftandrightasitmovesthroughthe
water.Theyactmuch,asdoairplanewingflaps,whichcan
beadjustedtoreduceturbulence.Althoughnostabilizers
canprevent100percentofacruiseship'smovement,they
cansignificantlyreduceit.Thisisespeciallydesirablein
roughconditionswhenthewavesarehighorthewindis
strong.
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HowCruiseShipStabilizersWorkfinstabilizer
Q9)EXPLAINFREEBOARD?
ANS)Thedistancefromthewaterlinetotheupperdecklevel,
measuredatthelowestpointofsheerwherewatercanenter
theboatorship.Incommercialvessels,thelattercriteria
measuredrelativetotheShip'sloadline,regardlessofdeck
arrangementsisthemandatedandregulatedmeaning.
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Inyachts,alowfreeboardisoftenfoundonracingboats,for
weightreductionandthereforeincreasedspeed.Ahigher
freeboardwillgivemoreroominthecabin,butwillincrease
weightandmaycompromisespeed.Ahigherfreeboardalso
helpsweatherwavesandreducesthelikelihoodofgreenseas
ontheweatherdeck.Alowfreeboardboatissusceptibleto
swampinginroughseas.Freightershipsandwarshipsuse
highfreeboarddesignstoincreaseinternalvolume,whichalso
allowsthemtosatisfyIMOdamagestabilityregulationsdueto
increasedreservedbuoyancy.
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Graphicalrepresentationofthedimensionsusedto
describeaship.fisthefreeboard
Q10)WHATISSHEER?
ANS)Thesheerisameasureoflongitudinalmain
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deckcurvature,innavalarchitecture.
Thepracticeofbuildingsheerintoashipdatesbacktotheera
ofsmallsailingships.Thesevesselswerebuiltwiththedecks
curvingupwardsatthebowandsterninordertoincrease
stabilitybypreventingtheshipfrompitchingupanddown.
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Dimensionsofahull
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Q11)WHATISCAMBER?
ANS)Thecamberisameasureoflateralmaindeckcurvature
innavalarchitecture.
Thepracticeofaddingcambertoaship'sdeckoriginatedinthe
eraofsmallsailingships.Thesevesselswerebuiltwiththe
deckscurvingdownwardsatthesidesinordertoallowwater
thatwashedontothedecktospilloff.
Q12)WHATISTUMBLEHOME?
ANS)Inshipdesigning,thetumblehomeisthenarrowingofa
ship'shullwithgreaterdistanceabovethewaterline.
Expressedmoretechnically,itispresentwhenthebeamatthe
uppermostdeckislessthanthemaximumbeamofthevessel.
Asmallamountoftumblehomeisnormalinmanydesignsin
ordertoallowanysmallprojectionsatdeckleveltoclear
wharves(structureontheshoreofaharborwhereshipsmay
docktoloadandunloadcargoorpassengers)
Lengthoverall(LOA)istheextremelengthfromoneendto
theother.
Lengthatthewaterline(LWL)isthelengthfromtheforward
mostpointofthewaterlinemeasuredinprofiletothe
sternmostpointofthewaterline.
LengthBetweenPerpendiculars(LBPorLPP)isthelengthof
thesummerloadwaterlinefromthesternposttothe
pointwhereitcrossesthestem.
Beamorbreadth(B)isthewidthofthehull.(ex:BWListhe
maximumbeamatthewaterline)
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Depthormouldeddepth(D)istheverticaldistance
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Q13)EXPLAINMOULDEDBREADTH,MOULDEDDEPTH,
ANDDRAUGHT?
ANS)Breadth(extreme):
Theextremebreadth,recordedinmeterstotwodecimal
places.Thisisthemaximumbreadthtotheoutsideofthe
ship'sstructure.
Breadth(moulded):
Themouldedbreath,recordedinmeterstotwodecimalplaces.
Thisisthegreatestbreadthatamidshipsfromheelofframeto
heelofframe.Thiswillonlybedisplayedwhenbreadthextreme
isnotavailable.
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MouldedDepth:
Themouldeddepth,recordedinmeterstotwodecimalplaces.
Thisistheverticaldistanceatamidshipsfromthetopofthe
keeltothetopoftheupperdeckbeamatside.
Draught:
Thedraft(ordraught)ofaship'shullistheverticaldistance
betweenthewaterlineandthebottomofthehull(keel),with
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thethicknessofthehullincluded;inthecaseofnotbeing
includedthedraftoutlinewouldbeobtained.Draftdetermines
theminimumdepthofwaterashiporboatcansafelynavigate.
Thedraftcanalsobeusedtodeterminetheweightofthecargo
onboardbycalculatingthetotaldisplacementofwaterand
thenusingArchimedes'principle.Atablemadebytheshipyard
showsthewaterdisplacementforeachdraft.Thedensityofthe
water(saltorfresh)andthecontentoftheship'sbunkershave
tobetakenintoaccount.Thecloselyrelatedterm"trim"is
definedasthedifferencebetweentheforwardandafterdrafts.
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Draftmarksonaship'sbow
Q14)WHATISRECENTAMENDMENTTOSOLASWITH
RESPECTTOMSDS,LIFEBOAT&ETA?
ANS)MSDS:MATERIALSAFETYDATASHEET:DATEOF
ENTRYINFORCE:01JULY2009
AMENDMENTOFOCTOBER2007TOSOLAS:
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AmendmenttoSOLASchapter6,toaddnewregulation51on
materialsafetydatasheet(MSDS)torequireshipscarrying
MARPOLAnnex1cargo(oil)&alsomarinefueloilstobe
providedwithmaterialsafetydatasheetpriortoloadingsuch
cargoes.TheregulationreferstotheRecommendationsfor
materialsafetydatasheet(MSDS)forMARPOLAnnex1
cargoes&marinefueloils,adoptedbytheorganization
throughresolutionMSC150(77)
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Preventionofaccidentsinvolvinglifeboats:
AnamendmenttoSOLASregulationIIIconcernsprovisionsfor
thelaunchoffreefalllifeboatsduringabandonshipdrills.The
amendmentwillallow,duringtheabandonshipdrill,forthe
lifeboattoeitherbefreefalllaunchedwithonlytherequired
operatingcrewonboard,orloweredintothewaterbymeans
ofthesecondarymeansoflaunchingwithouttheoperating
crewonboard,andthenmaneuveredinthewaterbythe
operatingcrew.Theaimistopreventaccidentswithlifeboats
occurringduringabandonshipdrills.Theamendmentis
expectedtoenterintoforceon1July2008.
Q15)WHATARETHESAFETYFEATURESINAIR
COMPRESSORS?
ANS)EveryAircompressoronashipisfittedwithseveralsafety
featurestoavoidabnormalanddangerousoperationalerrorsof
theequipment.Ifsafety,alarmsandtripsarenotpresentonthe
aircompressor,abnormaloperationmayleadtobreakdownof
thecompressorandmayalsoinjureapersonworkingonor
aroundit.
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1.Reliefvalve:Fittedaftereverystagetoreleaseexcess
pressuredevelopedinsideit.Thesettingoftheliftingpressure
increasesaftereveryascendingstage.
2.copperBurstingdisc:Aburstingdiscisacopperdisc
providedattheairsideofthecompressor.Itisasafetydisc,
whichburstswhenthepressureexceedsoverthepre
determinedvalue.
3.Fusibleplug:Generallylocatedonthedischargesideofthe
compressor,itfusesiftheairtemperatureishigherthanthe
operationaltemperature.Thefusibleplugismadeupof
material,whichmeltsathightemperature.
4.LubeOillowpressurealarmandtrip:Ifthelubeoil
pressuregoeslowerthanthenormal,thealarmissounded
followedbyacutouttripsignaltoavoiddamagetobearings
andcrankshaft.
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5.Waterhightemperaturetrip:Iftheintercoolersarechoked
ortheflowofwaterisless,thentheaircompressorwillget
overheated.Toavoidthissituationhighwatertemperaturetrip
isactivatedwhichcutoffsthecompressor.
6.Waternoflowtrip:Iftheattachedpumpisnotworkingor
theflowofwaterinsidetheintercoolerisnotenoughtocool
thecompressorthenmovingpartinsidethecompressorwill
getseizedduetooverheating.Anoflowtripisprovidedwhich
continuouslymonitortheflowofwaterandtripsthe
compressorwhenthereisnone.
7.MotorOverloadtrip:Ifthecurrenttakenbymotorduring
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runningorstartingisveryhighthenthereisapossibilityof
damagetothemotor.Anoverloadtripisthusfittedtoavoid
suchsituation.
8.HighAirTemperatureTrip
Q16)PROCEDUREFOROVERHAULOFA/E?
ANS)D'carbofauxiliaryengineisnothingbutthecarryingout
ofcertainroutinesatintervalsprescribedbythemanufacturer
orexperience.Normallythefollowingshouldbedoneduringa
marinedecarbtofreetheenginefromanomalies
Every3000hrs
1.takeoutcylinderhead,takethewornoutmountings
and/oroverhaulthemountings
2.Allunitscylinderhead,piston,connectingrod,and
3.turbochargertobeoverhauled
4.Cleansumptankandfillwithfreshlubeoil
5.Takecrankshaftdeflectionbeforeandafterremovalof
bearings
6.Whateveractionstakenshouldberecordedinthe
maintenancerecordbook
D'carbpreparation:
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1.Makesuretheallstandbyauxiliaryenginesareready
2.Keepallthespecialtoolsandothertoolsready
3.Gothroughthepreviousrecords/manualforclearance
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andadjustments
4.Putthedisplaycard"MENATWORK","DON'TSTART"
5.Closeairbottlevalvetoauxiliaryengineandenginestart
andstopvalve
6.Seethattheturningbarisnotintheflywheelandshould
beinplace
7.Opentheindicatorcocks
8.Ifthemainbearingistoberemoved,checkcrankshaft
deflections
9.Closelubeoil,fueloil,freshwaterinlet/outletvalve,drain
thecoolingwaterlineandremoveconnections
A)Removalofcylinderhead:
Scavenge manifold, exhaust manifold , rocker arm, lube oil
drain connection from rocker arm, rocker arm tank and
coverconnectiontoberemoved
Fueloilhighpressureconnectionfromfuelpumptothe
injector,fuelvalvecoolingconnectionsinandout
(eitherdieselorwater)toberemoved
Removetherockerarmassemblyandthepushrod.Remove
allthemountingssuchasstartingvalve,indicatorcock,
reliefvalveandexhaustvalveassembly
Removetherockercoverandcheckanymarkingon
cylinderheadnutsandstuds.Ifnotorquespanneris
available,notedownthemarkings.
Openthecylinderheadnutwithboxspannerandextension
rod.Neverusethetorquespanner.Withboxspanner
availablenotedownthemarking.
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Putthecylinderheadliftingtoolandbeforeliftingmake
surealltheconnectionsareremoved.Alsoensurethat
thelinerisnotremovedalongwiththecylinderhead
Takeoutthecopperjointbetweentheheadandtheliner
CYLINDERHEADBEFORECLEANING
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EXHAUSTV/VBEFORE
CLEANING
Removalofpistonandconnectingrod:
Afterliftingthehead,checkthelinersurfaceforscore
marks,blowpastetc.Crackremovetheridgesor
depositsifanyonthetopsurfacetoavoidtheliftingof
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lineralongwiththepistonandbreakageofpistonrings
whileliftingpiston
Openthecrankcasedoorandremovethebottomend
bearingboltsafterremovingthelockarrangementand
theremovethebolts
Removethebottomhalfofthebottomendbearing
BringthepistontoTDC.Makesuretheboltholesonthe
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pistontop;liftingtoolholesmustbeclearedfrom
carbondeposits.Threadsshouldalsobecheckedand
cleared
Putthepistonliftingtoolsandtightenthebolts
Liftthepistonandremovetopshellofbottomendbearing
Placethepistononthepistonstandandcoverthecrankcase
pintoavoidtheforeignmaterialdamagingthecrankpin.
PISTONWITHRINGSB4CLEANINGPISTONWITHOUTRING
B4CLEANING
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PISTONAFTERCLEANING
REMOVAL
CONNECTINGROD
Cleaningthecarboncontentonallthepartsofengine:
Cleanthepistonrings,measuredimensionsandkeepthem
inorder
Cleanthepistonringgroovesthoroughlyandmeasurethe
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groovethicknessat3differentpoints
Checkforthedepositsonpistoncrown(Sulphur,carbonor
thickvanadiumdeposits)andmeasurethedimensions
Removethegudgeonpinandcleanthegudgeonlubeoil
holesaswellasthebushorsmallendbearing
Checktheboltsofconnectingrodforanycracks
Every20,000hrsengineconnectingrodboltmustbe
replaced
Ifnewpistonringsaregoingtobereplaced,thenthereisno
needformeasurement
Calibratethelinerthicknessbyusingtemplate
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LINERB4CLEANINGCOOLINGWATERSIDEOFLINER(EXTERNALVIEW)
COOLINGWATERSPACEINSIDEENGINELINERAFTERHONING
PROCESS
PISTONPINREMOVALCONNECTINGRODCLEANING
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BOTTOMENDBEARINGBEFORECLEANING
BOTTOMENDBEARINGAFTERCLEANING
Assemblyoftheengineparts:
Firstputthepistonringsonebyoneandmeasurethebutt
clearanceforalltherings
Thenmeasuretheaxialclearancebetweenpistonrings&
grooves
Placethepistonguideontopofthelinerandbringthe
particularcrankshafttoTDC.Applysufficientlubeoil
andstartloweringthepiston.Makesurethatbuttgap
shouldnotbeinlineitmaycauseblowpast
Beforeengagingcheckthecrankpinforanycracksor
scratch
Checkthebottomendbearingclearanceandifneeded
measurethemainbearingclearanceaswell
Taperclearanceischecked
Checkforanycracksinthewaterjacketandinthecylinder
head
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Replaceallrubberjointsandcoppergaskettobeputonthe
cylindercover
Putthecylinderheadgasketinthetopofthecylinder
Antiseizurecoatingorpowderlikemolycote,copperslip
shouldbeused.Itisappliedtoavoidanyseizuremainly
onthethreadsorjointsanditwillbeeasierwhile
removal
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Tightenthecylindermountingaccordingtotorquespecified
asinmanualandmakeallconnectionlikelubeoil,fuel,
jacketcoolingwaterconnectionsetc
Fittherockerarmback
DECARBISDONETOINCREASETHEEFFICIENCYOF
ENGINE.
Q17)HOWWILLYOUDECIDETOCHANGETHEPISTON
RING?
ANS)
1. BYCHECKINGTHEBUTTCLEARANCE.IFITSVALUEHAS
BEENINCREASEDTHANTHENORMALRANGE.
2. IFITSAXIALCLEARANCEHASBEENINCREASEDTHANTHE
NORMALRANGE.
3. BYCHECKINGTHEVISUALCONDITIONOFPISTONRING.
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Q18)WHATALLCHECKSTOBEDONEINLIFTINGGEAR?
(E/RLIFTINGCRANE)
ANS)
1. CHECKTHECONDITIONOFWIREROPE&GREASEIT.
2. CHECKTHEVISUALCONDITIONOFCHAIN.
3. CHECKTHELIMITSWITCHESINFORWARD,AFT,PORT&
STBDDIRECTIONAREWORKING.
4. CHECKTHEPROPERWORKINGOFEMERGENCY
BUTTON.
5. CHECKTHEVISUALCONDITIONOFINSULATEDCOVER.
6. CHECKOVERLOADTRIPWORKINGSATISFACTORY.
7. CHECKVISUALCONDITIONOFCHAINBLOCK,NO
CRACKSSHOULDBETHERE.
8. CHECKTHATSAFETYLATCHISTHEREONCHAIN
BLOCK.
Wirerope,limitswitches,chain,chainblock,overloadtrip,
emergencybutton,safetylatch
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Q19)WHATALLCHECKSTOBEDONEONPISTON?
ANS)Pistoninspectiononshipsispartoftheengineplanned
maintenanceschedule(PMS)carriedouttoensurethe
componentsiswithintheallowedtolerances.Therearetwo
methodsofinspection:whenthepistonhasbeenremoved
fromthelinerorinspectionthroughthelinerscavengesports.
a)PistonRemovedforInspection:
Thisexaminationwillbeundertakeninamodularformat,
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sincethepistoncanbedividedintovariouscomponents.
PistonCrown
Checkforanyburningattoppartofthepiston.
Checkanywearatthesidewallsofthecrownandonring
grooves.
Checkforanycracksattopduetothethermaland
mechanicalstress,checkalsoforhightemperature
corrosion.
Checkanysignsofhotcorrosionatthetopsurfaceand
acidiccorrosionatthelowerpart.
PistonRingsandGrooves
Checkforthefreemovementofthepistonrings.
Checktheringclearance/grooveclearance.
Inspectforanywear,steppingandforscuffing.
PistonSkirtandSidewall
Checkforanyrubbingmarks.
Inspectforanyweardownofwearrings.
CoolingWaterPassage
Checkforanyscaleduetopoorwatertreatment.
Chokingduetohightemperature.
Finallyinspectthelockingbolts;wires,studsandOring
condition
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b)MaintenanceSchedule:
Periodicinspectionhastobedonewhentheengineisnot
running.Itcanbecarriedoutasaboveorbyenteringthe
scavengespaceandinspectingthepistonandpistonrings
throughthescavengeports,withthepistonbroughtinlineby
rotatingtheengineviaaturninggear.
OverhaulingthepistonasperPlannedMaintenance
Schedule(PMS).
Monitoringoftheconditionofthepistonandthepistonrings
bythecompressioncurveoftheindicatordiagramthrough
processanalysis.
Theimagesshownbelowshowexamplesoftwomeansof
inspection.
Inspectionofpistonandringsthroughthescavengeport
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Pistonremovedforcloserinspection
EmergencyRepairofPistonCrown:
Oncetheabovecheckshavebeencarriedout,whatactionscan
betakenifsomevaluesorobservationsareoutwiththe
specifications?Givenbelowisalistofcommonfaultsthatmight
befoundduringinspectionandmeanstomaketemporary
emergencyrepairs.
Gaugepistoncrownandascertainshapeandweardown.If
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itisbeyondrecommendedlimits,replacethepistonifthereisaspare
available.Ifnot,rebuildtheengineandproceedtothenearestportat
reducedrevolutionsandarrangereplacement.Thecrownheadshould
notbeweldedexceptinadireemergencyandeventhenonlybyan
experiencedwelder.Rememberthatmoderndieselenginepistons
haveaspecialliningofhightemperaturealloyonthetopofthecrown.
Thismeasureimprovesresistancetocorrosionaswellastohigh
combustiontemperaturesthatthepistontopisexposedto
Examinethecrownforfracturesorcracks,andiffoundthepistonshould
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bechanged.Ifnospareisavailablethesecanbeweldedto
manufacturersspecifications;usingthecorrectalloyweldingrods,
againasameanstoproceedtothenearestportatreducedrevolutions
forareplacement.
Dismantled piston rings should be kept in sequential order so as not to
interchangetheringswhenrefittingtothepiston.
Oncerepairsarecomplete,replacethepistonringsandcheckfor
normalbuttclearance.
Ifthebuttclearanceismoreorlessthanthenormalrange,thenreplace
thepistonringswithnewsetofpistonrings.
Note:ItwouldbeanextraordinarypredicamenttobeinwhereasaChief
Engineeryousailedwithoutmainenginepistonspares.However,strange
thingshappenatsea,maybethespareshavebeenalreadyused,andyou're
awaitingdeliveryofreplacements.
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Ifanyoftheaboverepairsarecarriedout,itisimperativethat
aclosewatchiscarriedoutontheappropriatecylinderwith
theexhausttemperaturescloselymonitoredaswellasthe
pistoncoolingmediumtemperatures.
Q23)WHATISPURPOSEOFTAPPETCLEARANCE&HOW
ITISDONE?
ANS)Tappetclearanceisaspacebetweenthetopofthevalve
stemandtherockerarm.Itspurposeistoallowforsome
mechanicalexpansionandlengtheningofthevalvestemand
pushrodsastheenginewarmsup.Thisclearanceisalsocalled
valvelash.
Ifinsufficient(lowerclearance)valvelashissetwhenthe
engineiscoldthevalveswillnotproperlyclosewhenthe
enginewarmsuporearlyopeningofthevalve..Iftoomuchlash
isprovided(additionalclearance)thenevenaftertheengine
warmsuptherewillbesomeclearance,whichwillresultinlost
motion.Lostmotionmeanthatasthecamtriestoopenthe
valvethepushrodandrockerarmmovestofirsttakeupthe
clearancebeforetouchingthevalvetoopenthevalve.The
resultislateopeningofthevalve.
Whencheckingtappetclearanceonmarineengines,wehaveto
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ascertainthatthepistonisatTDC.Thoughmarkingsare
providedontheflywheel,themarineengineermustknowthe
othermethodsforthislikeinspectionofthecamshaftandthe
fuelpumpwindow.
Duringthemaintenanceofafourstrokemarinedieselengine
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therearetimeswhenwemustknowwhethertheparticular
unitspistonisatthetopdeadcenterornot.Forexamplewhen
checkingthetappetclearancesoftheengineitisimportantto
knowwhichunitisatTDC.
Referringtotheflywheelwouldindicatetwounits,butonly
onecanbeatinjectionTDC.Sowhichoneisit?
FlywheelMethod:
Theflywheelisthesimplestmethodtoknowwhichunitisat
TDC.Iftheflywheelshowstwounits,simplyopenthebonnet
coversandchecksvisually.TheunitatTDCwillhaveboththe
inletandtheexhaustvalveclosedandhencerelaxedsprings;
theotherunitwouldhaveboththearmsoftherockerarmat
differentlevels.InadditionthepushrodsoftheunitatTDC
wouldbelooseandcanbeturnedbyhandbecauseofthe
releaseoftheclearances.Thereisawordofcautionhowever:
thismethodisonlyusefulinaworkinggenerator,whichyou
havejuststoppedtocheckthetappetclearances.Incaseyou
haveremovedtherockerarmsforanyreasonthespringheight
andthepushrodfreenesscheckwouldleadyounowhereand
misguideyou.
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DialGaugeMethod:
Inthismethodthefuelinjectoristakenoutandfromthe
openingadialgaugeisputinside.Thentheturninggearis
engagedandtheengineturnedover.Thepointerofthedial
gaugewillmoveinonedirectionandthenstopandstartin
oppositedirection.Themomentthepointerofthedialgauge
stopsandchangesitsdirectionofmovementistheTDCofthe
unit.Thismethodisnotnormallyusedindaytodaypractice,
butmaybeusedinthecalibrationoftheflywheelifitisnot
calibrated,oraftersomerepairs
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CamshaftMethod:
Thecamshaftwindowoftheenginecanbeopenedupandthe
camshaftinspected.Thecamoftheenginehasabasecircle,
andaccelerationanddwellperiods.Iftherollerofthefollower
isatthebasecircle,thentheparticularvalveisclosedbyspring
action.Whenboththeexhaustvalveandtheinletvalve
followerareonthebasecircle,thentheunitisalsoatTDC.It
mustberememberedthatasafourstrokeenginehastwo
rotationsofthecrankshaftthereisoneinjectionTDCwherethe
injectionandthecombustiontakeplace.Thesecondtimethe
pistonisatTDCiswhentheexhaustingofthefluegasestakes
place.ItisveryimportanttoidentifythecombustionTDC,as
tappetshavetobeadjustedatthatpoint.
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CamProfile
CrankcaseMethod:
Inthismethodthecrankcasedoorsareopenedupandthe
pistonisvisuallycheckedwhetherisgoingupordown.Thisis
thesurestmethod,butabitcumbersome.Itshouldbeused
whenyouhaveastrongdoubtabouttheothermethods.
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ValveSpringMethod:
Thisisnotanindependentmethodbutisusedinconjunction
withtheflywheelmethod.Inthismethodiftheflywheelis
indicatingtwounits,youcancheckthespringsofboththe
units.TheunitinwhichthespringsarelooseistheoneatTDC.
Thecautionisthatthismethodisusefulforanengineinuse.If
youhaveremovedtherockerarmsduringtheoverhauland
thereafteryouwanttousethismethodthenitcancause
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errors.
PushRodMethod:
Thismethodislikethespringmethodandyoucheckthatthe
pushrodsarefreetoturn.TheunitatTDCwillhaveloose
springs.Thecarethatmustbetakenisthatitshouldbeused
alongwiththeflywheelmethodandshouldbeusedina
workingengine.Byaworkingengine,Imeantheenginethat
wasrunningandhasbeenstoppedfortappetsadjustment.
Loosenthelocknutoftherockerarm.
TAPPETADJUSTMENT:
Nowadjustthetappetclearancebetweentherockerarm&
valvestembytighteningorloosingthenutbelowthelocknut.
Iftappetclearanceisless:
I.Valvewillopenearly&closelate
ii. Airinducedthroughinletvalvemayleakout.Solessairfor
combustion.
iii. Powerwillbereduced.
iv. Fuelconsumptionwillincrease,enginemaybecome
unbalanced,exhausttemp.willbeveryhigh.
v. Inworstcondition,valvemayremainopen,resultinginloss
ofcompressionpressure,burningofexhaustvalve,T/Cfouling
willincrease.
Iftappetclearanceismore:
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I.Valvewillopenlate&closeearly.
ii. LesserheatenergytoT/C,soreductioninscavengeair&
hencepower.
iii. Noproperremovalofgases.
iv. Hammeringofvalvestemmaycausedamagetovalvestem.
Q24)whattocheckifEngineisnotstartingonairandfuel?
ANS)EnginenotstartingonAir:
* Lowairbottlepressureorairlinevalvemaybeshut.
* Airbottleisolatingvalveorautomaticvalveordistributornot
functioning.
* Controlairvalvesfaultyorlesscontrolairpressure.
* Startairautomaticvalvejammed.
* Turninggearengaged.
* Reversinghasnottakenplacecompletely.
* Controlvalveforfuelorstartisnotinitsendposition.
* Burstingdiaphragmonstartairlinedamaged.
* Fuelleveronmaneuveringstandnotonremotemode.
* Auxiliaryblowernotrunningornotonautomode.
* Emergencystophasactivated.
* Interlockisoperated.
*Cylinderairstartvalvedefectiveorsticky.
*Pistonnotinfiringmode.
Enginenotstartingonfuel:
*Lessfuelinservicetank.
* Fuelfilterischocked.
* Fuelsupplypumpsnotdeliveringrequiredpressure.Orfuel
pumptripped.
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* Fuellevelonlocalmaneuveringstand,isnotonremotestand.
* Fuelrackstuck.
* Fuelpumpmalfunctioning,jammedplunger.
* Injectornozzleneedlestickingorholesblocked.
* Compressionpressureistoolowduetobrokenpistonringor
exhaustvalvenotclosingproperly.
* Fuelpumpreliefvalveleaking.
* Startairpressureinsufficienttoturntheenginefastenough.
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Q25)WHATTOCHECKIFENGINEISNOTCOMING
ONLOAD?
ANS)*CHECKVOLTAGEOFBUSBAR&INCOMING
GENERATOR,BOTHSHOULDBESAME.
* CHECKFREQUENCYOFBUSBAR&INCOMINGGENERATOR,
BOTHSHOULDBESAME.
* POWERFACTORISOK.
* SYNCHRONISINGPROCEDURESHOULDBECORRECT.
* ALWAYS BEFORE PARALLELING INCOMING GENERATORS
PARAMETERSHOULDBEINOPERATIONALRANGE.
Q26)WHYINUMSCLASSSHIPSTHEGENERATORENGINE
ISSTARTEDAUTOMATICALLYWITHOUTOPENING
INDICATORCOCKGIVINGATRIALSTART?
ANS)INENGINEROOMS,WHICHHAVEWATERMISTFIRE
FIGHTING SYSTEM INSTALLED, THIS PROCEDURE IS NOT
FOLLOWEDBECAUSEWHENTHEENGINEISGIVENA
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MANUALKICKWITHOPENINDICATORCOCKS,SMALL
AMOUNTOFSMOKECOMESOUTOFTHEHEADSWHICHCAN
LEADTOFALSEFIREALARM,RESULTINGINRELEASEOF
WATERMISTINTHESPECIFIEDAREA.
Q27)WHATALLTRIPS&ALARMSAREPRESENTIN
AUXILIARYENGINES?
ANS)Thevarioustripsandalarmsarementionedasfollows
Alternatorbearinglowoillevelalarm&trip
Alternatorbearinghightemperaturelubeoilalarm&trip
Lowsumpoillevelalarmandtrip
Lubelowoilpressurealarmandtrip
Reversecurrenttrip
Overspeedtrip
Overloadtrip
Highandlowfrequencytrip
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Jacketcoolingwaterlowpressurealarm
Q28)WHATALLPRECAUTIONSSHOULDBETAKENTO
STARTAUXILIARYENGINEAFTEROVERHAUL?
ANS)
* Turnenginethroughflywheelforcheckinganyrestrictions.
*Watertightnesstobechecked.
* Airtoberemovedfromjacketwateroutletline.
* Priminglubeoilpumptorunbeforestartingtheengine.
* Checkthelubeoillevel.
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* Checktheflowoflubeoil.
* Blowthroughtheenginebeforestarting.
Q29)HOWTOCHANGEPURIFIERINTOCLARIFIER?
ANS)MainDifferences:
Themaindifferencebetweenaclarifierandapurifieristhe
presenceofadamringinthelatter.Inapurifier,theinterface
orthelineofseparationbetweentheoilandwateriscreated
usingadamring.Thepositionofthedamringplaysan
importantroleinthegenerationofinterfaceandthusinthe
clarifyingprocess.Forexample,ifthediameterofdamringis
large,theinterfacemovesouttowardstheperipheryandasa
resultsomeoilisdischargedwithwaterfromthewateroutlet.
Also,ifthediameterissmall,theinterfaceformedwillbemore
inwardsandwaterwillbedischargedwiththeoilfromtheoil
outlet.
Thediameterofholesinthedamringsalsoplaysanimportant
roleinthecreationofinterfaceandpurificationprocess.Ifthe
diameteroftheholesismore,theinterfaceisformedtowards
theperipheryandoilglobulesarefoundwithwaterandsludge.
Ifthediameterislesstheoilwaterinterfacemovesinwards
andwaterisreleasedwiththecleanoildischarged.
However,clarifiersdonothaveadamringbuthaveasealing
ringwhichsealsthewateroutlet.Thispreventstheimpurities
andwatertoremaininsidethebowlunlessopeningthe
cleansingbowldischargesthemautomaticallyormanually.
Also,theconicaldiscsinaclarifierusuallydonthavefeed
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holesinthembutiftheydo,thenadiscwithoutanyholesis
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fittedatthebottomofthestack.
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PurifiersandClarifiersdifferonlyinthatclarifiersarenotset
uptoremovewater.Theirdesignaresimilartothepointthat
mostpurifiersfoundonboardcanbeconvertedtouseasa
clarifierwithsimplealterationofthegravitydisc
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Q30)HOWTOSELECTDAMNRINGFORPURIFIER?
ANS)Fromthemonogramprovidedwithmanual,whichis
drawnwithrespecttoviscosityofoil&whichsizedamnring
tobeused.
Ifmonogramnotthere,then
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a. ChiefEngineersexperiencewillcomeintouse.
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Thegraphshownaboveisonetypicalofonefoundinapurifier
instructionbookforselectingappropriategravitydiscsize.
Shownonthediagramisanexampleofanoilofsg0.93at0'C.
Thesgat15'Cforusewiththisgraphisfoundbyprojecting
alongahorizontallineto15'C.Thisstepwouldbeomittedifthe
sgat15'Cwerealreadyknown.Alineisthendrawnparallelto
thepredrawnslopinglines.Wherethedrawnslopinglinecuts
theappropriateoilsupplytemperatureisothermalthenThis
becomestheselectionpointforthedisc.Thisisfoundsimplyby
ascertainingwhichsizebandthepointliesin.
Q31)WHATTOCHECKIFPURIFIERISOVERFLOWING?
ANS)
* Sizeofgravitydisc.
* Highthroughput.
* Temperatureoftheoil.
* Operatingwaterlevelintank.
* Sealingwaterisnotpresentinpurifier.
* Bowlisnotclosedproperly.
* Sealringisdamaged.
* Bymistakeifbowlopeningwaterisfeeded.
* Increasingthespecificgravityoftheoilwilltendtopushthe
interfaceoutletandcauseoverflowfromtheheavyphase
outletuntiltheequilibriumisrestored.
Q32)HowtostopAuxEngineifnotstoppingbystop
handle?
ANS)
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a. Pullthefuelracktozeroposition.
b. Operateanytrip.
Q33)WHATAREALLTRIPS&ALARMSAREPRESENTIN
PURIFIER?
ANS)Typicalalarmsandshutdowns:
Thefollowinggivesagenerallistofalarmsonlysomeof
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whichmaybefitted.
BackPressureshutdownthismeasuresthe
dischargeoilpressureandalarmsandinitiatesa
shutdownwhenbelowasetvalue
o
Heavyphaseoverflow.Oilhasamuchhigher
viscositythanwater.Theheavyphaseoutletisledto
asmallcatchmenttankcontainafloat.Theoutlet
fromthetankisrestrictedinsuchawaythatwater
flowsfreelybutoiltendstobackup.Thisinitiatesan
alarmandshutdown
o
Bowlnotopenthismaybedoneinseveralways,
typicallybyaleverswitchoperatedbythe
dischargedsludgehittingastrikerplate.Theother
methodisbymeasuringthemotorcurrent,whenthe
bowlopensthebowlspeedisdraggeddowndueto
frictioneffectsofthedischargingsludgeandwater.
Themotorcurrentrisesuntilfullspeedisre
established.Thisisdetectedbyacurrentsensing
relay
o
WaterinoilThisfoundonmoderndesignswhichhavea
detectionprobemountedintheoildischarge
o
Hightemperaturealarmandshutdown
o
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o
Low control/seal water pressure. Where control
waterissuppliedviaafixedsmallheadertanksa
floatswitchmaybefitted.
Q34)HOWTOCHARGETHEGASINREFRIGERATION
SYSTEM?
ANS)*Closethereceiveroutletvalveandcollectthegasinthe
receiver.
*Onceallgasiscollectedinreceiverthenshutthecompressor
suctionvalve.
Checktheliquidlevel,ifitisbelowL/3,Chargingisreqd.
Checktheweightoftherefrigerantbottle&keepit
upright.
Connectthecharginglinetotheconnectingpointand
keepitloose.
Openthebottlevalveslightlyandpurgethelineintothe
collectingcylinderandthentightentheconnection.
Openthechargingvalveandfullyopenthebottlevalve.
Checktheliquidlevelinthesightglassandmakesureno
airbubblepresentinthesystem.
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Closethechargingvalveandthebottlevalve.
Openthereceiveroutletvalve&startthecompressor.
Carryoutleakdetectiontest.
Checkthesuctionpressure&dischargepressure.
Q35)WHATISPROPERTYOFIDEALREFRIGERANT?
ANS)RequiredPropertiesofIdealRefrigerant:
1) Therefrigerantshouldhavelowboilingpointandlow
freezingpoint.
2) Itmusthavelowspecificheatandhighlatentheat.Because
highspecificheatdecreasestherefrigeratingeffectperkgof
refrigerantandhighlatentheatatlowtemperatureincreases
therefrigeratingeffectperkgofrefrigerant.
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3) Thepressuresrequiredtobemaintainedintheevaporator
andcondensershouldbelowenoughtoreducethematerial
costandmustbepositivetoavoidleakageofairintothe
system.
4) Itmusthavehighcriticalpressureandtemperaturetoavoid
largepowerrequirements.
5) Itshouldhavelowspecificvolumetoreducethesizeofthe
compressor.
6) Itmusthavehighthermalconductivitytoreducetheareaof
heattransferinevaporatorandcondenser.
7) Itshouldbenonflammable,nonexplosive,nontoxicand
noncorrosive.
8) Itshouldnothaveanybadeffectsonthestoredmaterialor
food,whenanyleakdevelopsinthesystem.
9) Itmusthavehighmiscibilitywithlubricatingoilandit
shouldnothavereactingproperlywithlubricatingoilinthe
temperaturerangeofthesystem.
10) ItshouldgivehighCOPintheworkingtemperaturerange.
Thisisnecessarytoreducetherunningcostofthesystem.
11) Itmustbereadilyavailableanditmustbecheapalso.
ImportantRefrigerants:
Propertiesat150C
(1) Ammonia(NH3)(R717)
Latentheat=1312.75kJ/Kg
Specificvolume=0.509m3/kg
(2) DichloroDifluoromethane(Freon12)(R12)[CCl2F2]
Latentheat=162kJ/Kg
Specificvolume=0.093m3/kg
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(3) DifluoromonochloromethaneorFreon22(R22)[CHCl
F2]
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Latentheat=131kJ/Kg
SpecificVolume=0.15m3/kg.
Q36)EXPLAINTHEPROPERTYOFLUBRICANTUSEDIN
REFRIGERATIONSYSTEM?
ANS)Forsatisfactoryperformance,allrefrigerationlubricants
mineraloilorsyntheticmustbecompatiblewiththe
refrigerantinthesystemandhavethefollowingrequirements:
1. Goodmiscibilityandsolubilitytoassistingoodoilreturnto
thecompressor,whereitbelongs.
2. Chemicalstabilitytoresistchemicalreactionwiththe
refrigerantorothermaterialspresentinthesystem.
3. Thermalstabilitytoeliminateexcessdepositsatcompressor
hotspots.
4. Lowwaxcontenttopreventseparationofflocculentwax
fromtheoilmixtureatthelowtemperaturepointsinthe
system.
5. Lowpourpointtopreventseparatedlubricantfrom
congealingandrestrictingflow.
6. Properviscosity,evenwhendilutedwithrefrigerant,to
ensurehighfilmstrengthatelevatedoperatingtemperatures
andstillprovidegoodfluidityundercoldestoperating
conditions.
8.Nocontaminationtopreventscarringofbearingsurfaces,pluggingoflines
oroilportsandgeneraldeterioration.
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Somemajorcompressormanufacturerspreferalkylbenzenerefrigerationoil
forsomeapplicationswithHCFCrefrigerantblendssuchasR22,R123and
R401A.However,alkylbenzenerefrigerationoilwiththeproperviscosity
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canbeusedwithmostCFCandHCFCrefrigerantsaswellashydrocarbons
andammoniainmostrefrigerationandairconditioningapplications.
The benefits of highquality alkyl benzene lubricants are high miscibility,
low foaming, excellent thermal stability, very low flock points and good
compatibility:
1. Highmiscibility:Miscibilityistheabilityoftherefrigerantandlubricant
tostaytogetherasonehomogeneoussolution.Alkylbenzenehasexcellent
miscibilitywithCFCandHCFCrefrigerants,resultingintheoiland
refrigerantremainingasonemixtureatawiderangeoftemperaturesand
pressures.
2. Lowfoaming:Thelowfoamingqualityofalkylbenzenereduces
carryoveratcompressorstartupandsubsequentoillossfromthe
crankcase.
3. Excellentthermalstability:Alkylbenzenecanenhancethelifeof
refrigerationsystemsbyprovidingbetterthermalstabilityinthepresenceof
CFCandHCFCrefrigerants.Itresistschangeunderhightemperatures,
reducingproblemswithsludge,acidsandcopperplating.
4. Verylowflockpoints:Theflockpointisthehighesttemperatureatwhich
waxlikematerialsprecipitatefromtheoilintherefrigerationsystem.
Becausealkylbenzeneisasyntheticlubricant,itcontainslittleornoparaffin
orwax,whichcanpluguppartsofasystem.Thiscanbeverydesirablein
lowtemperatureapplications.
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5.Goodcompatibility:Alkylbenzenecanbeblendedwithmineraloilof
thesameviscosity.Itwillnotaffectmotorinsulationandiscompatible
withmostelastomersandadditivesoftenusedtoimprovelubricity.
Preventingcontaminationproblemsisextremelycriticalintherefiningand
handlingofallrefrigerationoils.Greatcaremustbeusedtoassurethat
refrigerationoilisfreeofmoistureandothercontaminants.Service
techniciansmustensurethatoilremainscleananddry.
Q37)EXPLAINTHEPROCEDUREOFCHARGINGTHEOILINTO
REFRIGERATIONPLANT?
ANS)Mostlyshipshavehandp/pprovidedwhichdevelopmorepressure
thantheinsidepressure
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Q38)WHATDOWECHECKIFTEMPERATUREOFANYONE
ROOMISNOTCOMINGDOWN?
ANS)1.IFROOMDOORISNOTCLOSEDPROPERLY.
2. PARTICULARROOMSINSULATIONISBAD.
3. PARTICULARROOMSFANISNOTRUNNING.
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4. EVAPORATOROFTHATROOMISFROSTED.
5. EXPANSIONVALVEFORTHATROOMISBLOCKED.
6. SOLENOIDISNOTWORKINGFORTHATROOM.
Q39)WHATALLTHINGSTOBECHECKIFALLROOMS
TEMPERATUREISNOTCOMINGDOWN?
ANS)1.COMPRESSORISNOTRUNNINGWELL.
2. PRESENCEOFMOISTUREINSYSTEM&DRIERISNOT
WORKINGPROPERLYDUETOTHISEXPANSIONVALVEOF
ALLROOMSAREGETTINGBLOCKED.
3. LESSREFRIGERANTINSYSTEM.
Q40)WHATTODOIFDOMESTICREFRIGERATIONPLANT
ISSHORTCYCLING?
ANS)REASONS:
* L.PCutoutisdefective.
* L.PCutoutsettingnotcorrect,toolowdifficultforCutIn.
* Lessergasflow
* Lessgasinsystem.
* DrierChoked.
* ExpansionvalvefilterchokedorExpansionvalve
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Malfunction.
* EvaporatorChoked.
* Compressorvalvesleaking.
Actions:
a. CheckL.P.cutoutsetting,cutoutpressureOK.
b. Checkflowofgasbyseeingsightglass,whichshouldshow
fullflowofrefrigerant.
c. Ifnofullfloweitherlessgasordrierchocked,changethe
drier.
d. Checklevelinreceiver,iflow,thenchargesgas.
e. Expansionvalvefilterchoked,thencleanit.
f. ExpansionvalvemalfunctioningChangeit.
g. EvaporatorchokedBlowthruevaporatorwithnitrogen.
Q41)HOWWILLYOUOVERHAULACENTRIFUGALPUMP?
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ANS)Centrifugalpumpshavebeenusedinindustryfora
hundredandfiftyyearsormore.Theyareusedtoconvertthe
energyfromthepumpdrivertokineticandpotentialenergy
intothefluid,viatheimpeller.Theyareusedaboardshipsto
circulateseawaterandfreshwatercoolingforthemainengine.
Aship'sengineroomcontainsseveraldifferenttypesofpumps
includingcentrifugalpumps.
RemovalofPumpforInspectionandMaintenance:
1Isolatepumpelectricalcircuitbreakeronmainswitchboard
andattachawarningnotice.(DoNotOperateMenatWork).
2. Switchoffandlockpumpsupplyatitslocalsupplypanel.
Attachawarningnoticetopumplocalsupplypanel.
3. Closesuctionanddischargevalves,chainandlockhand
wheels.
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4. Openpumpsuctionanddischargepipedrainvalvestobilge
andwhenwaterceasestoflow;crackopenthepipes/pump
flangejointscarefullytoensurethatpumphasdrainedoffand
issafeforopening.
5. Fixashackletoliftingpadeyeabovepumpandhangchain
block;ensuringSWLofblock,slingsandshacklesare
satisfactory.
6. Useacenterpunchtomatch/markcouplingandcasing,then
removethecouplingbolts.
7. Disconnect,fixi/dtagandremovemotorsupplycables;
tapingoverbareendswithinsulatingtape.
8. Connectshackleandslingtomotoreyeboltandliftmotor
clearofpumpusingoverheadchainblock.Laymotoronits
sideoutofharmsway,protectingmachinedsurfacesonboth
pumpandmotorcouplinghalvesagainstdamage.(Cardboard
andmaskingtapeisquickandefficientmethod.)
9. Disconnectallexternalfittingsfrompumpcasinge.g.cooling
pipe,pressuregauge,oilreservoirsandaircock.
10. Remove bolting from top cover and remove cover. Scrape
offoldgasketandcheckmatingsurfaces,andrenewgasketon
assembly.(Lightsmearofgreaseongasket/faces)
11. Thepumpshaftwithimpellercanbeliftedoutofcasing.
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12. Dismantletheimpeller,andremovethewearring.
13. Removetheglandpackinganddisregard;replacingiton
rebuild.Remembertocutendsofpackingat45andstagger
jointswhenrepackinggland.
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InspectionProcedureforPumpandMotor:
Pump:
1. Impeller,pumpshaftandinternalvolute/casingcannowbe
inspectedforerosion,pittingandwear.
2. Ifrequiredrectifypittingorerosionintheimpellerand
casingwithtwopartalloyepoxyputty.(Seemyarticleinthe
Referencesection)
3. Checkmaindriveshaftbearingsandthrustbearingsfor
wearandreplaceifrequired.
4. Checkwearringclearanceusingfeelergauges;inmydayat
seaitwasgeneralpracticeistoreplacewithnewringsat
majoroverhaul.
5. Checkimpeller/shaftkeyandkeywaysfordamageand
unduewear,Unscrewimpellershaftsecuringnutandcheck
threadsareinsatisfactorycondition;retightento
manufacturerstorquesettings.
6. Giveallpartsagoodcleanremovinganydirt/medium
residuebeforereassemblyusingnewpartsasrequired.
7. Enterdateofoverhaulandpartsrenewedinthepump
maintenancerecordcard.
DriveMotor
1.Gripmotordriveshaft/couplingfirmlyandcheckforexcess
axialandlongitudinalmovement.Rotateshaftatspeedby
hand,allowingittoruntoastopwhilstlisteningforexcess
noisefrombearings.Anydoubtoneithercount,thebearings
shouldbereplaced.
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2. Meggercheckmotorwindingstoensurenodampnessis
presentandwindingsareingoodcondition.Anysuspect
readingsindicateafullmotorstriptocheckconditionofrotor
andstator.
3. Ifthesechecksaresatisfactory,greasebearingsasrequired.
Somebearingsarenowsealedforlifeandwillnotrequire
greasing.
ProceduretoStartthePump:
1. Unlockandremovechainsfrominlet/outletvalvewheels
andopenbothvalvesfull.
2. Openaircockandexpelairfromlineandpumpwhile
checkingforanyleaks
3. Turntheshaftcouplingandensureshaftisfreetorotate.
4. Reconnectmotor.
5. Removedangernoticesfrompumppowersuppliesand
reinstatebreakers.
6. Startandrecordcurrentdrawnbythemotorunderstarting
andrunningconditions.Checkandrecordthedischarge
pressure.
Q42)WHATISPURPOSEOFBILGEINJECTIONVALVE?
ANS)wehavebeentalkingaboutvarioustypesofemergency
situationsonboardaship.Needlesstosaysomeofthemost
dangeroussituationsarisenotduetogroundingorcollisionof
ships(thoughtheyareriskytoo)butmainlycouldbedueto
thosesituation,whicheitherinvolveafireorflooding.
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Boththesetypesofemergencies(fireandflooding)involvetheuse/roleof
seawater.Ifthereisafire,seawateristhebiggestresourceofwateravailable
inthesea.Similarlyifitinvolvesfloodingoftheengineroom,cargospacesor
anyotherplaceontheshipforthatmatter;youwouldagainrequirepumping
theseawateroutoftheship.Inboththesecasesyourequirepumps.
We have studied a lot about seawaterpumps, marine bilge pumps and

pipingarrangementonshipsincludingvarioustypesofvalves.
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Soasyoumusthavenoticed,therearetwovalvesincloseproximitynamely
maininjectionvalveandbilgeinjectionvalve.Bothofthemhavetheirown
independentcontrols.Thediameterofthebilgeinjectionvalveiskeptnearly
66%ofthemainvalvediameter,whichdrawswaterdirectlyfromthesea
throughthegrid.Thisisalegalrequirementthatthediameterofthis
injectionvalveisatleast2/3timesthemainsuction,thoughitcanbemore
also.
Hencetheinjectionvalveisanarrangementwherethemainseachestcanbe
bypassedincaseofemergencysothatinsteadofthesea,watergetsdrawn
fromwithintheshipitself.
Thereisastrainerattachedtothebilgeinjectionvalveandthepumpused
forthisvalveisnormallythelargestseawaterpump(orpumps)availablein
theengineroom.Hencethis
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valveisusedtosuckseawaterfromoneofthelowestpointsin
theengineroom,whichyoucanalsoseefromthesketch.This
basicallymeansthatwhenyouneedtoremovealotofwater
fromtheship,yousimplyneedtoopenthisvalveandrunthe
bigpump/s.
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REFERENCE:
http://www.brighthub.com/engineering/marine/articles/485
81.aspx#
ChecksandPrecautions:
Emergencysituationcanariseanytime(thatswhyiscalled
emergency)soitwouldnotbeagoodideatofindout
thatyourvalveisstuckduetorustornonoperation.
Henceitisagoodpracticetocheckfortheoperationas
amatterofroutine.
Thespaceneartheinjectionvalvesshouldbekeptclearof
allobstaclessincenormallyonewouldrushtoopenthe
valveinanactualemergency,andhenceshouldbe
minimalobstaclesinthespacearoundthevalve.
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Notonlyshouldthevalvebeeasilyapproachableand
operational,butitalsoneedstobecheckedregularlyfor
actualsuctionandoperation.Thiscanbedone
occasionallybyactuallyrunningthepumpandtryingto
drawoutwaterfromthebilgespacesusesthisvalve.
Thevalvesshouldbeclearlymarkedsincemoreoftenthan
not,peopledogetconfusedinemergencysituationsand
youcertainlydontwanttobeopeningsomewrong
valveatsuchacriticaltime
Q43)BRIDGEINFORMSLOTOFSMOKECOMINGFROM
FUNNEL.WHATALLTHINGSWESHOULDDO?
ANS)
Reduceloadonengine.
Checkpurifieroperatingalright/reducethroughputto
havebetterpurification.
Drainwaterfromsettling&servicetank.
Checkscavengeairtemperature&adjustifrequired.
Sootblowtheeconomizer.
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Ensure,fueloilendheateroutlettemperatureproper
correspondingtoattainviscosityatthepointofinjection.
Check,ifanyparticularExhausttemperatureishigher
thanothers,ifso,thenstoptheengine,Changethe
injectorwithaspareoverhauledinjector.
Checkallfuelpumptimingsarecorrectornot.
DismantleandcarryoutoverhaulofT/C.
SendfueloilforLaboratoryanalysis.
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Reasons:
Impropercombustion.
BurningofcarbonparticlescollectedatEGE.
Overloadingofengine.
Lotsofsmokeisalsoseeninscavengefire.
Exhaustvalveisdefective.
Fuelvalveisdefective.
Purifiernotworkingefficiently.
Fueloilqualityisbad.
Q44)FLOODINGINENGINEROOM,WHATWILLBEYOUR
ACTION?
ANS)
Informbridge&Chiefengineer.
Raiseengineerscall/emergencyalarm.
Beforestartingbilgepumpnotedownthepositionof
vessel&timeofstarting.
Otherengineerswillinbetweentrytolocatetheholeor
burstofpipeandrepair.
Ifingressofwaterveryhigh,startanotherpump.
Reducetheenginer.p.m.
Changeovermainseawatersuctiontoemergencybilge
suction.
Iflevelisstillcominguptrytoprotectthemotorfrom
shortcircuiting,
Ifsituationisnotcomingincontrol,preparelifeboatfor
lowering.
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Q45)HOWWILLYOUTEST&OVERHAULTHEDEFECTIVE
FUELINJECTOR?
ANS)SafetyPrecautions:
* Checkwhetheralltoolsandsparesareavailableornot.
* Ifso,thenstarttheStandbygenerator.
* Checkallparametersarenormal.
* Nowsharetheloadwiththehelpofsynchroscope.
* Againcheckalltheparametersarewithinnormalrange.
* PutfullloadontheStandbygenerator.
* Stopthegeneratoronwhichworkhastobecarriedout.
* PutMENATWORKtag.
* Shuttheairstartingvalve,fueloilinlet&outletvalvesand
isolatesthesystem.
* Letlubeoilprimingpumprunforhalfhourafterthenstopit.
* Removethelocknutofthehighpressurepipe.
* Now,removethehighpressurepipe.
* Takeoutthefuelinjectorusingittool.
* Putitonthetestingkit.
* Checktheliftingpressure,atomization,pressurefalling
steadily,anddrippingofoil.
* Now,takeouttheinjectorfromthetestingkit,putindiesel
oil&cleanit.
* Makesuretheworkshoptableshouldbeclean,noragsorjute
tobethere.
* Puttheinjectorontheviceandtightenit.
* Loosenthelocknutoftheinjector.
* Nowloosenthecompressionnuttoreleasethespring
pressure,andthentakeoutthespring.
* Openthecapnutandtakeouttheneedleandguide.
* Putthepartsonthecleanedtable.
* Checktheconditionofspringbydroppingonthefloorplate,
itshouldjumpandalsocheckitbytighteningintheviceand
thenreleasing.Thedifferenceinthelength,nocrackstobe
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there.
* Checkvisuallyneedle,thereshouldntbeanyscoringmarks
becauseitismadeofNitritematerial.
* Trytoinserttheneedleinsidetheguide;theneedleshouldon
itsownweight.
* CheckthesizeofinjectingholesbyusingGoorNogogauge.
* IfgogaugeisgoingthenholesizeisOK.
* Ifnogogaugegoing,thenitmeansthesizehasincreased,
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thennozzleneedstobechanged.
* Nowassembletheinjectoranddotheliftingpressuresetting
ontestkitbyadjustingthecompressionnut.
* Afterthischecktheinjectoragainforitsliftingpressure,
atomization,steadyfallofpressureanddripping.
Q46)WHATISBUMPINGCLEARENCEINAIRCOMPRESSOR,
HOWTOMEASUREIT&HOWTOADJUSTIT?
ANS)TheadjustmentofBumpingClearanceisaverycritical
adjustmentoftheclearancevolume.Ifmorethevolumetric
efficiencyofthecompressorsuffersandiflesstheunloaded
pistonmayhitthecylinderheadanddamageboth.Inthisarticle
wediscusstheneedofthisclearanceanditsadjustment.
WhatisBumpingClearance?
Bumpingclearanceasthenamesignifiesisaclearancegivenso
thatthepistonofthemarinereciprocatingcompressorwould
notbumpintoitscylinderhead.Innewcompressorsthe
manufacturersadjustthisclearanceandthemarineengineers
areblissfullyunawareofitsimportance.Howevertheshipdoes
notremainnewforeverandeverymachinedemands
overhaulingandthatiswheretheproblemsstart.Evenroutine
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jobslikeliftingthecylinderheadtochangethelowpressureor
firststagevalvescanchangethebumpingclearanceifthe
correctthicknessgasketsarenotusedoriftheheadisover
tightenedthussqueezingoutthegaskets.Manyengineersmiss
thisvitaladjustmentduringoverhaulofthecompressorsand
efficiencyandfreeairdeliveryofthecompressorsuffers.
BumpingClearanceChangesoverTime
Thebumpingclearanceinanewmachineissetproperlybythe
manufacturersduringconstructionbutoveraperiodoftime
theclearancechangesbecauseofthefollowingreasons:
Wearatthecrankpinbearing.Thecrankpinbearingwears
downduetouseandthisclearancecantravelrightupto
thepistonandanunloadedpistoncanhitthecylinder
head.Thistypeofwearcanberecognizedwhenthe
compressormakesimpactsoundsrunningunloadedat
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thestartingandstoppingoperations.Thistypeofwear
wouldalsobeaccompaniedbyaslowdecreaseinoil
pressureoveraperiodoftime.
Openingupofcylinderheads.Incertaintypesof
reciprocatingcompressorsthecylinderheadhavetobe
removedforthechangingofthefirststagesuctionand
dischargevalves.Whenthecylinderheadisputbackthe
correctthicknessofthecylinderheadgasketsshouldbe
usedotherwiseitwouldchangethebumpingclearance.
Wearonthemainbearings.Overallwearonthemain
bearingswouldlowerthecrankshaftandwouldthus
lowerthepistonandincreasethebumpingclearances.
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SignificanceofBumpingClearance:
Thebumpingclearancemustbeadjustedproperlyotherwise
thereisriskofdamageandlossofefficiency.Ifthebumping
clearancewerelessthevolumetricefficiencywouldincrease
butthereisriskofthepistonhittingthecylinderhead,
especiallywhenthecompressorisunloadedduringstartand
stopping.
Ontheotherhandtoplaysafe,theengineergivesfew
millimetersofextraclearance,thevolumetricefficiencyofthe
compressorwoulddecrease,thefreeairdeliverywillfalland
therewillbeafallinpressure.Theextraclearancewouldresult
inasmallvolumeofairbeingreexpandedeverytimecausing
increaseinairtemperature,fallinefficiencyandoverheatingof
thecompressors.Thiswouldendangertheshipduring
maneuveringbysuddenlossofpropulsion.
HowtoCheckBumpingClearance:
Thebumpingclearancecanbecheckedbythefollowing
methods:
Incaseasuitableopeningisavailablethepistoncanbe
barredtothetopdeadcentreandthenfeelergaugescan
beputinsideandtheclearancescheckedattwothree
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points.
Themoreconvenientmethodistotakeleadwirefromthe
enginestoreandmakeasmallballbasedonthe
expectedclearanceandputitbetweenthepistonand
theheadfromthevalveopening.Thenthepistonis
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slowlyturnedtothetopdeadcentrewiththehelpofa
Tommybar.Afterthatthepistonisagainturneddown
andtheleadwireballisextractedandthethickness
measuredwiththehelpofamicrometer.This
measurementwouldgivethebumpingclearance.
Thecaution,whichmustbeobservedinthesemethodsisthat,
theclearancesofthemainandthecrankpinbearinghavenot
beentakenintoaccount.Thecorrectmethodisthusthatafter
turningthepistontotopdeadcentrethepistonconnectingrod
mustbejackedupwiththehelpofacrowbar.Itisonlyafter
thishiddenclearancehasbeenaccountedfor,willthecorrect
bumpingclearancebefound.
HowtoAdjusttheBumpingClearance:
Thebumpingclearanceoncefoundtobeincorrectwouldhave
tobeadjusted.Themethodsofadjustingthebumping
clearancesareasfollows:
Thecylinderheadgasketscanbechangedtoadifferent
thicknessthusalteringthebumpingclearance.
Theshimsbetweenthefootoftheconnectingrodandthe
bottomendbearingcanbechangedthuschangingthe
bumpingclearance.
Howeverafteradjustingthebumpingclearancetheclearance
shouldbecheckedonceagaintomakesurethatthereisno
errorandtheclearanceiswithintherangeasspecifiedbythe
manufacturers.Itmustbestressedthatcompressorsare
unforgivingandincorrectlymaintainedcompressorshave
claimedmanyalives
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Q47)DURINGMANEUVERINGBURSTINGDISCOFANAIR
COMPRESSORGETDAMAGED.WHATWILLBEYOUR
ACTION?
ANS)
Informthebridgeabouttheproblemandgivelesser
startingairkicks.
Startthestandbycompressor.
Isolatethecompressorwhoseburstingdiscisdamaged.
Coverthemotorofaffectedaircompressortoavoidwater
fallingonit.
Changetheburstingdisc,ifavailableonboard.
Ifnotavailable,thenlettheseawatergointotheEngine
roombilges,otherwiseifFreshwatercooled,thenjoina
flexiblehoseandputintotheexpansiontank.
Q48)EXPLAINTHEOVERHAULINGPROCEDUREFOR
CYLINDERHEAD?
ANS)*ENGINESHUTDOWN.
STARTINGAIRISSHUTOFF&TURNINGGEARIS
ENGAGED.
AIRTOEXHAUSTVALVESPRINGISISOLATED.
FUELOILTOPARTICULARUNITISISOLATED.
COOLINGWATERTOPARTICULARUNITISISOLATED&
DRAINED.
REMOVECOOLINGWATERCONNECTIONS.
REMOVEFUELOILCONNECTIONS.
REMOVESTARTINGAIRCONNECTION.
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REMOVE THE BELLOW PIECE BETWEEN THE EXHAUST
VALVE&MANIFOLD.
DISCONNECT AIR SPRING CONNECTION TO EXHAUST
VALVE.
REMOVE HYDRAULIC PIPE CONNECTION & DRAIN PIPE
CONNECTIONFROMEXHAUSTVALVE.
CLEAN THE THREADS ON CYLINDER COVER STUDS &
CONTACTSURFACESFORJACKS.
LOWERTHETENSIONINGJACKSONTOTHESTUDS.
CONNECTHYDRAULICPUMPSNAPCONNECTORWITHJACK.
INJACK,SCREWONTHELOCKINGRINGUNTILTHEPISTON
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INJACKGOESDOWN&THENSLACKBACKABOUTHALF
TURNOTHERWISETHEJACKCOULDNOTBEABLETO
REMOVEFROMTHENUTOFSTUD.
START THE HYDRAULIC PUMP FOR JACKS & VENT THE AIR
FROMJACKS.
NOW SHUT THE VENTS & RAISE THE HYDRAULIC PUMP
PRESSURETO1000BARS.
DUETOTHISTHECYLINDERHEADSTUDSSTRETCH,
WHICHALLOWSNUTSTOBESLACKENEDBACKBYUSING
ATOMMYBAR.
THEJACKSARETHENREMOVED&THECYLINDERHEADSTUD
NUTSREMOVED.
NOWTHECYLINDERHEADLIFTINGTOOLISATTACHED,THE
HEAD&WATERGUIDERINGLIFTEDUSINGTHEENGINE
ROOMCRANE&LANDEDINASAFEPOSITIONONBLOCKSOF
WOODENPLANKTOPROTECTTHESEATINGFACES.
Q49)EXPLAINTHEPROCEDUREOFOVERHAULINGTHEPISTONOF
LARGEDIIESELENGINE.
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ANS)*ASABOVETHECYLINDERHEAD&WATER
GUIDINGRINGAREREMOVED.
BEFORETHEPISTONCANBELIFTED&REMOVEDFROM
CYLINDERLINER,THEWEARRIDGEATTHETOPOFTHE
LINERMUSTBEREMOVED.IFTHISISNOTDONETHEN
THEPISTONRINGSWILLJAMAGAINSTTHEWEARRIDGE
ASTHEPISTONISREMOVED.
THISISVERYIMPORTANTTOREMOVETHEWEAR
RIDGEBYUSINGAPROPERGRINDINGTOOL,IFDUETO
ANYMISTAKETHELINERGETSDAMAGEDATWEAR
RIDGESPOSITIONi.e.WHENTHEPISTONISATTDC
THISPOSITIONISJUSTBELOWTHETOPRING,THE
DAMAGEWILLLEADTOBLOWBY.
THE PISTON ROD IS NEED TO BE DISCONNECTED FROM
THECROSSHEAD.FORTHISPISTONISMOVEDTOBDC&
TWOJACKSARESCREWEDONTOTHETHREADSOFTHE
STUDSSECURINGTHEPISTONRODTOTHECROSSHEAD.
THEJACKSSHOULDBEPOSITIONEDDIAGONALLY.
ENSURETHATJACKSARESLACKEDBACKABOUTHALF
ATURN,SOTHATTHEYCANBEREMOVEDAFTERTHE
NUTSHAVEBEENLOOSENED.
CONNECTTHESNAPCONNECTOROFHYDRAULICPUMP
TOTHEJACK&ENSURETHATJACKPISTONSAREAT
THEBOTTOMOFTHECYLINDERS.
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VENT THE AIR FROM THE JACKS USING THE VENTING

SCREW&THENRAISETHEPRESSURETO1000BAROR
RECOMMENDEDPRESSUREBYUSINGTHEHYDRAULIC
PUMP&SLACKTHENUTSUSINGTOMMYBAR.
AFTERRELIEVINGTHEPRESSUREONTHEJACKSTHE
PROCESSISREPEATEDFORTHEOTHERTWONUTS.
BOLTTWODISTANCEPIECESTOTHEPISTONROD
FOOT.THESEPUSHTHESTUFFINGBOXOUTOFITS
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HOUSING,WHENTHEPISTONISMOVEDATTDC.NOW
UNBOLTTHESTUFFINGBOX.
CLEANOUTTHETHREADEDHOLESINTHEPISTON
CROWN.BOLTONTHELIFTINGTOOLTOTHEPISTON&
ATTACHENGINEROOMCRANE.
LIFTTHEPISTONFROMTHEENGINE&PLACEIN
CRADLEREADYFORCLEANING&EXAMINATION.
Q50)AUXILIARYBOILEREXTINGUISHES,WHATISYOUR
ACTION?
ANS)Reasons:
Acceptthealarm.
Findoutthereasonforextinguishing:
Iftoolowwaterlevelalarmcame,thencheckpumpis
developingcorrectpressureornot,itisworkingproperly.
Iftrippedonhighpressure,letthesteampressurecome
down.
Fueloillowpressurealarm,thencheckfunctioningof
fuelpump,oilinservicetank.
Fueloillowtemperaturealarm:thenusetheheater.
Flamefailuretrip,thencleanflameeye,checkthefurnace
&overhaultheburner.
Q51)WHATISDYEPENETRATIONTEST?WHYITISDONE?
&HOWITISDONE?
ANS)THISISTHEMOSTCOMMONMETHODUSEDTODETECT
CRACKSINCOMPONENTSONBOARDSHIP.
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PENETRANTISSAMEPENETRATINGOILUSEDTOLOOSEA
RUSTEDNUT&BOLTEXECPTITCONTAINSADYEWHICH
WILLFINDITSWAYINTOTHESMALLESTOFCRACKS,EVEN
THOSEINVISIBLETOTHENAKEDEYE.
SOMEOFTHEMAREFLUORESCENTDYE,WHICHISTHEN
USEDINCONJUCTIONWITHANULTRAVIOLETLIGHT,WHICH
MAKESTHECRACKSGLOWGREENWHENORDINARY
LIGHTINGISREDUCED.
SOME OF THEM ARE DEVELOPER WHICH MAKES THE DYE
STANDOUTASAREDLINE.THISTYPEUSUALLYCOMESIN
THREEAEROSOLS.
FIRSTISCLEANER,WHICHISSPRAYEDONIT.
THENTHECOMPONENTISALLOWEDTODRY.
THENTHEPENETRATINGDYEISSPRAYEDON&AFTER
5MINUTESTHEEXCESSCOATINGONSURFACEIS
WIPEDOFF.
THEDEVELOPERISSPRAYEDONWHICHWILL
HIGHLIGHTANYCRACKPRESENT.
Q52)HOWWILLYOUCARRYOUTTHEBLOWDOWNOF
GAUGEGLASSOFBOILER?
ANS)Gaugeglassblowdownprocedure:
Gaugeglassshouldbeblownbeforelightingupofboiler,after
stoppingtheboilerandregularlyifthelevelingaugeglassis
suspectedtobewrong.
Cleaningthewatersideofgaugeglass:
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* ClosethevalveSandWasshowninthefigure.
NowopenthecockWandseeifthewateriscomingoutof
thedrainvalveDindicatingthedrainlineisclear.
NowclosethedrainvalveDandkeepthecockWopenand
seeifthewaterlevelrisesinthegaugeglass;this
indicatesthelinetogaugeglassisalsoclear.
Repeatthestepstwotothreetimestoremovenudsand
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depositsinside.
Cleaningthesteamsideofgaugeglass:
CloseboththecocksSandW.
NowopenthecockSandopenthedrainvalveDandseethe
steamiscomingout.Thedrainisopenedonlyfor12
secondsonlyassteammaydamagethesealingand
servicelifedecreases.
Puttingthegaugeglassinnormaloperatingposition:
CloseallthevalvesS,WandthedrainvalveD.
NowopenthecockWandletthewaterfillinsidethegauge
glass.
NowopenthecockSandthenthelevelcanbeseenasthe
pressureequalizes.
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Q53)HOWWILLYOUTESTTHECYLINDERRELIEFVALVEOFENGINE?
ANS)Thecylinderreliefvalveisdesignedtorelievepressuresinexcessof
10%to20%abovenormal.Aspringholdsthevalveclosedanditslifting
pressureissetbyanappropriatethicknessofpackingpiece.Onlyasmall
amountofliftispermittedandtheescapinggasesaredirectedtoasafeoutlet.
Thevalveandspindleareseparatetoenablethevalveto
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correctlyseatitselfafteropening.
Theoperationofthisdeviceindicatesafaultintheengine,
whichshouldbediscoveredandcorrected.Thevalveitself
shouldthenbeexaminedattheearliestopportunity.
Pressuretestingwascarriedoutonabenchmountedtestrig
consistingofahighpressureaircompressor,airpressure
controlvalve,andcalibratedgauges.Thereliefvalvewas
boltedtothecompressoraccumulatorflangeandtheair
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pressureincreaseduntilthevalvelifted.
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Q54)HOWWILLYOUTIGHTGAUGEGLASSAFTEROVERHAULING?
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ANS)
ITSHOULD
11
10
12
BETIGHTED
FROMINSIDETOOUTSIDEONCE&THENOUTSIDETO
INSIDE.
THETIGHTINGSHOULDBEDONEONLYBYHANDTIGHT.
Q55)HOWWILLYOUREMOVETHEBROKENSTUD?
ANS)*FIRSTDRILLTHEBROKENSTUDLITTLEBIT.
THENUSETHREADEXTRACTOROFLEFTHAND
THREADFORMAKINGTHREADINHOLE.
NOWPUTTHESTUDOFSAMETHREADINITBYUSING
TWONUTS.
ONCETHESTUDISINSIDETHETHREADTHENREMOVE
THEBROKENSTUDBYUSINGTHESAMESTUD&TWO
NUTS.
Q56)WHEREISPOSITIONOFUNLOADERINA/C&REF.
COMPRESSOR?
ANS)ITISLOCATEDNEARTHESUCTIONVALVEOF
COMPRESSOR.
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Q57)WHATALLCLEARENCESARETAKENIN
CENTRIFUGALPUMPAFTEROVERHAUL?
ANS)*CLEARENCEBETWEENWEARRING&IMPELLER.
CLEARENCEBETWEENWEARRING&CASING.
CLEARENCEBETWEENSHAFT&BUSH.
Q58)HOWWILLYOUCARRYOUTBLOWDOWNOF
BOILER?
ANS)Boilerblowdownisdonetoremovecarbondepositsand
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otherimpuritiesfromtheboiler.Blowdownoftheboileris
donetoremovetwotypesofimpuritiesscumandbottom
deposits.Thismeansthatblowdownisdoneeitherforscumor
forbottomblowdown.Moreover,thereasonsforboilerblow
downare:
1.Toremovetheprecipitatesformedasaresultofchemical
additiontotheboilerwater.
2.Toremovesolidparticles,dirt,foamoroilmoleculesfrom
theboilerwater.Thisismainlydonebyscumvalveandthe
procedureisknownasscumming.
3.Toreducethedensityofwaterbyreducingthewaterlevel.
4.Toremoveexcesswaterincaseofemergency.
ProcedureforScummingandBottomBlowDown
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Below is the procedure for boiler blow down using the blow
downvalvelocatedatthebottomoftheboiler.Inordertodo
scumming,insteadofbottomblowdown,thescumvalveisto
beopened.
Stepsforblowdownprocedureareasfollows:
Kindlyreferthediagramtounderstandtheblowdown
procedureproperly.
1.Opentheoverboardorshipsidevalve(1)first.
2.Opentheblowdownvalve(2),thisvalveisanonreturn
valve.
3.Theblowdownvalveadjacenttotheboiler(2)shouldbe
openedfullysoastopreventcuttingofthevalveseat.
4.Therateofblowdowniscontrolledbythevalve(3).
5.Afterblowdownclosethevalveinreverseorder.
6.Ahotdrainpipeevenwhenallvalvesareclosedindicatesa
leakingblowdownvalve.
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Q59)EXPLAINCRANKCASEEXPLOSION?HOWITISPROTECTED?
WHATISCRANKCASERELIEFDOOR?
ANS)Crankcaseexplosionsarealsotheresultofhighoperatingtemperatures
oftheengine.Themaincauseofcrankcaseexplosionsisthedevelopmentof
hotspotsatvariousplacesinthecrankcase.Duetothereciprocatingmotion
ofthepistonthelubricatingoilinthecrankcaseissplashedintheair.Nowit
isnecessarythattheflashpointofthelubricatingoilbemaintainedataround
200degreeCelsius.Ifthisisnotdonethentherearehighchancesforthe
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lubricatingoiltocatchfire.
Hotspotsarecreatedinthecrankcaseasaresultof:
Hightemperatureduetothereciprocatingmovementofthe
piston,
Increaseinbearingtemperatures,
Sparksenteringthecrankcaseduetoleakypistonringsor
pistonblowpast,
Firesintheadjacentscavengetrunks.
Now,whenthesehotspotscomeincontactwiththeoilinthe
crankcase,theoilgetsvaporized.Whenthesevaporized
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particlestraveltothecoolerpartofthecrankcasetheyget
condensedintoawhitemist,whichhasoilparticlesproperly
dispensedinit.Theprocessthattakesplaceissomewhat
similartoatomization.Thiswhitemistwhenagaintravelsto
thehotspotarea,caneasilycatchfire,whichmightalsoleadto
anexplosion.Thefireortheexplosioncreatesimmense
pressureinsidethecrankcaseandifthispressurecrossesthe
permissiblelimit,crankcaseexplosiontakesplace.The
explosionwillrupturethecrankcasedoorsandevencause
heavydamagetotheinsideoftheengine.
Itisabitdifficulttoreadtheearlysignsofcrankcase
explosions.Thisisbecausetheindicationsaresimilartomany
otheremergencysituations.Buttherearefewpreexplosion
signsthatcanberead.Crankcaseexplosionwilllead:
Suddenincreaseintheexhausttemperature
Suddenincreaseintheloadontheengine
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Irregular running of the engine
Incongruousnoiseoftheengine
Smellofthewhitemist.
Incaseoftheseindications,enginespeedshouldbebrought
downimmediatelyandthesupplyoffuelandairshouldbe
stopped.Thesystemshouldthenbeallowedtocooldownby
openingtheindicatorcocksandturningontheinternalcooling
system.
Prevention:
Preventingthegenerationofhotspotscandopreventionof
crankcaseexplosion.Itcanalsobepreventedbythefollowing
ways:
Byprovidingproperlubricationtothereciprocatingparts,
thusavoidinghightemperatures.
Avoidingoverloadingoftheengine
Usingbearingswithwhitemetalmaterial,whichprevents
riseintemperature.
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Usingoilmistdetectorinthecrankcasewithpropervisual
andaudiblealarm.Oilmistdetectorsraiseanalarmif
theconcentrationofoilmistrisesabovethepermissible
limit.
Pressurereliefvalvesshouldbefixedonthecrankcasefor
theinstantreleaseofpressure.Theyshouldbe
periodicallypressuretested.
Crankcasedoorsshouldbemadeofstronganddurable
material.Ventpipesshouldn'tbetoolargeandshould
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becheckedforanychokeup
Pressurereliefvalvesshouldbeprovidedwithwiremeshto
preventthereleaseofflamesinsidetheengineroom.
Safedistanceshouldbekeptfromthecrankcaseandthe
reliefvalvesincasetheindicationsaresighted.
Incaseofindication,thecrankcasedoorsshouldneverbe
openedtillthetimethesystemhastotallycooleddown.
Oncethesystemhascooleddown,properinspection
andmaintenanceshouldbecarriedout.
Fireextinguishingmediumshouldbekeptstandby.Inmany
systems, inert gas flooding system is directly connected
tothecrankcase.
OILMISTDETECTOR:
Lubricatingoilissuppliedtothemainengineunderpressure
fromthemainlubeoilpump.Itpassesthroughthecrankshaft,
lubricatingandcoolingthemainandbottomendwhitemetal
bearing,returningtothesump.Itisalsosuppliedtothe
crossheadguidesandpistonrodbearing,fromwhichit
cascadesdowntothemainsump.
Duringthisactivityanoilmistisproduced,whichistobe
expected,howeverifthereisahotcomponenttheoilmistwill
beincreasedandvaporizewiththerealriskoffireand
explosionintheenginecrankcase.
Thepurposeoftheoilmistdetectoristodetectanyincreasein
thedensityoftheoilmist,settingoffanalarmtowarnthe
watchkeepingengineerofpotentialdanger.
PreventiveMeasuresofCrankcaseExplosion:
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Ensureadequatecoolingoftheengine
Ensureproperpurificationandanalysisoflubeoil
Lubeoilfiltershouldbechangedoverandcleanedasper
schedule
Ensurepropercylinderlubricationbycheckingthecondition
ofpiston,pistonringsandlinerthroughscavengeor
exhaustports
Cleanscavengespacesasperscheduleanddrainscavenge
spaceregularly
Maintainstuffingboxglandingoodcondition
Bealertandrectifyforanyabnormalnoiseincrankcase
Allsafetyalarmsandtripsfittedonenginetobetriedout
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satisfactorily
Properwatchonallrunninggearstemperatureand
pressurestobemaintained
BlowthroughallsamplingtubesofOilMistDetector(OMD)
regularly
ZeroadjustmentandsensitivityofOMDtobechecked
regularly
Checkforanyoilleakageatcrankcasereliefdoorsandcheck
fortheoperationbyhandortool
Checkflametrapforcleanliness
ProtectionagainstCrankcaseExplosion:
OilMistDetector
Warningpriortoacrankcaseexplosion
Crankcasereliefdoors
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Releasespressureinsidecrankcaseduetoprimaryexplosion,
preventruptureofcrankcaseandenteringfreshairintothe
crankcase.
CRANKCASERELIEFDOOR:
Asapracticalsafeguardagainstexplosions,whichoccurina
crankcase,explosionreliefvalvesordoorsarefitted.These
valvesservetorelieveexcessivecrankcasepressuresandstop
flamesbeingemittedfromthecrankcase.Theymustalsobe
selfclosingtostopthereturnofatmosphericairtothe
crankcase.
Variousdesignsandarrangementsofthesevalvesexistwhere,
onlargeslowspeeddiesels,twodoortypevalvesmaybefitted
toeachcrankcaseor,onamediumspeeddiesel,onevalvemay
beused.OnedesignofexplosionreliefvalveisshowninFigure.
Alightspringholdsthevalveclosedagainstitsseatandaseal
ringcompletesthejoint.
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Adeflectorisfittedontheoutsideoftheenginetosafeguardpersonnelfrom
theoutflowinggases,andinsidetheengine,overthevalveopening,anoil
wettedgauzeactsasaflametraptostopanyflamesleavingthecrankcase.
Afteroperationthevalvewillcloseautomaticallyundertheactionofthe
spring.
TheCrankcasereliefdoorsarealsofittedtopreventanydamagetothe
crankcaseandingressoffreshairinsidethecrankcase.
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Thecrankcasedoorsarespringloadedvalves,whichliftupin
casethereisanyriseofpressureinsidethecrankcase.Oncethe
pressureisreleasedtheyreseattopreventanyingressoffresh
air.Thishelpsespeciallyincaseofanyingressofairthatcan
leadtoasecondaryexplosionfollowedbyalotofsurgeand
damagetothecrankcase.
Theopeningpressureandsizesofthevalvesarespecifiedby
differentclassificationsocieties,dependingonthevolumeofthe
crankcase.Thenumberofdoorstobepresentalsodependson
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theboreofthecylinder.
Q60)EXPLAINFUNCTIONOFOILMISTDETECTOR?
ANS)TheOilmistdetectortakescontinuoussamplesfromthe
mainenginecrankcaseandcheckwhetherthesample
concentrationsofmistarewellbelowthelevelatwhicha
crankcaseexplosioncantakeplace.Theoilmistisdrawninto
theinstrumentwiththehelpofsmallfan,whichtakessuction
fromeachcrankcasethroughsamplingtubesprovidedoneach
crankcase.
Theoilmistdetectorconsistsofasmallrotatorwithwhichit
takessamplefromonecylinderatatimeandtherotatorthen
turnstothenextafterapproximately4seconds.Thesample
fromtherotatorgoestothemeasuredcellandthereference
celltakessamplefromrestofthecrankcasetoevaluatethe
differenceinoilmist.
Anoverallmistdensityofthecrankcaseisalsomeasuredby
comparingthesampleswiththefreshaironceeveryrotation
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ofthesamplingvalveisdone.Abeamoflightfromacommon
lampisreflectedthroughmirrorsandoutputismeasuredfrom
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aphotocell.
Undernormalconditionstheoutputfromthereferenceand
measuredcontactissameandhencenodeflectionismeasured.
However,adeflectionintheoutputgivesanalarmindication
andthevalverotatorstopsatpositiontoknowwhichchamber
hashighmistconcentration.
Someenginesareevenfittedwithslowdownalarmssothat
whentheoilmistalarmsrings,theengineautomaticallyslows
downtopreventcrankcaseexplosion.
Q61)HOWTHETESTINGOFCRANKCASERELIEFDOORIS
CARRIEDOUT?
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ANS)*THEMAINTESTINGOFCRANKCASERELIEFDOORIS
CARRIEDOUTATSHORE.
*BUTTHENALSOSOMEOFTHINGSTOBEINSPECTED
DURINGCRANKCASEINSPECTION:
1. Checkcrankcaseexplosionreliefdoorwiremesh(shouldbe
wet),springtension,andsealingringcondition.
2. Checktheproperfunctioningofspringofvalvebyinserting
studinit.
3. Visualconditionofvalve.
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Q62)WHATISSPARKEROSIONCHECKINCRANKCASE
INSPECTION?
ANS)SparkErosionChecks:
Sparkerosioniscausedbyvoltagedischargedbetweenthe
mainbearingsandtheirrespectivejournals.Thisvoltage
originatesfromthedevelopmentofgalvanicactionbetweenthe
shipssteelhullandthepropellershaft,withtheseawater
actingasanelectrolyte.Thisisthentransferredtothemain
crankshaftwhere,duetodissimilarmetals,erosioncanoccur
betweenthewhitemetaledmainbearinganditsjournal.Spark
erosioncanonlyoccurifthecurrentisnotgrounded.
Thechecksconsistofavisualcheckforwhitemetalfragments
aroundthemainbearingsandrespectivejournalsandchecking
foranyelectriccurrentbetweenthemainbearingwhitemetal
andjournal.Thisshouldbecarriedoutusingamicroamp
currentmeterorsimilardeviceformeasuringsmallamperages
andvoltages.Thisshouldreadnomorethan50mV;
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anyhigherthanthisindicatingthatshaftgroundingisnot
working.
Groundingiscarriedoutbyfittingacathodicprotectionsystem
tothemainpropellerdriveshaft,consistingofasetofsliprings
ontheshaftandcarbonpickupbrushes.Thebrushesarewired
andgroundedtoagoodearthontheshipsstructureclosebythe
sliprings.Bothcomponentsshouldbecheckedregularlyfor
wear;especiallyifacurrentispickedupbetweenmainbearings
andjournalduringcrankcaseinspection.Adrawingofonetype
ofcathodicprotectionisshownbelow.Theoilfilmactsasa
dielectric,sothepuncturevoltageinthebearingdependsonthe
thicknessoftheoilfilm.Rememberthatastheoiltemperature
rises,itsviscositydecreases,andsimilarlyastheloadincreases,
oilfilmthicknessdecreases.Thereforeaswellasadequate
grounding,thetemperatureandpressureoftheoilmustbe
maintainedtoprovidethedielectriceffect.
Intheearlystagesofsparkerosion,slightlyroughenedpitted
areasareacceptable.However,ifthisisallowedtocontinue,
theroughnesswillescalatewiththesmallerosionspickingup
thewhitemetal,hencethesilverywhiteappearancearound
themainbearing/journal.
Q63)EXPLAINWORKINGOFGEARPUMP?
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ANS)Agearpumpusesthemeshingofgearstopumpfluidby
displacement.[1]Theyareoneofthemostcommontypesof
pumpsforhydraulicfluidpowerapplications.Gearpumpsare
alsowidelyusedinchemicalinstallationstopumpfluidwitha
certainviscosity.Therearetwomainvariations;externalgear
pumpswhichusetwoexternalspurgears,andinternalgear
pumpswhichuseanexternalandaninternalspurgear.Gear
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pumpsarepositivedisplacement(orfixeddisplacement),meaningthey
pumpaconstantamountoffluidforeachrevolution.Somegearpumpsare
designedtofunctionaseitheramotororapump.
Asthegearsrotatetheyseparateontheintakesideofthe
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pump,creatingavoidandsuction,whichisfilledbyfluid.The
fluidiscarriedbythegearstothedischargesideofthepump,
wherethemeshingofthegearsdisplacesthefluid.The
mechanicalclearancesaresmallintheorderof10m.The
tightclearances,alongwiththespeedofrotation,effectively
preventthefluidfromleakingbackwards.
Therigiddesignofthegearsandhousesallowforveryhigh
pressuresandtheabilitytopumphighlyviscousfluids.
Manyvariationsexist,including;helicalandherringbonegear
sets(insteadofspurgears),lobeshapedrotorssimilartoRoots
Blowers(commonlyusedassuperchargers),andmechanical
designsthatallowthestackingofpumps.Themostcommon
variationsareshownbelow(thedrivegearisshownblueand
theidlerisshownpurple).
Suctionandpressureportsneedtointerfacewherethegears
mesh(shownasdimgraylinesintheinternalpumpimages).
Someinternalgearpumpshaveanadditional,crescentshaped
seal(shownabove,right).
Generallyusedin:dieseloil,crudeoil,lubesoil&sludgeetc.
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Externalgearpumpsaresimilarinpumpingactiontointernal
gearpumpsinthattwogearscomeintoandoutofmeshto
produceflow.However,theexternalgearpumpusestwo
identicalgearsrotatingagainsteachother:amotordrivesone
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gearanditinturndrivestheothergear.Ashaftsupportseachgearwith
bearingsonbothsidesofthegear.
1. Asthegearscomeoutofmesh,theycreateexpandingvolumeonthe
inletsideofthepump.Liquidflowsintothecavityandistrappedbythe
gearteethastheyrotate.
2. Liquidtravelsaroundtheinteriorofthecasinginthepocketsbetween
theteethandthecasingitdoesnotpassbetweenthegears.
3. Finally, the meshing of the gears forces liquid through the outlet port
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underpressure.
Becausethegearsaresupportedonbothsides,externalgearpumpsarequiet
runningandareroutinelyusedforhighpressureapplicationssuchas
hydraulicapplications.Withnooverhungbearingloads,therotorshaftcan't
deflectandcauseprematurewear.
Q64)EXPLAINWORKINGOFCENTRIFUGALPUMP?ANS)Centrifugal
pumpprinciplesandworkingprocedure
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Apumpisamachineusedtoraiseliquidsfromalowpointtoa
highpoint.Inacentrifugalpumpliquidentersthecentreoreye
oftheimpellerandflowsradiallyoutbetweenthevanes,its
velocitybeingincreasedbytheimpellerrotation.Adiffuseror
voluteisthenusedtoconvertmostofthekineticenergyinthe
liquidintopressure.
Thearrangementofacentrifugalpumpisshown
diagrammaticallyinfigurebelow
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Fig:Centrifugalpumpingoperation
Avertical,singlestage,singleentry,centrifugalpumpfor
generalmarinedutiesisshowninFigurehere.Themainframe
andcasing,togetherwithamotorsupportbracket,housethe
pumpingelementassembly.Thepumpingelementismadeup
ofatopcover,apumpshaft,animpeller,abearingbushanda
sealingarrangementaroundtheshaft.Thesealing
arrangementmaybeapackedglandoramechanicalsealand
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thebearinglubricationsystemwillvaryaccordingtothetype
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Averticalmultistagesingleentrycentrifugalpumpusedfordeepwellcargo
pumpingisshowninFigurebelow.Thiscanbeconsideredasaseriesof
centrifugalpumpsarrangedtosupplyoneanotherinseriesandthus
progressivelyincreasethedischargepressure.Thepumpdriveislocated
outsidethetankandcanbeelectric,hydraulicoranyappropriatemeans
suitableforthelocation.
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Adiffuserisfittedtohighpressurecentrifugalpumps.Thisisaringfixedto
thecasing,aroundtheimpeller,inwhichtherearepassagesformedbyvanes.
Thepassageswidenoutinthedirectionofliquidflowandacttoconvertthe
kineticenergyoftheliquidintopressureenergy.Hydraulicbalance
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arrangementsarealsousual.Someofthehighpressuredischargeliquidis
directedagainstadrumorpistonarrangementtobalancethedischarge
liquidpressureontheimpellerandthusmaintainitinanequilibrium
position.
Centrifugalpumps,whilebeingsuitableformostgeneralmarineduties,are
notselfprimingandrequiresomemeansofremovingairfromthesuction
pipelineandfillingitwithliquid.Wheretheliquidtobepumpedisatalevel
higherthanthepump,openinganaircocknearthepumpsuctionwillenable
theairtobeforcedoutasthepipelinefillsupundertheactionofgravity.If
thepumpisbelowseawaterlevel,andseawaterprimingispermissibleinthe
system,thenopeningaseawaterinjectionvalveandtheaircockonthepump
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willeffectpriming.
Alternativelyanairpumpingunitcanbeprovidedtoindividualpumpsorasa
centralprimingsystemconnectedtoseveralpumps.Thewaterringorliquid
ringprimercanbearrangedasanindividualunitmountedonthepumpand
drivenbyit,orasamotordrivenunitmountedseparatelyandservingseveral
pumps.Theprimerconsistsofanellipticalcasinginwhichavanedrotor
revolves.Therotormaybeseparatefromthehubandprovidetheairinlet
anddischargeportsasshowninFiguredown.Alternativelyanotherdesign
hastherotorandhubasonepiecewithportsonthecover.Therotorvanes
revolveandforcearingofliquidtotakeuptheellipticalshapeofthecasing.
Thewaterring,beingelliptical,advancesandrecedesfromthecentralhub,
causingapumpingactiontooccur.Thesuctionpipingsystemisconnectedto
theairinletportsandthesuctionlineisthusprimedbytheremovalofair.
Theairremovedfromthesystemisdischargedtoatmosphere.Areservoirof
waterisprovidedtoreplenishthewaterringwhennecessary.
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Fig:Waterringprimer
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Whenstartingacentrifugalpumpthesuctionvalveisopened
andthedischargevalveleftshut:thenthemotorisstartedand
theprimingunitwillprimethesuctionline.Oncethepumpis
primedthedeliveryvalvecanbeslowlyopenedandthe
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quantityofliquidcanberegulatedbyopeningorclosingthe
deliveryvalve.Whenstoppingthepumpthedeliveryvalveis
closedandthemotorstopped.
Regularmaintenanceonthemachinewillinvolveattentionto
lubricationoftheshaftbearingandensuringthattheshaftseal
orglandisnotleakingliquid.Unsatisfactoryoperationorloss
ofperformancemayrequireminorormajoroverhauls.
Commonfaults,suchasnodischarge,maybearesultofvalves
inthesystembeingshut,suctionstrainersblockedorother
faultsoccurringintheprimingsystem.Airleaksinthesuction
piping,achokedimpellerortootightashaftglandcanalllead
topoorperformance.
Whendismantlingthepumptoremovethepumpingelement
anyprimingpipesorcoolingwatersupplypipesmustbe
disconnected.Modernpumpshaveacouplingspacer,which
canberemovedtoenablethepumpingelementtobe
withdrawnwithoutdisturbingthemotor:theimpellerand
shaftcanthenbereadilyseparatedforexamination.Theshaft
bearingbushtogetherwiththecasingandimpellerwearrings
shouldbeexaminedforwear.
Q65)Whycentrifugalpumpisnotselfpriming?
ANS)Thisisbecauseofitschurningeffectitisunableto
removeairpositively,asmassofairisrelativelyzero.
Q66)WhatisHotwell&whyitiskeptheated?
ANS)HotWellrecollectsthesteamaftertheworkisdoneand
itiscondensed.Boilerwatertankisknownasthehotwell
becauseboilerfeedpumptakessuctionfromthehotwelland
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givesittotheboilerthroughfeedcheckvalve.Itcanbecalled
bythreedifferentnames,theyare:
Hotwellbecausethewatercollectedishot
Cascadetankbecauseitcollectsthewaterfromthe
condenser
Observationtankbecauseitisusedforobserveforanyoil
ordirtenteringthesystem
Ifanytracesofoilarefoundinthesystem,itindicatesthat
thereisacrackinthesteamheatinglineinsidethefueloil
tanks.Asightglassisplacedtoobservethetracesofoilordirt
presentinthesystem.
Ifoilispresentinthesystemthenitformsacoatingintubesof
theboiler,whichmayleadtolesserheattransfertothewater
intheboiler.
Wateriskeptheatedtoavoidoxidationoffeedwater&alsoto
avoidthermalstressofboiler.
Q67)HOWTOMEASUREMAINBEARINGCLEARENCEOF2
STROKEDIESELENGINE?
ANS)*MAINBEARINGCLEARENCESONA2STROKE
CROSSHEADENGINEAREMEASUREDUSINGASETOF
RETRACTABLEFEELERSSOMETIMESREFFEREDTOAS
SWEDISHFEELERS
THECLEARENCEISMEASUREDATTHETOPOFTHE
BEARING,&TOOBTAINACCESS.THEENGINEISFIRST
TURNEDSOTHATTHECRANKWEBSAREHORIZONTAL.
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BYSITTINGONTHECRANKWEB,SWEDISHFEELERS
CANBESLIDDOWNTHEGAPBETWEENWEB&
BEARING.
THECLEARENCECANBEMEASUREDBYEXTENDING
THEFEELERSINTOTHEGAPBETWEENJOURNAL&
BEARING.
THEFEELERSSHOULDBEFULLYRETRACTEDBEFORE
ATTEMPTINGTOREMOVETHEM;IFTHEYARENOT,
THEREISACHANCEOFBREAKINGAFEELERINTHE
CLEARENCEGAP,MEANINGTHEBEARINGWILLHAVE
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TOBELIFTED.
MODERNBEARINGSAREUSUALLYOFTHINWALLTYPE.
THECLEARENCEONTHESEBEARINGSISNON
ADJUSTABLE&THEBEARINGISCHANGEDWHENTHE
CLEARENCEHASREACHEDAMAXIMUM.
FORBETTERUNDERSTANDINGWITHPICTURES
REFER:http://www.marinediesels.info/repairs/main_bearing_
clearance.htm
Q68)EXPLAINMARPOL?
ANS)I.MARPOLANNEXES
TheMARPOLConventionincludes6technicalAnnexes.
AnnexesIandII,dealingwithoilandbulknoxiousliquid
substancesrespectively,aremandatory,inthesensethat
ratificationoftheConventionisimpossiblewithoutratification
oftheseAnnexes.AnnexesIII,IV,VandVI,dealingrespectively
withharmfulsubstancesinpackagedforms,sewage,garbage
andairpollutionareoptional.TheConventionalsohastwo
Protocols,dealingrespectivelywithreportsofincidents
involvingharmfulsubstancesandarbitration.
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Entryintoforceisasfollows:
MARPOL73/782October1983(international)
AnnexI:2October1983(international)
AnnexII:2October1983(international)
AnnexIII:1July1992(international)
AnnexIV:27September2003(international)AnnexV:31
December1988(international)AnnexVI:19sept2005
TheAnnexescanbesummarizedasfollows:
AnnexIOil
Oilmixtures,distillates,gasoline,jetfuels,etc.
AnnexIINoxiousliquidsubstances
Mainlychemicalsincludingacids,alcohols,castoroil,hydrogen
peroxide,pentane,etc.Alsocitricjuice,glycerin,milk,molasses,
wine,etc.
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AnnexIIIHarmfulsubstancesinpackagedform
Includesfreightcontainers,portabletanks,roadandrailtank
wagons,etc.
AnnexIVSewage
Wastesfromtoilets,drainagefrommedicalpremises,drainage
fromspacescontainingliveanimals,etc.
AnnexVGarbage
Plastic bags, synthetic ropes, food wastes, paper products,
glass,metal,crockery,packagingmaterial,syntheticfishing
nets,etc.
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AnnexVIAirPollution
AnnexIOil
Exceptwhereotherwisestated,theseregulationsapplytoall
tankersof50grosstons(about30metersinlength)andabove
andothershipsof400grosstons(about40meters)andabove.
Acompletebanonoperationaldischargesofoilfromships
exceptunderthefollowingconditions:
ForAllShips
Therateatwhichoilmaybedischargedmustnotexceed30
literspermiletraveledbytheship;
Theoilcontentofanybilgewaterdischargedmustbebelow
15partspermillion;
Shipmustbemorethan12milesfromnearestland;and
Shipmusthaveinoperationanapprovedoildischarge
monitoringandcontrolsystem,oilywaterseparating
equipmentoroilfilteringequipment.
ForTankers
Nodischargeofanyoilwhatsoevermustbemadefromthe
cargospacesofatankerwithin50milesofthenearest
land;
Thetotalquantityofoilwhichanewtankermaydischargein
anyballastvoyagemustnotexceed1/30,000ofthetotal
cargocarryingcapacityofthevessel.Forexistingtankers
thelimitis1/15,000ofthecargocapacity.
Instantaneousrateatwhichoilmaybedischargedmustnot
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exceed30literspermiletraveledbytheship
Smallvessels(lessthan150GRT/35m)notcoveredabove
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Nooilorwasteoildischargepermitted.
Disposeofwasteoilandoilybilgewaterinapprovedshore
facilities
Transfertowastebargeifavailable
ForguidanceonmarinaoperationsseetheNSWEPA's
brochure
Thedefinitionofoilincludespetroleuminanyformincluding
crudeoil,fueloil,sludge,oilrefuseandrefinedproducts(other
thanpetrochemicals).
Nearestlandisdefinedasthebaselineusedtoestablishthe
territorialsea.However,theConventionmakesaspecialcase
fortheGreatBarrierReefwherenearestlandmeansaline
shownbetweenaseriesofcoordinatesontheouteredgeof
thereef.Alldistancesrelatingtodischargeprohibitionsare
measuredfromtheselines.
Thedischargeofoiliscompletelyforbiddenincertainspecial
areaswherethethreattothemarineenvironmentisespecially
great.TheseincludetheMediterraneanSea,theBlackSea,the
BalticSeaandsomeareasintheMiddleEast.
PartiestotheConventionareobligedtoprovideadequate
facilitiesforthereceptionofresiduesandoilymixturesatoil
loadingterminals,repairports,etc.
AnnexIINoxiousLiquidSubstances
Thissectioncontainsdetailedrequirementsfordischarge
criteriaandmeasuresforthecontrolofpollutionbynoxious
liquidsubstancescarriedinbulk.FulldetailsofthisAnnexisin
Appendix
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Thesubstancesaredividedintofourcategorieswhichare
gradedAtoDaccordingtothehazardtheypresenttomarine
resources,humanhealthoramenities.
AswithSectionItherearerequirementsforthedischargeof
residuesonlyintoreceptionfacilitiesunlessvarious
conditions,dependingonthecategoryofthesubstanceare
compliedwith.
EvenstricterrestrictionsapplyintheBalticSeaandBlackSea.
AnnexIIIHarmfulSubstancesinPackagedForm
Thissectionappliestoallshipscarryingharmfulsubstancesin
packagedforms,orinfreightcontainers,portabletanksorroad
andrailtankwagons.
Itrequirestheissuingofdetailedrequirementsonpackaging,
marking,labeling,documentation,stowage,quantity
limitations,exceptionsandnotifications,forpreventingor
minimizingpollutionbyharmfulsubstances.
TohelpimplementthisrequirementtheInternational
MaritimeDangerousGoodsCodeisbeingrevisedtocover
pollutionaspects.
AnnexIVSewage
UnderAnnexIVofMARPOL,itisproposedthatthedischarge
ofsewagefromshipsshouldbecontrolledinallcoastalareas
inamannersimilartothatofgarbage.Australiahasalready
signedandadoptedtheAnnex.Thefollowingvesselsare
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requiredtofitholdingtanksandancillarypollutioncontrol
equipment:
Newvesselsof400grossregisteredtonnesandover.
Newvesselscertifiedtocarrymorethan15persons.
Existingvesselsof400grossregisteredtonnesandover(to
befittedwithin10years).
Existingvesselscertifiedtocarrymorethan15persons(to
befittedwithin10years).
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Sewageisdefinedas:
Drainageandotherwastesfromanyformoftoiletsand
urinals;
Drainage from medical premises (dispensary, sick bay, etc)
viawashbasins,washtubsandscupperslocatedinsuch
premises;
Drainagefromspacescontainingliveanimals;or
Otherwastewaterswhenmixedwiththedrainagesdefined
above.
Dischargeofsewage
Shipsarenotpermittedtodischargesewagewithinthree
milesofthenearestlandunlesstheyhaveinoperationan
approvedtreatmentplant.
Betweenthreeandtwelvemilesfromlandsewagemustbe
comminutedanddisinfectedbeforedischarge.
AnnexVGarbage
Asfarasgarbageisconcerned,specificminimumdistances
havebeensetforthedisposaloftheprincipaltypesofgarbage.
Perhapsmostimportantfeatureofthissectionisthecomplete
prohibitionplacedonthedisposalofplastics,including
syntheticropesandfishingnetsintothesea.
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CategoryofGarbage
Plastics,includingsyntheticropes,syntheticfishingnets,plasticgarbage
bagsandincinerator
ashesfromplasticproducts
Dunnage,liningandpackingmaterialswhichwillfloat
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Foodwastesandallothergarbage
Garbagethathasbeengroundorcomminutedtoparticleslessthan25mm
AnnexVIAirPollution
AnnexVIdealswithairpollutionandsetslimitsonsulphur
oxideandnitrogenoxideemissionsfromships.Provisions
includeusinglowsulphurfuelandassociatedrecordkeeping
requirements.
Airpollutant
category
Dischargeconditions
Ozonedepleting
substances
NitrogenOxides
DischargeProhibited.
SulphurOxides
Sulphurcontentoffuelnottoexceed4.5%.
Incinerators
Incineratorsinstalledafter1January2000mustbec
emissionstandards.
Operationofdieselengines>130kWprohibitedunle
prescribedemissionstandards.
FishingVessels
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Fishingvesselsmustmakeeveryefforttoretrievealllostor
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Q69)EXPLAININDETAILSABOUTSEWAGE,MARPOLANNEX
4?
ANS)Regulationsforthepreventionofpollutionbysewage
fromships
I.DischargeregulationsaccordingtoAnnexIV,MARPOL73/78
A) ApplicationaccordingtoRegulation2:
Shipsof400GTandabove
Shipsoflessthan400GT,whicharecertifiedtocarrymore
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than15persons
B) MandatoryequipmentaccordingtoRegulations9and10:
Sewagetreatmentplantofatypeapprovedbythe
AdministrationincompliancewithIMOCriteria
Comminutinganddisinfectingsystemapprovedbythe
Administrationfittedwithfacilitiesforthetemporarystorage
ofsewagewhentheshipislessthan3nmfromthenearest
land,
or
Holdingtankofacapacitytothesatisfactionofthe
administration,havingregardtotheOperationoftheship,the
numberonpersonsonboard,andprovidedwithameansto
indicatevisuallytheamountofitscontents
Theflangesfordischargeconnectionsmusthavethe
dimensionsspecifiedinRegulation10,
AnnexIV,MARPOL73/78.
C) DischargerequirementsaccordingtoRegulation11:Under
theprovisionsofRegulation11,Para.1,AnnexIVMARPOL
73/78,thedischargeofSewageintotheseaisprohibited,
exceptwhenthefollowingrequirementsaremet:Discharge
ofsewagefromtreatmentplants
Regulation11,Para.1,no.2comminutedand
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disinfectedsewage
Regulation11,Para.1,no.1untreatedsewageRegulation
11,para.1,no.1testresultsofthetreatmentPlantare
laiddowninthe
ShipsInternationalSewagePollutionPreventionCertificate
Effluentdoesnotproducevisiblefloatingsolidsnor
causediscolorationofthesurroundingwater
Atadistanceofmorethan3nmfromthenearestland
II.SpecialregulationsfortheBalticSeaareaunderthe
provisionsoftheHelsinki
Convention
A)ApplicationanddischargeregulationsunderArt.1d,Para1,
MARPOL(IntheBalticSeaarea,thedischargerequirements
accordingtoRegulation11,Para.1,AnnexIV
MARPOL73/78alsoapplytoGermanpleasurecraftequipped
withtoiletholdingtanks(seepointII.B):
UndertheprovisionsoftheaboveRegulation,sewagestoredin
holdingtanksisnotallowedtobedischargedatadistanceof
lessthan12nmfromthenearestland.
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Whenusingchemicaltoilets,careshouldbetakentouse
chemicalswhichdonotpollutethemarineenvironment.
DischargesofsuchsewagearesubjecttoRegulation11,Para.
1,Annex
IV,MARPOL73/78,accordingtowhichanydischargeof
sewageintotheseaisprohibited,exceptwhenithasbeen
treatedinanapprovedsewagetreatmentplant,or
comminutedanddisinfectedusinganapprovedsystem.
Therefore,anydischargeofsewagefromchemicaltoiletson
boardpleasurecraftisprohibited;suchsewagehastobekept
onboardinholdingtanksuntil
itcanbedischargedtoareceptionfacility.
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B)MandatoryequipmentunderArt.6b,Para.1,
(ShipSafetyOrdinance),BGBlI,p.3013,3023,lastamendedby
Art.2ofthesecondordinancetoamendenvironmental
regulationsinshipping,9April2008
BGBl.Ip.701)
Germanshipsincludingpleasurecraft
shipsofotherBalticSeastateswhichnavigatetheGerman
BalticSeawaters(territorialseaandEEZ)havetobeequipped
withtoiletholdingtanksiftheyhavetoiletsonboard(shipsnot
referredtoinRegulation2,AnnexIV,MARPOL=shipsofless
than400grosstonnagewhicharenotcertifiedtocarrymore
than15persons).
TherequiredshipboardfacilitiesaresubjecttoHELCOMs
GuidelinesforInstallationofToilet
RetentionSystemsandStandardConnectionsforSewageon
BoardExistingFishingVessels,
WorkingVesselsandPleasureCraft,HELCOM
Recommendation22/1of21March2001
(Asanalternativetofixedretentionsystemsonboard,portable
toiletsorportableretentionSystemsmaybeusedprovidedthat
theyareemptiedintoshoresidereceptionfacilities.Exemptions
fromthecarriagerequirementunderArt.6b,para.3,
Shipsbuiltpriorto1Jan.1980
Shipsbuiltbetween1Jan.1980and1Jan.2003
a) Whosehulllengthandbeamislessthan11.50mand3.80m,
respectively,or
b) WhichhavebeenissuedbyBundesamtfrSeeschifffahrtund
Hydrographiewithacertificateofexemptionfromthecarriage
requirement.
III.Specialregulationsapplyingtonavigablemaritimewaterways*
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A)ApplicationanddischargeregulationsunderArt.1d,para3,MARPOL
Allwatercraftincludingpleasurecraft,whichhaveatoilet,equipped
witharetentionsystem
Thedischargeofsewageonnavigablemaritimewaterways*isprohibited.
Exceptionsaredischargesfromsewagetreatmentplantsaccordingto
Regulation11,para.1,no.2,AnnexIV,MARPOL73/78.
*NavigablemaritimewaterwaysaccordingtoArt.1,para.1,p.3,German
TrafficRegulations
forNavigableMaritimeWaterwaysof22Oct.1998(BGBl.I,p.3209,1999I
p.193),last
amendedbyArt.1oftheOrdinancedated28June2006(BGBl.I,p.1417).
AmendmentstoMARPOL73/78AnnexIVTherevisedMARPOLAnnexIV
containingregulationsforthepreventionofpollutionbysewagefromships
wasapprovedbytheMEPCin2000andcannowbeformallyadopted
followingtheentryintoforceoftheoptionalAnnexinSeptember2003,with
aproposedentryintoforcedateof1August2005.AnnexIVcontainsasetof
regulationsregardingdischargeofsewageintothesea,ships'equipmentand
systemsforthecontrolofsewagedischarge,provisionoffacilitiesatports
andterminalsforthereceptionofsewage,andrequirementsforsurveyand
certification.ItincludesamodelInternationalSewagePollutionPrevention
Certificatetobeissuedbynationalshippingadministrationstoshipsunder
theirjurisdiction.ThereviseddraftAnnexwillapplytonewshipsengagedin
internationalvoyages,of400grosstonnageandaboveorwhicharecertified
tocarrymorethan15persons.Existingshipswillberequiredtocomplywith
theprovisionsoftherevisedAnnexIVfiveyearsafterthedateofitsentry
into
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force.Onceinforce,theAnnexwillrequireshipstobe
equippedwitheitherasewagetreatmentplantorasewage
comminutinganddisinfectingsystemorasewageholdingtank.
Thedischargeofsewageintotheseawillbeprohibited,except
whentheshiphasinoperationanapprovedsewagetreatment
plant;orisdischargingcomminutedanddisinfectedsewage
usinganapprovedsystematadistanceofmorethanthree
nauticalmilesfromthenearestland;orisdischargingsewage
whichisnotcomminutedordisinfectedatadistanceofmore
than12nauticalmilesfromthenearestland.
Q70)EXPLAINTHEREGULATIONFORSEWAGEHOLDING
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TANKS?
ANS)Appliestoallshipsthatare:
1.400grosstonsormore,and
2.Lessthan400grosstonsbutcertifiedtocarrymorethan15
persons.
* Aholdingtankwhichisinaccordancewiththerequirement
developedbythe
ClassificationSociety,whichshouldincludetheamountof
fluid,usedtotransportwastetotheholdingtank,thenumber
ofpersonscarriedandthetypeofvoyagetheshipwillbe
employed.
* Thedeviceisinstalledinaccordancewiththesocietys
electricalstandards.
* Thepipingandinstallationareinaccordwithgoodmarine
practiceandthestandardsoftheClassificationSociety,and
* Apipelineforthedischargeofsewagetoashoreside
receptionfacilityisproperlyinstalled.
* Beinstalledasfarawayaspossiblefromheatsourcesthat
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canacceleratethegrowthofbacteria.
* Beadequatelyventedtoensurethattherearesufficient
changesofairtoremoveanymethanegasesthatmaybuildup.
* Shallhaveventsthatarelocatedawayfromany
accommodationandworkspacesandshallbescreenedto
preventtheentryofinsectsandtoactasaflamebarriershould
gasesbuildupinthetank.
* Thedesignofthetankanditsassociatedequipment(pumps,
pipingandwatersupply)shallbesufficienttoensurethetanks
canbecompletelydischargedandflushedclean.
Q71)EXPLAINRISEOFFLOOR?
ANS)RiseofFloor:Thebottomshellofshipissometimes
slopedupfromthekeeltothebilgetofacilitatedrainage.The
riseoffloorisverysmall.
Q72)DEFINEFREEBOARD&REVERSEBOUYANCY?
ANS)Freeboard:Itisthedistancefromthewaterlinetothetop
ofthedeckplatingatthesideofthedeckamidships.
ReserveBuoyancy:Itisthepotentialbuoyancyofashipand
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dependsupontheintact,watertightvolumeabovethe
waterline.
Whenamassisaddedtoship,orbuoyancyislostdueto
bilging,thereservebuoyancyisconvertedintobuoyancyby
increasingthedraught.Ifthelossinbuoyancyexceedsthe
reservebuoyancythevesselwillsink.
Q73)whytankershavelessfreeboard?
ANS)Oiltankershavelesserareaofhatchopeningswhen
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comparedtobulkandcontainers.Sothestructuralstrengthis
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Ashipwillcometoitsuprightpositionorwillbecomestable,
whenanexternalforceisappliedandremoved,ifthecentreof
gravityremainsinthesamepositionwellbelowmetacentric
heightoftheship.Whenshipisinclined,centreofbuoyancy
shiftsfromBtoB1,whichcreatesamovementandtherighting
leverreturnstheshiptoitsoriginalpositionandmakesit
stable.
MismetacenterandGZisrightinglever
Ashipisseaworthyifitfulfillstwoimportantstabilitycriteria
IntactandDamagestability.
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Intactanddamagestabilityareveryimportantfactorsthat
governtheoverallstabilityoftheship.
Q75)WHATISMETACENTER&METACENTRICHEIGHT?
ANS)Metacenter:
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Top:upwardthrustofbuoyancy(B)anddownwardthrustofgravity(G)
allowastableshiptorightitselfwhenheeled
Bottom:withametacenter(M)belowgravity,forcesofgravityandbuoyancy
arefurtherapartandwillcauseanunstableshiptocapsizewhenheeled
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Themetacenterhadtobedetermined
whichisapointwhereanimaginaryverticalline(throughthecenterof
buoyancy)intersectsanotherimaginaryverticalline(throughanewcentreof
buoyancy)createdaftertheshipisdisplaced,ortilted,inthewater.The
centerofbuoyancyinafloatingshipisthepointinwhichallthebodyparts
exactlybalanceeachotherandmakeeachotherfloat.Inotherwords,the
metacenterremainsdirectlyabovethecenterofbuoyancyregardlessofthe
tiltofthefloatingship.Whenashiptilts,onesidedisplacesmorewaterthan
theotherside,andthecenterofbuoyancymovesandisnolongerdirectly
underthecenterofgravity;butregardlessoftheamountofthetilt,thecenter
ofbuoyancyremainsdirectlybelowthe
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metacenter.Ifthemetacenterisabovethecenterofgravity,buoyancy
restoresstabilitywhentheshiptilts.Ifthemetacenterisbelowthecenter
ofgravity,theboatisunstableandcapsizes.
METACENTRICHEIGHT:Thedistancefromthecentreofgravityofaship
tothemetacentre;itisconsideredpositiveifthemetacentreliesabove
centreofgravity
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ShipStabilitydiagramshowingcentreofgravity(G),centreofbuoyancy(B),
andmetacentre(M)withshipuprightandheeledovertooneside.Notethat
forsmallangles,GandMarefixed,whileBmovesastheshipheels,whilefor
biganglesbothBandMaremoving.
Themetacentricheightisameasurementoftheinitialstaticstabilityofa
floatingbody.Itiscalculatedasthedistacebetweenthecentreofgravityofa
shipanditsmetacetre(GM).Alargermetacentricheightimpliesgreater
initialstabilityagainstoverturning.Metacentricheightalsohasimplication
onthenaturalperiodofrollingofahull,withverylargemetacentricheights
beingassociatedwithshorterperiodsofroll,whichareuncomfortablefor
passengers.Hence,asufficientlyhighbutnotexcessivelyhighmetacentric
heightisconsideredidealforpassengerships.
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Q76)whatistenderandstiffship?
ANS)TenderShip:TheshipwithasmallMetacentricheight
hasasmallrightingleveratanyangle&willrolleasilyissaid
tobetendership.Intendership,inthiscentreofgravitylies
belowthetransversemetacentre.TheGMismorethanGZ.&
thesekindsofshiparemorestable.
StiffShip:TheshipwithalargeMetacentricheighthasalarge
rightingleveratanyangle&hasconsiderableresistanceto
rolling.Astiffshipisveryuncomfortable.InittheCentreof
Gravityliesabovethetransversemetacentre.
Q77)WHATISFREESURFACEEFFECT&HOWITIS
REDUCEDCONSTRUCTIONALLY?
ANS)FreeSurfaceEffect:Ithasalottodowiththestabilityofa
ship.Ashipthathastakeninalotofwaterwillalsoexperience
thiskindofphenomenonthatwillmakeitunstable.Ships
carryingliquidcargo,orTankers,havetobedesignedsoasto
minimizetheeffectsoffreeliquidsurface.Waterballast,fueloil,
freshwater,lubricationoil,andotherliquidcarriedintheship
canalsocontributetothefreesurfaceeffect.
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Thedrawingshowsacrosssectionthroughthemidshipofa
tankership.Ifthereissomedynamicforcethatmakesashiptilt
tooneside,noticehowtheoilinthetankfindsitsownleveland
tendstoshiftmoretowardsthetiltingside.
Thecenterofgravityoftheoilinthetankwillalsoshift.Ifthe
shiphasenoughbuoyancy,itisabletorightitself.
However,ifthetiltistoobig,theshiftinthecenterofgravityof
theoilmaybecometoobig.Insteadofrightingtheship,the
buoyancyforceontheshipmayeventurntheshipinthesame
directionoftilt,andtheshiprotatesandoverturns.
Whatcanbedonetominimizethefreesurfaceeffect?
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Theshipisfittedwithcompartmentssothatthereareseveraltanksinstead
ofonebigtank.Eventhoughthesamequantityofoiliscarried,noticehow
theoilbehaves.Thecenterogravityofindividualoiltankswillalsoshift,but
thesummationofallthecentersofgravitiiesdoesnotshiftthecenterof
gravityoftheshipthatsignificantlyasbefore.
Anotherwaytominimizethefreesurfaceeffectistofillthetanksnearlyfull.
Inthiscasethereislessroomfortheliquidtomoveaboutfreely.This
methodmaybeabitdifficulttocontrolfortankscarryingconsumableslike
fueloil,domesticwater,andpotablewater.
Theshapeofthetankscanalsobebuilttoensurestability,butinmostcases,
shipsarebuiltformaximumstoragecaacityandtherectangularcross
sectionalshapeismostfeasible.
ThetanksinaTankerarebuiltincompartmentsforthispurpose.The
sidesofthetanksalsoservetoprotecttheshipfromcompleteflooding
shouldsomedamagetoitshulloccur.
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Q78)EXPLAINTHEPURPOSE&LOCATIONOFCOLLISION
BULKHEAD?
ANS)Purpose:
Avoidsfloodingofshipincaseofdamagetobows.
Location:
Locationissuchthatitisnotsomuchforwardastoget
damagedonimpact,Neitheritshouldbetoofaraftsothat
compartmentfloodedforwardcausesextensivetrimby
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head.Asarulelocatedatminimumdistancetoget
maximumspaceforcargo.
Minimumat1/20ofshipslengthfromforward
perpendicular
Thecollisionbulkheadiscontinuoustouppermost
continuousdeck
Thecollisionbulkheadis20%strongerthanotherbulkheads
Collisionbulkheadis5to8percentofshipslengthfrom
forward.
Q79)WHATISBULKHEAD&EXPLAINDIFFERENTTYPES
OFBULKHEAD?
ANS)Therearethreebasictypesofbulkhead,watertight,non
watertightandtank.
Differenttypesofbulkheadsaredesignedtocarryoutdifferent
functions.
Thewatertightbulkheadseveralimportantones;
i.Itdividestheshipintowatertightcompartmentsgivinga
buoyancyreserveintheeventofhullbeingbreached.The
numberofcompartmentsisgovernedbyregulationandtypeof
vessel
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ii. Cargoseparation
iii. Theyrestrictthepassageofflame
iv. Increasedtransversestrength,ineffecttheyactlikeendsof
abox
v. Longitudinaldeckgirdersanddecklongitudinalare
supportedbytransversewatertightbulkheads,whichactas
pillars
Thenumberofbulkheadsdependsuponthelengthoftheshipandthe
positionofthemachinery.Theremustbeacollisionbulkheadpositionedat
least1/20thofthedistancefromtheforwardperpendicular.Thismustbe
continuoustothe
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uppermostcontinuousdeck.
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Thesterntubemustbeenclosedinawatertightcompartment
formedbythesternframeandtheafterpeakbulkheadwhich
mayterminateatthefirstcontinuousdeckabovethe
waterline.Theengineroommustbecontainedbetweentwo
watertightbulkheadsoneofwhichmaybetheafterpeak
bulkhead.
Eachmainholdwatertightbulkheadmustextendtothe
uppermostcontinuousdeckunlessthefreeboardismeasured
fromtheseconddeckinwhichcasethebulkheadcanextendto
theseconddeck.
Awatertightbulkheadisformedfromplatesattachedtothe
shell,deckandtanktopbymeansofwelding.Thebulkheads
aredesignedtowithstandafullheadwaterpressureand
becauseofthisthethicknessoftheplatingatthebottomofthe
bulkheadmaybegreaterthanthatatthetop.Verticalstiffeners
arepositioned760mmapartexceptwerecorrugatedbulkheads
areused.
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Watertightbulkheadsmustbetestedwithahoseatapressure
of200Kn/m2.Thetestbeingcarriedoutfromthesideon
whichthestiffenersarefittedandthebulkheadmustremain
watertight.
Watertightbulkheads,whicharepenetratedbypipes,cables
etc.mustbeprovidedwithsuitableglandsthatpreventthe
passageofwater.
Bulkheaddefinitions
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ClassA
Aredivisionsformingbulkheadsanddecksthat;
Constructedofsteelorequivalent
Suitablystiffened
Preventpassageofsmokeandflametotheendofonehour
standardfiretest
Insulatedusingnoncombustiblematerialsothataverage
o
temperatureonexposedsidedoesnotriseabove140 C
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o
andpointtemperatureabove180 C.Thetimethe
bulkheadcomplieswiththisgovernsitsclassA60
60minA3030MinA1515MinA00Min
ClassB
Thesearedivisionsformedbybulkheads,decks,ceilingsand
lining
Preventpassageofflameforfirsthalfhourofstandardfire
test
Insulatedsoaverageexposedsidetemperaturedoesnotrise
o
morethan139 Caboveoriginalandnosinglepointrises
o
morethan225 Caboveoriginal.Thetimethebulkhead
complieswiththisgovernsitsclassB1515MinB00Min
Constructedofnoncombustiblematerialandallmaterials
enteringtheconstructionaresimilarlynoncombustible
exceptwherepermitted
ClassC
Thesearedivisionsconstructedofapprovednoncombustible
materials.Combustibleveneersareallowedweretheymeet
othercriteria
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MainverticalzonesDividedbyClassAbulkheadsandnot
exceeding40minlength
a. FlatBulkhead
b. CorrugatedBulkhead
c. LongitudinalBulkhead
d. TransverseBulkhead.
e. WatertightBulkhead
f. NonWatertightBulkhead
g. FireClassABulkhead
h. FireClassBBulkhead
i. FireClassCBulkhead
j. CollisionBulkhead.
k. Insulatedbulkhead
Q80)EXPLAINCORRUGATEDBULKHEAD?
ANS)CorrugatedBulkheads: These are bulkheads, which do
nothave,steelstiffeners.Likeincontainers,theplateitselfis
corrugatedtoprovideadequatestiffness.Largelyusedinbulk
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carrierconstructions.
Corrugatedwatertightbulkheads:Theuseofcorrugations
orswedgesinaplateinsteadofweldedstiffenersproducesasstrong
astructurewithareductioninweight.Thetroughsareverticalon
transversebulkheadsbutonlongitudinalbulkheadstheymustbe
horizontalinordertoaddtothelongitudinalstrengthoftheship.The
corrugationsorswedgesaremadeintheplatingstrakespriortofabrication
ofthecompletebulkhead.Asaconsequence,thestrakesrunverticallyand
theplatingmustbeofuniformthicknessandadequatetosupportthe
greaterloadsatthebottomofthebulkhead.Thisgreaterthicknessofplate
offsetstosomeextentthesavinginweightthroughnotaddingstiffenersto
thebulkhead.Theedgesofthecorrugatedbulkhead,whichjointotheshell
plating,mayhaveastiffenedflatplatefittedtoincreasetransversestrength
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CORRUGATEDBULKHEAD
PLAINBULKHEAD
Q81)WHATAREDIFFERENTMETHODSOFREDUCINGTHEROLLINGOF
ASHIP?SKETCHTHEATTACHMENTOFBILGEKEEL.WHATENSURES
SHIPSIDEWILLNOTBEDAMAGEDIFBILGEKEELSUFFERSDAMAGE?
ANS)Bilgekeel:Abilgekeelisalongfinofmetal,oftenina"V"shape,
weldedalongthelengthoftheshipattheturnofthebilge.
Antirolltanks:tankswithinthevesselfittedwithbafflesintendedtoslow
therateofwatertransferfromtheportsideofthetanktothestarboardside.
Thetankisdesignedsuchthat
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alargeramountofwateristrappedonthehighersideofthe
vessel.Thisisintendedtohaveaneffectcompletelyoppositeto
thatofthefreesurfaceeffect.
Outriggers:Rollingisreducedeitherbytheforcerequiredto
submergebuoyantfloatsorbyhydrodynamicfoils.
Paravanes:employedbyslowmovingvessels(suchasfishing
vessels)toincreasestability.
Activesystems:Activestabilitysystemsaredefinedbythe
needtoinputenergytothesystemintheformofapump,
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hydraulicpiston,orelectricactuator.Thesesystemsinclude
stabilizerfinsattachedtothesideofthevesselortanksin
whichfluidispumpedaroundtocounteractthemotionofthe
vessel.
Stabilizerfins:Activefinstabilizersarenormallyusedto
reducetherollthatavesselexperienceswhileunderwayor,
morerecently,whileatrest.Thefinsextendbeyondthehullof
thevesselbelowthewaterlineandaltertheirangleofattack
dependinguponheelangleandrateofrollofthevessel.They
operatesimilartoairplaneailerons.Cruiseshipsandyachts
frequentlyusethistypeofstabilizersystem.
Gyroscopicinternalstabilizers
Attachment:
Bilgekeels,particularlyonsteelvessels,are"lightlywelded"
alongaportionofthevesselslength.Thisallowsthebilgekeel
tobedeformedordetachedincaseofimpactwithoutrisking
thevesselshull.Typically,shortsectionswillbewelded,with
gapsbetween.Thebilgekeelwillbeattachedtoabacking
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stripastripofmetal,whichpreventsthebilgekeelfrompropagating
cracksintothehullwhendamaged.
Mostshipsarefittedwithsomeformofbilgekeeltheprimefunctionofwhich
is to help damp the rolling motion of the vessel. Other relatively minor
advantages of the bilge keel are protection for the bilge on grounding, and
increasedlongitudinalstrengthatthebilge.
The damping action provided by the bilge keep is relatively small but
effective, and virtually without cost after the construction of the ship. It is
carefullypositionedontheshipsoastoavoidexcessivedragwhentheshipis
underway;andtoachieveaminimumdrag;variouspositionsofthebilgekeel
may be tested on the ship model used to predict power requirements. This
bilge keel then generally runs over the midship portion of the hull, often
perpendiculartotheturnofthebilge.
Therearemanyformsofbilgekeelconstruction,andsomequiteelaborate
arrangementshavebeenadoptedinanattempttoimprovethedamping
performancewhilstreducinganydrag.Careisrequiredinthedesignofthe
bilgekeel,foralthoughitwouldnotbeconsideredasacriticalstrength
memberofthehullstructure,theregionofitsattachmentisfairlyhighly
stressedowingtoitsdistancefromtheneutralaxis.Crackshaveoriginatedin
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thebilgekeelandpropagatedintothebilgeplatecausingfailureofthemain
structure.
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ProperPlacement:
Bilgekeelsshouldbesituatedsotheywillnotstrikethewharf
oranothervesselwhentyingalongside.Thebilgekeelsshould
alsonotextendbelowthebaselineofthevesselsoasnottobe
damagedifthevesselrunsaground.Theonlyexceptiontothis
isseenonvesselsthataredesignedtobeloaded/unloaded
whileaground,inthiscasethebilgekeelsarebackedwithmore
structuretohelpsupportthevessel(afeatureonsome
sailboats,werethevesselsprominentbilgekeelswillself
supportedtheboatwhenbeached).Thebilgekeelitselfshould
bealignedwiththevesselsflowlines,tominimizedrag.
Q82)Howmuchlengthbilgekeelextendsto?
ANS)Itishalfofthelengthoftheship.Startingfrommidshipto
fore&aftequallydistance.
Q83)DRAWMIDSHIPSECTIONOFOILTANKER?
ANS)
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xxxStress
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Q84)DRAWMIDSHIPSECTIONFORABULKCARRIER?
Q85)WHATISAMARGINLINE?
ANS).Itistheimaginaryline,whichisdrawn75mmblowthe
uppermost continuous deck. It denotes the limit, up to which
canbeflooded/loadedwithoutsinking.
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Forashipwhichhasacontinuousbulkheaddeck,themargin
lineistobetakenasalinedrawnnotlessthan76mmbelowthe
uppersurfaceofthebulkheaddeckatside,exceptthatwhere
thereisavariationinthethicknessofthebulkheaddeckatside
theuppersurfaceofthedeckshouldbetakenattheleast
thicknessofdeckatsideabovethebeam.Ifdesiredhowever,
theuppersurfaceofthedeckmaybetakenatthemean
thicknessofthedeckatsideabovethebeamascalculatedfor
thewholelengthofthedeck,providedthatthethicknessisno
greaterthantheleastthicknessplus50mm.Seefigure2.1.2.1a)
and2.1.2.1b).
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Q86)EXPLAINANGLEOFLOLL?
ANS)Itistheangleatwhichtheshipwithinitialnegative
Metacentricheightwilllieatrestinstillwater.
Iftheshipisfurtherinclinedtoananglelessthanangleofloll,
theshipwillsink.
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Whenashipwithnegativeinitialmetacentricheightisinclinedtoasmall
angle,therightingleverisnegative,resultinginacapsizingmoment.This
effectisshowninFigure24.1(a)anditcanbeseenthattheshipwilltendto
heelstillfurther.
Atalargeangleofheelthecentreof
buoyancywillhavemovedfurtheroutthelowsideandtheforceofbuoyancy
cannolongerbeconsideredtoactverticallyupwardsthoughM,theinitial
metacentre.If,byheelingstillfurther,thecentreofbuoyancycanmoveoutfar
enoughtolieverticallyunderGthecentreofgravity,asinFigure24.1(b),the
rightingleverandthustherightingmoment,willbezero.
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Theangleofheelatwhichthisoccurs
isreferredtoastheangleoflollandmaybedefinedastheangletowh
ichashipwithnegative
initialmetacentricheightwilllieatrestinstillwater.Iftheshipshould
nowbeinclinedtoananglegreaterthantheangleofloll,asshowninFigure
24.1(c),therightingleverwillbepositive,givingamomenttoreturnthe
shiptotheangleofloll.
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Q87)WHATISPLIMSOLLMARKING?
ANS)Markpaintedonbothsidesofmerchantshipstoindicate
themaximumpointtheyareallowedtosinktowhenloaded,
dependingonthespecificgravityofwaterwhichvaries
accordingtoseasonandplace.Thismarkisaccompaniedbya
circlebisectedbyahorizontallineandlettersindicatingthe
ship'sregistrationsociety.Plimsollmarkwasmadecompulsory
in1876inUK,andisnamedafterSamuelPlimsoll(182498),a
memberofparliamentwhocampaignedforbetterandsafer
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workconditionsforsailors.AlsocalledPlimsollline.
Theoriginal"PlimsollMark"wasacirclewithahorizontalline
throughittoshowthemaximumdraftofaship.Additional
markshavebeenaddedovertheyears,allowingfordifferent
waterdensitiesandexpectedseaconditions.
Lettersmayalsoappeartothesidesofthemarkindicatingthe
classificationsocietythathassurveyedthevessel'sloadline.
TheinitialsusedincludeABfortheAmericanBureauof
Shipping,LRforLloyd'sRegister,GLforGermanischerLloyd,
BVforBureauVERITAS,IRfortheIndianRegisterofShipping,
RIfortheRegistroItalianoNavaleandNVforDetNorske
VERITAS.Theselettersshouldbeapproximately115
millimetersinheightand75millimetersinwidth.[6]TheLoad
LineLengthisreferredtoduringandfollowingloadline
calculations.
ThelettersontheLoadlinemarkshavethefollowing
meanings:
TFTropicalFreshWater
FFreshWater
TTropicalSeawater
SSummerTemperateSeawater
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WWinterTemperateSeawaterWNA
WinterNorthAtlantic
Freshwaterisconsideredtohaveadensityof1000kg/mandseawater
1025kg/m.Freshwatermarksmakeallowanceforthefactthattheshipwill
floatdeeperinfreshwaterthansaltwater.AshiploadedtoherFreshWater
markinfreshwaterwillfloatatherSummerMarkonceshehaspassedinto
seawater.SimilarlyifloadedtoherTropicalFreshwatermarkshewillfloat
atherTropicalMarkonceshepassesintoseawater.
Thesummerloadlineistheprimaryloadlineanditisfromthismarkthat
allothermarksarederived.Thepositionofthesummerloadlineis
calculatedfromtheLoadLineRulesanddependsonmanyfactorssuchas
lengthofship,typeofship,typeandnumberofsuperstructures,amountof
sheer,bowheightandsoon.Thehorizontallinethroughthecircleofthe
Plimsollmarkisatthesamelevelasthesummerloadline.
Thewinterloadlineisonefortyeighthofthesummerloaddraftbelow
thesummerloadline.
TheTropicalloadlineisonefortyeighthofthesummerloaddraftabovethe
summerloadline.TheFreshWaterloadlineisanamountequalto
centimetersabovethesummerloadlinewhereisthedisplacementinmetric
tonesatthesummerloaddraftandTisthemetrictonespercentimeter
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immersionatthatdraft.Inanycasewherecannotbeascertainedthefresh
waterloadlineisatthesamelevelasthetropicalloadline.Thepositionof
theTropicalFreshloadlinerelativetothetropicalloadlineisfoundinthe
samewayasthefreshwaterloadlineistothesummerloadline.TheWinter
NorthAtlanticloadlineisusedbyvesselsnotexceeding100metersinlength
whenincertainareasoftheNorthAtlanticOceanduringthewinterperiod.
Whenassigneditis50millimetersbelowthewinter
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mark.
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Timberloadlinemarks
CertainvesselsareassignedTimberFreeboardsbutbefore
thesecanbeassignedcertainadditionalconditionshavetobe
met.Oneoftheseconditionsisthatthevesselmusthavea
forecastleofatleast0.07thelengthofthevesselandofnotless
thanstandardheight,whichis1.8metersforavessel75meters
orlessinlengthand2.3metersforavessel125metersormore
inlengthwithintermediateheightsforintermediatelengths.A
pooporraisedquarterdeckisalsorequiredifthelengthisless
than100meters.TheletterLprefixestheloadlinemarksto
indicateatimberloadline.ExceptfortheTimber
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Winter North Atlantic freeboard the other freeboards are less
than the standard freeboards. This allows these ships to carry
additionaltimberasdeckcargo,butwiththefacilitytojettison
thiscargo.
ThelettersontheTimberLoadlinemarkshavethefollowing
meanings:
LTFTimberTropicalFreshWater
LFTimberFreshWater
LTTimberTropicalSeawater
LSTimberSummerSeawater
LWTimberWinterSeawaterLWNA
TimberWinterNorthAtlantic
TheSummerTimberloadlineisarrivedatfromthe
appropriatetablesintheLoadLineRules.
TheWinterTimberloadlineisonethirtysixthoftheSummer
TimberloaddraftbelowtheSummerTimberloadline.
TheTropicalTimberloadlineisonefortyeighthoftheSummer
Timberloaddraftabovethesummertimberloadline.
TheTimberFreshandtheTropicalTimberFreshloadlinesare
calculatedinasimilarwaytotheFreshWaterandTropical
Freshwaterloadlinesexceptthatthedisplacementusedinthe
formulaisthatofthevesselatherSummerTimberloaddraft.If
thiscannotbeascertainedthenthesemarkswillbeone
fortyeighthoftheTimberSummerdraftabovetheTimber
SummerandTimberTropicalmarksrespectively.
TheTimberWinterNorthAtlanticloadlineisatthesamelevel
astheWinterNorthAtlanticloadline.
Q88)whatisblockcoefficient.Ifwesaythatblock
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coefficientofoneshipis0.9and0ther0.95.Whatdoesit
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mean?
ANS)BlockCoefficient:Itistheratioofvolumeof
displacementtotheproductofthelength,breadth&draught.
Cb=Volumeofdisplacement/(LxBxd)
WhenBlockcoefficientismore,itmeansVolumeof
displacementismore.
Q89)RegulationsforpumpingoutERbilgesinSpecial
areasandoutsidespecialareas.
ANS)PumpingoutERBilgesoutsidespecialarea:
AsperMarpolAnnexI,Regulation15.
Anydischargeintotheseaofoilyoroilymixturesfromshipsof
400GRT&aboveshallbeprohibitedexceptwhenallthe
followingconditionsaresatisfied:
1. TheshipshouldbeproceedingenroutefromPointAtopoint
B.
2. Theoilymixtureisprocessedthroughanoilfiltering
equipment.
3. Theoilycontentoftheeffluentwithoutdilutiondoesnot
exceedmorethan15ppm.
4. Theoilymixturedoesnotoriginatefromcargopumproom
bilgesonoiltankers.
5. Theoilymixture,incaseofoiltankers,isnotmixedwithoil
cargoresidues.
PumpingoutERBilgesinsidespecialarea:
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1. TheshipshouldbeproceedingenroutefromPointAtoPoint
B.
2. TheoilymixtureisprocessedthroughanOilfiltering
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EquipmentapprovedbytheAdministration.
3. Theoilcontentoftheeffluentwithoutdilutiondoesnot
exceedmorethan15ppm.
4. TheoilymixturedoesnotoriginatefromCargopumproom
bilgesonoiltankers.
5. Theoilymixtureincaseofoiltankersisnotmixedwithoil
cargoresidues.
6. Anydischargeintoseaofoiloroilymixturesfromanyship
shallbeprohibitedinAntarcticarea.
Q90)Namespecialareas.
ANS)AsPerMARPOLAnnex1,Regulation1,thespecialareas
are:
1. MediterraneanSea
2. Balticsea
3. Blacksea
4. RedSea
5. Gulfarea
6. GulfofAdenarea
7. Antarcticarea.
8. NorthWestEuropeanWaters
9. OmanareaoftheArabianSea.
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Q91)Regulationsforpumpingoutp/proombilges.
ANS)AsperMARPOLAnnex1,Regulation34.
OutsideSpecialarea.
1. Thetankerisnotwithinaspecialarea.
2. Thetankerismorethan50nauticalmilesawayfromthe
nearestland.
3. ThetankerisproceedingenroutefromPointAtopointB.
4. Theinstantaneousrateofdischargeofoilcontentdoesnot
exceed30litres/nauticalmiles.
5. Thetotalquantityofoildischargedintotheseadoesnot
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exceed1/30000ofthetotalquantityoftheparticularcargo.
6. ThetankerhasinoperationanOilDischargeMonitoringand
ControlSystem&sloptankarrangementapprovedbythe
Administration.
InsideSpecialArea
Anydischargeintotheseaofoiloroilymixturefromthecargo
areaofanoiltankershallbeprohibitedwhileinspecialarea.
Q92)ExplaintheproceduretopumpoutERBilgestepby
step.
ANS)a.InformChiefEngineer.
b. NotedowntheV/LPositionfromthebridge.
c. Takethesoundingofthebilgetank.
d. Checkthe15ppmalarmforitsproperworking.
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e. Opentheoverboardvalve,openseawatervalve&bilge
pumpinletandoutletvalve.
f. Notedownthetimeofstarting.
g. Startthebilgepump&filltheOWSwithseawater.Letthe
OWSrunonseawaterfor1015minutes.
h. Slowlyclosetheseawaterinletvalve&startopeningthe
outletvalveofthebilgetank.
Q93)SOPEP?Purpose.
ANS)SOPEP:ShipboardOilPollutionEmergencyPlan
AsperMARPOLAnnex1,Regulation37:
Everyoiltankerof150GRTandaboveandeveryshipother
thanoiltankerof400GRT&aboveshallcarryonboarda
SOPEPapprovedbytheadministration.
TheSOPEPconsistsof:
1. TheproceduretobefollowedbyMaster&otherperson
havingchargeoftheshiptoreportanOilPollutionincident.
2. Thelistofauthoritiesorpersonstobecontactedineventof
OilPollutionincident.
3. Adetaileddescriptionoftheactiontobetakenimmediately
bypersonsonboardtoreduceorcontrolthedischargeofoil.
4. Theprocedures&pointofcontactontheshipfor
coordinatingshipboardactionwithnational&local
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authorities.
Q94)HOWGARBAGEISDISPOSEDOFF?
ANS)AsperMARPOLAnnexV,Regulationfortheprevention
ofpollutionbyGarbagefromship.
1.Thedisposalintotheseaofallplastics,plasticgarbagebags
andincineratorashesfromplasticproducts,whichmay
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containtoxicorheavymetalresidues,isprohibited.
2. Thedisposalofgarbagei.e.,Dunnage,lining&packing
materialstobemade25Nauticalmilesawayfromthenearest
land.
3. Disposaloffoodwastesandallothergarbageincludingpaper
products,rags,glass,metaltobemade12Nauticalmilesaway
fromthenearestland.
4. Disposaloffoodwastescanbepermittedifithaspassed
throughacomminuterorgrinder;distanceismorethan3
Nauticalmilesfromthenearestland.Suchcomminutedor
groundgarbageshallbecapableofpassingthroughascreen
withopeningsnogreaterthan25mm.
Q95)WhatchapterofSolasreferstoBulkcarriers,
Chemicaltankers,ISMcode,andISPScode?
ANS)BulkCarrier:SOLASChapter12:AdditionalSafety
RequirementforBulkCarriers
ChemicalTankers:SOLASChapter7CarriageofDangerous
goods.
ISMCode:SOLASChapter9Managementforthesafe
operationofship.
ISPSCode:SOLASChapter112SpecialMeasurestoenhance
maritimesecurity.
Q96)HOWTHETESTINGOFEMERGENCYGENERATORIS
CARRIEDOUT?
ANS)Emergencygeneratoronshipprovidespowerincasethe
maingeneratorsoftheshipfailsandcreatesadeador
blackoutcondition.Accordingtogeneralrequirement,atleast
twomodesofstartinganemergencygeneratorshouldbe
available.Thetwomodesshouldbebatterystartand
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hydraulicorpneumaticstart.
ThePortstatecontrol(PSC)mightdetainashiporprovide
sometimetocorrectanykindofdeficiencyfoundifthesecond
modeofstartingisnotoperating.
TestingofEmergencyGenerator:
Thetestingofshipsemergencygeneratorisdoneeveryweek
(aspartofweeklychecks)byrunningitunloadedtocheckifit
startsonbatterymode.Thehydraulicstartisdoneeverymonth
toensurethatitisworkingfine.Alsoeverymonthautomatic
startofgeneratorisalsodonetocheckitsautomaticoperation
andtoseewhetheritcomesonload.
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ProcedureforBatteryStart:
1Gototheemergencygeneratorroomandfindthepanelfor
emergencygenerator.
2Puttheswitchonthetestmodefromautomaticmode.The
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generatorwillstartautomaticallybutwillnotcomeonload.
3Checkvoltageandfrequencyinthemeter.
4Keepthegeneratorrunningfor1015minandcheckthe
exhausttempandotherparameters.
5Checkthesumplevel.
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6Forstoppingthegenerator,puttheswitchinmanualand
thenstopthegenerator.
ProcedureforHydraulicStart:
1Outtheswitchinmanualmodeasstatedaboveandcheckthe
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pressuregaugeforsufficientoilpressure.
2Openthevalvefromaccumulatortogenerator.
3Pushthespringloadedvalveandthegeneratorshouldstart.
4Checkvoltageandfrequency.
5Keepthegeneratorrunningfor1015minandcheckthe
exhausttempandotherparameters.
6Checkthesumplevel
7Forstopping,usethemanualstopbuttonfromthepanel.
8Afterstoppingthegenerator,pressurizethehydraulic
accumulatortodesiredpressure.
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9Closethevalvefromaccumulatortogenerator.
ProcedureforAutomaticStart:
1Forautomaticstart,weknowthatthereisabreaker,which
connectsEmergencySwitchBoard(ESB)andMainSwitch
Board(MSB);andthereisalsoaninterlockprovideddueto
whichtheemergencygeneratorandMainpoweroftheship
cannotbesuppliedtogether.
2Therefore,wesimulatebyopeningthebreakerfromthetie
line,whichcanbedonefromtheMSBortheESBpanel.
3Afteropeningthebreaker,theemergencygeneratorstarts
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automaticallywiththehelpofbatteriesandwillsupply
essentialpowertomachineryandpumpsconnectedtoESB.
4Forstoppingthegenerator,thebreakerisclosedagainand
duetotheinterlockthegeneratorbecomesoffload.
5Nowagainputtheswitchtomanualmodetostopthe
generator.
6Pressstopandthegeneratorwillstop.
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Q97)Requirementsforemergencygeneratingsets?
ANS)Requirementsforemergencygeneratingsetsinvolve
startingincoldconditionandstartingenergystoringdevices.
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TheConventioncontainsthefollowingintheregulations:
Emergencygeneratingsetsshallbecapableofbeingreadily
startedatatemperatureof0C.Ifthisisimpracticable,or
iflowertemperaturesarelikelytobeencountered,
provisionshallbemadeforthemaintenanceofheating
arrangements.
Eachemergencygeneratingsetarrangedtobeautomatically
startedshallbeequippedwithstartingdevicesapprovedby
theAdministrationwithastoredenergycapabilityofatleast
threeconsecutivestarts.Asecondsourceofenergyshallbe
providedforanadditionalthreestartswithin30minunless
manualstartingcanbedemonstratedtobeeffective.
Thestoredenergyshallbemaintainedatalltimes,asfollows:
Electricalandhydraulicstartingsystemsshallbe
maintainedfromtheemergencyswitchboard;
Compressedairstartingsystemsmaybemaintainedby
themainorauxiliarycompressedairreceivers
throughasuitablenonreturnvalveorbyan
emergencyaircompressorwhich,ifelectrically
driven,issuppliedfromtheemergencyswitchboard;
Allofthesestarting,chargingandenergystoring
devicesshallbelocatedintheemergencygenerator
space;[].Thisdoesnotprecludethesupplytothe
airreceiveroftheemergencygeneratingsetfrom
themainorauxiliarycompressedairsystem
throughthenonreturnvalvefittedinthe
emergencygeneratorspace.
Whereautomaticstartingisnotrequired,manualstartingis
permissible,suchasmanualcranking,inertiastarters,
manuallychargedhydraulicaccumulators,orpowder
chargecartridges,wheretheycanbedemonstratedas
beingeffective.
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Whenmanualstartingisnotpracticable,the
requirementsofparagraphs2and3shallbe
compliedwithexceptthatstartingmaybemanually
initiated.
Thesectiononelectricalinstallationssetsoutallthe
requirementsconcerningaship'spowersupply.Clearly,
Regulation44providesrequirementsforthestartingsystems
ofemergencygeneratingsets.
SOLASRegulationsII1/42andII1/43addressemergency
sourceofelectricalpowerinpassengershipsandcargoships
respectively.
Q98)TOWHATALLSYSTEMSTHEEMERGENCYGENERATOR
SUPPLIESPOWER?
ANS)Incaseofthefailureofthemainpowergeneration
systemontheship,anemergencypowersystemorastandby
systemisalsopresent.Theemergencypowersupplyensures
thattheessentialmachineryandsystemcontinuestooperate
theship.
Batteriescansupplyemergencypoweroranemergency
generatororevenbothsystemscanbeused.
Ratingoftheemergencypowersupplyshouldbemadeinsuch
awaythatitprovidessupplytotheessentialsystemsofthe
shipsuchas:
a) Steeringgearsystem
b) Emergencybilgeandfirep/p
c) Watertightdoors.
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d) Firefightingsystem.
e) Shipsnavigationlightsandemergencylights.
f) Communicationandalarmsystem.
Emergencygeneratorisnormallylocatedoutsidethe
machineryspaceoftheship.Thisisdonemainlytoavoidthose
emergencysituationswhereinaccesstotheengineroomisnot
possible.Aswitchboardintheemergencygeneratorroom
suppliespowertodifferentessentialmachinery.
Q99)MarkingsonLifeboatandliferaft?
ANS)AsperLSACodebookChapter4.
MarkingonLifeboat:
a. NameofShip
b. PortofRegistry
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c. IMONumber
d. Lifeboatdimension
e. CarryingCapacity
f. MakerName
g. Serialnumber
MarkingonLiferaft:
a. NameofShip.
b. PortofRegistry
c. IMONumber
d. CarryingCapacity
e. MakerName
f. SerialNumber
g. Dateoflastservicing.
Q100)TYPESOFLIFEBOAT?
ANS)Alifeboatmustcarryalltheequipmentsdescribedunder
SOLASandLSAcodes,whicharepassedforthesurvivalatsea.
Thisincludesrations,freshwater,firstaid,compass,distress
signalingequipmentslikerocketetc.Ashipmustcarryone
rescueboatfortherescuingpurpose,alongwithother
lifeboats.Oneofthelifeboatscanbedesignatedasarescue
boat,ifmorethantwoormorelifeboatsarepresentonboarda
ship.
TypesofLifeboat:
Therearethreetypesoflifeboatsusedonmerchantvessels:
OpenLifeboat:
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Asthenamesuggests,theopenlifeboathasnoroofandis
normallypropelledbymanualpowerbyusinghandpropelled
ores.Compressionignitionenginemayalsobeprovidedforthe
propulsionpurpose.However,openlifeboatsarebecoming
obsoletenowbecauseofstringentsafetynorms,butonemay
findthemonoldership.
Theopenlifeboatdoesnthelpmuchinrainorbadweather
andthepossibilityofwateringressinthehighest.
Closedlifeboat:
Closedlifeboatsarethemostpopularlifeboatsthatareusedon
ships,fortheyareenclosedwhichsavesthecrewfrom
seawater,strongwindandroughweather.Moreover,thewater
tightintegrityishigherinthistypeoflifeboatanditcanalsoget
uprightonitsowniftoppledoverbywaves.Closedlifeboatsare
furtherclassifiedasPartiallyenclosedandfullyenclosed
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lifeboats.
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Freefalllifeboat:
Freefalllifeboatissimilartoanenclosedlifeboatbutthe
processoflaunchingisentirelydifferent.Theyareaerodynamic
innatureandthustheboatcanpenetratethewaterwithout
damagingthebodywhenlaunchedfromtheship.Thefreefall
lifeboatislocatedattheaftoftheship,whichprovidesa
maximumclearareaforfreefall.
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Q101)TypesofLifeboatReleaseMechanisms&SOLASRequirementsfor
Lifeboats?
ANS)Therearedifferenttypesoflifeboatsusedonboardaship
onthebasisofthetypeofshipandotherspecialrequirements.
Notallthelifeboatshavethesametypeofreleasing
mechanisms,forthelaunchingofalifeboatdependsonseveral
otherfactors.Inthisarticlewewilltakealookatthemaintypes
oflifeboatreleasingmechanismsandalsolearnaboutthe
SOLASrequirementsforlifeboats.
Typesoflifeboatreleases:Onloadandoffloadrelease.
Therearetwotypesoflifeboatreleasingmechanismsonload
andoffload.Thesemechanismsreleasetheboatfromthedavit,
whichisattachedtoawireorfallbymeansofahook.By
releasingthehookthelifeboatcanbesetfreetopropelaway
fromtheship.
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Offloadmechanism:
Theoffloadmechanismreleasestheboataftertheloadofthe
boatistransferredtowaterortheboathasbeenloweredfully
intothesea.Whentheboattouchesthesurfaceofwater,the
loadonthefallandhencethehookreleasesandduetoits
mechanismthehookdetachesfromthefall.Ifthedetachment
dosenottakesplace,anyofthecrewmemberscanremovethe
hookfromthefall.Mostofthetimestheoffloadmechanismis
manuallydisengagedincaseofmalfunction;however,incase
offire,itisdangeroustogooutandreleasethehook.
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Onloadmechanism:
Onloadmechanismcanreleasethelifeboatfromthewire,with
theshipabovethewaterlevelandwithallthecrewmembers
insidetheboat.Theloadwillbestillonthefall,astheboat
wouldnothavetouchedthewater.Normallytheheightofabout
1miskeptfortheonloadrelease,sothatthefallissmooth
withoutdamagingtheboatandharmingthecrew
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FreeFalllifeboatrelease:
InFreefalllifeboat,thelaunchingmechanismissimilartoon
loadrelease.Theonlydifferenceisthatthefreefalllifeboatis
notloweredtill1mabovewaterlevel,itislaunchedfromthe
stowedpositionbyoperatingaleverlocatedinsidetheboat,
whichreleasestheboatfromrestofthedavit,andboatslides
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throughthetiltedrampintothewater.
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SOLASandLSAcodeRequirementsforlifeboat:
Thesize,numberandthecapacityofthelifeboatfora
merchantvesselisdecidedbythetypeoftheshipandnumber
ofshipscrew,butitshouldnotbelessthen7.3minlengthand
minimumtwolifeboatsareprovidedonbothsideoftheship
(portandstarboard).
Therequirementforlifeboatofacargoshipwith20,000GTis
thattheboatmustbecapableoflaunchingwhentheshipis
headingwithaspeedof5knots.
Thelifeboatmustcarryalltheequipmentsdescribedunder
SOLAS,whichcanbeusedinsurvivalatsea.Itincludesrations,
freshwater,firstaid,compass,distresssignalingequipments
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likerocketetc.
Theshipmustcarryonerescueboatforrescuepurposealong
withotherlifeboats.Onelifeboatcanbedesignatedasarescue
boatifmorethenonelifeboatispresentonboardship.
Thegravitydavitsmustbeholdandslidedownthelifeboat
evenwhentheshipisheeledtoanangleof15degreeoneither
side.Ropesareusedtoholdthelifeboatinstowedpositionwith
cradle.Theseropesarecalledgripes.
Thewires,whichliftorlowerthelifeboatareknownasfalls
andthespeedofthelifeboatdescentshouldnotbemorethen
36m/minwhichiscontrolledbymeansofcentrifugalbrakes.
Thehoistingtimefortheboatlaunchingapplianceshouldnot
belessthen0.3m/secwiththeboatloadedtoitsfullcapacity.
TheLifeboatmustbepaintedininternationalbrightorange
colorwiththeshipscallsignprintedonit.
Thelifeboatstationmustbeeasilyaccessibleforallthe
crewmembersinallcircumstances.Safetyawarenessposters
andlaunchingproceduresmustbepostedatlifeboatstation.
Regulardrillsmustbecarriedouttoensurethattheships
crewmembersarecapableoflaunchingtheboatwithminimal
timeduringrealemergency.
Q102)Typesofbrakesonlifeboat?
ANS)1.Centrifugalbrake
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2.DeadmanHandle
Q103)whatisthefunctionoflimitswitchinlifeboatdavit
system?
ANS)tostoplifeboatwinchmotorpower,whenweheaveup
lifeboat,sowepreventdamagesofourmachinerywithsafety.
ALSOFORAVOIDINGUNLOADINGOFMOTOR.
Q104)WHATISSPECIALLITYOFTANKERLIFEBOATS?
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ANS)Tankersarerequiredtocarryfireprooflifeboats,testedto
surviveaflamingoilorpetroleumproductspillfromthetanker.
Fireprotectionofsuchboatsisprovidedbyinsulationand
sprinklersystem,whichhaspipesystemontop,throughwhich
waterispumpedandsprayedtocoolthesurface.Thissystem,
whilepronetoenginefailure,allowsfireprooflifeboatstobe
builtoffiberglassandnotonlymetal.Theboatshouldbefully
enclosedtype.
Q105)EXPLAINDECKFOAMFORFIREFIGHTINGSYSTEM?
ANS)Deckfoamforfireextinguishing:Foamforfireprotection
purposesisanaggregateofairfilledbubblesformedfrom
aqueoussolutions,andislowerindensitythanthelightest
flammableliquids.Itismainlyusedtoformacoherentfloating
blanketonflammableandcombustibleliquidstopreventorto
extinguishfiresbyexcludingairandcoolingthefuel.Italso
preventsreignitionbysuppressingformationofflammable
vapors.Ithasthepropertyofadheringtosurfaces,providinga
degreeofexposureprotectionfromadjacentfires.
Foamisusedasafireprevention,control,orextinguishing
agentforflammableliquidintanksorprocessingareas.Foam
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solutionforthesehazardsmaybesuppliedbyfixedsystemsorportablefoam
generatingsystems.
FoamTypes:Theprincipaluseoffoamistoextinguishburningflammableor
combustibleliquidspillsortankfiresbydevelopingacoherentcoolant
blanket.Foamistheonlypermanentextinguishingagentusedforfiresofthis
type.Itsapplicationallowsfirefighterstoextinguishfiresprogressively.A
foamblanketcoveringaliquidsurfaceiscapableofpreventingvapor
transmissionforsometime,dependingonitsstabilityandthickness.
Fuelspillsmayberenderedsafebyfoamblanketing.Theblanketmaybe
removedafterasuitableperiodoftime.Foamisusedtodiminishorhalt
thegenerationofflammable
vaporsfromnonburningliquidsorsolids,andtocutoffaccesstoairfor
combustion.Thewatercontentoffoamcoolsanddiminishesoxygenbysteam
displacement.
Foamisalsousedtofillcavitiesorenclosureswheretoxicorflammable
gasesmaycollect.Foamsolutionsareconductiveandthereforenot
recommendedtobeusedforelectricalfires.FoamCONCENTRATETypes
1. Proteinfoamconcentrate.Itisdilutedwithwatertoform3%to6%
solutionsdependingonthetypeand,ingeneral,itisonlyusedforcrudeoil
fires.
2. Fluorproteinfoamconcentrateisverysimilartoproteinfoam
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concentrates.Itmayalsodepositavaporizationpreventingfilmonthe
surfaceofaliquidfuel.Itisdilutedwithwatertoform3%to6%solutions
dependingonthetype,andisusedforcrudeoilorrefinedoilproductswhere
ahigherdegreeofprotectionispreferred.
3. Specialalcoholtypefoamconcentrateformsafoamthathasaninsoluble
barrierinthebubblestructurewhichresistsbreakdownattheinterfaceof
thefuelandfoamblanket.Itisusedforfightingfiresinwatersolutionand
certainflammableorcombustibleliquidsandsolventsthataredestructiveto
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regularfoam.Mainlyusedforprotectiononboardchemical
tankers.
4.Syntheticfoamconcentrateincludes:AFFFandmediumand
highexpansionfoamconcentratesareusedtoproducefoamor
foamtosolutionvolumeratiosfrom20:1toapprox.1000:1
andareusedforlocalprotectionandengineroomhiex
systems.
SOLASRULES:Forshipscarryingchemicalsoroilsinbulk,
SOLAS/IMOrequireafixeddeckfoamsystemforextinguishing
firesondeckorintanks.
Inprinciple,thesystemsrequiredareidentical;however,for
chemicaltankers,IMOtype2and3,thefoamsystemis
considerablylargerthanforcrudeoiltankers,duetothe
higherriskoffireinchemicals.
DesignFigures
OilTankers:Thefoamsystemcapacityshallbeaminimumof
thelargestoftheentirecargotankdeckcoveredwith0.6l/
m2/min.or6.0l/m2/min.forthelargestcargotank.
ChemicalTankers:Thefoamsystemcapacityshallbea
minimumofthelargestoftheentirecargotankdeckcovered
with2.0l/m2/min.or20l/m2/min.forthelargestcargotank.
SystemDescription:Allfoamsystems,consistofawater
supply,foamliquidstorage,aproportioningdeviceanda
distributionsystem.
Thewatersupplypump(s)provide(s)acertaincapacityof
seawatertothedeckfoamsystem,andis/aresuppliedbythe
shipsfirepumps.
Thefoamliquidisstoredinatank.Thetankmustbecomplete
withvent,contentsgauge,andaccessmanhole.
Thefoamisdeliveredviaahighpressurefoamliquidpumpto
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theautomaticfoamliquidproportionate,whichwillaccuratelyproportionate
foamliquidat3%to6%totheseawaterflow,irrespectiveofflowrateor
pressure.
Forsatisfactoryoperationoftheproportionator,foamliquidmustbe
suppliedwithaminimumpressureofatleast10metersheadhigherthan
theinletwaterpressureunderallloadconditions.Theelectricallydriven
foamliquidpumpisprovidedforthispurpose.
Foamsolutionissuppliedtothedeckmonitorsandhandlinesbythedeck
mainfittedwithisolatingvalves.Eachmonitorisisolatedfromthemain
supplypipebymeansofbutterflyvalves,whicharenormallyclosed.
Fourportablefoammakingbranchpipesareprovided.Eachbranchpipe
hasasolutionrateof400l/min.
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Q106)ATWHATINTERVALSTHETESTING&INSPECTION
OFFIREFIGHTINGSYSTEMISTOBEDONE?
ANS)
Weeklyinspectionsshallbecarriedouttoensurethat:
a. Allpublicaddresssystemsandgeneralalarmsystems
arefunctioningproperly;and
b. Breathingapparatuscylindersdonotpresent
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leakages.
Monthlyinspectionsshallbecarriedouttoensurethat:
a. All fireman's outfits, fire extinguishers, fire hydrants,
hoseandnozzlesareinplace,properlyarranged,
andareinpropercondition;
b. All fixed firefighting system stop valves are in the
properopenorclosedposition,drypipesprinkler
systems have appropriate pressures as indicated
bygauges;
c. Sprinklersystempressuretankshavecorrectlevelsof
waterasindicatedbyglassgauges;
d. All sprinkler system pumps automatically operate on
reductionofpressureinthesystems;
e. Allfirepumpsareoperated;and
f. All fixed fireextinguishing installation using
extinguishinggasesisfreefromleakage.
Quarterlyinspectionsshallbecarriedouttoensurethat:
a. All automatic alarms for the sprinkler systems are tested
usingthetestvalvesforeachsection
b. Theinternationalshoreconnectionisinpropercondition
accordingtothespecificationsoftheFSSCode
c. Lockersprovidingstorageforfirefightingequipment
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containproperinventoryandequipmentisinproper
condition
d.Allfiredoorsandfiredampersaretestedforlocal
operationand
e.All CO2 bottle connections for cable operating system
clips shall be checked for tightness on fixed fire
extinguishinginstallations.
Annualinspectionsshallbecarriedouttoensurethat:
a. All portable fire extinguishers are checked for proper
location,chargingpressure,andconditionaccording
totheshipsfireplan
b. Firedetectionsystemsaretestedforproperoperation,as
appropriate
c. Allfiredoorsanddampersaretestedforremote
operation
d. All foamwater and waterspray fixed firefighting
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systemsaretestedforoperation
e. All accessible components of fixed firefighting
systems are visually inspected for proper
condition;
f. All fire pumps, including sprinkler system pumps, are
flowtestedforproperpressuresandflows;
g. Allhydrantsaretestedforoperation;
h. Allantifreezesystemsaretestedforpropersolutions;
i. Sprinklersystemconnectionsfromtheship'sfiremain
aretestedforoperation;
j. Allfirehosesarehydrostaticallytested;
k. All Selfcontained breathing apparatus (including
SCBAs on lifeboats) should be checked for
external condition and air recharging systems
checkedforairquality;
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* Every two years, portable fire extinguishers and SCBAs
cylinders shall be checked by a service agent or facility
certified by the manufacturer to perform this type of
work and accepted by the Recognized Organization
issuing the pertinent safety certificate[]. Every other
year,thesechecksshallbecarriedouteitherbyaservice
agentorfacility(certifiedandaccepted )orbyadeckor
engineofficertrainedandassignedtothisduty.
* Haloninstallationsoffireextinguishingsystemsonboard
ships, which keel was laid or at a similar stage of
construction on or after October 1994, are prohibited.
Moreover, fullscale tests of Halon fireextinguishing
systems on board ships are prohibited since January
1992 in accordance with Resolution A.719 (17)/2(b).
However, an annual leakage test shall be carried out,
MSC/Circ.600.TheChiefEngineercancarryoutthistest
ifprovidedwiththeproperequipmentandtraining.
Twoyearservice
1.Atleastonceeverytwoyears,thefollowinginspections
andtestsshallbecarriedout:
a.CO2FixedSystemcontentsshallbeverifiedatleast
everytwoyears.
b.Airshallbeblownthroughthepipingofextinguishing
gassystems.
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2. The blow test (item 9.1(b)) shall be carried out by a

serviceagentorfacilitycertifiedbythemanufacturerto
perform this test and accepted by the Recognized
Organizationissuingthepertinentsafetycertificate.
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Threeyearservice
.1.Periodicalcontrolsoffoamconcentratesstoredonboard
.2. The first periodical control of fixed foam fire
extinguishing system and foam concentrates stored on
boardshallbeperformedafteraperiodof3years(from
the original installation date), after that, every year. A
record of the age of the foam concentrates and of
subsequent control should be kept on board readily
available for inspection. Periodical controls or analysis
will be performed by an independent or manufacturers
laboratory, which is accepted by the Recognized
Organization issuing the pertinent safety certificate.
Tests, controls or analysis of foam will be performed as
perMSC/Circ.582,MSC/Circ.670andMSC/Circ.798.
Fiveyearservice
.1.HydrostatictestingforallSCBA'scylinders(*)
.2. Hydrostatic testing for all SCBA's cylinders shall be
carriedoutbyaservicingfacilityoragentcertifiedbythe
manufacturertoperformthistypeofworkandaccepted
by the Recognized Organization issuing the pertinent
safetycertificate.Testcertificatesmustbeprovidedand
kept on board for inspections. Test date and pressure
must be stamped or tagged on each cylinder. This test
shallnotbecarriedonboard.
TenyearService
1Atleastonceeverytenyears,thefollowinginspections
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andtestsshouldbecarriedout:
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a.Controlvalvesoffixedfirefightingsystemsshallbe
internallyinspected.
b.HydrostaticPressureTestofPortableFire
Extinguishers
2. Hydrostatic Testing for all Portable Fire Extinguishers
and internal inspection of control valves of the fixed
firefighting systems shall be carried out by a servicing
facilityoragentcertifiedbythemanufacturertoperform
this type of work and accepted by the Recognized
Organizationissuingthepertinentsafetycertificate.
3. Portable Fire Extinguishers Test certificates must be
provided and kept on board for inspections. Test date
and pressure must be tagged on each bottle. This test
shallnotbecarriedonboard.
Q107)WHATTODOINCASEOFPURIFIERROOMFIRE?
ANS)Apurifierroomisoneofthemostprobableplacesinthe
engineroomtocatchfire.Purifierroomfirehasbeenthe
reasonforseveralmajoraccidentsonvariousshipsinthepast.
Inthisarticlewewilllearnabouteverythingrelatedtopurifier
roomfires.
Asweallknow,forafiretohappen,threethingsareneeded
andinthepurifierroomallthesethingsarepresent.These
threethingsarefueloilwhichispresentinabundant
(lubricatingoilinlubeoilseparatorandfueloilordieseloilin
fueloilseparator),airforcombustion,andaheatsourcesuch
asextremelyhotoil,electricalshortcircuitetc.
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Whenallthesethingsarepresenttogetherandliewithinthe
flammablelimit,afirecantakeplace.Therefore,ifasprayofoil
takesplacethroughaleakingpipeoverahotsurfaceoroveran
electricalpoint,afirecanimmediatelytakeplace.
PreventionofPurifierFire
Thefollowingpointsaretobefollowedinordertoprevent
purifierroomfire:
1) Allthepipesleadingtotheseparatoraretobedouble
sheathed;thereasonforthisisthatifinnerpipeleaks,thenit
willnotsprayallovertheplacebutinsteaditwillleakinto
outerpipe.
2) Driptraysshouldbeprovidedbelowthepurifieror
separator,sothatincaseofoilspilltheoilwillnotflowand
spreadinthepurifierroomandcontactwithanyhotmaterial
andcatchfire.
3) Allthepipeswithflangesorconnectionsaretobecovered
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withantispilltapeswhichcanpreventspillfromtheflangesin
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caseofaleakage.
4) FirefightingsystemsuchaswatermistandCO2system
shouldbeinstalled.
5) Quickclosingvalvesandremotestoppingofpumpsand
purifiershouldbeprovided.
6) Firedetectionandalarmsystemaretobeprovidedsothat
quickactioncanbetaken.
Howtofightpurifierroomfire
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Asmallpurifierfirecanbeeasilystoppedwiththehelpof
smallfireextinguisher.Incaseofabiggerfire,thefollowing
stepsshouldbetaken:
1)
2)
3)
Assoonasfirealarmissounded,callthechiefengineer
andlocatethefire.
Closethequickclosingvalvesfromwhichtheoilis
leaking.
Stopthetransferpump.
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Bothtransferandquickclosingvalvescanbeclosed
4)
fromremotelocationlikeshipcontrolcenterorfrom
theenginecontrolroom.
5) Stopallthemotorsandelectricalequipments,which
canbestoppedfromemergencystopbuttonoutsidethe
purifierroom.
6)Thefirecanbestoppedwiththehelpoffire
extinguisher.
7) Incaseofabigfire,closetheairsupplypumpand
exhaustfromthepurifierroom.
8)Thefirecanbestoppedbyreleasingwatermist
systemifpresentontheship.
9) Entryinthepurifierroomismadeputtingonthe
firefightersuit,alongwithselfcontainedbreathing
apparatus(SCBA)andfirehose.
10) Thefirecanbeextinguishedwiththehelpof
sprayingwater.
11) Incasethefireisstillnotextinguishedthenthe
chiefengineerwilldecideaboutusingthecarbon
dioxidebottlesforfightingfire.
12) Whenthesebottlesaretobeused,thereshouldnot
beanypersonpresentinsidethePurifierspaceasCo2
cancausesuffocationduetodisplacementofairandthe
personinvolvedmaydie.
Q108)Typesoffoams?
ANS)a.LowExpansionFoam
b. MediumExpansionFoam
c. HighExpansionfoam
Q109)EXPLAINSPRINKLERSYSTEMOFSHIP?
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ANS)Sprinklersystems
Mustbefittedtopassengershipscarryinglessthan36
passengersintheaccommodationspacesandotherareas
considerednecessarybetheadministration.Forpassenger
shipscarryinggreaterthan36passengersitmustbefittedto
accommodationspaces,corridors,andstairwellsandtocontrol
stations(thelattermaybeservedbyanalternativesystemto
preventdamage).Thesystemmustbeofanapprovedtype.See
belowforfullrequirements.Generallytakestheformofawet
pipe(linecontinuouslyflooded)ontowhichareconnecteda
numberofsprinklerhead.Theseheadsconsistofavalveheld
shutbyahighexpansionfluidfilledquartzoidbulb.Asmallair
spaceisincorporated.
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Whenafireoccursinanadjacentareatothisbulbthefluid
expandsuntiltheairspaceisfilled,increasinginternal
pressurecausesthebulbtofracture.Thesizeoftheairgap
determinesthetemperatureatwhichthisfailureoccurs.The
valveplugfallsoutandajetofwaterexits,strikingthespray
generatorwhereitisthendistributedevenlyoverthe
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surroundingarea.Inactingthiswayonlytheareaofthefireisdelugedand
damageisminimized.
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Waterissuppliedfromanairpressurizedwatertank(thusthesystem
functionswithoutelectricalpower),thiswaterisfreshwatertominimize
damage.Thetankishalffilledwithwaterandtherestiscompressedairat
pressuresufficienttoensurethatallthewaterisdeliveredtothehighest
sprinkleratsprinklerheadworkingpressure.Oncethissourceofwateris
exhausted,apressureswitchdetectsfallingmainpressure.Thisactivatesa
seawatersupplypump.Avalveisfittedonthesystemtoallowproper
testingofthisfunction.Afterseawaterhasenteredthesystemproper
flushingwithfreshwaterisrequiredtopreventcorrosion
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Ashoreconnectionmaybeconnectedtothesystemtoallow
functionduringdrydock
HighPressureWaterspraysystem
Asimilarbutessentiallydifferentsystemexistsforthesupplyof
waterunderpressuretodrypipesontowhichsprinklerheads
arefitted.Thesesprinklerheadsdonothavethebulbandvalve
arrangement.Insteadwhenanareaistobeservedarelevant
isolationvalvesisopened.Thefundamentaldifferencebetween
thisandthesprinklersystemisthathumaninterventionis
required,whereasthesprinklersystemisrequiredtobefully
automated.Commonlyacrossconnectionviaanonreturnvalve
existsabletodelivertothewaterfromthehighpressurespray
systemtothesprinklersystem
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Whenanisolationvalveisopenedpressureinthelinefallsand
theseawaterpumpisstarted.Theairvesselistheretoprevent
cyclingofthepumpduetoslightwaterleakage.Thefreshwater
pumpisthereforflushingandinitialfillingofwetpipeonly.
Regulations
TakenfromSOLAS1974RegulationII/2A
Regulation12Automaticsprinkler,firedetectionandfire
alarmsystems
1.1Anyrequiredautomaticsprinkler,firedetectionandfire
alarmsystemshallbecapableofimmediateoperationatall
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timesandnoactionbythecrewshallbenecessarytosetitinoperation.It
shallbeofthewetpipetypebutsmallexposedsectionsmaybeofthedry
pipetypewhereintheopinionoftheAdministrationthisisanecessary
precaution.Anypartsofthesystem,whichmaybesubjectedtofreezing
temperaturesinservice,shallbesuitablyprotectedagainstfreezing.Itshall
bekeptchargedatthenecessarypressureandshallhaveprovisionfora
continuoussupplyofwaterasrequiredinthisregulation.
1.2Eachsectionofsprinklersshallincludemeansforgivingavisualand
audiblealarmsignalautomaticallyatoneormoreindicatingunitswhenever
anysprinklercomesintooperation.Suchalarmsystemsshallbesuchasto
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indicateifanyfaultoccursinthesystem.Suchunitsshallindicateinwhich
sectionservedbythesystemfirehasoccurredandshallbecentralizedonthe
navigationbridgeandinaddition,visibleandaudiblealarmsfromtheunit
shallbelocatedinapositionotherthanonthenavigationbridge,soasto
ensurethattheindicationoffireisimmediatelyreceivedbythecrew.
2.1 Sprinklersshallbegroupedintoseparatesections,eachofwhichshall
containnotmorethan200sprinklers.Inpassengershipsanysectionof
sprinklersshallnotservemorethantwodecksandshallnotbesituatedin
morethanonemainverticalzone.However,theAdministrationmaypermit
suchasectionofsprinklerstoservemorethantwodecksorbesituatedin
morethanonemainverticalzone,ifitissatisfiedthattheprotectionofthe
shipagainstfirewillnottherebybereduced.
2.2 Eachsectionofsprinklersshallbecapableofbeingisolatedbyonestop
valveonly.Thestopvalveineachsectionshallbereadilyaccessibleandits
locationshallbeclearlyand
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permanentlyindicated.Anyunauthorizedpersonshallprovidemeansto
preventtheoperationofthestopvalves.
2.3Agaugeindicatingthepressureinthesystemshallbeprovidedat
eachsectionstopvalveandatacentralstation.
2.4 Thesprinklersshallberesistanttocorrosionbymarineatmosphere.In
accommodationandservicespacesthesprinklersshallcomeintooperation
withinthetemperature
rangefrom68Cto79C,exceptthatinlocationssuchasdryingrooms,where
highambienttemperaturesmightbeexpected,theoperatingtemperature
maybeincreasedbynot
morethan30Cabovethemaximumdeckheadtemperature.
2.5 Alistorplanshallbedisplayedateachindicatingunitshowingthe
spacescoveredandthelocationofthezoneinrespectofeachsection.
Suitableinstructionsfortestingandmaintenanceshallbeavailable.
3Sprinklersshallbeplacedinanoverheadpositionandspacedinasuitable
patterntomaintainanaverageapplicationrateofnotlessthan5l/m2/min
overthenominalareacoveredbythesprinklers.However,the
Administrationmaypermittheuseofsprinklersprovidingsuchan
alternativeamountofwatersuitablydistributedashasbeenshowntothe
satisfactionoftheAdministrationtobenotlesseffective.
4.1Apressuretankhavingavolumeequaltoatleasttwicethatofthecharge
ofwaterspecifiedinthissubparagraphshallbeprovided.Thetankshall
containastandingchargeoffreshwater,equivalenttotheamountofwater
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whichwouldbedischargedinoneminutebythepumpreferredtoin
paragraph5.2,andthearrangementsshallprovideformaintaininganair
pressureinthetanksuchastoensurethatwherethestandingchargeoffresh
waterinthetankhasbeenusedthepressurewillbenotlessthantheworking
pressureofthesprinkler,plus
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thepressureexertedbyaheadofwatermeasuredfromthebottomofthe
tanktothehighestsprinklerinthesystem.Suitablemeansofreplenishing
theairunderpressureandofreplenishingthefreshwaterchargeinthe
tankshallbeprovided.Aglassgaugeshallbeprovidedtoindicatethe
correctlevelofthewaterinthetank.
4.2Meansshallbeprovidedtopreventthepassageofseawaterintothetank.
5.1 Anindependentpowerpumpshallbeprovidedsolelyforthepurposeof
continuingautomaticallythedischargeofwaterfromthesprinklers.The
pumpshallbebroughtintoactionautomaticallybythepressuredropinthe
systembeforethestandingfreshwaterchargeinthepressuretankis
completelyexhausted.
5.2 Thepumpandthepipingsystemshallbecapableofmaintainingthe
necessarypressureatthelevelofthehighestsprinklertoensurea
continuousoutputofwatersufficientforthesimultaneouscoverageofa
minimumareaof280m2attheapplicationratespecifiedinparagraph3.
5.3 Thepumpshallhavefittedonthedeliverysideatestvalvewithashort
openendeddischargepipe.Theeffectiveareathroughthevalveandpipe
shallbeadequatetopermitthereleaseoftherequiredpumpoutputwhile
maintainingthepressureinthesystemspecifiedinparagraph4.1.
5.4 Theseainlettothepumpshallwhereverpossiblebeinthespace
containingthepumpandshallbesoarrangedthatwhentheshipisafloatit
willnotbenecessarytoshutoffthesupplyofseawatertothepumpforany
purposeotherthantheinspectionorrepairofthepump.
6Thesprinklerpumpandtankshallbesituatedinapositionreasonably
remotefromanymachineryspaceofcategoryA
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andshallnotbesituatedinanyspacerequiredtobeprotectedbythe
sprinklersystem.
7.1 Inpassengershipsthereshallbenotlessthantwosourcesofpower
supplyfortheseawaterpumpandautomaticalarmanddetectionsystem.
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Wherethesourcesofpowerforthepumpareelectrical,theseshallbeamain
generatorandanemergencysourceofpower.Onesupplyforthepumpshall
betakenfromthemainswitchboard,andonefromtheemergency
switchboardbyseparatefeedersreservedsolelyforthatpurpose.Thefeeders
shallbesoarrangedastoavoidgalleys,machineryspacesandotherenclosed
spacesofhighfireriskexceptinsofarasitisnecessarytoreachthe
appropriateswitchboards,andshallberuntoanautomaticchangeover
switchsituatednearthesprinklerpump.Thisswitchshallpermitthesupply
ofpowerfromthemainswitchboardsolongasasupplyisavailablethere
from,andbesodesignedthatuponfailureofthatsupplyitwillautomatically
changeovertothesupplyfromtheemergencyswitchboard.Theswitcheson
themainswitchboardandtheemergencyswitchboardshallbeclearlylabeled
andnormallykeptclosed.Nootherswitchshallbepermittedinthefeeders
concerned.Oneofthesourcesofpowersupplyforthealarmanddetection
systemshallbeanemergencysource.Whereoneofthesourcesofpowerfor
thepumpisaninternalcombustionengineitshall,inadditiontocomplying
withtheprovisionsofparagraph6,besosituatedthatafireinanyprotected
spacewillnotaffecttheairsupplytothemachinery.
7.2 Incargoshipsthereshallnotbelessthantwosourcesofpowersupply
fortheseawaterpumpandautomaticalarmanddetectionsystem.Ifthe
pumpiselectricallydrivenitshallbeconnectedtothemainsourceof
electricalpower,whichshallbecapableofbeingsuppliedbyatleasttwo
generators.Thefeedersshallbesoarrangedastoavoidgalleys,machinery
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spacesandotherenclosedspacesofhighfireriskexceptinso
farasitisnecessarytoreachtheappropriateforthealarmand
detectionsystemshallbeanemergencysource.Whereoneof
thesourcesofpowerforthepumpisaninternalcombustion
engineitshall,inadditiontocomplyingwiththeprovisionsof
paragraph6,besosituatedthatafireinanyprotectedspace
willnotaffecttheairsupplytothemachinery.
8Thesprinklersystemshallhaveaconnectionfromtheship's
firemainbywayofalockablescrewdownnonreturnvalveat
theconnectionwhichwillpreventabackflowfromthe
sprinklersystemtothefiremain.
9.1Atestvalveshallbeprovidedfortestingtheautomatic
alarmforeachsectionofsprinklersbyadischargeofwater
equivalenttotheoperationofonesprinkler.Thetestvalvefor
eachsectionshallbesituatednearthestopvalveforthat
section.
9.2Meansshallbeprovidedfortestingtheautomatic
operationofthepumponreductionofpressureinthe
system.
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9.3Switchesshallbeprovidedatoneoftheindicating
positionsreferredtoinparagraph1.2whichwillenablethe
alarmandtheindicatorsforeachsectionofsprinklerstobe
tested.
10Sparesprinklerheadsshallbeprovidedforeachsectionof
sprinklerstothesatisfactionoftheAdministration.
Q110)HOWSPRINKLERSYSTEMISTESTED?
ANS)Testingprocedure:
a.Closethesectionisolatingvalve,thiswillraiseanalarm
indicatingzoneisolation.
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b. Now,openthetestvalve,ifnowatercomesout,thenitmeanstheNR
valveplacedafterthesectionisolatingvalveisnotleaking.
c. Since,thesectionaftertheNRvalveremainspressurized,openingofthe
drainvalvewillcausethewaterpressureinthesectionlinetodecrease.A
pressureswitchsensorsensesthedecreasedpressure&raisesanalarm.
d. Now, close the drain valve, open the section isolating stop valve. To
checktheflowswitch,opentheflowtestswitchtoactivateanalarm.
e. Alltheabovealarmswillbeindicatedonthenavigationbridge,E/roomas
wellasintheFireControlRoom.Thealarmwillalsoindicatetheparticular
zonefromwhereithasrisen.
f. Ifallthealarmconditionsaresatisfied,closeallthetestingvalves,openthe
sectionisolatingvalve,purgethesprinklerlinebyairandagainkeeptheline
pressurized.Checkfromthepressuregauge,thatproperpressurehasbeen
maintainedornot.
Q111)WhatChemicalsusedinDCPextinguisher?ANS)Sodium
bicarbonate&Magnesiumstriate
Q112)whataretherequirementsofaFixedCO2FireFighting
Installation?
ANS)TheSystemmustgive40%saturationoftheCompartment
tobefilled.
85%oftheCO2chargemustbedischargedintotheCompartment
withinthefirsttwominutes.
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Q113)whyshouldtheboilernotbeblowndownonfinding
oilcontamination?
ANS)Theboilershouldnotbeblowndown,asthiswillcover
allheatingsurfaceswithoili.e.insulatingthetubes,heating
surfaces.
Q114)whatmustthecapabilityofGravityDavitsbewith
regardsheelofship?
ANS)TheDavitsmustbeabletolowertheLifeboatswhenthe
Shipisheeledto15oneitherside.
Q115)whatisthedurationandrangeofa136LTrolley
FoamExtinguisher?
ANS)Thedurationofa136LFoamTrolleyExtinguisheris15
minutesapproximatelywitharangeofaround18m.
Q116)MaintenanceonCo2system?
ANS)CheckthehingesoftheCO2Roomdoor&greaseit.
Checkthepressuregauge.
Checktheconditionoftheblower.Check
alllightingsareproperlyworking.
IfManualpullcablesoperatetheremotereleasecontrols,
theyshouldbecheckedtoverifythecables&corner
pulleysareingoodconditionandfreelymoveanddonot
requireanexcessiveamountoftraveltoactivatethe
system.
ChecktheweightoftheCO2Bottles.
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Thedischargepiping&nozzlesshouldbetestedtoverifythat
theyarenotblocked.Thetestshouldbeperformedbyisolating
thedischargepipingfromthesystem&flowing
Dryairornitrogenfromtestcylinderorthroughanyother
suitablemeans.
Thehydrostatictestofallthecylindersshouldbedoneonce
in10yearsatleast.
Thealarmtobetested.
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TheCO2Linesshouldbeblownthroughwithserviceair.
Q117)whattestingandmaintenanceisdoneregarding
SodaAcidandFoamExtinguishers?
ANS)Theextinguishercontainersarepressurevessels,
thereforerequiretesting.
Containersareinitiallytestedto25bareveryyearforfive
yearsandthereafteratfouryearlyintervalsto20bars.
OnSodaTypeExtinguishers20%ofcontentsshouldbe
dischargedperyearandreplenishedwithFoamType50%.
Wherepracticaltheoperatingmechanismofportable
extinguishersshouldbeexaminedeverythreemonths.
Q118)HowisaLiferaftLaunched?
ANS)ALiferaftissimplylaunchedbyreleasingitfromits
lashings,apainterissecuredtotheShipandtheLiferaft
containeristhrownovertheside.Inflationtakesplace
automatically,thecontainerburstingopenandtheLiferaft
floatsclear.ApressurizedcylinderofCO2isusedtoinflatethe
raft.Liferaftsmustnormallybeboardedfromwaterlevel,dry
ifpossible.
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Q119)WhatactionwouldyoutakeintheeventofFirebreakingout
intheMachinerySpace?
ANS)IfaFirebreaksout,thealarmshouldberaisedandtheBridgeinformed
immediately.IftheShipisinPort,theLocalFireAuthorityshouldbecalled.If
possible,anattemptshouldbemadetoextinguishorlimitthefirebyany
meanspossible(aFireinitsfirstfewminutescanusuallybereadily
extinguished).
Ventilationfansshouldbestopped(shouldstopautomaticallyonactivation
offirealarm).Openingstothespaceshouldbesealedtoreducethesupply
ofairtothefireandtopreventitspreading.Anyfuellinesfeedingthefireor
threatenedbyitshouldbeisolated.Ifpracticable,combustiblematerials
adjacenttotheFireshouldberemoved.
AftertheFirehasbeenextinguished,precautionsshouldbetakenagainst
spontaneousreignition.
Personnel,unlesswearingbreathingapparatus,shouldnotreenteraspace
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inwhichafirehasoccurredbeforeithasbeenfullyventilated.
Q120)wherewouldyouexpecttofindaDryPowder
Extinguisher?
ANS)ItisusuallylocatednearElectricalEquipmentintheMachinery
SpaceandelsewhereontheShip.
Q121)whyfirelinefittedwithreliefvalveanddrain
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valve?
ANS)Reliefvalve:Reliefvalveisprovidedifpumpsarecapable
ofdevelopingthepressureexceedingthedesignpressureof
waterservicepipes,hydrants&hoses.Itassiststoavoidany
overpressuretodevelopinanypartofthefiremain.Thefire
lineisfittedwithreliefvalvetopreventthedamagetopipein
case,theV/Lisfightingfirewiththehelpofshorewhilein
drydock.
DrainValve:Drainvalveisfittedtodrainthefirelinewhennot
inuse&alsopreventthedamagetopipeduetoicing,whileV/L
isoperatinginSubzerotemperaturearea.
Q122)Purposeofisolatingvalveandwheresituated?
ANS)Anisolatingvalveisfittedtoseparatethesectionoffire
mainwithinmachineryspacecontainingmainfirepumpsfrom
therestoffiremain.
GenerallySituatedintheFirestation
Q123)HOWENTRYISMADEAFTEREXTINGUISHINGFIRE
VIACO2INASPACE?
ANS)SAFEUSEOFCO2FIREEXTINGUISHINGSYSTEMS
2.1 Itisrecommendedthatintheeventofanyfirebreakingout
onboard,includingonethatrequiresthefixedCO2systemtobe
activated,thenearestCoastguardtoyourpositionisinformed
assoonaspracticable.
2.2 Carbondioxide(CO2),acompoundofcarbonandoxygen,is
acolorlessgaswithaslightlyastringentsmellcausingcoughing
tooccurwheninhaled;athighconcentrationsitis
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acutelytoxic.Asitisabout50%heavierthanair,itwillformablanketover
afireandsmotherit.
2.3 Toobtaintotalfloodingofanengineroom,aCO2concentrationof
about35%byvolumeormoreisrequiredtobeobtainedwithin2minutes.
Thiswillreducetheoxygencontentoftheairinthespacetolessthan15%
toextinguishthefire.AtthisCO2concentrationhumanlifecannotbe
supported.
2.4 ItisthereforeessentialthatpersonnelleavethespaceassoonastheCO2
warningalarmsounds.CO2shouldnotbedischargedintoaspaceuntilall
thosewithinhaveleftandafullheadcounthasbeentaken.
2.5 BeforeaspaceisfilledwithCO2itisessentialthatthecompartment
ventilationflapsareproperlyclosedandsealed,ventilationfanemergency
stopsandallfuelandhydraulicoilremotequickclosingvalvesareoperated.
2.6 Whilst safe navigation is always a priority, in the event of a serious
machinery space fire it is imperative that all machinery within the affected
space, e.g. main engine(s) and generator(s), are shut down to prevent fuel
and/oroilfeedingthefire.
2.7 Masters,skippersandcrewshouldbefullycompetentwiththeremote
andlocaloperationofthefixedCO2fireextinguishingsystem.
2.8 Masters,skippersandcrewshouldbefullycompetentwiththeoperation
of the remote controls for the isolation of fuel oil, hydraulic oil and
ventilationsystemsfromthespace.
2.9 Masters, skippers and crew should be fully competent with the
maintenanceofthefixedCO2fireextinguishingsystem.
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2.10 Typically,ittakesabout1520secondsafterreleaseof
CO2beforetheconcentrationwithinthespacereachesa
dangerouslevel.
2.11 PersonnelinadvertentlycaughtinthespacewhentheCO2
is released are recommended to hold their breathandleave the
spaceimmediately.
3.SAFETYPRECAUTIONSAFTERCO2RELEASE
3.1 It is strongly recommended that expert advice should be
obtained from ashore before ventilation of the space or any
attempt at reentry is made. The nearest Coastguard to your
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position may be contacted who will assist in trying to obtain

thisadvice.Unlessspecificallyrequested,theCoastguardasa
requestforonscenefirefightingassistancewillnotinterpret
this.
3.2 ImmediatelyafteractivationoftheCO2systemchecks
shouldbecarriedouttoensurethatthegashasbeencorrectly
releasedfromthecylinders.Thiscanbeachievedbyfeelingthe
CO2cylinders,whichshouldbecoldtothetouch,andvisually
checkingtheindividualcylinderreleasevalvestoensurethey
areintheopenposition.
3.3 Crewshouldkeepwellclearoftheventilationflapsto
preventtheinhalationofnoxiousgases.
3.4 Ventilationofthespaceshouldnotberesumeduntilithas
beendefinitelyestablishedthatthefirehasbeenextinguished.
Thisislikelytotakeseveralhours.Monitoringthefireboundary
toconfirmthattemperaturesarefalling,especiallyinwayofthe
seatofthefireifthisisknown,maybeusefulinthisregard.
Applyingcontrolledamountsofwatertotheboundaries,by
whatevermeans,toseeifanysteamisgivenoff
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canalsobegoodindicatorofthetemperatureinsidethespace.
3.5 EntryintoaspacethathascontainedCO2shouldonlybe
attemptedbytrainedpersonnelwearingbreathingapparatus
withsafetylinesattachedandsufficientbackupimmediately
availableshoulddifficultiesarise.
3.6 Intheeventthatbreathingapparatusisnotcarriedonboard
anditisreallyimpossibletowaitforassistancefromashore,to
avoidasphyxiationtopersonnel,entryshouldonlybe
attemptedwhenthespacehasbeenthoroughlyventilatedwith
cleanair.Thiscanbeachievedbyusingmechanicalornatural
means,withmoretimegivenfornaturalventilation,toremove
allresiduesofCO2andtoxicgasesfromthefire.
3.7 Thenumberofpersonsenteringthespaceshouldlimitedto
thosewhoactuallyneedtobethere.Anattendantshouldbe
detailedtoremainattheentrancetothespacewhilstitis
occupied.
3.8 Anagreedandtestedsystemofcommunicationshouldbe
establishedbetweenanypersonenteringthespaceandthe
attendantattheentrance.
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3.9 Shouldanemergencyoccurtothepersonnelwithinthe
space,undernocircumstancesshouldtheattendantenterthe
spacebeforehelphasarrivedandthesituationhasbeen
evaluatedtoensurethesafetyofthoseenteringthespaceto
undertaketherescue.
3.10 Ventilationshouldcontinuethroughouttheperiodthat
thespaceisoccupiedandduringtemporarybreaks.
3.11 Intheeventthattheventilationsystemfailsany
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personnelinthespaceshouldleaveimmediately.
3.12 Protectionmethods,otherthanacleansourceofair,such
assmokefiltersonanordinarygasmask,shouldnotbeused,
asthesewillnotprotecttheuseragainsttheeffectsofCO2.
3.13 Ifaspaceissuspectedtobedeficientinoxygenasmoke
hoodwilloffernorespiratoryprotectionandmustnotbeused
forentry.
4.ADDITIONALRECOMMENDATIONS
4.1 EnsureclearinstructionsforoperatingCO2fixedfire
extinguishingsystemsaredisplayedneartheremoteoperating
controls,distributioncontrolvalvesandthegascylinders.
4.2 Ensureremotecontrolsforfueloilandhydraulicpumps,
quickclosingfueloilvalvesandclosingdevicesforventilators,
emergencystopsforventilationfansandCO2fixedfirefighting
systemsareclearlymarked,regularlytestedandmaintainedin
goodworkingorder.
4.3 AudibleandvisualCO2alarmswithinthemachinery
spaces,forwarningpersonnelwithinthespacesthattheCO2
fireextinguishingsystemisabouttobeoperated,shouldbe
automaticallyactivatedwhenopeningthedooroftheCO2
releasevalvescontrolcabinet(s).Thesealarmsshouldbe
regularlytested,maintainedingoodworkingorderandthe
crewfamiliarwiththem.
Q124)EXPLAINTHESOLASREGULATIONFOR
INSTALLATIONOFC02FIXEDFIREFIGHTINGSYSTEM?
ANS)SOLASRegulations:
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CO2usageonshipshastoabidebyfewsafetyregulations,as
onshiptherearelivesatstakeandmeasuretofightaccidents
arefew.Themainregulationsare:
* IftheCO2systemisinstalledinthecargospaces,the
quantityofCO2availableshouldbesufficientenoughtogive
atleastaminimumof30%ofthetotalvolumeofthelargest
spacethatisprotectedbytheCO2system.
* IftheCO2systemisinstalledinmachineryspaces,the
quantityofCO2availableshouldbesufficienttogiveatleasta
volumeequaltoeitherofthefollowing:
a) 40%ofthetotalvolumeofthelargestmachineryspacesthat
isprotectedbytheCO2system.(Thevolumeshouldexclude
thatpartofthecasingwherethehorizontalareaofthecasingis
40%orlessthenthehorizontalareaofthespacetakeninto
considerationandmeasuredmidway,betweentanktopand
lowestpartofcasing)
b) 35%ofthetotalvolumeofthelargestmachineryspacesthat
areprotectedbytheCO2systemincludingtheareacoveredby
thecasing.
Itisalsoarequirementthat85%oftherequiredquantityof
gasshouldbereleasedintothespaceswithintwominutesof
evacuatingthefireaffectedspace.
Q125)EXPLAINABOUTTHECONSTRUCTIONOFCO2
BOTTLES?
ANS)ConstructionofCO2bottlesforfixedfirefightingsystem:
ItisimperativethattheCO2bottlesarestrongandsturdydue
tothehighinternalpressuretheyaregoingtowithstand.For
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thisreason,thebottlesaremadefromsoliddrawnsteeland
arealsohydraulicallytestedupto228barspriorto
installation.
CO2isretainedinsidethecylinderintheliquidformunder
pressure.Asiphontubeisprovidedinsidethebottletoensure
thattheliquidCO2isdischargedfromthebottleorelseitwould
evaporatefromthesurface,givingaveryslowdischargerate
andtakingawaythelatentheatwouldprobablycausethe
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remainingCO2inthebottletofreeze.
Q126)EXPLAINTHESAFETYFEATURESOFCO2SYSTEM?
ANS)SafetyFeatures:
Somespecialfeaturesareprovidedtothesysteminorderto
increasethesafetylevelandalsotomakeoperationsmooth.
Thecontrolcabinetdoorsareinstalledwithaspecialsignaling
system.Wheneverapersonopensthedoorofthecontrol
cabinetinordertooperatetheCO2system,analarmissounded
automatically.ThisisdonetosignalcrewmembersofCO2
floodingonship.Thisisalsoanindicationtoleavethefire
affectedplaceandassembleatthemusterstation.
Amastervalveisalsoprovidedonthemainpipegoingtothe
machineryorcargospaces,inordertostoptheCO2supplyin
caseofaccidentalrelease.
Q127)WHATALLCHECKSTOBEDONEONTOTALCO2
FLOODINGSYSTEM?
ANS)Checksonthesystem
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Pipesleadingtothespacesshouldregularlybeblownwith
airtoensurethattheyarenotblocked.
ThelevelintheCo2bottlesshouldbecheckedonregular
basis.Ifinaparticularcheck,thedifferenceis10%of
thetotalvolume,thebottleshouldbereplacedassoon
aspossible.
Sensorsshouldbecheckedperiodically.
Cabinetdooralarmsshouldalsobecheckedonregular
intervaloftime.
AllthepipingsandconnectionsattheCO2bottlesshouldbe
checkedregularly.
Q128)EXPLAINTHECONSTRUCTION&WORKINGOF
TOTALFLOODINGSYSTEM?
ANS)CO2HighPressureFireExtinguishingSystem
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Characteristics
Suitableforextinguishinginclosedspaceslikeengine
rooms,auxiliaryrooms,cargoholds,etc.
Extinguishthefirewithinashorttimeandleavenoresidue
afterextinguishing:shutdown time after a fire willbe reduced
toaminimum
Suitableforextinguishingfiresincombustibleliquids,gases
andelectricalequipment,andforextinguishingsmolderingfires
inwood,paper,textiles,etc.
Installedasatotalfloodingcentralbanksysteminclusivea
numberofdistributions
Normallyinstalledwithpneumaticrelease,butcanalsobe
suppliedwithmechanical,electrical,andmanualrelease.
Constructions:TheCO2systemconsistsofoneormore
pressurecylinderscontainingtheextinguishingagent
CO2.
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Thecylindersareconnectedviaacommonmanifold.
Fromthemainmanifold,theextinguishingagentisledthrough
distributionvalvestotheprotectedspaces.
Thevalveconstruction,cylindersize,andcylinderpressure,
combinedwiththecomputercalculatedpipeandnozzle
dimensioning,ensuresthattheextinguishingagentis
distributedincorrectquantitiesandwithintheprescribed
time.Thereleaseisactivatedpneumatically,electrically
and/ormechanically.
Pressureoperatedcylindervalvesofferthepossibilityof
connectingCO2cylindersingroupsoperated
pneumaticallyfromoneormore
releasecabinets
equippedwithCO2gascylinders.
Thereleasecabinetsare
equippedwithpilotvalvesforuseinopeningcylindersand
distributionvalvesbypipeconnections.
Forpneumaticoperation,thebuiltinactuatorisusedforeach
cylindervalve.Theseareconnectedtotheothercylindervalves
inthegroupviaseriesconnected,flexiblehighpressurehoses.
CO2Cylinders:Thecylindersaredeliveredas67.5litresteel
cylindersfilledwith45kgofCO2,oralternativelyas80litre
steelcylindersfilledwith53.6kgofCO2.Toenableremote
controlandquickrelease,thecylindersaresuppliedwith
pressureoperatedquickopeningvalves,whichalsoofferthe
possibilityofmanualoperation.
Thevalveconstructionsecuresagainstdamaging
overpressureinthecylinder,asthevalvehasabuiltin
burstingdisc,activatedatanominalpressureof190bars.
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CO2room:Thecylindersarenormallystoredinaseparate,
wellventilatedandinsulatedroom,wherethetemperatureis
keptbetween0and40C.Theroommusthavefreeaccessto
openair.Theroomshouldhaveaminimumclearheightof2.4m
toprovideadequatespaceforthemountingof
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manifoldsandweighingbeamsforcheckweighingofthecylinders.
CheckingEquipment.Thecylinderscanbecheckedbyaweighingdevice
orliquidlevelmeasurement.SpecialEquipment:Toreducetheinstallation
timeinCO2roomsonboardships,cylinderarrangementsmountedin
racksconsistingofupto100piecesof45/53.6kgcylinders,complete
withmanifoldandfixingequipment,canbesupplied.
CO2ExtinguishingSystem:releaseSystem
ThePressureControlledCylinderValve.Allreleasesystemsarebasedonthe
uniquepressureoperatedcylindervalve.Thisvalveisusedinallsystemsin
whichpressurecylinders(CO2andN2)formapart.CO2cylinders,with
contentsofupto
60kgdischarge,canbe releasedwithinoneminute.Valve
housingsandinternal
partsaremadeofbrassorstainless
steel,withtighteningmaterialsofneopreneorcopper.
Thevalveisconstructedasacombinedpressureoperatedquickopening
valvewithhandwheelformanualopening.Thevalveisdesignedwitha
uniquefunctionthatenablestheusertoperformarealcheckofthevalve
function.Byopeningthecontrolvalveforreleasingthecylinderswhile
leavingthedistributionvalveclosed,themanifoldwillbepressurized.Itcan
thenbeprovedthateachvalveisopened.By
closingthecontrolvalve,thereleasepiping systemwillbe
relievedandthecylindervalveswillclose.
Someclassesand
authoritiesrequirethisfunction.PneumaticreleaseSystem.Total
floodingsystemsrequiregroupsofcylinderstobereleased
simultaneously.Forthis
purpose,pneumaticallyoperatedcylindervalvesareusedinconjunction
withthepilotpressurefromthemaster
releaseboxcontainingcontrolcylinder(s)(CO2orN2),twocontrol
valves,apressuregauge,andoneortwodoorswitches.
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Asanoption,thesystemcanbesuppliedwithapneumatic
timedelaydevicetodelaytheopeningofthemainvalve.
Manuallyopeningthecylindervalveandthenoperatingthe
twolocalcontrolvalvescanmakeemergencyreleasefromthe
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CO2room.
Q129)EXPLAININTERNATIONALSHORECONNECTION?
ANS)Theinternationalshoreconnectionisauniversalhose
connectionthatistobeprovidedonallshipsaspertheSOLAS
requirement.ThepurposeoftheInternationalShore
Connectionistokeepastandbyhoseattachmenttogeta
connectionfromshoreorfromothershipsincasethereisa
totalfailureofpumpsonboard.
WhileusingInternationalShoreConnectiontheseawateris
suppliedatapredecidedpressureandisconnectedtoships
firemain.Thiscouplingisgenerallykeptonthebridgeofaship
sothatincaseofanemergencyitisreadilyavailableandused.
AsperSOLAS,shipsabove500tonsgrosstonnageand
upwardsmusthaveatleastoneinternationalshoreconnection.
Theinternationalshoreconnectionhasastandardsizeandis
sameforallthecountriesandships
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BasicRequirementsforInternationalShoreConnection
Theconnectionshouldbemadeupofsteelorothersuitable
materialandshallbedesignedfor1.0N/mm2services.The
flangeshouldhaveflatsurfaceononesideandotherside
shouldbepermanentlyconnectedorattachedtoacoupling,
whichcanbeeasilyfittedtoshipshydrantandhose
connection.
Theconnectionshouldbekeptonboardwithareadygasketof
material,whichcanhandleapressureof1.0N/mm2together
withfour16mmbolts,50mminlengthandeightwashersso
thattheconnectioncanbereadilyusedincaseofan
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emergencysituation.
Q130)PurposeofISMcode?
ANS)ISMCode:AsperSOLASChapterIX.Managementforthe
SafeOperationofShip.
ISMisInternationalSafetyManagementCodeforsafeoperation
ofships&forpollutionpreventionasadopted.Purposeofthis
codeistoprovideaninternationalstandardforsafe
managementandoperationofshipsandforpollution
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prevention.
Theobjectiveistoensuresafetyatsea,preventionofhuman
injuryorlossoflife&avoidanceofdamagetotheenvironment,
inparticulartomarineenvironmentandtoproperty.
Q131)whatcertificateissuedforISMcode?
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ANS)DOCDocumentofCompliance:Validfor5years
SMCSafetyManagementCertificate:Valid for 5 Years
InterimDOC:Validfor12months.
InterimSMC:Validfor6months
Q132)whatcertificateyouappearingfor?
ANS)OfficerinchargeofanengineeringwatchatOperational
Level.
Q133)WhichImopublicationgivesyoutheguidelinesfor
watchkeeping?
ANS)STCW95
Q134)whatisCAS?
ANS)CASConditionAssessmentScheme
Tankertype1:OilTankersabove20000DWT,nothaving
segregatedballasttank(SBT)
TankerType2:Oiltankersabove20000DWThaveSBT.
Type1tankershavealreadybeenphasedoutby2005.
CASAppliestoonlyType2tankers.Whicharetobephasedout
insegregatedmannerbyApril2015.
CASisamethodofcheckingstructuralintegrityofship,&its
certification by regular inspection by authority. Authorities
carryonthesaidinspectionsannually.
Q135)AlarmsandtripsofboilerandIGsystem?
ANS)AlarmsinIGSystem:
a. ScrubberHighLevel
b. Scrubberlowlevel
c. DecksealHighlevel
d. Deckseallowlevel
e. HighO2Content
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f. Highblowercasingtemp.
g. Lowlubeoilpressurealarm.
TripsinIGSystem:
a. HighCasingTemp.Trip
b. Lowlubeoilpressuretrip.
c. Low/noflowscrubberwater
d. Low/noflowdecksealwater.
e. Highboilerpressuretrip.
f. Lowboilerpressuretrip.
AlarmsinBoiler:
a. LowwaterlevelAlarm
b. Toolowwaterlevelalarm.
c. Highwaterlevelalarm
d. Highfueloiltemp.Alarm.
e. Lowfueloiltemp.Alarm
f. Lowboilerpressurealarm.
TripsinBoiler:
a. LowLowlevelwatertrip
b. Highboilerpressuretrip.
c. Flamefailure
d. Lowfueloilpressure
Q136)VARIOUSALARMS&TRIPSINCOPTSYSTEM?
ANS)
a)LubeoilLowpressurealarm&trip.
(b) LubeoilHightemperaturealarm.
(c) Overspeedtrip
(d) Highbackpressurealarm&trips.
(e) Highdischargepressurealarm&trip.
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(f) Steaminletlowpressuretrip.
(g) Rotoraxialmovementtrip.
(h) I.G.systemabnormaltrip.
(i) Pumpbearinghightemperaturetrip.
(j) Intermediateshaftbearinghightemperaturetrip.
(k) Casingoverheattrip.
(l) Emergencytrip.
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Q137).Whatentriesshouldbedoneforbunkersinoil
recordbook?
ANS)Dateandtimeofstart&stopofbunkering.
Positionofvessel.
Quantityofbunkertaken.
Bunkertakeninwhichtank
Anyinternalfueltransferdidwhilebunkering.
Q138)WhataretheentriesmadeinOilrecordbook?ANS)
AsperMARPOLAnnex1Regulation17:Regulationforthe
preventionofpollutionbyoil:EntriesdoneinOilRecord
bookare:
a. Ballastingorcleaningoffueloiltanks.
b. Dischargeofdirtyballastorcleaningwaterfromfueloil
tanks.
c. Collection&disposalofoilresidues,sludge&bilgeoil.
d. Bunkeringoffuelorbulklubricatingoil.
e. AnyfailureoftheOilFilteringEquipment.
f. Date&timeoftheoperation.
Q139)whatisCOW?
ANS)COW:CrudeOilWashing
AsperMARPOLAnnex1,Regulation33:Regulationforthe
preventionofpollutionbyoil.Everycrudeoiltankerof20000
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Dwtandaboveshallbefittedwithcargotankcleaningsystem
usingcrudeoilwashing.
ThepurposeofCOWistoreduceaccumulationofsludgein
tanks&reducetheamountofcarryovercargo.
DuringoperationofCOW,tanksmusthaveoxygencontentless
than8%andunderpositiveIGPressure.
TheadvantageofCOWisthattankremainsclean&ROBcargo
isless&henceincreasescargocarryingcapacity.
Q140)whatarethesafetyonEngineroomOverhead
Crane?
ANS)
* Overloadtrip.
* Limitswitchatfore&aftside.
* Limitswitchport&starboardmovement.
* Switchbuttonhavenonmetallicbody.
* Emergencystop.
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Q141)whatwasNRT&GRTofyourshipanddefinitions?
ANS)NRT:NetRegisteredTonnage
ItisthetonnageobtainedbydeductionfromtheGross
Tonnage,thetonnageofspaces,whicharereqd.forthesafe
workingofship:
(a) MastersAccommodation
(b) CrewAccommodationandallowanceforprovisionstores.
(c) WheelHouse,Chartroom,andNavigationAidsroom
(d) Spaceforsafetyequipment&batteries.
GRT:GrossRegisteredTonnage
TheGrossRegisteredTonnageisfoundbyaddingtotheunder
deckTonnage,thetonnageofallenclosedspacesbetweenthe
upper&theseconddeck.
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Q142)EmergencyGeneratorLocation&services
supplied?
ANS)Location:Shouldbeontheuppermostcontinuousdeck
outsidefromtheengineroombutnotlocatedattheforward
collisionbulkhead.
ServicesSupplied:
(a) Foraperiodof3HrsatEmergencylightingateverymuster
&embarkationstation.
(b) Foraperiodof18hrsat:
(i) Inallservice&accommodationalleyways,stairways&exits,
personalliftcars&personnellifttrunks.
(ii) Inthemachineryspaces&maingeneratingstations
includingtheircontrolpositions.
(iii) Inallcontrolstations,machinerycontrolrooms,andat
eachmain&emergencyswitchboard.
(iv) Atallstowagepositions.
(v) Atthesteeringgear.
(vi) Atthefirepump&inallcargopumprooms.
(vii) Thenavigationallights.
(viii) VHF&MFRadioinstallation.
(ix) Theshipearthradiostation.
(x) Atallinternalcommunicationequipment
(xi) Thefiredetection&firealarmsystem.
(xii) Intermittentoperationofthedaylightsignalinglamp&all
integralsignalsthatarerequiredinanemergency.
Q143)Lifeboatloweringprocedure?
ANS)
Minimumof5personsarerequiredtolowertheL/B.
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OnepersongoesinsidetheL/Bandpassestheendoftoggle
painterandplugsthedrain.
CheckalllifelineandfallsareclearofL/B.
Makefasttheotherendoftogglepainteronastrongpoint
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forwardoftheship.
Removeforwardandaftgripesandbothpersonstandbyfor
passingbowingtackleandtracingspendant.
Removeharborsafetypin.
Makesuretheshipssideisfreeofeverything;nowateror
garbageisthere.
Now,onepersonliftsthedeadmanshandleslowlywhich
releasesthebrake.
Theboatalongwithcradlesidesdownwardtillitcomesto
theembarkationdeck.
Bypullingtracingspendant,bringitalongsidethe
embarkationdeck.
Personsembarkinsidetheboat.
Now,tracingspendantisremovedandthewholeloadcomes
onfalls.
Now,boatisfurtherloweredwithdeadmanshandle.
Assoonastheboatcomesaround1meterabovetheseawater,
itcanbereleased
Q144)whatarethelifeboatequipments?
ANS)
Sufficientbuoyantoars
2boathook.
2Buckets
6HandFlares
2Rocketparachutes
2smokesignals.
EPIRB
SART
FoodRation.
1knifeand3tinopeners.
HandPump
Towline
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Antiseasicknesstablets
1setoffishingtackles.
Waterprooftorch
Daylightsignalinglamp.
Radarreflector
FirstAidKit
Tools
Compass
SeaAnchor
1Whistle
Portablefireextinguisher
ThermalProtectiveaid
Q145)whatisthedifferencebetweenflamearresterand
flamescreen?
ANS)FlameArresterwillnotletthefiretocomeoutfrom
inside.
FlameScreenwillnotletthefiretocomeinfromoutside.
Q146)WHATISREQUIREMENTFORCO2STORAGEROOM?
ANS)Carbondioxidestoragerooms
Thefollowingrequirementsareapplicableonlyforthestorage
roomsforfireextinguishingmediaoffixedgasfire
extinguishingsystems:
1)Thestorageroomshouldbeusedfornootherpurposes;2)
Ifthestoragespaceislocatedbelowdeck,itshouldbelocated
nomorethanonedeckbelowtheopendeckandshouldbe
directlyaccessiblebyastairwayorladderfromtheopendeck;
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3)Spaceswhicharelocatedbelowdeckorspaceswhereaccess
fromtheopendeckisnotprovided,shouldbefittedwitha
mechanicalventilationsystemdesignedtotakeexhaustair
fromthebottomofthespaceandshouldbesizedtoprovideat
least6airchangesperhour;and
4)Accessdoorsshouldopenoutwards,andbulkheadsand
decksincludingdoorsandothermeansofclosinganyopening
therein,whichformtheboundariesbetweensuchroomsand
adjacentenclosedspaces,shouldbegastight.
Q147)WHATALLMAINTENANCESHOULDBECARRIED
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OUTONCO2FIXEDFIREFIGHTINGINSTALLATIONS?
ANS)FIXEDHIGHPRESSURECO2FIREEXTINGUISHING
Installations:
* CO2bottlesoffixedCO2fireextinguishinginstallationshall
behydraulicallytested20yearsafterthedateonwhichthe
bottleswereputintouse,andevery5yearsthereafter.
* ThequantityofthemediumintheCO2bottlesshouldbe
checkedonceevery4years.Thismaybecarriedoutinbatches
of25%oftheCO2bottlesannually,or50%oftheCO2bottles
bienniallyorinaccordancewiththeshipsmaintenancesolong
aseveryCO2bottleischeckedonceevery4years.
* Allstopvalvesshouldbecheckedmonthlytoensurethatthey
areintheirproperopenorclosedposition.
* Theinstallationshouldbecheckedmonthlyforleakage.
* AllCO2bottleconnectionsforcableoperatingclipsshouldbe
checkedfortightnessevery3months.
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*Allcontrolvalvesshouldbeinspectedannually,and
internallyinspectedevery
5 years.
Airshouldbeblownthroughthepipingoftheinstallation
annually.
Q148)WHATALLMAINTENANCESHOULDBECARRIED
OUTONPORTABLEFIREFIGHTINGEXTINGUISHER?
ANS)PORTABLEFIREEXTINGUISHERS:
* Portablefireextinguishersaretobeexaminedbya
competentpersonannually.
* Eachportablefireextinguisheristobeprovidedwithalabel
indicatingthatithasbeenexaminedandthedateofthe
examination,orthedateofnextexamination.
* Containersofpermanentlypressurizedportablefire
extinguishersandpropellantbottles/containersofnon
pressurizedportablefireextinguishersshallbehydraulically
pressuretestedasfollows:
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a. Powderextinguishersevery10years
b. CO2extinguishersevery10years
c. Otherextinguishersevery10years
Q149)HOWWATER&MUDSAREDRAINEDOUTFROM
CHAINLOCKER?
ANS)Thechainmovesthroughthechainpipeandthehawse
pipeastheanchorisraisedorlowered.Thechainpipe
connectsthechainlockertothedeckandthehawsepiperuns
fromthedeckthroughthehulloftheship.Whenrecovering
theanchor,theanchorandchainarewashedoffwithafire
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hose to remove mud, marine organisms, and other debris picked up
duringanchoring.Seawaterfromthefirehoseisdirectedeitherthrough
thehawsepipeordirectlyoverthesideontothechainwhilerecovering
theanchor.
Thetopofthechainpipehasacanvassleevetokeepwaterfromenteringthe
chainlockerthroughthechainpipe.Underrarecircumstances,likeheavy
weather,rainorgreenwater(seawaterthatcomesoverthebowduring
heavyweather)getsunderthechainpipecanvascoverandintothechain
locker.AdiagramofatypicalchainlockerisprovidedinFigure2.
Any fluid that accumulates in the chain locker sump is removed by either
drainage eductor for discharge directly overboard or by draining the chain
lockereffluentintothebilge.
Asthefluidinthechainlockersumpisbeingdrainedforoverboard
discharge,thelockerissprayedwithfiremainwatertoflushoutsediment,
mud,orsilt.Aneductorisapumpingdevicethatusesahighvelocityjetof
seawaterfromthefiremainsystemtocreateasuctiontoremovethe
accumulatedliquidsandsolids.
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Q150)whatarethemaincomponentsofthehull?
ANS) The main components are the framing or skeleton to
which the platting or skin is attached. The backbone of the
skeleton is the keel to which the frames or ribs are connected.
Deck beams are fitted between the side frames across or
athwartthehullandarefastenedtoitbybrackets.Theframes
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are shaped to the hull lines and the deck beams are given a
slightcurveorbeamround.
Q151)WHATISSHEERSTRAKE&WHATISITS
IMPORTANCE?
ANS)This is the uppermost strake of side plating which meets
theupperdeck.
Because when the vessel is subjected to bending the forces
alternativefromtensiontocompression(seeChapter4)andthe
sheer strake is subjected to maximum compressive and tensile
stresses.Henceitplaysanimportantpartincontributingtothe
strengthofthehull.Theupperedge,whichiscontouredtothe
sheerline,mustbesmoothandcontainnonotches.
Q152)EXPLAINCORRUGATEDWITHHELPOFDIAGRAM?
ANS)CorrugatedType:
Asdiscussedabovealotofextrastrengtheningisneededtobe
addedtoaplainbulkheadtowithstandhydrostaticpressure.
Byusingacorrugatedbulkheadthestrengthisinherently
formedintheconstruction,thisresultsinalargereductionin
weight.
Thetroughsinthebulkheadonatransversebulkheadrun
verticallyasshownbelow
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Toaddadditionalstrengtheningonhighbulkheads,diaphragmplatesare
fittedtopreventthecorrugationscollapsinginonthem.
Additionally,thefloorsinthedoublebottomstructurebelowthemain
watertightbulkheadsmustallbewatertight.Anypenetratingpipework
throughawatertightbulkheadmustbefullyweldedintothebulkhead.
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Q153)WHATISSTRINGER?
ANS)Thestiffenerusedtostrengtheningthesidessurface(hull)
oftheshipiscalledstringers.Withoutusingstringersthehull
shapeoftheshipsdoesnotformed.
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Q154)Regulationregardingairpollution?
ANS)MARPOLAnnexVI:Regulationforthepreventionof
pollutionbyairfromships.
Regulation12:OzonedepletingSubstance
AnydeliberateemissionsofOzonedepletingsubstanceshallbe
prohibited.Deliberateemissionsincludeemissionsoccurringin
thecourseofmaintaining,servicing,repairingordisposingof
systemsorequipments.
Newinstallations,whichcontainozonedepletingsubstance,
shallbeprohibitedonallships,exceptthatnewinstallations
containingHCFCsarepermitteduntilJanuary2020.
Thesubstances&equipmentcontainingsuchsubstancesshall
bedeliveredtoappropriatereceptionfacilitieswhenremoved
fromships.
Regulation13:NitrogenOxide(NOx)
Thisregulationappliestothedieselenginewithapower
outputofmorethan130KW,whichisinstalledonaship
constructedonorafter1stJanuary2000.&todieselengines
withapoweroutputofmorethan130KWwhichhas
undergonemajorconversiononorafter1stJanuary2000.This
regulationdoesnotapplytoemergencydieselengine,engines
installedinlifeboats&anydeviceintendedtobeusedsolelyin
caseofemergency.
Regulation14:SulphurOxide(Sox)
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Thesulphurcontentofanyfuelusedonboardshipsshallnot
exceed4.5%m/m.
InSECAAreathesulphurcontentshouldnotexceed1.5%
m/m.
IfinSECAareafuelusedishavingsulphurcontentmorethan
1.5%m/m,thenexhaustgascleaningsystemtobeprovidedto
limitemissionofSoxto6.0gSox/Kwhorless.
Regulation15:VolatileOrganicCompound
Regulation16:ShipboardIncineration
Q155)WHATISDOC?
ANS)DOCUMENTOFCOMPLIANCE:
(1) ACompanyowningoroperatingashiptowhichthis
RegulationappliesshallholdaDocumentofCompliance.
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(2) Thedocumentofcomplianceshallbeissuedbythe
AuthoritytoaCompanythatcomplieswiththerequirements
ofChapterIXofSOLASandtheISMCode.
(3) TheDocumentofComplianceshallbeissuedforaperiod
notexceedingfiveyears.
(4) Thedocumentofcomplianceshallonlybeissuedfollowing
verificationthattheSafetyManagementSystemofthecompany
complieswiththerequirementsoftheISMCodeand
determinationofobjectiveevidenceprovingthat:
(a) ASafetyManagementSystemhasbeeneffectively
implemented;and
(b) TheSafetyManagementSystemhasbeeninoperationfor
atleastthreemonths;and
(c) ASafetyManagementSystemhasbeeninoperationforat
leastthreemonthsonboardatleastoneshipofeachtype
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operatedbythecompany.
(5) Thedocumentofcomplianceshallbesubjecttoannual
verificationwithinthreemonthsbeforeorafterthe
anniversarydatetoconfirmtheeffectivefunctioningofthe
SafetyManagementSystem.
(6) TheAuthoritymaydelegatetheevaluationofevidenceof
compliancewiththeISMCodetotheSafetyOfficerortoan
organizationrecognizedbytheAuthorityasbeingcapableof
carryingoutsuchevaluation,orthemarineadministrationof
anothercontractinggovernment.
(7) TheAuthoritymaywithdrawthedocumentofcomplianceif
theannualverificationisnotrequestedorifthereisevidenceof
majornoncompliancewiththeISMCode.
(8) ThemasterofavesseltowhichthisRegulationappliesshall
keeponboardacopyoftheDocumentofComplianceandshall,
whenrequested,produceitforverification.
(9) TheAuthoritymayissueaninterimdocumentof
compliance,validfornotmorethantwelvemonths,tofacilitate
theinitialimplementationoftheISMCode,whereacompanyis
newlyestablished,orwhereanewshiptypehasbeenaddedto
anexistingdocumentofcompliance,providedthattheCompany
hasfullydemonstratedthatithasaSafetyManagementSystem
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thatmeetstherequirementsoftheISMCode.
Q156)WHATISSMC?
ANS)
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SAFETYMANAGEMENTCERTIFICATE:
(1) TheSafetyOfficershallissueaSafetyManagement
CertificatetoeachshiptowhichthisRegulationapplies,
followinganinitialverificationofcompliancewiththe
requirementsoftheISMCode,toensurethatthecompanyand
itsshipboardmanagementsystemoperateinaccordancewith
theapprovedsafetymanagementsystem.
(2) Theverificationreferredtoinsubsection(1)shallinclude:
(a)Theverificationthatthedocumentofcomplianceforthe
companyresponsiblefortheoperationoftheshipisapplicable
tothatparticulartypeofship;and
(b)AnassessmentoftheshipboardSafetyManagementSystem
toensurethatitcomplieswiththerequirementsoftheISM
Codeandthatitisimplementedandhasbeenfunctioningforat
leastthreemonthsaboardtheship.
(3) TheSafetyManagementCertificateshallbeissuedfora
periodnotexceedingfiveyears.
(4) TheSafetyOfficermaydelegatetheevaluationofevidence
of:
(a)CompliancewiththeISMCode;and
(b)MaintenanceofaSafetyManagementSystem,toan
organizationrecognizedbytheAuthorityasbeingcapableof
carryingoutsuchevaluation,orthemarineadministrationof
anotherContractingGovernment.
(5) TheSafetyManagementCertificateshallbesubjecttoat
leastoneintermediateverificationtoconfirmtheeffective
functioningofthesafetymanagementsystemandthatany
modificationscarriedoutsincethepreviousverification
complywiththerequirementsoftheISMCode.
(6) TheSafetyOfficermaywithdrawtheSafetyManagement
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Certificateifthereisevidenceofmajornoncompliancewith
theapprovedSafetyManagementSystem.
(7) ThemasterofavesseltowhichthisRegulationapplyshall
keeponboardtheoriginalSafetyManagementCertificateand
shall,whenrequested,produceitforverification.
(8) TheSafetyOfficermayissueaninterimSafetyManagement
Certificate,validornotmorethansixmonths,tonewshipson
delivery,orwhereacompanytakesonresponsibilityforthe
managementofashipwhichisnewtothecompany,provided
that
(a)ThecompanyhasfullydemonstratedthatithasaSafety
ManagementSystemthatmeetstherequirementsoftheISM
Code;and
(b)Thedocumentofcomplianceisrelevanttotheship;and
(c)ThemasterandseniorofficersarefamiliarwiththeSafety
ManagementSystemandthearrangementsforits
implementation;and
(d)Thecompanyhasprovidedessentialinformationand
instructionstothemasterbeforesailing;and
(e)Thecompanyhasprovidedrelevantinformationonthe
safetymanagementsystemintheworkinglanguageor
languagesunderstoodbytheship'spersonnel;and
(f)Thecompanyplanstoaudittheshipwithint
Q157)WHATALLCHECKSDOESPSCINSPECTORONSHIP
MAKE?
ANS)
IstheISMCodeapplicabletotheship?
IsISMcertificationonboard?
Arecertificatesandparticularsinorder?
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IsthereaCompanysafetyandenvironmentalprotection
policyandare
theappropriatecrewmembersfamiliarwithit?
IstheSafetyManagementdocumentationreadilyavailableon
board?
IstherelevantdocumentationontheSMSinaworking
languageoralanguageunderstoodbytheshipscrew?
CanseniorofficersidentifytheCompanyresponsibleforthe
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operationoftheshipanddoesthiscorrespondwiththeentity
specifiedontheISMcertificates?
Canseniorofficersidentifythedesignatedperson?
Areproceduresinplaceforestablishingandmaintaining
contactwithshoremanagementincaseofemergency?
Areprogramsfordrillsandexercisestopreparefor
emergencyactionsavailableonboard?
Howhavenewcrewmembersbeenmadefamiliarwiththeir
dutiesandarethereinstructionsavailablewhichareessential
priortosailing?
CantheMasterprovidedocumentedproofofhis
responsibilityandauthority,whichshouldincludehis
overridingauthority?
Doestheshiphasaroutinemaintenanceandisthererecords
available?
Havenonconformities,accidents,incidentsandhazardous
situationsbeenreportedtotheCompanyandhastimely
correctiveactionsbeentakenbytheCompany?
Arethereproceduresinplacetomaintaintherelevant
documentation?
Arethereproceduresinplaceintendedtointernalauditsand
haveinternalauditsbeencarriedout?(PSCOfficer,normally,
doesnotexaminethecontentsofnonconformitiesresulting
frominternalaudits).
Ifdetainabledeficienciesand/ormanydeficienciesare
detected,thePSCofficerwillusehisprofessionaljudgmentto
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decideifthismeansafailureoftheSafetyManagementSystem.
Q158)EXPLAINMAJORNONCONFORMITY?
ANS)Majornonconformitymeansanidentifiabledeviation,
whichposesaseriousthreattocrewmembersortotheshipor
isaseriousrisktotheenvironmentandrequiresimmediate
action.Inaddition,thelackofeffectiveandsystematic
implementationofanISMrequirementisconsideredasmajor
nonconformity.
Theshipshouldcorrectallthefollowingmajornon
conformitiespriortodeparture:
TheISMcertificatesarenotonboard.
TheCompanymentionedontheDoCisnotthesameasthe
CompanymentionedontheSMC.
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TheSafetyManagementdocumentationisnotonboard.
Safetyinformationisnotintheworkinglanguageorinthe
languageunderstoodbythecrew.
Seniorofficersareunabletoidentifytheoperatorand
designatedperson.(nocommunicationship/shore).
ThereisnoproceduretocontacttheCompanyinemergency
situations.
Drillshavenotbeencarriedoutaccordingtotheprogram.
Newcrewmembersarenotfamiliarwiththeirduties(within
theSMS).
MastersoverridingauthorityisnotdocumentedandMaster
isunawareofhisauthority.
Norecordsofmaintenancekeptornoevidenceof
maintenancehas
Norecordsofmaintenancekeptornoevidenceof
maintenancehasbeencarriedoutasindicatedintherecords.
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Q159)WHATAREISM&WHATALLCERTIFICATESSHIP
SHOULDHAVEINACCORDANCEWITHISMCODE?
ANS)InternationalSafetyManagement(ISM)Codemeansthe
International
ManagementCodefortheSafeOperationofShipsandfor
Pollution
Prevention.
ShipsshouldhaveISMcertificationonboard,inaccordance
withtheISMCode:copyoftheDocumentofCompliance
(DoC)issuedtotheCompanyandthesafetyManagement
Certificate(SMC)issuedtotheship.TheSMCisnotvalid
unlesstheoperatingCompanyholdsavalidDoCforthatship.
ThetypeofshipindicatedontheSMCshouldbethesameas
indicatedonthe
DoC.
TheCompanysparticularsindicatedontheDoCandtheSMC
shouldbethesame.
Q160)WHATISCLEARGROUND?
ANS)Ifcleargroundsaredetected,theshipwillbesubjectto
amoredetailedinspection.Cleargroundsincludemissingor
inaccurateISMcertificationordetainabledeficienciesinother
areas.
Manynondetainabledeficienciesmayalsobeanevidenceofa
deficientmanagementsystem.
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Q161)WHATISCONFORMITY?
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ANS)Anobservedsituationwhereobjectiveevidenceindicates
thenonfulfillmentofaspecifiedrequirementoftheISMCode
ortheCompany'sSMS.Thisdeviationortheidentifiedlackofa
planorinstructionforakeyshipboardoperation.Could
endangerthesafetyofpeople,theshipitscargoandthe
environment.
Q162)EmergencyFirepumpLocation,Capacity&howto
checkperformance?
ANS)LocationofEmergencyFirepumps:Thespace
containingthepumpshouldnotbecontiguoustothe
boundariesofmachineryspaceorthosespacescontaining
mainfirepumps.
Normallylocatedat:SteeringGearCompartment,Aftof
CollisionBulkhead,ShaftTunnel,andForwardpartofship.
Capacity:Shallhavecapacitynotlessthan25m3/hr&pump
shouldbeabletodeliverwateratfollowingpressurewithtwo
hydrantsopens:
PassengerShipabove4000GRT:4bar
Passengershipbelow4000GRT:3bar
Cargoshipabove6000GRT:2.7Bar
Cargoshipbelow6000GRT:2.5bars
Thethrowatthetopmostdeckshouldnotbefewer12meters.
Q163)WHATISGARBOARDSTRAKE?
ANS)Astrakeispartoftheshellofthehullofaboatorship,
which,inconjunctionwiththeotherstrakes,keepstheseaout
andthevesselafloat.Itisastripofplankinginawoodenvessel
orofplatinginametalone,runninglongitudinallyalongthe
vessel'sside,bottomortheturnofthebilge,usuallyfromone
endofthevesseltotheother.
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GARBOARDSTRAKE:Strakeadjacenttothekeeloneachside
oftheshipiscalledGarboardstrake.
Q164)HowtocalibrateOxygenAnalyzer?
ANS)a.SPANGas:SPANgasconsistsof99.99%Nitrogen.As
perittheO2analyzershouldshow0.01%oxygen.
b.Theanalyzeriskeptinfreshairwhereitshouldshow
20.97%oxygen.
Q165)EEBD/SCBAchecksandoperation?
ANS)ChecksonSCBA:selfcontainedbreathingapparatus:
a. Examinealltubingforanycracks,cutsoranydamage.
b. Examineinhalation/exhalationvalveandfacemaskisclear,
clean&dry.
c. Opencylindervalve,listenforaudibleleaks(withpositive
pressuresets)
d. Checkwhethercorrectpressureismaintainedinsidethe
cylinder.
e.Tocheckactualcylinderairpressure&thattherearenoleaks
inthesystem.Openthecylindervalve&readthepressure
registeredonthegauge,comparewithfullpressuremarkedon
thecylinder.Closethevalve&observethepressuregauge.
Pressureshouldnotdropmorethan10barsin1min.
f. Checkcorrectoperationoftheaudiblewarningwhistle.
When80%ofOxygenisconsumedwhistleshouldblow
automaticallytellingwearerthatonly20%(10mins)ofairis
leftinside.
g. Tightnessoffacemask&wearersfaceischeckedforeffective
tightnessoftheseal.
h. Pressuregaugetobecheckedforproperworking.
i. Cylindervalveshouldoperatefreely
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Q166)whatisgiveninSOLASChapter4,5&111?
ANS)SOLASChapter4referstoRadiocommunication.Inthis
chapterInternationalNavtex,SeaAreaA1,A2,A3&A4,
GMDSS,DigitalselectiveCallingisdefined.
SOLASChapter5referstoSafetyofNavigation.Thischapter
tellsaboutVoyageDateRecorders,NavigationBridgevisibility,
steeringgeartesting&drills.
SOLASChapter111referstoSpecialmeasurestakento
enhancemaritimesafety.Inthischapter,itistoldaboutShips
IdentificationNumber,ContinuousSynopsisRecord.
Q167)DRAWEXPANSIONBELLOW?
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ANS)
Anexpansionpieceisfittedinapipeline,whichissubjectto
considerabletemperaturevariations.Onetypeconsistsofa
bellowsarrangement,whichwillpermitmovementinseveral
directionsandabsorbvibration.Thefittingmustbeselected
accordingtothevariationinsystemtemperaturesand
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installedtopermittheexpansionandcontractionrequiredin
thesystem.
Q168)WHATISMUDBOX&WHATISITSPURPOSE?
ANS)Mudboxes:
Mudboxesarefittedintothemachineryspacebilgesuction
piping.Themudboxisacoarsestrainerwithastraighttailpipe
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downtothebilge.Toenabletheinternalperforatedplatetobe
cleanedwhennecessary,thelidofthemudboxiseasily
removedwithoutdisconnectinganypipework.
Q169)whyemergencybilgesuctionisBELLMOUTHED?ANS)Thebellend
orfootshouldprovideaninletareaofaboutoneandahalftimesthepipe
area.
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Itshouldalsobeasufficientdistancefromthebottomplating
andnearbystructuretoprovideafreesuctionarea,again
aboutoneandahalftimesthepipearea.
Q170)WHATISSTEAMTRAP&WHATISITSPURPOSE?
ANS)Asteamtrapdoesasitsnameimpliesandpermitsonly
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thepassageofcondensedsteam.Itoperatesautomaticallyand
issituatedinsteamdrainlines.Variousdesignsareavailable
utilizingmechanicalfloatswhich,whenfloatingincondensate,
willenablethecondensatetodischarge.Otherdesignsemploy
varioustypesofthermostattooperatethevalve,which
dischargesthecondensate.
Q171)whereuwillfindinformationoncodeonship?
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ANS)OnNavigationalBridge.
Q172)WHATISOBSERVATION?
ANS)Observation:
Anobservationmeansastatementoffactmadeduringasafety
managementauditandsubstantiatedbyobjectiveevidence.
Thecompany/shipisnotliabletoprovideevidenceofthe
correctiveactiontakenforanObservation.
Q173)Howaftpeaktankissealedfromsterntube?
ANS)Thepropellerenterstheshaftoutsidefromtheship,
actingasitsbarrier.IncaseofwatercooledSternTube,Gland
packingisusedtopreventwateringressinside.Butincaseof
Lignumvitaebearing,somewaterisallowedtogo.
IncaseofOilcooledSterntube,therubbersealsfittedwith
springsareused.
Q174)WHATALLPRECAUTIONSSHOULDBETAKEN
DURINGBUNKERING?
ANS)
1) Sawdustisagreatabsorbentandhenceampleamountof
sawdustshouldbekeptinsacksondecksothatifanyleakage
takesplaceduringthebunkeringprocedure,itcanbeeasily
controlledbyputtingsawdustonit.
2) Propermeansofcommunicationwiththeuseofhandheld
radiosetsorothermeansshouldbeestablishedbetweenthe
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shipscrewandthestaffatthebunkeringinstallationtoavoid
misunderstandings.
3) Thescuppersshouldbeclosedtomakesurethatnooilgoes
overboard.
4) Dripstraysshouldbeclosedoff.
5) Thebunkeringlinesshouldbeproperlycheckedandfuel
tankvalvesshouldbecarefullycheckedbeforecommencing
bunkering.
6) Valvesnotinoperationshouldbeeffectivelysealedoff.
7) Asoundingofalltheshiptanksshouldbedonebefore
startingthebunkeringoperation.
8) Soundingequipmentshouldbecheckedproperlybeforethe
bunkeringstarts.
9) Amarkertoindicatethefillingupofaparticulartankshould
beused.
10) Portauthoritiesshouldbeimmediatelycontactedincaseof
amajoroilspill.
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11) Thereshouldbenodamagetothehoseanditshouldbeofasufficient
length.Thecouplingsshouldalsobecheckedforanydamage.
12) High level alarms of bunker tanks should be properly checked for
theirfunctioning.
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13) The SOPEP lockers should be checked whether they have sufficient
supplies.
14) Oil absorbing apparatus like oil absorbing pads should be kept at
importantareastoreduceanyoilleaks.
15) Make sure the bunkering plans are agreed upon by all officers
onboardtheship.
16) Discuss the procedures to be undertaken in case of an emergency
withthesupplier.
17) A proper system of signals for communication should be established
betweentheshipboardcrewandsuppliers.
18) Fire extinguishers and other fire fighting apparatus should be readily
available.
Q175)Howumeasurerudderdropsandpurpose?
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ANS)RudderdropismeasuredbyTrammelGauge.
Purpose:Toknowabouttherudderjumping.
Q176)whatisregulation13Gand13H?
ANS)ForinformationofallShipOwners,Operatorsand
Chartersofsinglehulloiltankers
th
The50 sessionoftheIMOMarineEnvironmentProtection
Committee(MEPC50)heldonDecember1and4,2003has
adoptedamendmentstoMARPOL73/78Annex1Regulation
13GandintroducedanewRegulation13Htogetherwith
amendmentstotheConditionAssessmentScheme(CAS).These
amendmentsshouldbedeemedtohavebeenacceptedby
04102004andthenewRegulationwillenterintoforceon
05042005.
PreventionofAccidentalOilPollutionMeasuresforexisting
OilTankers:
AmendmentstoMARPOL73/78,AnnexI,Regulation13G:
1. Category1oiltankersaretobephasedoutby2005
2. Category2and3oiltankerswillbegraduallyphasedout
from2005to2010aspertheirdeliverydate.
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3. Category2and3oiltankerof15yearsandoveristobe
subjectedtotheConditionAssessmentScheme(CAS)
4. Category2and3tankerswhichareprovidedwitheither
doublebottomordoublesidesarepermittedtotradebeyond
theirphaseoutdateuntil25yearsofage,subjectto
acceptancebytheflagadministration.
5.
TheamendmentsintroduceanewCASregimefor
Category2and3tankersof15yearsandolderbyrequiringa
CASsurveytobeheldatthefirstintermediateorrenewal
surveyafterApril5,2005.
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6.ProvidedthatasatisfactoryCASsurveyisheldbeforethe
phaseoutdate,Category2and3tankerscantradeuntilthey
reach25yearsofage,ortheiranniversarydateofdeliveryin
2015,whicheveroccursfirst.
MARPOL73/78Annex1
Regulation13H
This new Regulation prohibits the carriage, as cargo, of
heavy grade oil by Category 2 or 3 tankers of 5000 tonnes
deadweight and above after April 5, 2005. All tankers of less
than 5000 tonnes deadweight but more than 600 tonnes
deadweightaretobeprovidedwithdoublebottomsanddouble
sidesby2008.
TheFlagAdministrationmayallowcarriageofheavygradeoil
ascargobeyondtheabovedatessubjecttocertainconditions
beingcompliedwith,forexampleshipsondomesticvoyages,
floatingstorageunitsoperatinginareasunderaflag
administrationsjurisdictionandcertainoildensitiesbeing
transportedbytankersthathavebeensubjectedtosatisfactory
CASsurveys.
Righttodenyentry
BothRegulations13Gand13Hcontainprovisionsto
permitaPortStatetodenyentryintotheirportsandoffshore
terminalsofallCategory2or3tankerstradingbeyond2010
andthosecarryingheavygradeoilascargo.
CAS
The Condition Assessment Scheme (CAS) was amended by
modifying its application to include Category 3 tankers age 15
years and older and tankers carrying heavy grade oil as cargo.
Provisions were included in the certification requirements of
CAStocaterforthetimerequiredbytheflagadministrationto
reviewthefinalreportandissueaStatementofCompliance
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Definitions
Category1:SocalledpreMARPOLsinglehulloiltankers,being
crudeoiltankersof20000tonsdeadweightandaboveandoil
productcarriersof30000tonsdeadweightandabovehaving
nosegregatedballasttanksinprotectivelocations(SBT/PL).
Thesearethemostvulnerableandoldesttankers.Generally
constructedbefore1982.
Category 2: corresponds to MARPOL single hull tankers, being
ofthesamesizeascategory1,butwhichareequippedwithSBT
/PL.Generallyconstructedbetween1982and1996.Category3:
corresponds to single hull oil tankers below the size limits of
categories 1 and 2 but above 5000 tons deadweight. These
smallertankersoftenoperateinregionaltraffic.
Heavygradeoi1meansanyofthefollowing:
3
(a) Crudeoilshavingadensityhigherthan900kg/m
(b) Fuel oils having either a density higher than 900
3
kg/m at 150 C or a Kinematic viscosity higher than 180
2
mm /sat50C
(c) Bitumen,tarandtheiremulsions.
Q177)whathappensifallowedrudderdropisnotkept?
ANS)Thebearingsonwhichrudderweightiscomingwillwear
downfastly.
Q178)WHATISTRANSOMEPOST?
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ANS)
Atransomis,atitssimplestdefinition,thebackpartofaboatoraship.Transomscomein
manyshapesandhavedifferentfunctionsbasedonthesizeandtypeofboat.
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Types
Transomsaresometimesjustthebackendoftheboat;they
canbecurvedorflatandthebottomedgeofthetransomis
usuallyatorjustabovethewaterline.
Function
Onsmallershipsandboatswithoutboardmotors,thetransom
isusedtoattachthemotortotheboat.Wires,cablesandthe
powersupplygothroughthetransom.
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Significance
Largerboatsoftenusethetransomtoadvertisethenameof
theboat,andatransomsternincreasestheamountofdeck
spaceavailablefortheboat.Boatswithoutboardmotorsneed
atransomtoattachthemotortotheboat.
Benefits
Atransomsterninalargershipreducestheoverall
constructioncostfortheship;atraditionalconvexsterncosts
moreandcanrestrictdeckspace.
Identification
Itsflat,squarishshapecanrecognizeatransomonlargerships,
suchasshippingboatsandsomecruiseships.
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Q179)WHATISSTRENFRAME?
ANS)Sternframe:
Alargecastingattachedtotheafterendofthekeel,
incorporatingtheruddergudgeonsandpropellerpostin
singlescrewships
Sternpost:
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Theverticalpartofthesternframetowhichtherudderis
attached
Q180)DRAWSTIFFNER?
ANS)
Q181)WHATISISGOTT?
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ANS)ISGOTT:InternationalSafetyGuideforOilTankersand
Terminals.
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Q182)ENTRYPROCEDUREINPUMPROOM?
ANS)EntryProcedures:
Itisstronglyrecommendedthataformalizedpermitsystemis
employedtocontrolpumproomentry,regardlessofWhether
ornotafixedgasdetectionsystemisinuse,andthatclear
proceduresareestablishedwithregardtoundertakingpre
entrychecks.
Inadditiontodetailingpreentrychecks,proceduresshould
advocatetheuseofpersonnelgasmonitorsforthoseentering
thespace.
Arrangementsshouldbeestablishedtoenableeffective
communicationtobemaintainedatalltimesbetweenpersonnel
withinthepumproomandthoseoutside.Regular
communicationchecksshouldbemadeatpreagreedintervals
andfailuretorespondshouldbecausetoraisethealarm.
Acommunicationssystemshouldprovidelinksbetweenthe
pumproomandthenavigationbridge,engineroomandcargo
controlroom.Inaddition,audibleandvisualrepeatersfor
essentialalarmsystems,suchasthegeneralalarm,shouldbe
providedwithinthepumproom.
Thefrequencyofpumproomentryforroutineinspection
purposesduringcargooperationsshouldbecriticallyreviewed
withaviewtominimizingpersonnelexposure.
Q183)SAFETIESONTANKERSHIPS?
ANS)
*RestrictionofSmoking,otherBurningactivitiesandNaked
Lights.
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* ProhibitionofUsingFireexceptinDesignatedAreasand
ControlofPotentialIgnitionSources
* StandardsforUseofPrivateElectricAppliancesandother
PortableElectricalEquipment
* NoWiringwithoutPermission
* ClosingPortholesanddoors
* Controlofpersonnelincargotankdeckareas
* AttentiontoVisitors
* PrecautionswhenstoringSpontaneouslyCombustible
Materials:Materials,whichmaycausespontaneous
combustion(sawdust,oilyrags,especiallyoilofvegetable
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origin,etc)mustbestoredinawellventilatedareatoprevent
theaccumulationofflammablegases.Theyareliabletoignite
withouttheexternalapplicationofheat,asaresultofgradual
heatingwithinthematerialproducedbyoxidation.
* PrecautionsagainstSparksfromFunnel
Q184)PROCEDUREFOROPERATINGCO2FLOODING
SYSTEMINEVENTOFFIRE?
ANS)Incaseofamajorengineroomfireonmerchantships,
CO2fixedfireextinguishingsystemisthemostcommon
methodusedforextinguishingfire.Thechiefengineerofthe
shipisresponsibleforoperatingthesystem,aftertakingall
precautionarymeasures.
Therehavebeenseveralcasesinthepast;whereintheengine
roomcrewhasbeenkillednotbecauseofthefirebutbecause
ofsuffocationafterCO2wasreleasedintheengineroom.
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Suffocationofthecrewcombinedwithreignitionoffiredueto
lackofairtightengineroomhasresultedingruesomecondition
asafterusingCO2nomorefirefightingmethodisavailable
(CO2systemcanbeusedonlyonce).
nd
TheCO2operatorinchargei.e.Chiefengineer(or2 engineer
inC/Esabsence)hastobeextremelycarefulwhenitcomesto
followingproceduretoavoidfireoranycasualty.Following
stepsaretobefollowedwithoutfailforextinguishingmajor
findinengineroom.
1. Onoutbreakoffire,thefirealarmwillsoundandbridge
officerwillknowthelocationoffire.Ifthefireisbigenoughto
fightwithportableextinguishers,allcrewshouldbegathered
inmusterstationforheadcount.
2. Informwheelhouseaboutthesituationofthefireandthe
chiefengineershouldtakedecisioninconsentwiththemaster
tofloodtheengineroomwithCO2toextinguishfire.
3. Emergencygeneratorshouldbestarted,asCO2flooding
requiresallmachineriesincludingauxiliarypowergenerator
tobestopped.
4. Reduceshipspeedandstopthemainengineatsafe
location.Captainshouldinformthenearestcoastalauthorityif
theshipisinsideacoastalzone.
5. OpentheCabinetofCO2operatingsysteminthefire
stationwiththeKeyprovidednearbyinglasscase.Thiswill
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giveanaudibleCO2Alarmintheengineroom.
6. Somesystemsandmachinerylikeengineroomblowersand
fansetc.willtripwithopeningofCO2cabinet.Counterchecks
allthetrippedsystemforsurety.
7. Makesuretherenooneisleftinsidetheengineroomby
repeatingtheheadcount.
8. Operateallremoteclosingswitchesforquickclosingvalve,
funnelflaps,fireflaps,engineroompumpsandmachinery,
watertightdoorsetc.
9. AirconditionunitofECRshouldbestopped.
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10. Closealltheentrancedoorsoftheengineroomandmake
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Q186)Howtomeasurepropellerdrop?
ANS)PropellerdropismeasuredwithPokerGauge.
Q187)WHATISFLARE?
ANS)Flares:
Therearethreetypesofflarecarriedonboardshipsredhand
held, orange s moke and parachute. These are designed for
day or night use and are used to attract attention of other
boatorpassingaircraft.
Flaresmustberegularlyinspected(expirydatethreeyears
frommanufacture)andstowedinareadilyaccessibleposition
inawatertightcontainerawayfromheat.
Againitisvitalthatallcrewknowthecorrectsafety
precautionsandfiringprocedures.Operatinginstructions
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mightdifferdependingonthemanufacturer.Instructionsmust
bereadandcarefullyfollowed.
Effectiverangesofflaresinconditionsofgoodvisibilityare:
Atnight
Parachuteflare25to35nauticalmiles.
Handflarefiveto10nauticalmiles.
Byday
Orangesmokeverylimited,upto1.4nauticalmiles,
betterfromair.
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Red(handandparachute)mayattractattentionby
day.
Onlyflaresthatarewithinthemanufacturer'sexpirydate
canbeconsideredaspartofthesafetyequipment
complementforyourboat.
Youcandisposeofflaresthathavepassedthe
manufacturer'sexpirydateattheseflaredisposal
locations.
Thereareseverepenaltiesformisuseofflaresandany
offendermayalsofacethecostsoflabourundertaken,
riskincurred,orlosssustainedinconsequenceofthe
signals.
Q188)LimitsofNOx&SOxandwhytheyarenotapplicableto
boilers?Whataretheprecautionary&preventionmeasureto
reduce?Whatarethecertificatesconcerningthis?
ANS)LimitsofNOx:
a. 17.0g/Kwhwhennlessthan130rpm.
b. 45.0xn0.2g/Kwhwhenis130ormorebutlessthan2000
rpm
c. 9.8g/Kwhwhennis2000rpmormore.
LimitsofSox:
OutsideSECAtheSoxcontentinfueloilshouldnotbemore
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than4.5%.
InsideSECAtheSoxcontentinfueloilshouldnotbemorethan
1.5%.
IfthefueloiltakeninSECAishavingmorethan1/5%Sox
content,thenExhaustGasCleaningsystembefittedtoreduce
thetotalemissionofsulphuroxidesfromship,includingboth
auxiliaryandmainpropulsionenginesto6.0gSox/Kwhor
less.
Compliance:CompliancewiththeprovisionsofAnnexVIis
determinedbyperiodicinspectionsandsurveys.Uponpassing
thesurveys,theshipisissuedanInternationalAirPollution
PreventionCertificate,whichisvalidforupto5years.Under
theNOxTechnicalCode,theshipoperator(nottheengine
manufacturer)isresponsibleforinusecompliance.
Q189)EXPLAINALLMARPOLANNEXS?
ANS)AnnexIPreventionofPollutionbyOil
AnnexIallowsforspecificdischargesofoilfromtankersonly
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whencertainconditionsaremet.Inaddition,themaximum
quantityofoilpermittedtobedischargedonaballastvoyage
ofoiltankersislimitedandappliesequallytobothpersistent
andnonpersistentoils.
AnnexIalsodefines"specialareas"whichareconsideredtobe
sovulnerabletopollutionbyoilthatoildischargeswithinthem
have been completely prohibited, with minor and well defined
exceptions.
AnnexIenteredintoforceinternationallyon2October1983
andforAustraliaon14January1988.On15October2004
MEPCadoptedarevisedversionofAnnexI,whichenteredinto
forcebothinternationallyandforAustraliaon1January2007.
TherevisedAnnexIincorporatesthevariousamendments
adoptedsinceMARPOLenteredintoforcein1983,including
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thephasinginofdoublehullrequirementsforoiltankers.Italsoseparates
theconstructionandequipmentprovisionsfromtheoperational
requirementsandmakesclearthedistinctionsbetweentherequirementsfor
newshipsandthoseforexistingships.
AnnexIIPreventionofPollutionbyNoxiousLiquidSubstancesin
Bulk
AnnexIIdetailsdischargecriteriaandmeasuresforthecontrolofpollution
bynoxiousliquidsubstancescarriedinbulk.AnnexIIregulatesthedischarge
oftheresiduesofabout250substances.Thedischargeoftheirresiduesis
allowedonlytoreceptionfacilitiesunlesscertainconcentrationsand
conditions(whichvarywiththecategoryofsubstances)arecompliedwith.
Nodischargeofresiduescontainingnoxioussubstancesispermitted
within12nauticalmilesofthenearestland.Morestringentrestrictions
applytospecialareas.
AnnexIIenteredintoforceinternationallyon6April1987andforAustralia
on14January1988.
On15October2004MEPCadoptedarevisedversionofAnnexII,which
enteredintoforcebothinternationallyandforAustraliaon1January2007.
TherevisedAnnexIIincludesanewfourcategorycategorizationsystem
fornoxiousandliquidsubstances.Inaddition,improvementsinship
technology,suchasefficientstrippingtechniques,havemadepossible
significantlylowerpermitteddischargelevelsofcertainproducts.
AnnexIIIPreventionofPollutionbyHarmfulSubstancesCarriedby
SeainPackagedForms
AnnexIIIcontainsgeneralrequirementsfortheissuingofdetailed
standardsonpacking,marking,labeling,documentation,stowage,
quantitylimitations,exceptionsandnotificationsforpreventingpollution
byharmfulsubstances.
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AnnexIIIenteredintoforceinternationallyon1July1992and
forAustraliaon10January1995.
AnnexIVPreventionofPollutionbySewagefromShipsAnnex
IVdealswiththedischargeofsewageintothesea,ships'
equipmentandsystemsforthecontrolofsewagedischarge,the
provisionoffacilitiesatportsandterminalsforthereceptionof
sewage,andrequirementsforsurveyandcertification.
Itisgenerallyconsideredthatonthehighseas,theoceansare
capableofassimilatinganddealingwithrawsewagethrough
naturalbacterialactionandthereforetheregulationsinAnnex
IVofMARPOLprohibitshipsfromdischargingsewagewithina
specifieddistanceofthenearestland,unlesstheyhavein
operationanapprovedtreatmentplant.
AnnexIVenteredintoforceinternationallyon27September
2003andforAustraliaon27May2004.ArevisedAnnexIV
wasadoptedon1April2004andenteredintoforceon
1August2005.
AnnexVPreventionofPollutionbyGarbagefromShipsAnnex
Vdealswithdifferenttypesofgarbageandspecifiesthe
distancesfromlandandthemannerinwhichtheymaybe
disposedof.Therequirementsaremuchstricterinanumberof
specialareas.TheAnneximposesacompletebanonthe
dumpingintotheseaofallformsofplastic.
AnnexVenteredintoforceinternationallyon31December
1988andforAustraliaon14November1990.
AnnexVIPreventionofAirPollutionfromShips
TheAnnexsetslimitsontheemissionsofnitrogenoxides
(NOx)frommarinedieselengines,requiresshipstoavoid
usingfuelwithsulphurcontentexceeding4.5%bymass,
prohibitsdeliberateemissionsofozonedepletingsubstances,
andprohibitstheincinerationofcertainproductsonboard
ships.Furthermore,ifashipiswithinasulphuroxides(SOx)
EmissionControlArea,ithastouseafuelwitha
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sulphurcontent not exceeding 1.5% by mass, or an exhaust gas cleaning
systemoranyotherapprovedapparatustolimitSOxemissions.
From1January2012,theglobalsulphurcapshallbe3.5%andisscheduled
todecreaseto0.5%from1January2020.However,the2020decreaseis
subjecttoafeasibilityreviewtobecompletedbytheIMOnolaterthan2018,
whichshallconsideramongotherissues,theavailabilityofcompliantfuel.
ThesulphurlimitinSOxEmissionControlAreasshallbe1.0%from1July
2010andshalldecreaseto0.1%from1January2015.
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ReductionsinNOxemissionsfrommarineenginesalsoformpartofthe
revisedAnnexVI.
Q190)EXPLAINTHEREGULATIONFORSEWAGEHOLDINGTANK?
ANS)Regulation11.1.1oftherevisedAnnexIVofMARPOL73/78
requiresthatuntreatedsewage,whichmaybedischargedatmorethan
12nauticalmilesfromthenearestland,shouldnotbedischarged
instantaneouslybutatamoderaterateofdischargewhentheshipisen
routeandproceedingataspeednotlessthan4knots,whiletherate
shouldbeapprovedbytheAdministrationbaseduponstandards
developedbytheOrganization.
ThisRecommendationprovidesthestandardandguidancefortheapproval
andcalculationofamoderaterateofdischarge.
1.2 A moderate rate of discharge applies to the discharge of untreated
sewagethathasbeenstoredinholdingtanks.
1.3 Thisstandarddoesnotincorporatethedilutionofsewagewithwateror
greywaterintocalculationsofthedischargerate.Thereforetherateisa
conservativeestimateanditis
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recognizedthatdischargesofsewageinaccordancewiththis
standardwillpresentahigherlevelofprotectiontothemarine
environmentduetomixingpriortotheactualdischargein
additiontothemixingactionoftheshipswake.
Themaximumpermissibledischargerateis1/200,000(orone
200,000thpart)ofsweptvolumeasfollows:
DRmax=0.00926VDB
Where:
DRmaxismaximumpermissibledischargerate(m3/h)
Visshipsaveragespeed(knots)overtheperiod
DisDraft(m)
BisBreadth(m)
3.2Themaximumpermissibledischargeratespecifiedin3.1
referstotheaveragerateascalculatedoverany24hour
period,ortheperiodofdischargeifthatisless,andmaybe
exceededbynomorethat20%whenmeasuredonanhourly
basis.
Beforeundertakingasewagedischargeinaccordancewiththis
standard,thecrewmemberresponsibleforsewageoperations
shouldensurethattheshipisenroute,ismorethan12nautical
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milesfromthenearestlandandthenavigationspeedis
consistentwiththedischargeratethathasbeenapprovedby
theAdministration.Shipswithhighdischargerequirementsare
encouragedtokeepnotesofcalculationsoftheactual
dischargestodemonstratecompliancewiththeapprovedrate.
Q191)whatallthingsarewritteninBDN(BunkerDelivery
Note)?
ANS)a.NameofBarge/Port
b.Positionofvessel.
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c. Deliverydate
d. IMOnumber
e. GrosstonnageofVessel
f. Vesselname
g. Timeofstarting
h. Timeofstopping
i. Productname&code
j. Viscosityat50DegreeC
k. Density@15C
l. WaterContent%V/V
m. FlashPointC
n. SulphurContent%m/m
o. PourPointC
p. Quantitytaken@35C
Q192)EXPLAINREVISEDMARPOLREGULATION5FOR
GARBAGE?
ANS)RevisedMARPOLAnnexVtextapproved:TheMEPC
approved,withaviewtoadoptionatitsnextsession,
amendmentstoreviseandupdateMARPOLAnnexV
Regulationsforthepreventionofpollutionbygarbagefrom
ships,followingacomprehensivereviewofthisAnnex.
Themainchangesincludetheupdatingofdefinitions;the
inclusionofanewrequirementspecifyingthatdischargeofall
garbageintotheseaisprohibited,exceptasexpresslyprovided
otherwise(thedischargespermittedincertaincircumstances
includefoodwastes,cargoresiduesandwaterusedforwashing
deckandexternalsurfacescontainingcleaningagentsor
additiveswhicharenotharmfultothemarineenvironment);
expansionoftherequirementsforplacardsandgarbage
managementplanstofixedandfloatingplatformsengagedin
explorationandexploitationoftheseabed;andthe
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proposedadditionofdischargerequirementscoveringanimal
carcasses.
Q193)WHATALLIMOCERTIFICATESSHOULDALLSHIP
HAVE?
ANS)
1. InternationalTonnageCertificate1A
2. InternationalLoadLineCertificate2A
3. InternationalLoadLineExemptionCertificate3A
4. IntactStabilityBooklet1B
5. DamageControlPlansandBooklets2B
6. MinimumSafeManningDocument4A
7. FireSafetyTrainingManual3B
8. FireControlPlan/Booklet4B
9. OnboardTrainingandDrillsRecord1C
10. FireSafetyOperationalBooklet5B
11. CertificatesforMasters,OfficersorRatings6B
12. InternationalOilPollutionPreventionCertificate5A
13. OilRecordBook2C
14. ShipboardOilPollutionEmergencyPlan7B
15. InternationalSewagePollutionPreventionCertificate6A
16. GarbageManagementPlan8B
17. GarbageRecordBook3C
18. VoyageDataRecorderSystemCertificateof
Compliance7A
19. CargoSecuringManual9B
20. DocumentofCompliance8A
21. SafetyManagementCertificate9A
22. InternationalShipSecurityCertificate(orInterim)10A
23. ShipSecurityPlanandAssociatedRecords10B
24. ContinuousSynopsisRecord4C
25. NoiseSurveyReport
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Q194)WHATCERTIFICATESPASSENGERSHIPNEEDSTO
CARRY?
ANS)
* Passenger Ship Safety Certificate/Exemption
Certificate11A
* SpecialTradePassengerShipSafetyCertificate12A
* SpecialTradePassengerShipSpaceCertificate13A
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* SearchandRescueCooperationPlan11B
* ListofOperationalLimitations12B
* DecisionSupportSystemforMasters13B
Q195)WHATCERTIFICATESCARGOSHIPSHOULDCARRY?
ANS)
* CargoShipSafetyConstructionCertificate14A
* CargoShipSafetyEquipmentCertificate15A
* CargoShipSafetyRadioCertificate16A
* CargoShipSafetyCertificate17A
* ExemptionCertificate18A
* DocumentofAuthorizationfortheCarriageofGrain19A
* CertificateofInsuranceorOtherFinancialSecurityinrespect
ofCivilLiabilitiesforOilPollutionDamage20A
* EnhancedSurveyReportFile6C
* RecordofOilDischargeMonitoringandControl
* SystemforthelastBallastVoyage7C
* CargoInformation8C
* BulkCarrierBooklet14B
* DedicatedCleanBallastTankOperationManual15B
* CrudeOilWashingOperationandEquipmentManual16B
* ConditionAssessmentSchemeStatementof
Compliance,CASFinalReportandReviewRecord17B*Hydrostatically
BalancedLoadingOperational
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Manual18B
* OilDischargeMonitoringandControlOperational
Manual19B
* SubdivisionandStabilityInformation20B
Q196)WHATCERTIFICATESTOBECARRIREDBYASHIP
CARRYINGNOXIOUSLIQUIDCHEMICALINBULK?
ANS)
* InternationalPollutionPreventionCertificatefortheCarriage
ofNoxiousLiquidSubstancesinBulk21A
* CargoRecordBook9C
* ProceduresandArrangementsManual21B
* ShipboardMarinePollutionEmergencyPlanforNoxious
LiquidSubstances22B
Q197)WHATCERTIFICATEANYCHEMICALTANKERS
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SHOULDHAVE?
ANS)CertificateofFitnessfortheCarriageofDangerous
ChemicalsinBulk22A
Q198)EXPLAINTHEREGULATIONSFORGARBAGEDISPOSAL?
ANS)UnderAnnexVoftheConvention,garbageincludesall
kindsoffood,domesticandoperationalwaste,excludingfresh
fish,generatedduringthenormaloperationofthevesseland
liabletobedisposedofcontinuouslyorperiodically.
Annex V totally prohibits of the disposal of plastics anywhere
intothesea,andseverelyrestrictsdischargesofothergarbage
fromshipsintocoastalwatersand"SpecialAreas".
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TheAnnexalsoobligesGovernmentstoensuretheprovisionof
receptionfacilitiesatportsandterminalsforthereceptionof
garbage.
ThespecialareasestablishedunderAnnexVare:
TheMediterraneanSea
TheBalticSeaArea
TheBlackSeaarea
TheRedSeaArea
TheGulfsarea
TheNorthSea
TheWiderCaribbeanRegionand
AntarcticArea
Theseareareas,whichhaveparticularproblemsbecauseof
heavymaritimetrafficorlowwaterexchangecausedbythe
landlockednatureoftheseaconcerned.
TheregulationmakesitclearthatportStatecontrolofficerscan
inspectaforeignflaggedvessel"wheretherearecleargrounds
forbelievingthatthemasterorcrewarenotfamiliarwith
essentialshipboardproceduresrelatingtothepreventionof
pollutionbygarbage".
Allshipsof400grosstonnagesandaboveandeveryship
certifiedtocarry15personsormore,andeveryfixedor
floatingplatformengagedinexplorationandexploitationofthe
seabedtoprovideaGarbageRecordBookandtorecordall
disposalandincinerationoperations.
Thedate,time,positionofship,descriptionofthegarbageand
theestimatedamountincineratedordischargedmustbelogged
andsigned.TheGarbageRecordBookmustbekeptforaperiod
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oftwoyearsafterthedateofthelastentry.Thisregulationdoes
notinitselfimposestricterrequirementsbutitmakesiteasier
tocheckthattheregulationsongarbagearebeingadheredtoas
itmeansshippersonnelmustkeep
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trackofthegarbageandwhathappenstoit.Itmayalsoprove
anadvantagetoashipwhenlocalofficialsarecheckingthe
originofdumpedgarbageifshippersonnelcanadequately
accountforalltheirgarbage,theyareunlikelytobewrongly
penalizedfordumpinggarbagewhentheyhavenotdoneso.
Allshipsof400grosstonnageandaboveandeveryship
certifiedtocarry15personsormorewillhavetocarrya
GarbageManagementPlan,toincludewrittenproceduresfor
collecting,storing,processinganddisposingofgarbage,
includingtheuseofequipmentonboard.TheGarbage
ManagementPlanshoulddesignatethepersonresponsiblefor
carryingouttheplanandshouldbeintheworkinglanguageof
thecrew.
Theregulationalsorequireseveryshipof12metersormorein
lengthtodisplayplacardsnotifyingpassengersandcrewofthe
disposalrequirementsoftheregulation;theplacardsshouldbe
intheofficiallanguageoftheship'sflagStateandalsoinEnglish
orFrenchforshipstravelingtootherStates'portsoroffshore
terminals.
Q199)EXPLAINSOLAS?
ANS)TheInternationalConventionfortheSafetyofLifeatSea
(SOLAS)isoneoftheoldestconventionsofitskind.Thefirst
versionwasadoptedin1914followingthesinkingoftheR.M.S.
"TITANIC"withthelossofmorethan1500lives.
Sincethen,therehavebeenfourmoreversionsofSOLAS
1929,1948,1960,andthepresentSOLAS1974version,which
enteredintoforcein1980.PartsoftheConventionapplyto
everyship,includingsmallpleasurecraft.
AProtocolof1978(SOLASProtocol1978)dealingwithsafety
mattersrelatingtotankerswasadoptedbytheInternational
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ConferenceonTankerSafetyandPollutionPrevention,and
cameintoforcein1981.Overthelast20yearstherehavebeen
severalamendmentstobothtreatydocuments.These
amendmentsarenotjusttocorrectthespelling!Since1974the
amendmentshaveaddedextrachapterstoSOLAS,forGMDSS,
ISM,etc.,andin1988anewSOLASProtocolreplacedthe
Protocolof1978.
AsSOLASisanagreementbetweenGovernmentswho
'undertaketogiveeffecttotheprovisionsofthepresent
Conventionandtheannexthereto',itisultimatelytheflag
Stateunderwhichayachtisregisteredwhoisresponsiblefor
interpretationsandimplementationoftheRegulations.Yacht
ownersshouldalwayscontacttheirnationalmaritime
administrationsforguidanceandrelevantnationalrulesand
regulations.
Weshallconcernourselveswithalookattheconsolidatedtext
oftheannextothe1974SOLASConventionandthe1988
Protocol,whichisdividedinto12chapters.Eachchapter
containsRegulations,andthenumberingoftheseRegulations
startsagainwitheachchapter.Somechaptershavemorethan
onepart,andinthiscasetheRegulationnumbersrunon
throughthedifferentparts.
CHAPTERI:Generalprovisions.
ChapterI,PartAApplication,definitions,etc.
Unlessexpresslyprovidedotherwise,SOLASappliesonlyto
shipsengagedonaninternationalvoyagewhichisdefinedas
avoyagefromacountrytowhichthepresentConvention
appliestoaportoutsidesuchcountry,orconversely.(Note
thatitisexpresslyprovidedotherwiseinchapterV.Thefirst
partofeachchaptergivesthedetailsofwhichtypesofshipthe
chapterwillapply).
Apassengerisdefinedaseverypersonotherthan:
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(i) themasterandthemembersofthecreworotherpersons
employedorengagedinanycapacityonboardashiponthe
businessofthatship;and
(ii) achildunderoneyearofage.
Apassengershipisaship,whichcarriesmorethantwelve
passengers.
Acargoshipisanyship,whichisnotapassengership.
Theregulations,unlessexpresslyprovidedotherwise,donot
applyto:
i. Shipsofwarandtroopships.
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ii. Cargoshipsoflessthan500grosstons.
iii. Shipsnotpropelledbymechanicalmeans.
iv. Woodenshipsofprimitivebuild.
v. Pleasureyachtsnotengagedintrade.
vi. Fishingvessels.
Althoughpleasureyachtisnotdefined,itfollowsthatifa
pleasureyachtisengagedintradeitisforthepurposesof
SOLASacargoship,andifmorethan500grosstonsthenthe
regulationsapply.
Regulation5providesforAdministrations(theGovernmentof
theStatewhoseflagtheshipisentitledtofly)toallowany
alternativefitting,material,applianceorapparatustobefitted
orcarried,oranyotherprovisiontobemadeinaparticular
ship,ifitissatisfiedbytrialthereoforotherwisethatthe
alternativeisatleastaseffectiveasthatrequiredbythe
regulations.ThisgivesAdministrationsfairlywidepowersto
acceptequivalents,althoughtheyarerequiredtopass
particularsofthesubstitution,togetherwithareportonany
trials,totheIMOforthemtocirculatetootherContracting
Governments.
Chapter1,PartB:SurveysandCertificates.
Thissection(Regulations620)dealswithSafetyCertificates
whoinspects,thetypesofCertificatesissued,theduration,
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andmeasurestobetakeninthecasethatdeficienciesarefound.
Theinspectionsandsurveysaretobecarriedoutbyofficersofthe
Administration,orsurveyorsnominatedbythem.Ineithercase,the
Administrationassumesfullresponsibilityforthecertificates.
Untilrecently,cargoshipswerealwaysissuedwith3separatesafety
certificates,unlikepassengershipswhichwereissuedwithasingle
PassengerShipSafetyCertificatewhichwasvalidfor12months.Thiswas
becausethedifferentCargoShipSafetyCertificateshaddifferentdurations
oneyearfortheRadioCertificate,twofortheEquipmentCertificateandfive
yearsfortheConstructionCertificate.Administrationsmaynowissuea
singleCargoShipSafetyCertificate,validforupto5years,butlikethe
separatecertificates(whichstillmaybeissued)subjecttovarious
intermediatesurveyrequirements.Thesurveysarethesamewhether3
separatecertificatesorthesinglecertificateisissued.
CargoShipSafetyRadioCertificateissuedaftersurveyoftheradio
equipmentandinstallation(includinganyusedinlifesavingappliances).
Validupto5years,butsubjecttoannualsurveys.SupplementedbyaRecord
ofEquipment.
CargoShipSafetyEquipmentCertificateissuedaftersurveyofthelifesaving
appliancesandarrangements,navigationequipment,firesafetysystemsand
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appliances,firecontrolplans,embarkationofpilots,andnauticalpublications.
Lights,shapesandsoundsignalsarealsoincludedinthissurveyforthe
purposeofensuringthattheycomplyfullywiththerequirementsofSOLAS
andtheInternationalRegulationsforPreventingCollisionsatSea(COLREGS).
Validupto5years,butsubjecttoannualsurvey,andaperiodicalsurvey
(morethoroughthananannualsurvey)inplaceofthesecondorthirdannual
survey.SupplementedbyaRecordofEquipment.
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CargoShipSafetyConstructionCertificateissuesaftersurvey
ofhull,machineryandequipment,includingthearrangements,
materialsandscantlingsofthestructure,machinery,steering
gear,controlsystems,electricalinstallationandother
equipment.Validupto5years,butsubjecttoannualsurveys,
andanintermediatesurveyinplaceofthesecondorthird
annualsurvey.
Whenanexemptionisgrantedtoaship,anExemption
CertificateisissuedinadditiontotheSafetyCertificate(s).
AllSafetyCertificatesceasetobevalidonchangeofflag.
Regulation19authorizesofficersdulyappointedby
Governmentstocontrolvisitingships(PortStateControl),the
circumstancesunderwhichshipsmaybedetained,andpoints
outthatallpossibleeffortsshallbemadetoavoidashipbeing
undulydetainedordelayed.Shipswhichareundulydetained
ordelayedshallbeentitledtocompensationforanylossor
damagesuffered.
Chapter1,PartC:Casualties.
ThispartcontainsonlyRegulation21,whichobliges
Administrationstoconductinvestigationsofanycasualtywhen
itjudgesthatitmayassistindetermininganychangesinthe
regulations.
CHAPTERII1ConstructionStructure,subdivisionand
stability,machineryandelectricalinstallations
ChapterII1,PartAGeneral.
Likeallthechapters,thisstartswithmoredetailofshipsto
whichthechapterapplies.ChapterII1,unlessexpressly
providedotherwise,appliestoshipsbuiltonorafter1July
1986.Shipsbuiltbeforeneedtocomplywiththeearlierversion
ofSOLAS1974.Inthischaptertheexpressionallshipsmeans
shipsconstructedbefore,on,orafter1July1986.The
expressionisredefinedineachchapter.
Administrationsmayexemptindividualorclassesofships
fromanyrequirementswhichmaybeunreasonableor
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unnecessary,giventheshelterednatureofvoyagesbyships
whichdonotproceedmorethan20milesfromland.
Therearegooddefinitionsinthispart,includingpermeability
ofaspacewhichisthepercentageofthatspacewhichcanbe
occupiedbywater,measuredonlytotheheightofthemargin
line,whichisalinedrawnatleast76mmbelowtheupper
surfaceofthebulkheaddeckatside.Thebulkheaddeckisthe
uppermostdeckuptowhichthetransversewatertight
bulkheadsarecarried.
ChapterII1,PartA1:StructureofShips.
Regulation31ofthispartrequiresshipsshallbedesigned,
constructedandmaintainedincompliancetotherulesofa
classificationsociety(orequivalentnationalstandards).
Therestdealswithcorrosionpreventionofseawaterballast
tanks,safeaccesstotankerbows,andemergencytowing
arrangementsontankers.
ChapterII1,PartB:Subdivisionandstability.
Thispartdealswithfloodablelengthsinpassengerships,
permeabilityinpassengerships,lengthsofcompartments,
stabilityofpassengershipsindamagedconditionandsimilar
subjectsallwithformulaeforthecomputationofcriterionof
servicenumeral,whichdeterminesthefactorofsubdivision.
Watertightbulkheads,doublebottoms,watertightdoors,
openingsinshellplating,bilgepumpingarrangements,stability
information,damagecontrolplans,andrelatedsubjectsare
covered.Cargoshipsrequireawatertightcollisionbulkhead
locatedatadistancefromtheforwardperpendicularofnotless
than5%ofthelengthoftheship.Thiswouldnormallybe5%of
theshipslengthbackfromthebowatthewaterline,andno
doorsoropenings(apartfromasinglepipeprotectedwith
valve)areallowedtopenetratethisbulkhead.Cargoshipsbuilt
onorafter1February1992arerequiredtohaveadouble
bottomextendingfromthecollisionbulkheadto
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theafterpeakbulkhead,asfarasthisispracticableand
compatiblewiththedesignandproperworkingoftheship.
ChapterII1,PartB1:Subdivisionanddamagestabilityof
cargoships.
Thispartappliestocargoshipsover100mbuiltonorafter1
February1992,andbetween80mand100mifbuiltonorafter
1July1998.Theregulationsareintendedtoprovideshipswith
aminimumstandardofsubdivision,anddealswiththe
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calculationoftherequiredsubdivisionindexR,theattained
subdivisionindexA(thisnottobelessthanR),calculationof
thefactorspi(theprobabilitythatonlythecompartmentor
groupofcompartmentsunderconsiderationmaybeflooded,
disregardinganyhorizontalsubdivision)andsi,(theprobability
ofsurvivalafterfloodingthosecompartments,includingthe
effectsofanyhorizontalsubdivision).
Relatedregulationsdealwithpermeability,stability
information,openingsinwatertightbulkheadsandexternal
openingsincargoships.
ChapterII1,PartC:Machineryinstallations.
Thispartappliestopassengershipsandcargoships.Itdeals
fullywiththesafetyandreliabilityofmachinery.Somepoints
fromthispart:
ItrequiresAdministrationstogivespecialconsideration
tothereliabilityofsingleessentialpropulsion
components.
MainPropulsionistoberetained(orrestored)inthe
eventofabreakdownofoneoftheessentialauxiliaries.
Meanstobeprovidedtoensurethatthemachinerycanbe
broughtintooperationfromthedeadshipcondition
withoutexternalaid.
Engines with cylinder diameter of 200mm or a crankcase
3
volumeof0.6m tohavecrankcaseexplosionreliefvalves.
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Stoppingtimes,shipheadingsanddistancesontrials,
performancewithonlyoneengineetc.toberecordedand
availableonboard.
Mainsteeringgeartoputtherudderfrom35degonside
to30degonothersidein28secondswhilstrunning
aheadatmaximumservicespeed.
Auxiliarysteeringgeartoputtherudderfrom15degon
sideto15degontheotherin1minutewhilstrunning
aheadathalfspeed.
Indicatorsforpropellerspeedanddirectiontobefitted
onthebridge(andenginecontrolroomiftheshipisbuilt
onorafter1July1998).
Atleast2meansofcommunication(onebeinganengine
roomtelegraph)tobeprovidedbetweenNavigation
Bridgeandenginecontrolroom.
ChapterII1,PartD:Electricalinstallations.
Thispartgivesquitegeneraldescriptionsofmuchofthe
installation,andgreatdetailaboutemergencylighting,
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emergencypowersources,timesemergencyequipmentis
requiredtooperate,transitionalsourceofemergencypower
(tooperatebetweenshutdownofmainpowerandstartof
emergencygenset),precautionsagainstshockandother
electricalhazards,andtypeanduseofcables.Asexamples:
Administrationsarerequiredtoensuretheuniformityof
electricalinstallations,andreferredtothepublicationsof
the International Electotechnical Commission, especially
Publication92ElectricalInstallationsinShips.
Themainsourceofelectricalpoweristobeatleasttwo
gensets,andanyoneshouldbeabletoruntheship.
Emergencysourceofpowerandemergencyswitchboard
tobeprovided,andtobelocatedabovetheuppermost
continuousdeck,remotefromthemainpowerand
switchboardandfromtheengineroomboundaries,and
withreadyaccesstotheopendeck.
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Emergencysourceofpower,whichcanbeeitheragenset
orbatteries,tosupplypowerforgivenminimumtimesto
emergencyservicesincludingemergencylighting,
navigationlights,radioequipment,navigationequipment,
firedetectionandalarm,firepump,emergencybilge
pump.
ChapterII1,PartE:Additionalrequirementsforperiodically
unattendedmachineryspaces.
Thearrangementsprovidedshallbesuchastoensurethatthe
safetyoftheshipinallsailingconditions,including
maneuvering,isequivalenttothatofashipwithmanned
machineryspaces.
Enginesof2,250kWandaboveorhavingcylindersofmore
than300mmboreshallbeprovidedwithcrankcaseoilmist
detectorsorenginebearingtemperaturemonitorsor
equivalentdevices.
Increasedrequirementsapplytobilgepumping,engine
controls,communications,alarmsystems,automatic
machineryshutdown,andgeneratoroperationincludingload
sheddingtoensuretheintegrityofpowerforessential
services.
CHAPTERII2Construction:Fireprotection,firedetectionand
fireextinction.
ChapterII2,PartAGeneral.
Unlessexpresslyprovidedotherwise,thischapterappliesto
shipsbuiltonorafter1July1998.Shipsbuiltbeforeneedto
complywithearlierversionsofSOLAS.Allshipsmeansships
builtbeforeorafterthatdate.
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Thebasicprincipals,whichareapplieddependingonthetype
ofship,are:
Divisionoftheshipintomainverticalzones,and
separationofaccommodationspaces,bythermaland
structuralboundaries.
Restricteduseofcombustiblematerials.
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Detection,containmentandextinctionofanyfireinthe
zoneoforigin.
Protectionofmeansofescapesoraccessforfirefighting.
Readyavailabilityoffirefightingappliances.
Minimizationofpossibilityofignitionofflammablecargo
vapour.
Requirementsaredetailedandprovideexactdetailsof
equipmentandspecifications.
ChapterII2,PartB:Firesafetymeasuresforpassengerships.
Fulldetailsofbulkheadsandfiretestrequirements,escape
routes,ventilationsystems,andfixedfirefightingsystemsfor
passengerships.
ChapterII2,PartC:Firesafetymeasuresforcargoships.
Asabove,butforcargoships.Withrestricteduseof
combustiblematerials.
ChapterII2,PartD:Firesafetymeasuresfortankers.As
maybeimagined,averydetailedchapter.CHAPTERIII:
Lifesavingappliancesandarrangements.ChapterIII,
PartAGeneral.
Thischapterappliestoshipsbuiltonorafter1July1998.All
shipsmeansshipsbuiltbefore,onorafterthatdate.Ships
builtpriortothatdateneedtoconformtoearlierversionsof
SOLAS,andphaseintothelatestrequirementsasandwhen
equipmentisreplaced.Therearegooddefinitionsinthis
section,includingLength,Mouldeddepth,andNovellife
savingapplianceorarrangement.
ChapterIII,PartB:Requirementsforshipsandlifesaving
appliances.
SECTIONIPASSENGERSHIPSANDCARGOSHIPS.
TheparagraphdealingwithRadiolifesavingappliances(the
requirementtocarryVHFradioandRadartransponders)
appliestopassengerships,cargoshipsover500GT,andtoa
slightlylesserextentallcargoshipsbetween300GTand
500GT.
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Aswellasdetailingthevariousappliancestobecarried,
sectionsdealingwithMusterlists,Abandonshipdrill
procedures,Emergencytraininganddrills,Firedrills,On
boardtrainingandinstructions,Operationalreadiness,
Servicingandmaintenanceoflifesavingappliancesand
relatedissuesgiveaverygood(andeasytounderstand)
overviewofthetypesofsystemswhichshouldbeinplaceon
board.
TakingsectionIasbasicrequirementsforallships,sectionsII,
IIIandIVgivetheadditionalrequirementsforpassengerships
(II),cargoships(III),andsectionIVrequireslifesaving
appliancestocomplywiththerequirementsoftheCode
whichistheInternationalLifeSavingAppliance(LSA)Code
adoptedbytheMaritimeSafetyCommitteeoftheIMOby
resolutionMSC.48(66).Itistheresponsibilityoftheshiptofit
equipmentapprovedbytheflagStateAdministration,andthe
responsibilityoftheAdministrationtoensurethattheyonly
approveequipment,whichmeetsthestandardssetoutinthe
Code.
SECTIONVMISCELLANEOUS
Thisisaveryusefulpartwhichgivestheformatforthe
compilationoftheTrainingmanualandonboardtrainingaids,
Instructionsforonboardmaintenance,andtheMusterListand
emergencyinstructions.
CHAPTERIV:Radiocommunications.
ThischapterdealswiththeGlobalMaritimeDistressand
SafetySystem(GMDSS)andisinthreeparts:
ChapterIV,PartAGeneral.
Therequirementsofthischapterapplytopassengershipsand
cargoshipsof300GTandupwards.Therewasaphasein
periodforshipsbuiltbeforeFebruary1995,butthishasnow
passed,andsinceFebruary1999alloftheseshipshaveneeded
tocomplyfullywiththischapter.Whilstotherchaptersgive
variousdegreesoflatitudetoAdministrationstoaccept
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equivalentsorallowexemptions,itisnotedherethat
ContractingGovernmentsconsiderithighlydesirablenotto
deviatefromtherequirementsofthischapter.Anypartialor
conditionalexemptionswhichmaybegrantedtoindividual
shipsneedstobereportedtoIMOtogetherwiththereasons
forgrantingtheexemption.
ThefourSeaAreasaredefined,A1(VHFcoverage),A2(MF
coverage),A3(INMARSATcoverage)andA4(anareaoutside
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theother3).
TheactualFunctionalRequirementsaresummarizedinsimple
andpositivelanguageEveryship,whileatsea,shallbe
capableoftransmittingshiptoshoredistressalertsbyatleast
twoseparateandindependentmeans,eachusingadifferent
Radiocommunicationserviceofreceivingshoretoshipdistress
alertsandsoon.
ChapterIV,PartB:UndertakingsbyContractingGovernments.
ThisdealswiththeundertakingfromContractingGovernments
tomakeavailableshorebasedfacilitiesforspaceandterrestrial
Radiocommunicationservices,providingservicebySatellite,
VHF,MFandHFasmaybeappropriate.ChapterIV,PartC:Ship
requirements.
These14pagesgivethedetailoftheequipmenttobecarried
andserviceprovidedonboardsotheshipcancomplywiththe
FunctionalRequirementsassetoutinPartA.Theconciseand
(ingeneral)nontechnicaldescriptionsofEquipment,Power
sources,Watchestobemaintained,Maintenancerequirements
andCertificationofpersonnel,areapartfrombeingtheprime
regulationsavaluableintroductiontothewholesystemof
GMDSStoyachtsmenwhomaybeconsideringfittingGMDSSas
avoluntaryfit.
CHAPTERV:SafetyofNavigation.
Thischapter,unlessotherwiseexpresslyprovidedforinthis
chapter,appliestoallshipsonallvoyages,exceptshipsofwar
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andshipssolelynavigatingtheGreatLakesofNorthAmerica
andtheirconnectingandtributarywaters.
SOMEPARTSOFTHISCHAPTERTHEREFOREAPPLYTO
PLEASUREYACHTSOFANYSIZE.
Thevariousexpressprovisionswithinthischapterwhich
effectivelyexemptcertaintypesorsizesofships(including
yachts)fromcompliancetosomeoftheRegulationsinthis
chaptertakeanumberofdifferentformsandneedtoberead
withgreatcare.SomeoftheRegulationsapplytoeveryshipto
whichChapterIofSOLASappliesthatmeaningtheyapplyto
passengerships,andcargoshipsover500GT,engagedon
internationalvoyages(soothershipsdonotneedtocomply).
Otherdescriptionsusedtoeitherincludeorexcludeshipsfrom
particularRegulationsinclude:
Shipsoflessthan150grosstonnage.
Shipsof150grosstonnagesandupwards.
Allshipsofover150grosstonnage,whenengagedon
internationalvoyages.
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OneverypassengershiptowhichchapterIapplies.
Shipsengagedonvoyagesinthecourseofwhichpilots
arelikelytobeemployed,
Allshipswhich,inaccordancewiththepresent
Convention,arerequiredtocarryradioinstallations.
Shipsofnotlessthan45minlength.
Andlotsmore.
Apartfromtheneedtocomplywithfairlyobvious
requirements,therearesomeperhapslesswellknown
requirements,whichapplytoALLyachts.Somerequirements
(wellknownandnotsowellknown),whichapply,toALL
YACHTSare:
TheMasterofeveryshipisboundtoreportDanger
Messages(e.g.meetingdangerousice,derelict,orother
directdangertonavigation,ortropicalstorm,etc.).
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TheMasterofashipatseawhichisinapositiontobeabletoprovide
assistance,onreceivingasignalfromanysourcethatpersonsareindistress
atsea,isboundtoproceedwithallspeedtotheirassistance(Notethis
Regulation10goesontoprovidethatinspecialcircumstances,ifthemaster
considersitunreasonableorunnecessarytoproceedtotheirassistancehe
mustlogthereasonsandinformsearchandrescueservicesaccordingly.)
TheMastershallnotbeconstrainedbytheshipowner,chartererorany
otherpersonfromtakinganydecision,which,intheprofessionaljudgment
oftheMaster,isnecessaryforsafenavigation,inparticularinsevere
weatherandinheavyseas.
TheContractingGovernmentsundertake,eachforitsnationalships,to
maintain,or,ifitisnecessary,toadopt,measuresforthepurposeofensuring
that,fromthepointofviewofsafetyoflifeatsea,allshipsshallbesufficiently
andefficientlymanned.(Noteinafootnoteattentionisdrawntothe
PrincipalsofsafemanningadoptedbyIMObyresolutionA.890(21)andto
IMOMaritimeSafetyCommitteeCircular242onsinglehandedvoyages.)
ShipstowhichchapterIofSOLASapplyarerequiredtocarryaSafeManning
Document.)
Shipsengagedonvoyagesinthecourseofwhichpilotsarelikelytobe
employedshallbeprovidedwithpilottransferarrangements.(Notetheir
follows4pageswiththedetailoftherequiredarrangements.)
Within 12 hours before departure, the ships steering gear is to be
checkedandtestedbytheshipscrew.
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Administrationsmaywaivethisrequirementforshipswhichregularly
engageonshortvoyages,inwhichcasetheyshouldbedoneatleast
onceaweek.Datesofchecksandteststobelogged.
Allshipsshallcarryadequateanduptodatecharts,sailingdirections,
listsoflights,noticestomariners,tidetables,andallothernautical
publicationsnecessaryfortheintendedvoyage.
CHAPTERVI(Carriageofcargoes)andChapterVII(Carriageofdangerous
goods)dealwiththeirtitledsubjects,andhavealmostnorelationtoyachts
althoughtheydobothapplytocargoshipsoflessthan500GT.CHAPTERVIII
dealswithnuclearships.TherelevantNuclearPassengerShipSafety
CertificateandNuclearCargoShipSafetyCertificatearevalidforoneyear.
CHAPTERIXManagementforthesafeoperationofships.Thischapterbrings
intoeffecttherequirementfortheownerormanageroftheship(the
Company)andtheship,tocomply
withtheIMOInternationalSafetyManagement(ISM)Codeandtobeissued
withaDocumentofCompliance(DOC)bytheAdministrationafter
satisfactoryaudit.Theship,whichmustcarryacopyoftheDOC,isissued
withaSafetyManagementCertificateaftertheAdministrationverifythatthe
Companyanditsshipboardmanagementoperateinaccordancewiththe
approvedsafetymanagementplan.
Theseregulationsalreadyapplytopassengershipsandtankers,andcome
st
intoforceforcargoshipsof500GTandupwardson1 July2002.Notealso
thatResolution3ofthe1994ConferenceofContractingGovernmentstothe
InternationalConventionfortheSafetyOfLifeAtSeastronglyurges
GovernmentstoimplementasfaraspracticabletheISMCodeforcargoships
of150GTandover,andrequests
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GovernmentstoinformIMOoftheactiontheyhavetakento
implementtheISMCodeforthosesmallerships.
CHAPTERXSafetymeasuresforhighspeedcraft.
HighSpeedCraftasdefinedinthischapterandoperatingno
morethan4or8hours(dependingifpassengerorcargocraft)
fromaplaceofrefugeconformingtotheIMOHighSpeed
Craft(HSC)Codeinitsentiretyshallbedeemedtohave
compliedwiththerequirementsofchaptersItoIVand
regulationV/12ofSOLAS.TheHSCCodeisanalternativeto
SOLASinthoseareas,anddraftedtobemoresuitableforHigh
SpeedCraft,whichoperateincoastalwatersandrelyonshore
basedmaintenance.Theoneandahalfpagesofthischapterin
SOLASonlygiveeffecttotheuseoftheHSCCode.Theactual
CodeisabookletseparatelyavailablefromIMO,whichgives
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allthedetail.
CHAPTERXISpecialmeasurestoenhancemaritimesafety.This
isageneraltidyingupexercisedealingwithAuthorizationof
recognizedorganizations,Enhancedsurveys(bulkcarriersand
oiltankers),andPortStateControl.ThereisoneRegulation,
whichmayapplytoyachts,andthatistherequirementforall
cargoships(thatincludespleasureyachtsengagedintrade)of
300GTandupwardstobeprovidedwithanIMOidentification
number.
CHAPTERXIIAdditionalsafetymeasuresforbulkcarriers.
Additionalrequirementsrelatingtodamagestabilityand
structuralstrengthofbulkcarriers.
Q200)WHATISISM?
ANS)
ISMistheshortformofInternationalSafetyManagement,
initiatedbyIMO.ISMcodemeansInternationalSafety
managementcodeforsafeoperationships&forpollution
prevention.Solaschapter9outlinedISM
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procedures.Humanerror&poormanagementcausemajorityof
accidentsandinjury.ISMisorganizedmainlytoreducethis
error.ISMismeantforstandardofsafety&operationofships
andforpollutionprevention.Becomemandatoryforallvessels
after1JULY2002
ISMConsistsof13clauses:
i) Generalobjective,application,functionalrequirement
ii) Safety&environmentalpolicy&SMS
iii) Companyresponsibility
iv) Designatedperson
v) Mastersresponsibility
vi) Resources&personnel
vii) Developmentsofplansforshipboardoperation
viii) Emergencypreparedness
ix) Report&analysisonnonconformities,accidents&
hazardousoccurrence
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x) Maintenanceofshipequipment
xi) Documentation
xii) Companyverification,review&evaluation
xiii) Certification,verification&control
WhatarethebenefitsgainedfromISM?
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Safetyconsciousness
Safetyculture
Greaterconfidence
Favorableinsurancepremium
Costsaving
PurposeOfISMcode&internationalrequirements
Toprovideaninternationalstandardforthesafemanagement
andoperationofshipsandforpreventionofpollution.Main
objectivesaretoensuresafetyatsea,preventionofhuman
injuryorlossoflife,andavoidanceofdamagetothe
environment.
ThenewchapterIXtoSOLAS1974,ManagementfortheSafe
OperationofShipsrequirescomplianceofPassengerVessels
andhighspeedPassengerCraftover500GRTby1July1998.
OilTankers,Cargohighspeedcraft,ChemicalTankers,Gas
CarriersandBulkCarrierstocomplyby1July1998.Other
CargoshipsandmobileOffshoredrillingrigsofover500GRT
tocomplyby1July2002.TheMSAwillberesponsibleforthe
systemaudit,issueandrenewalofISMConventionCertificates
andtheperiodicverification.
Certification:Theapplicationofthecodewillleadtotheissue
oftwocertificates:
TheDocumentOfCompliance(DOC)
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i) willbeissuedtothecompanyfollowingasuccessfulauditof
theshoresideaspectsoftheSafetyManagementSystem
ii) evidencerequiredthatthesystemasbeeninoperationonat
leastonetypeofshipinthecompaniesfleetforaperiodofthree
months.
iii) Specifictoshiptypesattimeofaudit
iv) validfor5years
v) subjecttoannualverification(within3monthsof
anniversarydate)
TheSafetyManagementCertificate(SMC)
i) issuedtoeachshipfollowingaudit
ii) evidencethatSMShasbeeninoperationfor3monthsprior
toaudit
iii) validDOCrequired
iv) validfor5years
Subjecttooneverificationbetweenthesecondanthird
anniversarieswithaprovisionformorefrequentauditsif
necessary.ThisismorelikelyintheearlydaysofISMCode
implementation.TemporarycertificationA12monthvalid
DOCmaybeissuedtoanewlyformedcompanyoracompany
acquiringanewtypeofvesselaslongastheyhaveaSMS
meetingtheminimumrequirementsoftheISMcodeandcan
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demonstrateplanforfullcompliance.
AsixmonthvalidSMCmaybeissuedtoanewbuildingorwhen
acompanytakesoftheresponsibilitiesfortherunningofa
vessel.
SafetyManagementSystem
SafetyManagementobjectivesofthecompany:
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1. Provideforsafeworkingpracticesandasafeworking
environment
2. Establishsafeguardsagainstpossiblerisks
3. Continuouslyimprovesafetymanagementskillsof
personnelashoreandaboardships,
ASafetyManagementsystem(SMS)meetingtherequirements
oftheISMcoderequiresacompanytodocumentits
managementproceduresandrecorditsactionstoensurethat
conditions,activitiesandtasksthataffectsafetyandthe
environmentareproperlyplanned,organized,executedand
checked.ASMSisdevelopedandimplementedbypeopleand
clearlydefinesresponsibilities,authoritiesandlinesof
communication.ASMSallowsacompanytomeasureits
performanceagainstsetcriteriahenceidentifyingareasthat
canbeimproved.TheincreaseinSafetyManagementskills
improvesmoraleandcanleadtoareductionincostsduetoan
increaseinefficiencyandareductioninclaims
Thesafetymanagementsystemshouldensure;
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i) compliancewithmandatoryrulesandregulations
ii) applicablecodesandguidelinesbothstatutoryand
organizationalaretakenintoaccount.
iii) Promulgationandunderstandingofcompanyandstatutory
regulationsandguidelines.(Itisthetaskofavisitingsurveyor
totestthegeneralknowledgeofcompanyandstatutory
regulationsandinstructions)
Thefunctionalrequirementsforasafetymanagementsystem;
1.Asafetyandenvironmentalpolicy
2. Instructionsandprocedurestoensurethatsafeoperationof
thevesselincompliancewithrelevantinternationalandflag
statelegislation
3. Definedlevelsofauthorityandcommunicationbetween
shoreandshippersonnel
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4.Proceduresforreportingaccidentsandnonconformities
withthecode
5.Proceduresforrespondingtoemergencysituations(drills
etc)
6.Proceduresforinternalauditsandmanagementreviews
7.Asystemisinplacefortheonboardgenerationofplansand
instructionsforkeyshipboardoperations.Thesetasksmaybe
dividedintotwocategories:
a)Specialoperationsthosewhereerrorsonlybecome
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apparentafterahazardoussituationoraccidenthasoccurred.
E.g.ensuringwatertightintegrity,navigationalsafety(chart
corrections,passageplanning),maintenanceoperations,
bunkeroperations
b)Criticalshipboardoperationswhereanerrorwill
immediatelycauseanaccidentorasituationthatcould
threatenpersonnel,environmentorvessel.e.g.navigationin
confinedwaters,operationinheavyweather,bunkeroroil
transfers,cargooperationsontankers.
Safetyandenvironmentalprotectionpolicy:
Thecompanyshouldestablishasafetyandenvironmental
protectionpolicy,whichdescribeshowobjectiveslistedabove
willbeachieved.
Thecompanyshouldensurethatthepolicyisimplementedand
maintainedatalllevelsoftheorganizationbothshipbasedas
wellasshorebased.
TheISMguidelineisintheChapterIXofSOLAS.Itis
mandatoryforallvesselsafter1stJuly2002.Therearetwo
partsinISM
i) PartA:Implementation.
ii) PartB:CertificationandVerification
PartA:
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1. General,objective,application,functionalrequirements
2. Safety&environmentprotectionpolicy.
3. Companyresponsibility&authority.
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4. DPA.
5. MasterresponsibilityandAuthority.
6. Resource&personnel.
7. Developmentofplanforshipboardoperation.
8. Emergencypreparedness.
9. Report&analysisonnonconformities,accidents&
hazardousoccurrence
10. Maintenanceofshipequipments
11.Documentation.
12. Companyverification,reviewandEvolution.
PartB:
13.Certificationandperiodicalverification
14.Interimcertification.
15. Verification.
16. Formofcertification.
ObjectiveofISM:
1. Safetyatsea.
2. Preventionofhumaninjuryorlossoflife.
3. Avoidanceofdamagetotheenvironment&totheproperty.
CertificateunderISM:
1) Documentofcompliance(DOC).
2) Safetymanagementcertificate(SMC).
DOC:Issuedtocompany,whichcomplywiththerequirement
ofISM.
SMC:Issuedtotheship.Whichcompanyshipboard
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managementoperateinaccordancewiththeSMS.
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IssuingauthorityofDOC&SMC:
Flagstateadministrationorauthorizedclassificationsocieties
ontheirbehalf.
SMSSafetymanagementsystemenablingthecompany
personaltoeffectivelyimplementcompanysafety&
environmentprotectionpolicy.
DPAmeansDesignatedPersonAshore.Apersonwhois
providesalinkbetweenthecompany&theship.Hehasa
directassesstothehighestlevelofmanagement.
DutiesofDPA:
1. Monitoring the safety & pollution prevention aspect of ship
&toensureadequateresources&shorebasesupportforship.
2. Apersonorpersonswhohasdirectaccesstothehighest
levelsofmanagementprovidingalinkbetweenthecompany
andthoseonboard.
Theresponsibilityandauthorityofthedesignatedpersonisto
provideforthesafeoperationofthevessels.Heshouldmonitor
thesafetyandpollutionpreventionaspectsoftheoperationof
eachvesselandensuretheirareadequateshoresideresources
andsupport
Masterresponsibilities
MasterresponsibilitiesaretoimplementtheSMSonboard
ship.
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1) Implementofsafety&environmentprotectionpolicy.
2) Motivationofcrewinobservingthepolicy.
3) Issueorder&instruction.
4) ReviewSMS&report.
ResourcesandPersonnel:
1. ThecompanyshouldensurethattheMasterissuitably
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qualifiedandfullyconversantwiththeSMS.Theyshouldalso
ensurethattheshipiscorrectlymanned.
2. Thecompanyshouldensurethatthereisadequate
familiarizationwithsafetyandprotectionoftheenvironment
fornewpersonnel.Theyshouldensurethatthepersonnelhave
anadequateunderstandingoftherelevantrules,regulations,
guidelinesandcodes.
3. Trainingistobeprovidedwherenecessary.Relevant
informationfortheSMSshouldbepromulgatedandbewritten
inaneasytounderstandmethod.
Developmentofplansforshipboardoperations:
1.Thecompanyshouldestablishproceduresforthegeneration
ofshipboardplansandinstructionswithregardtothe
preventionofpollutionandthattheseshouldbegeneratedby
qualifiedpersonnel
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EmergencyPreparedness:
Thecompanyshouldestablishproceduresfortheresponse
actionstopotentialemergencysituations.Programmesfordrill
shouldbeestablishedandmeasurestakentoensurethatthe
company'sorganizationcanrespondtohazardsandaccidents.
Reportsandanalysisofnonconformities,accidentsand
hazardousoccurrences
Thecompanyshouldensurethereisaprocedureforthe
reportingandanalysisofaccidents,hazardousoccurrencesand
nonconformities,andforthecorrectiveaction.Maintenanceof
theshipandequipment
Thecompanyistoensurethatthevesselisproperly
maintained.ProcedureswithintheSMSshouldbeinplaceto
identify,recordandplanforrepairdefects.Asystemof
preventivemaintenanceshouldbeinoperation.
Regularinspectionsintegratedwiththeshipsoperational
maintenanceroutineshouldtakeplacetoensurethatthe
vesselisincompliancewithrelevantregulations.
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Documentation
1.Thecompanyshouldestablishandmaintainproceduresfor
thecontrolofalldocumentationrelevanttotheSMS.This
shouldinclude;
1. Validdocumentsareavailableatallrelevantlocations
2. Changestodocumentsarereviewedandapprovedto
authorizedpersonnel
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3.Obsoletedocumentsarepromptlyremoved
Alldocuments,carriedinacompanyapprovedrelevantform,
shouldbepresentonboard
Companyverification,reviewandevaluation
1. Thecompanyshouldcarryoutperiodicauditstoverifythat
safetyandpollutionprevention'sarecomplyingwithSMS.The
auditsandcorrectiveactionsshouldbecarriedoutasperlaid
downprocedures.
2. Personnelcarryingouttheauditsshouldbeindependentof
theareasthattheyarecarryingouttheauditunlesssizeofthe
companyissuchthatthisisimpractical.
3. Deficienciesordefectsfoundshouldbebroughttothe
attentionofthepersonnelinthatsectionandthemanagement
teamsoeffectivecorrectiveactioncanbecarriedout
Certification,verificationandcontrol
Thefollowingdocumentationisissuedbywhichever
administration,complyingwithISM,isrelevanttotheshipping
company:
1.ADOCisissuedtoallcompany'swhocandemonstratethat
theyhavecompliedwiththecodeshouldbeheld.Acopyofthe
DOCshouldbeheldonboardtoallowtheMastertoproduceit
totherelevantauthoritiesisrequired.
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2.AnSMCisissuetotheshipfollowingverificationthatthe
shipandcompanycomplywiththerequirementsofSMS.
FutureverificationthatcompliancewithSMSshouldbecarried
outbytheadministration.
Requirementsonboardship
1. Proofthatthevesselisbeingmaintainedinasatisfactory
conditionatalltimes,andnotonlyatthetimeofsurveys
objectiveevidenceintheformofnooverduesurveys,no
overduerecommendationsfromportorflagstateinspections
andthatplannedmaintenanceisbeingcarriedoutandrecords
kept.
2. Applicablecodesandguidelinesarebeingtakeninto
considerationwhenoperatingthevessel.Vesselsstaffmustbe
abletodemonstratethatoperationsarecarriedoutina
controlledmannerutilizinginformationcontainedinthese
codes,guidelinesandstandards.
3. Thatemergencysituationshavebeenidentifiedanddrills
areconductedtoensurethevesselandcompanyarereadyto
respondtoemergencysituations.
ThemasterisexpectedtobefullyconversantwithCompany
safetymanagementsystem.Officersandcrewwouldbe
expectedtobefamiliarwiththepartsofthesystemrelevantto
theirsafetyresponsibilitiesaswellasathorough
understandingoftheiroperationalresponsibilitiesauditors
willensurecompliance.
Examplesofthetypeofdocumentationtheauditorwillwishto
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seetoverifycompliancewiththeISMareasfollows;
Logbooks
Safetyandmanagementmeetingminutesandfollowupactions
Medicallog
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Companycircularletters
Plannedmaintenancerecords
Recordsofverification
Recordsofmastersreviewofthesystem
Recordsofinternalauditsandfollowup
Recordsofchartcorrections
Classquarterlylistings
Recordsofpassageplanning
Oilrecordbooks
Garbagelogs
Companymanualandforms
PollutionpreventionandOPA90
TiedintotheISMcodearetherequirementstomeetOPA90to
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witaFederalResponsePlan.EachcompanythattradesinUS
coastalwatersmusthaveinplaceasuitableresponseplan.
TheymusthaveadesignatedpersonresidentintheUnited
Statesreadytoactasconsultant.ThereisanIMOregulation
whichisequivalenttoOPA90.Acompanymustbein
possessionofavalidDOCtotrade,anditmustbeableto
clearlydemonstrateitsabilitytorespondtosituationssuchas
oilspillage.
Nonconformity(NC)
Anobservedsituationwhereobjectiveevidenceindicatethe
nonfulfillmentofaspecifiedrequirement.
Nonconformancereport(NCR)raisedbydepartment
managers.Anyonecaninformhissuperiorofanon
conformance.
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DCRmeansDocumentChangeRequest.Itisarecommendation
forchange/correctionofcompanySMSdocuments.
Q201)WhatisIGSystemRequirement.WhyIGSystemnot
usedonshipswhicharelessthan20000dwt?
ANS)Everyoiltankerof20000DWToraboveshouldbe
providedwithanIGSystem.
IGSystemisnotusedonshipwhicharelessthan20000Dwt
becauseCOWisnotapplicabletoshipwhicharelesserthan
20000DWT.
Q202)EXPLAINISPS?
ANS)
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ISPS:
ChapterXIofSOLASdescribesISPSregulations.ISPScode
meansInternationalship&portfacilitiessecuritycode,
enforcedinJuly2004.Therearetwopartsinit:
1)maritimesafety&2)maritimesecurity
Thereare19chaptersinISPS:
a. General
b. Definition
c. Application
d. Responsibilitiesofcontactinggovernment
e. Declarationofsecurity
f. Obligationofcompany
g. Shipsecurity
h. Shipsecurityassessment
i. Shipsecurityplan
j. Record
k. Companysecurityofficer
l. Shipsecurityofficer
m. Training,drillandexercise
n. Portfacilitysecurity
o. Portfacilitysecurityassessment
p. Portsecurityplan
q. Portfacilitysecurityofficer
r. Training,drillandexerciseatport
s. Verificationandcertificationforships
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OBJECTIVE:
2) Internationalconnectiontodetectsecuritythreats.
3) Provideadequateguidelineagainstbreachofsecurity
TherearethreelevelsinISPS:
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LEVEL1:Backgroundlevelofthreatthatisnormaloperating
condition.Maintainingminimumappropriateprotective
securitymeasureatalltime.
LEVEL2:Heightenedthreatbutnodefinedtarget.Maintain
additionalprotectivesecuritymeasureforperiodoftime.
LEVEL3:Highlevelofthreatagainstaspecifictarget.Further
highlevelofsecuritymeasuremaintainedforalimitedperiod
oftime.
SECURITYMEASURE:
Level1
1) Adequatedeck&oversidelighting.
2) Crewmembershouldbeissuedphotoidentification.
3) Accesson&offthevesselshouldbecontrol&allperson
identify.
4) Accesstocertainareaofthevesseltobelimitedwithkey
control.
5) Unusedroomorspaceshouldbekeptlocked.
6) Periodicinspection/patrolshouldbemadearegular
interval.
Level2
Inadditiontolevel1
1) Occasionalsearchshouldbemadeatrandominterval.
2) Accessofallvisitorstothevesselshouldstrictlycontrol.
3) Closesecuritytobepaidondeliveriesandstores.
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4) Baggageshouldnotbeunattended.
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5) Checkshouldmakeonsealoncontainer&othercargo.
6) Nopersonotherthancrewmembershouldbeallowedon
bridgeorE/R.
7) Maintaincloseliaisonwithshoreconcerned.
8) Allcrewmembersshouldberemindedofbombalert
securityofthevessel.
Level3
Inadditiontolevel1&2:
1) Limitingaccesstoasingle&controlledaccess.
2) Grantingaccessonlytothoserespondingtothesecurity
incident.
3) Carryoutfullorpartialsearchoftheship.
4) Suspendingcargohandlingoperation.
5) Tightensecuritypatrolofthevessel.
6) Crewmembershouldbebriefedonseriousnessofthe
situation.
RESTRICTEDAREA:
1) Navigationroom
2) Radioroom
3) Engineroom
4) Steeringroom
5) Emergencygeneratorarea
6) Bowthruster
7) Firecontrolroom
8) Crewaccommodationarea
9) Ventilation,airconditioningequipmentroom,
10) Similarkeyareawhichisessentialtosafeoperationof
ship.
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SSOmeansShipSecurityOfficer(personaccountableto
master,designatedbycompany.
CSOmeansCompanySecurityOfficer.
PFSOmeansPortFacilitySecurity0fficer.
SSPmeansShipSecurityPlan.
MARSECmeansMaritimeSecurity.
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Q203)MeaningofPanting&Pounding?
ANS)Panting:Asthewavespassalongtheshiptheycause
fluctuationsinwaterpressure,whichtendtocreateanin
andoutmovementoftheshellplating.Theeffectismostly
foundtobegreatestattheendsoftheship,particularlyatthe
foreend.SucheffectistermedasPanting.
Pounding:Whenashipmeetsheavyweatherandcommences
heavingandpitching,theriseoftheforeendoftheship
occasionallysynchronizeswiththetroughofthewave.Thefore
endthenemergesfromthewaterandreenterswitha
tremendousslammingeffectknownaspounding.
Q204)WhataretheregulationregardinguseofLow
ExpansionFoamsystemondeck?
ANS)Theratiooflowexpansionfoamsystemusedondeck
shouldnothaveratiomorethan1:12.
Q205)EXPLAINTHEPRINCIPLEOFREFRIGERATION?
ANS)Theprincipleofrefrigerationistoremoveheatfromone
area(i.e.insideyourfridge)andlocateittoanotherarea(i.e.
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outsideofyourfridge).
Airisnotbroughtinfromtheoutsideofthefridgetheheatis
absorbedbytheevaporatorinsidethefridgewhichhas
refrigerantinsideit,thisrefrigerantatlowpressureisatlow
temperatureinsidetheevaporatorsotheheatfromthe
productinsidethefridgeisabsorbedbytheevaporator(as
heatalwaystransfersfromthehotterobjecttothecolder
object)whichhasafantocirculatetheairaroundthefridge.
Thentherefrigerantispushedaroundthepipeworkbythe
compressortothecon,denserwheretherefrigerantishotfrom
theheatoutofthefridge,becausetheoutsideairwillbelower
thanthatofthepressurizedrefrigeranttheheatisabsorbedby
theambientairwhichleavestherefrigerantcoolerandlower
pressuresowhenitsbackintotheevaporatoritcanabsorb
moreheatandexpelitintotheambientair.
Thereare5maincomponentsinanormalrefrigerationsystem
likeonyourfridge:
Compressor
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Condenser
ExpansionDeviceorCapillarytube
Evaporator
Thermostat
Thecompressorcompressestherefrigerantgas.Thisraisesthe
refrigerant'spressureandtemperature,sotheheatexchanging
coilsoutsidetherefrigeratorallowtherefrigeranttodissipate
theheatofpressurization.Asitcools,therefrigerantcondenses
intoliquidformandflowsthroughtheexpansionvalve.
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Whenitflowsthroughtheexpansionvalve,theliquidrefrigerantisallowedto
movefromahighpressurezonetoalowpressurezone,soitexpandsand
evaporates.Inevaporating,itabsorbsheat,makingitcold.Thecoilsinsidethe
refrigeratorallowtherefrigeranttoabsorbheat,makingtheinsideofthe
refrigeratorcold.Thecyclethenrepeats.
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