Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
by
WILLLIAM THOMAS STRAUGHAN. B.S. in Ind. Mgt., M.S. in Engr.
A DISSERTATION
IN
CIVIL ENGINEERING
Submitted to the Graduate Faculty
of Texas Tech University in
Partial Fulfillment of
the Requirements for
the Degree of
DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY
Approved
May, 1990
?6l
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
ii
ABSTRACT
LIST OF TABLES
vii
LISTOPHGURES
vin
NOTATIONS
CHAPTER
I.
n.
m.
INTRODUCTION
Soil Behavior
Winkler Model
Two-Parameter Model
11
15
Introduction
15
17
20
23
Mathematical Model
30
30
Computational Technique
32
34
34
37
IV.
V.
47
47
RESULTS
49
Comparisons
49
53
Discussion of Results
58
78
Conclusions
79
Recommendaions
80
REFERENCES
^ ^
78
83
iv
ABSTRACT
Concrete slabs (plates) supported directiy by the soil continuum is a very common
construction form. The behavior of the slab when it carries external loads is influenced by
the soil, and the behavior of the soU is, in turn, influenced by the action of the slab under
load. Developing arealisticmathematical model for this complex soil-structure interaction
problem is essential in order to provide safe and economical designs. In the past, many
researchers have worked on this problem, which isreferredto as "beams and plates on
elastic foundations." In many practical design problems of this type, the soil continuum is
layered and may berestingoverrigidrock or arelativelystronger soiL
Most of die previous work began with the well known Winkler model, which was
originally developed for the analysis of railroad tracks. The use of the Winkler model
involves one major problem and one significant behavioral inconsistency. The problem
involves the necessity for determiiung the modulus of subgrade reaction, "k," and the
behavioral inconsistency is that an analysis of plates carrying a uniformly distributed load
will produce arigidbody displacement
Vlasov and Leont'ev (1966), recognizing die difficulty in determining values of "k"
for soils, as well as the behavioral inconsistency, postulated a two-parameter model
Vlasov's model provided for die effect of die neglected shear strain energy in the soil and
die subsequent shear forces on die plate edges as aresultof e soil displacement Recent
woric by Vallabhan and Das (1987,1988,1989) strengdiened die Vlasov postulation for
beams on elastic foundations but stopped short of developing computational techniques for
plates.
Thisresearchdevelops a diice-parametcr madiematical model foe die analysis of plates
on elastic foundations. The involved equations are explained in a step-by-step manner.
v
The procediuBS developed are then used in a computer program to perform the analysis.
The necessity of determining die value of "k" and die soil shear parameter, "t," is avoided
through the computation of a third parameter, 'Y." which provides a deformation profile for
the soil continuiun.
VI
UST OF TABLES
Table
4.1
51
4.2
54
4.3
61
65
70
74
77
4.4
4.5
4.6
4.7
vn
USTOFnOURES
Figures
1.1
12
16
2.2
24
2.3
Depiction of the domain of the plate and the domain of the soil
stratum, divided into eight regions
25
27
36
38
40
41
43
44
1.2
1.3
2.1
2.4
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.6
viu
4.1
52
55
4.3
57
4.4
59
63
66
67
72
'^
4.2
4.5
4.6
4.7
4.8
4.9
IX
NOTATIONS
= Beam width
= Plateflexuralrigidity
E,(l-v^
(l+v^(l-2vj
EI
= Rexuralrigidityof a beam
Ep
Es
Hs
= Contact pressure
^,Qf
Qx
= Membrane tension
tp
u,v,w
Vb,Vf
= Kirchoff shear forces along die edge of die plate in die x and y directions,
respectively
Wb
Wc
Wf
Wr
x,y,z
= Coordinate axes
= 1 ^ , a constant
D
= (no subscript) Parameter that characterizes the vertical deformation profile
within the soil continuum
Y
Yx
Ex
.4.
2t
Vj
Vp
Ox
Xx
<Kz)
= Laplace operator
V^
^.
XI
CHAPTER!
INTRODUCnON
Soil Behavior
Successfiil applications of the principles of stmctural engineering arc intricately linked
to die ability of die engineer to model the stmcture and its support conditions in order to
perform an accurate analysis and a subsequendy "correct" design. Arriving at a realistic
model is complicated in foundation analysis by the extreme difficulty of modeling the soilstructure interaction.
In particular, concrcte building slabs, supported directiy by die soil medium, is a very
common construction system. It is used inresidential,commercial, industrial, and
instimtional stmctures. In some of diese structures, very heavy slab loads occur, such as
in libraries, grain storage buildings, warehouses, etc. A mat foundation, which is
commonly used in the support of multi-story building columns, is another example of a
heavily loaded concrete plate supported directiy by die soil medium. In all these stmctures,
it is very important to be able to compute plate displacements and consequent stresses widi
an acceptable degree of accuracy in order to ensure a safe and economical design.
Ultimately, all structure loads must be transferred to the soil continuum, and bodi the
soil and die stmcture act togedier toresistand support the loads. The integral nature of the
foundation and soil actions is further complicated by die complexity of die soil medium
itself. Soil is truly a nonhomogeneous and an anisotropic medium diat behaves in a nonlinear manner, while concrete and steel stmctures can be adequately modeled and analyzed,
assuming isotropic and linear behavior. In addition, die properties of structural building
materials arc well known so diat die stiffness of die stmcture may be readily determined,
:a.
2
On the other hand, soil properties are very difficult to determine because in addition to
die previously mentioned characteristics, it is a "soft" material, which makes it very
difficult to obtain samples for testing that will produce laboratoryresultsparalleling its
acmal "in-ground" behavior. Among other problems, die type of soil affects the ability to
obtainrepresentativesamples (for example, stiff clay is more difficult to sample than soft
clay). Variations in sampling techniques among laboratories further complicate the
problem. Two additional complicating factors arc that soil material properties are sttessdependent, and the soil continuum will in practice consist of layers of materials with
different constitoitiverelationsand material properties. Because of these factors, the tme
properties and constituitiverelationsof the soil continuum are essentially unknown and
indeterminable. As a result, it is necessary to make a number of simplifying assumptions
to analyze the soil-stmcturc interaction.
Winkler Model
One very popular method for modeling the soil-stmcture interaction has its origins in
the work done by Winkler in 1867, where the vertical translation of the soil, w, at a point is
assumed to depend only upon the contact pressure, p, acting at that point in the idealized
elastic foundation and a propOTtionality constant, k.
p = kw.
(1.1)
3
Description of the Model
Application of die Winkler model involves die solutiwi of a fourrii-otder differential
equation. For plates, die equation to be solved is of the form
DV^w + kw = q
where
(1-2)
D = the plateflexuralrigidity,
k = the modulus of subgrade reaction, and
q = the uniformly distributed load on the plate.
The model consists of linearly elastic springs with a stiffiiess of "k," placed at discrete
intervals below the plate, where k is the modulus of subgrade reacticHi of the soil. The
model is alsoftequentiyreferred to as a "one-parameter model"
ThinPlate^f i
si
i J , i i i i l J , i
Soil Stratum
^^M^N^M^
-4
i^f
5
simplifying assumptions widi respect to expected displacements and stresses. This woric is
not applicable in real situations where die soil is generally layeitsd. The use of Cheung's
and Zienkiewicz's approach willresultin uncharacteristically large displacements for a fiilly
loaded plate or slab on a semi-infinite soil continuum. Otiierresearchershave attempted to
make die Winkler model more realistic by assuming some kind of interaction between die
spring elements. The first approach is discussed in die next section.
-,0.108
, 0.95 E.
E,B
k=
*
(1-v,^) L(l-Vs")EIJ
where
E,
v,
B
E
I
=
=
=
=
=
(1.3)
Later work by Vesic (1961) showed diat k depends upon both die stiffness of the soil,
as well as the stiffness of the structure, so that similar size stmctures of different stif&esses
will yield different values of k for the same applied load. Vesic's work extended Biot's
solution by providing the disuibution of deflection, moment shear, and pressure along the
beam. When Vesic divided the pressure along the beam by deflection at the same point
along die beam, he found the ratio between die twotobe neariy constant He found die
continuum solution correlated with die Winkler model by setting
6
k=
0.65 E,
Q/EV
(l_v,2) V
(1.4)
7
Two-Parameter Mndd
Summary of Other Research
As mentioned earlier, severalresearchers,recogiuzing the inherent problems widi die
Winkler model, attenqited to make the model more realistic by assuming some form of
interaction among the spring elements that represent die soil continuum.
Filonenko-Borodich (1940) developed a model that improved upon the Winkler nxxlel
by connecting dietopends of die springs widi an elastic membrane stretched to a constant
tension, T. Refer to Figure 1.2. In this model die modulus of subgrade reaction is given
by:
p = kw-TV^w
(1-5)
where V is the Laplace operator, and all other terms were previously defined; however, no
method is provided for the computation of k or T.
Hetenyi (1946 and 1950) created an interaction among the springs in the fovmdation
by imbedding an additional plate withflexuralrigidity,D , in the Winkler foundation in a
manner shown in Hgure 1.2. According to this model, the modulus of subgrade reaction
is given by:
p = kw + D*vVw
(1-^)
where all terms have been previously defined; however, no method is provided for
determining die values of k and D*.
Pasternak (1954) inq)roved upon the Winkler model by connecting the ends of the
springs to a plate, or "shear layer," consisting of incompressible, vertical elements, which
can deform only by lateral shear. According to this model die modulus of subgrade
reaction is given by:
p = kw-GVV
(^-"^^
IStretched membrane,
-^ plate in bending,
or shear layer
9
A more detailed description of all diese models is presented by Kerr in his p^ier,
"Elastic and Viscoelastic Foundation Models" (1964).
Recognizing die impracticalities involved in die application of diese modifications to
die Winkler model, Vlasov and Leont'ev (1966) used a new dieoretical approach to develop
a two-parameter model for plates. Recendy, Nogami and Lam (1987) used a similar
approach to develop a two-parameter model for beams on elastic foundations for the plane
strain case.
Vlasov's and Leont'ev's model (commonly known as the "Vlasov model") provided
for shear strains within the soil continuum and resulted in the domain equation,
DV\v - 2tV^w + kw = q
where
(1-8)
This equation, which considers shear interactions within the foundation and stmcture,
was developed using variational principles, ii addition, Vlasov and Leont'ev introduced
another parameter, which they identified as Ytocharacterize the vertical deformation profile
within the soil continuum. The real sttength of Vlasov's and Leont'ev's approach is in the
total elimination of the necessity to determine empirically the values of the modulus of
subgrade reaction, k, or even the shear parameter, t, as their values can be computed once
the value of Yis determined. This model has the disadvantage of requiring an estimate of
the Y parameter since no mechanism was developed for computing the value of YYang (1972) considered the analysis of rectangular plates on elastic foundations using
Vlasov's and Leont'ev's two-parameter modeltorepresentthe soil-stmcture interaction.
For his analysis, he used an iterative approach, which combines thefinite-elementmethod
for die plate widi diefinite-diffaencetechnique for die boundary conditions. Like Vlasov
and Leont'ev, Yang did not provide a mediod for die computation of die important vertical
defwrnation profile parameter, Y- He used die same estimated values of Y and assumed a
semi-infinite continuum where die depdi of die soil is infinite, as Vlasov and Leont'ev did.
10
and dien computed the values of the other parameters, numerically. None of diese
researchers have solved the problem of analyzing plates on an elastic foundation with finite
soil layers.
(1.9)
Vallabhan's and Das' study included displacement computations, using the mediod of
finite differences fca- du^ee load cases involving beams on an elastic foundaticm. In general,
dus computational approach yielded results diat were in excellent agrecnacnt widi diose
determined for die same stmctural system and load case using thefinite-dementmediod
11
In die case of a beam subjected to a uniformly distributed load, die shape of the
displacement curve was nearly parallel to, but with slightiy lower values dian, those
obtained by thefinite-elementmethod. A design using this analysis would be conservative,
since the maximum bending moment and shear values found using the finite-difference
method were slightiy higher than those found using thefinite-elementmethod. Vallabhan
and Das concluded that if the loads arc fairly evenly distributed on the beam, the results
from the Vlasov model arc sufficiendy accurate for practical designs.
12
Thm Plate
13
While die minimization of die required amount of data concerning die soil material
properties and constituitive relationships is a definite goal of diisresearch,a more
overriding goal was die importance of constmcting a realistic model. Chapter U presents
die development of die dieories and principles involved in utilizing diis modeling approach.
14
computational "molecules," which have been extensively developed for plates not only in
the domain of die plate, but for various boundary conditions. The more extensively used
references in diis research involved die work done by Crandall (1956), Tunoshenko and
Woinowsky-Krieger (1959), Bowles (1968), Ugural (1981), and Vallabhan and Wang
(1981).
The computational method used in this research is applicable to the analysis of "thin"
plates, which experience small deflections consistent with the definitions explained in many
textbooks on plates and shells (Timoshenko and Woinowsky-Krieger, 1959; and Ugural,
1981). Chapter HI presents a detailed explanation of the ^plication of the finite-difference
method to the analysis of plates on an elastic foundation as used in this research.
CHAPTER n
DEVELOPMENT OF TEffi THEORY
Introduction
Plates on elastic foundations represent a complex soil-structure interaction problem.
The development of the equations for such problems and the associated solutions become a
challenge to die engineer. This chapter is devoted to die dieoretical development of die
equations, and Chapter HI deals with the numerical techruques employed to arrive at the
solutions. A majority of the steps during the theoretical development are omitted; however,
all the most important steps are shown so that readers familiar with the Kirchhoff theory of
plates and variational calculus may easily follow the derivations.
There are two fundamentally different mediods employed in solid mechanics to derive
thefieldequations and the boundary conditions for the analysis of complex stmctures using
the displacement formulation. One method commonly used involves die assumption of
displacement functions and the subsequent development of the equilibrium equations. The
other method involves the assumption of the displacement functions and the application of
the minimum potential energy principle, which is the method chosen for this research
because it is easier to apply for this complex soil-stmcturc interaction problem. The
principle of minimum potential energy is explained in various textbooks, such as Langhaar
(1962), Fung (1965), Timoshenko and Goodier (1971), ete., and it is notrepeatedhere.
As mentioned in Chapter I die soil stratum considered has a finite depdi witii a rigid
boundary at the bottom. Figure 2.1 depicts a soil stramm depdi of Hj, a modulus of
elasticity, Es, and Poisson's ratio, v,. The elastic foundation supports a plate which is
subjected to a vertical load, q(x,y). Theflexuralrigidityof the plate is D.
15
16
<t>(Hs) = 0
* x,u
17
D=3v
(2.1)
12(l-Vp2)
where
^ = ^ \ \
-C - b
j(VV-2(l-Vp
0a2w o^2w
LI*''J
a w
3x3y
* dxdy
(2.2)
ii + b
+jjj
where
Constituitive Relationships
The stress-strain relationship in the soil may be represented in matrix form by
assuming that it is a linearly elastic, isotropic, and homogeneous material.
18
r^x
1 c
c 0 0 0
c 1 c 0 0 0
v^
"xy
Es(l-Vs)
(1 Vs)(l-2v,)
c c
10
0 0
0 0 0 d 0 0
0 0 0 0 d 0
xz
y^hzj
<
Yxy
>
(2.3)
Yxz
0 0 0 0 0 d J
where
c =
l-v,5
,and
(2.4)
d=
2(1-Vs)
Es(l-Vs)
Tlie term (i+vj(i_2vj ^ written as E in applicable subsequent expressions for
convemence.
(2.5)
v(x,y,z) = 0.
(^.6)
where w is the vertical displacement of the plate, and <j(z) is a mode shape defining the
variation of die deflection w(x,y,z) in die zdirectiwi. This function is depicted in
19
Figure 2.1, and since w(x,y) is die plate displacement, (j)(0) is equal to 1.0, and (|)(H,) isi
equal to 0 (zero).
Strain-Displacement Relationships
Using die strain-displacement equations of elasticity (Timoshenko and Goodier, 1971)
and Equations 2.5 and 2.6 the following expressions may be written:
(2.7)
(2.8)
e, = - g ^ = w ( x , y ) ^ .
(2.9)
^'^ ay ax "'
(2.10)
^y^ ay az ay ^^^^'
(2.11)
^" az ax ax ^^^^
(2.12)
and
(vV-2(l-Vp) a w a w [ a w
dxdy
-C-h
rf + b
(2.13)
-b
(2.14)
20
r
xz =
l-2v.
Eiy.^M^
(l+vj(l-2v,)
2(1-V3)
Y = G ^ *
V = EdYyz = Gaw
^(0
ay
(2.15)
(2.16)
where
G = shear modulus of the soil =
(2.17)
2(l+v,)
+b
^2
^2
aw
axayj
^ = f j jj(VV-2(l-Vp) o w a w
ax2 IVJ
-c -b I
dxdy
(2.18)
rf
+b
+b
"^^
d%
SIC = f f (DV*w-2tV^w + kw-q)5wdxdy + J - m - ^ + n<|> 5(|>dz
-C
-b
(2.19)
H^
dz.
(2.20)
2t=fG<|)^dz,
(2.21)
m = f I Ew^ dxdy.
(2.22)
a 2f)
21
and
n = f fG(Vw)^dxdy.
(2.23)
Since 5w and &J) by definition are not equalto0 (zero), die terms widun die
parendieses and die boundary conditions must each equal 0. Thefirstterm in die
parcndieses in Equation 2.19 may be written as
DV*w-2tV^w + kw =q,
(2.24)
which gives the mainfieldequation for die plate on an elastic foundation problem. The
boundary conditions for this equation arc:
1. for die plate edge X = b,
Vb + 2 t | ^ = Q , a n d M , = M,
(2.25)
V 2 t |ay
^ = 0 , and My = N^
(2.26)
(2.27)
(2^8)
22
The boundary conditions for this case are
Equivalent edge shear force at x = b = Qb and w = 0 at x = ,
(2.29)
(2.30)
(2.31)
inside die soil domain where die boundary conditions are at z = 0, ^(0) = 1.0 and at z = Hj,
<j>(Hs) = 0.
Therefore, for the plate on an elastic foundation problem, there are three differential
equations diat must be solved as indicated by Equations 2.24,2.28, and 2.31. The first
equation involves the displacement of the plate; the second equation involves the
displacement of the soil surface outside the domain of the plate; and the diird equation
involves the displacement of the soil continuum. Thefirststep in the overall technique
employed in thisresearchis to solve Equation 2.31 explicidytoobtain the deformation
mode (|)(z). The second step is to use dieresidtsof diis solution to solve Equation 2.28,
which will yield the boundary forces necessary for the solution of Equation 2.24, which is,
in turn, solved by numerical methods.
sinhY
(2.32)
23
where Hg = the depth of the soil stratum and
J J (Vw)^ dxdy
f Y ''
H.
= -S = - | ^ = ^ ; =
(2.33)
J J w^ dxdy
It is important to note that the coefficient, k, which is usually represented as the
modulus of subgrade reaction among engineers and the coefficient, t, which represents the
shear deformation in the soil, are bodi dependent upon the vertical deformation mode-shape
function, <|), and the depth of the soil stratum, Hj. (Refer to Equations 2.20 and 2.21.)
But the mode-shape function, ((>, is dependent upon the value of YThe value of Y, in tum, varies with the displacement of the plate and die depth of the
soil stratum as shown by Equation 2.33. In odier words, for a given plate on an elastic
foundation problem, the variables w, k, t, and Y are all interconnected in a very complex
manner. Vallabhan and Das (1988b) published die results of a smdy of a modified Vlasov
model for beams on elastic foundations in which they confuted and plotted a family of
curves showing the variation of the (j) function with depth in the soil stratum for various
values of Y- This portion of their work is included as Figure 2.2.
24
><|)(z)
Hs
25
m
IV
IV
-X
Plate
IV
IV
26
solution of die equation in tiiese eight regions, which facilitates die generation of solutions
in Regions H, DI, and IV. Even diough symmetry of the regions is assumed, die overall
problem is not necessarily symmetric widi respect to die x and y axes because die plate
loading may not be symmetrical.
(2.34)
where Wb is die vertical displacement of the plate at x = b. Substituting Equation 2.34 and
assuming w(oo,y) = 0, one gets
X =7 | .
(2.35)
The shape of this fimction w(x,y) is illustrated in Figure 2.4. Equivalent boundary
forces from the soil continuum acting on the edge of the plate arc computed using the
principle of virtual displacement This solution approach is utilized because of the lack of
an exact solution for the displacement in this region. The virtual work done by the edge
shear force on the plate equals die virtual strain energy in die soil continuum undergoing
displacement in this region.
JQ^5W
-t
dy = J
J J
(2.36)
0 -f b
where
^^ = E^^^^f
dz'
txz&yxz=G^08 rdwi<1), and
IdyJ
(2.37)
27
28
By using Equations 2.20 and 2.21, Equation 2.36 can be rewritten as
jQ,5W,dy = j J - kW^5W^ + 2t
-c
-c b
ay \dy^
\^J
aw gTaw'
'dxdy
;2HW,-1^
"" ^
dy2
(2.38)
5W,dy.
By comparing die integrals, die equivalent edge shear force, Qb, is obtained as
d vV
(2.39)
Using Equation 2.25, die Kirchhoff shear force at x = b becomes
r
V x = - y2Ew. + 2 t | ^ ,
ax
^ dV
x=b ^
(2-40)
dy
It is important to note the difference between Wb and w in Equation 2.40, where - ^ is the
slope of displacement of the plate in die x direction at x = b, while Wb is die displacement
at X = b. Since all displacement terms arereferencedto the plate at x = b, Equation 2.40
can be rewritten as
I'x=b
y2Ew + 2 t ^ - f i-5L
ax X ay^
(2.41)
^x=b
>
'T=
Equations for Vj at x = -b can be derived using die same logic, and die equation is die
same except for a negative sign in front of Vx.
w(x,y) = W^ e
(2.42)
29
where Wf is die vertical displacement of die plate aty = /;andA.= M-,as obtained
earlier. Following similar derivations, die Kirchhoff edge shear force for die plate is
y=r
y2Ew + 2 t ^ - L ^
9y X 3x2 J
(2.43)
y=f
The equation for Vy at y = -/^ can be obtained by changing die sign in die above equation.
Region IV
The displacement function for this region is developed by combining Equations 2.34
and 2.42, such that
w(x,y) = W, e"^"-"^ e""^-'^
(2.44)
where Wc is the vertical displacement at die plate comers. Using the principle of virtual
work, the comerreactionis derived by equating the virtual strain energy in the soil to die
virtual work done by the edge shear forces and die equivalent comer reaction:
oo oo
oo
x=b
5wdy
(2.45)
5wdx
Rc = ftw,
(2.46)
All die odier comer forces arc now -^ ttimesdie displacements of die plate at die respective
comers.
30
Madiematical MnHpl
The madiematical model for die plate on an elastic foundation is dius represented by
die following domain equation and die associated boundary conditions.
DV^w - 2tV^w + kw = q
in the domain of the plate with die boundary conditions that
at x = b, M3^ = 0 and V , = -
y2Ew + 2 t | ^ - J - ^w
ax
2X ayZ
(2.47)
x=b
and
w
at y = / ' , My = 0 and Vy = - / 2 E w + 2 axt ^ -2X^ ^ay2
(2.48)
where M;j and My are the prescribed moments in the x and y directions, respectively, and
Vx and Vy are the Kirchhoff shear force in the x and y directions, respectively.
In order to solve this equation consistent with the deformation of the soil, a value of Y
must be determined. Vlasov assumed an arbitrary value of Y ; however, this research
presents a definitive approach for the determination of Y-
J J (Vw)^ dxdy
rYV
l-2Vs
H.
2(l-v^
(2.49)
J J w^ dxdy
31
In Region n
,
,,,
-X^x-b)
w(x,y) = W^ e
(2.50)
(2.51)
-C
-I
(2.52)
-[
In Region HI
-X<y-0
w(x,y) = W^ e
Jjw^dxdy=i)w>
(2.53)
(2.54)
-b
l-b
+b
,+b
jJ(Vw)^dxdy=|jw^^dx
f-b
(2.55)
-b
In Region IV
e
(2.56)
r j w^dxdy = w;
(2.57)
w(x,y) = Wc e
oo oo
t b
oo oo
-j^.
jJ(Vw)^dxdy=^
C b
(2.58)
32
In Region I
The two terms,
t^ +b
+b
(2.59)
-c-b
Y Computational Summary
Expressions have been developed and appropriately expanded for all terms required
for the computation of the soil deformation parameter, Y. Computation of some of die
terms wiU require the use of numerical integration coupled with die finite-difference
method. A general explanation of the computational techniques involved in this research is
included in the last section of this chapter with additional details provided in Chapter EL
Computational Technique
A computer program was written that uses the method of finite differences to constmct
die full coefficient matrix for rectangular plates on elastic foundations. It was necessary to
work widi die full coefficient matrix using die finite-difference model because die matrix
was found to be unsymmetrical when all boundary conditions were incorporated.
As previously indicated, diese displacement computations arc dependent upon die
value of the Y parameter. The solution technique is an iterative process in which Y is
initially set equal to one (1.0); and die mode shape, (j), is calculated and used in die
computation of the values of die modulus of subgrade reaction, k, and die soil shear
parameter, L Widi diese parameter values computed, die vertical displacements at discrete
points in the plate are dien calculated.
Upon completion of die assemblage of die coefficient mattix, die load vector is
computed, and die set of simultaneous equations is solved.
33
Then Y is calculated from Equation 2.49 using die plate displacement values, and a
comparison between diis calculated value of Y and die initially assumed Y value or die
previously calculated Y value in subsequent calculations is made. If die difference between
die two successive Y values is widiin a prescribed tolerance limit, die displacement
computations cease. Otherwise, another iteration is performed, and the process is repeated
until the final value of Y does not deviate from die previous Y value by more dian die
prescribed tolerance.
The plate displacement values determined during the final iteration for the Y value are
used in the computation of internal plate-bending moments and shear forces at discrete
positions within die plate. These values are necessary for the design of die plate, and they
arc considered as the final program output
Numerical integration is used extensively in the programs, both in conjunction with
and in addition to, the finite-difference mediod in solving die differential equations. A
detailed explanation of the use of thefinite-differenceequations is provided in the next
chapter, while the results of die various computer program "runs" are presented and
discussed in the subsequent chapter.
CHAPTER m
APPUCATION OF THE METHOD OF FINITE
DIFFERENCES
0- D
w
t
k
q
=
=
=
=
is too complex for arbitrary loads when die boundary conditions are considered, unless a
numerical approach is used.
The applicable boundary conditions are:
a_w_
a w =0
ax^'^'^Pay^
a t x = b, M^j = - D
andV^ = -D
d w
+ (2-Vp)-
/2iSw + 2 t 4 ^ - - H ^
ax
2X ay^
(3.3)
-.2
aty = /;M^=-D a w
a w =0
(3.4)
n^r- ^ o aw
1 aw
^^'^^a7"2X-^
(3.5)
ay^
(3.2)
ax2ay.
34
35
The approach selected for diis research is die mediod of finite differences, which
allows die conversion of a set of linear differential equations into a set of linear algebraic
equations diat may be solved simultaneously on a digital computer by employing matrix
mediods. It is, of course, an approximate mediod widi die fundamental approximation
being die replacement of a continuous domain by a set of points or "nodes" widiin die
domain. Using die finite-difference mediod, die derivative of a function w = f(x,y), widi
respect to X or y where w is die deflected shape of a plate in flexure, may be expressed as
die difference of die values of w at die nodes of a plate grid. Refer to Figure 3.1.
Another method diat could have been used is thefinite-elementmethod; however, die
finite-difference method was selected because of its computational efficiencies. To achieve
results of comparable accuracy would have required a coefficient matrix that is many orders
of magnitude larger than that required using die method of finite differences widi its
consequent requirement of more computer memory and much longer "running" time.
Moreover, because the finite-element method is an energy method, it requires additional
derivations of the coefficient matrix for bending of the plate. Also, die coefficient matrices
for k and t must be individually developed and assembled into the overall stmcture
coefficient or stiffness matrix. Since k and t are bodi dependent upon die value of Y, dien
these two coefficient sub-matrices must be generated and again assembled into die stmcture
coefficient matrix widi each iteration. This is a tedious andtime-consumingprocedure.
Finally, die finite-element mediod operates on a reduced order of derivatives, while die
finite-difference mediod operates directiy on die fourdi-order differential equations, again
yielding more accurate solutions with a reduced number of unknowns.
Figure 3.1 shows a grid drawn on die surface of arectangularplate. The numbers
represent equally spaced points or "nodes" on die plate surface. As shown, each node is
placed a distance "h" from its nearest "neighbor" node in bodi die x and y directions. This
particular plate example will be used to illustrate die use of diefinite-difference"molecules"
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
31
32
33
34
35
36
25
26
27
28
29
30
19
20
22
23
24
13
14
16
17
18
10
11
12
h
T
1
h
Jf
37
to determine die plate deflections and, later, die in-plane bending moments and die shear
forces perpendicular to the plane of die plate.
Boundary Nodes
To handle die application of die V^w moleculetodie edge nodes and neighbor edge
nodes and die application of die V^w molecule to die edge nodes, die known boundary
conditions are utilized.
Prescribed bending moment =*1VI|^ = -D
ajv
ax^
a j ^ = 0, along X = b.
'ay'j
[dy2^'^pax2
= 0, along y =
(3.6)
(3.7)
->3
ax^
^ axay^j
(3.8)
38
v^-*^a
39
Net shear ^ Q = _D
a w , /^.,K a w
i7^''-^''^j-'"^'"*'
'3-''
[ h V - a h V + p]w.=qj
where
a =
R = kh!
^
D
"^ =
(3.10)
40
r
^^-^ i [H3HT)]
H = -T& <
+V
[(SHgHj)]
r
a = -2F3 { [ @ - - - - 0 ] M2v)-^
V.
<i=-*<
+ (2-v)
Note: v represents Poisson's ratio for die plate (Vp in die text).
41
Free Edge
>.
ni,3
>-%*%
> - ^ * ^
Free Edge
Free Edge
(b) Edge node adjacent to comer
-Free Edge
(c) Internal node 1 division in both
directions from a comer
^Free Edge
(d) Internal node 1 division from the edge
in 1 direction and 3 or more divisions
from the edge in the other direction.
>=S*
Free Edge
(e) Edge node 3 ot more divisions from a comer
a, = i (l-v^)
a2=(-3+2vfv2)
aa=(2-2v)
a4=(3-2v-v^)
bi=(-6+2v)
b2=(2-v)
bj=(8-4v-3v^)
b4 = (-4+2v+2v2)
ci =i(15-8v-5v^)
v = Poisson's ratio for the plate
q = uniformly distributed plate load
D = plateflexuralrigidity
Q = plate edge shear
h = spacing or divisions between the nodes
Note: V represents Poisson's ratio for the plate (Vp in the text).
42
The finite-difference molecule for all interior nodes is developed as shown in
Figure 3.5. The first molecule shownrepresentsdie molecule for V^w, which is added to
the molecide representing V w for diose nodes located onerowand one column
inboard of die edge nodes (Cases (c) and (d) in Figure 3.4). Finally, die molecule
representingkh^
-=r- is added to all diagonaltermsin the coefficient matrix. The end result of
all these steps is the constmction of the last finite-difference molecule shown at die bottom
of Figure 3.5, which is applied to all non-boundary nodes to develop the coefficient maoix.
Boundary Nodes
For the nodes on the boundary, the appropriate known boundary conditions are
utilized.
Mb = 0 along die left andrightvertical plate edges, and
M^ = 0 along die bottom andtophorizontal plate edges.
These two boundary conditions are depicted on die plate outline and in molecule form
in Figure 3.6. The known boundary conditions are utilized to eliminate diefictitiousnodes
(wf), which lie outside die plate boundary.
2th
The technique used for die development of the molecule to be used for die V w
terms along dieright,vertical boundary and die bottom, horizontal boundary (except for die
comer nodes) is also illustrated in Figure 3.6. TTie molecules for die left, vertical boundary
nodes and die top. horizontal boundary nodes (except for die comer nodes) are die same as
diose shown for dieright,vertical boundary nodes and die bottom, horizontal boundary
nodes, respectively. TTiese molecules are dien addedtodie appropriate molecules along die
boimdary as depicted in Figure 3.4. /
43
where a = - 2 ^
-a
V.
+P=
where P = - ^ *
(hV^-ahV +
44
42
Mb=Oon
diis edge\
Mb= 0 on
^ dils edge
(a)
1
Mf= 0 on diis edge
^
^ ^ (b)
W^=-D(&-v^)
M.= - g <
=0
^r=-D& + v ^ )
-2t55v2w = a ^ Q K i v O ^c = -^<
Note: v represents Poisson's ratio for die plate (Vp in die text).
=0
45
^ig^
to
if
a w^ = a "s ^ [ ^
Case(b)
Note: v represents Poisson's ratio for die plate (Vp in die text).
46
Since bodi Mj^ = 0 and Ni^ = 0 at die plate comer nodes, diere is no correction for die
comer nodes, that is.
'"^2
% = 0 = -D i w .
Vax2
Therefore,
^2 ^
a w ^ y a w = 0.
a_w = 0; and M =-D
ax2
ay^
-^2
3yj
(3.11)
:i2
7^
aax2w _ ay2
a w =_ 0
(3.12)
at the comer nodes. To account for edge shear at a boundary node, Q,, and the distributed
load on the plate, Vallabhan and Wang (1981) found that the net equivalent discrete force,
Fj, at the plate edges is
i ~ 2D
D '
(3.13)
xw+4^--La^
ax
IX ay2
(3.14)
0,=
-2t
Xw+|^--V^
9y
(3.15)
2X ax^^
47
Calculation of Equivalent Nodal FoTres
In order to develop a method for die computation of equivalent nodal forces, die load
influence area is considered. The load influence area for a uniformly distributed load in die
plate comers and at die odier boundary nodes is, respectively, only j and -i^ die influence
area of a uniformly distributed load at all odier nodes. The term "factor" is used to express
the adjustments to the load vector, a, so that die adjusted-load vector is a divided by factor,
where:
factor = 4 for the comer nodes
factor = 2 for the boundary nodes, and
factor = 1 for all otiier nodes.
Factor is also used when die modulus of subgradereaction,k, from the domain
equation,
4
v V - 2 % V^w + % w = q ^ ,
D
D
^D
expressed infinite-differenceform is added to each nodal displacement That is,
k ^ - ^ factor
(3.16)
(3.17)
is added to each nodal displacement. These factors are abeady incorporated in die
coefficient matrix as shown in Figure 3.4.
48
nodal displacements are determined, the values of intemal-nodal-bending moments, Mx and
My, are computed using the following expressions:
M, = -D a w ^^ a w
ay^ /
Vay^
:J2
My=-D a w
:V2
(3.18)
aw
(3.19)
In a similar manner, die values of die internal shear force at discrete points are also
determined using the expressions for Qx and Qy.
(3.20)
(3.21)
CHAPTER IV
RESULTS
Comparisons
As indicated in Chapter H, a computer program was developed in conjunction with this
research, using the computational techniques briefly outlined in the last section of that
chapter. When developing a computer program for stmctural analysis, the need always
exists to verify the program computations and finalresults(program output). Intuitively, it
can be proved that a plate carrying a uniformly distributed load, q,restingon a Winkler
foundation, undergoes arigidbody displacement without any bending moment and shear
force in die plate. In odier words, die computer program widi t = 0 and edge shear
forces = 0 should simulate the Winkler model,
D V w + kw = q,
and dieresultshould be w = -^. This concept was used to verify die computer program,
k
and dieresultswere exacdy as predicted. Moreover, if die plate is subjected to a uniformly
varying load, such as q = qo + qix, die displacement solution, w, was found to be exacdy
equal to ^"^^^^. Thisrepresentsarigidbody movement of die plate, which cleariy
demonstrates die validity of die program inrepresentingdie Winkler part of die model. At
die sametime,it proves die failure of die Winkler modeltorepresent a dish-shaped
displacement of die plate, as would be expected in a real situation. In addition, an
inexperiencedresearcherinvolved in die smdy of die elastic foundations might not consider
die importance of die effect of edge shear forces. For example, a solution to die field
equation as given in Equation 2.24,
DV'^w - 2tV^w + kw =q,
49
50
widiout die edge shear forces, would also yield arigidbody displacement (w = \
where q
51
Plate
Member Dimensions
Dimension in the "x" direction
24 ft.
24 ft.
1 ft.
48 ft.
0.5 ft.
0.5 ft
Thickness
Number of nodes
Modulus of elasticity for die member
Modulus of elasticity for the soil
325
7
432,000,000 psft
432,000,000 psf
144,000 psf
144,000 psf
0.2
0.2
500 psf
500 psf
20 ft
20 ft.
52
Displacement
(feet')
0.0-1
.010.020
Plate on an elastic foundation
.030.040.050
.060
Centerline
2.0
4.0
6.0
8.0
10.0
12.0
53
plate is infinitely long, it can be idealized as a plane strain problem, and die beam plane
strain formulation can be used. A plate, whose lengdi was twice its widdi, was chosen to
minimize die effects of dierelativelyhigh comer shear on die plate displacement function
along die plate centerline in die narrow direction. As illusdrated in Figure 4.1, excellent
agreement was obtained in bodi die shape of die displacement curve functions and in die
relative difference in die absolute displacement values as well. The maximum deviation of
0.0008 feet intermsof absolute values for displacements occurred at die plate center, while
at die free end, die deviation is 0.0007 feet The numbersrepresenta difference of 1.6%
and 2.1%,respectively,of the beam displacement at the two points. Additional program
results in the form of output data are presented in Table 4.2.
The general agreement among allrespectivecomparative program output data is
remarkable, considering the one-dimensional nature of die beam behavior versus the twodimensional nature of the plate behavior. This successfid comparison verified the validity
of the plate analysis computer program, which was dien used to analyzefivedifferent plate
load cases.
54
Unitst
Plate
8,062
lbs./ft.3
8,141
184,675
lbs./ft
177,285
0.79219
dimensionless
0.9847
Ib.-ft.
1,186
1,199
0.05083
ft.
0.05003
tUnits shown in this table for each of therespectivevalues are also used for the
presentation of all subsequent computer program results in theremainderof this
chapter.
55
15 fti
20 ft
X
H* X
40 ft
20 ft.
20 ft
^>x
-X
40 ft.
20 ft.
vrzrzrzrzrzrzrz-zrz
(c) 30 kip concentrated load
at die upperrightcomer
of the plate.
56
Input Data
With the exception of die previously mentioned variations in the soil stratum depths,
each of thefiveplate loads considered were evaluated using the same plate physical
dimensions and material properties and the same soil material properties. An additional
computer run was made for the 500-psf uniformly distributed load case to illustrate the
effect of a soil modidus of elasticitytiiatwas ten times the value of the soil modulus of
elasticity of 1,000 psi that was used for the uniformly distributed load case and all other
load cases. The plate behavior using diis 10,00O-psi soil modulus was only evaluated for a
sod stramm depth of 10 feet Figure 4.3 presents an itemized listing of the common input
data used for allfiveload cases.
For each computer "mn," die data on die following three functions arc plotted.
1. Displacement function curve,
2. Bending moment curve,
3. Shear force curve.
In addition to die load-placement position. Figure 4.2 also illusttates by dashed lines
die position and direction on die plate chosen for plotting diese functions in all subsequent
figures. For die uniform load case, die plotting position and direction on die plate chosen
for plotting diesefimctionsare die same as diose shown in Figure 4.2(a). These curves are
plotted for all four soil stratum depdis considered in dieremainingfiguresof dus chapter.
Figure 4.2 has a plot of all functions for a soU modulus of elasticity of 10,000 psi
(1,440,000 psf) for soil stramm depdi of 10 feet
The significance of diese curves is discussed in die next section. Odier output data
consists of diefinalcomputed values of die following duee parameters:
1. Modulus of subgradereaction,k
2. Foundation shear parameter, t
3. Soil deformation profile parameter, Y-
57
30.00 ft.
40.00 ft.
Plate duckness
0.50 ft
12.00
16.00
0.20
0.25
432,000,000.00 psf
144,000.00 psf
Case A
10.00 ft
and 20.00 ft
and 30.00 ft
and 50.00 ft
58
The significance of die computed values of each of diese for each load case is also
discussed in die next section.
Discussion nf Results
Uniformly Distributed Load
Figure 4.4 presents plots of die computer program results for displacement bending
moment, and shear force for the 500-psf uniformly disdibuted load case. This is die only
set of curves diat includes plots of diese diree values (displacement, bending moment and
shear) for a soil modulus of elasticity (Eg) of 10,000 psi (1,440,000 psf).
59
H,= 30ft.
H, = 50ft.
(a) Displacements along the plate centerline for four diffeient soil stratum depths.
Bending Moment
ab.-ft.)
1,500-
1.000500-
0(b) Bending moments along the plate centerline for four different soil stratum depths.
H,= 20ft.
H,= 30ft.
H.= 50ft.
(c) Shear forces along the plate centerline for four diffeient soil stramm dq>ths.
60
2. The maximum value of the plate bending moment increases as the soil stratum
depth increases.
3. The position of the maximum plate bending moment moves toward the center of
die plate with increasing soil sd^tum depths, and as the soil stratum depdi
approaches infinity, die plate bending moment curve will approximate a parabolic
shape. This would be similar to the case of a simply supported beam experiencing
a uniformly distributed load.
61
Table 4.3. Tabulation of the three parameter values for the unifomHy distributed load.
Es=
Hs=
10.000 psi
10
ft.
1.000 psi
10 ft
20 ft
Modulus of subgradereaction,k
173,199
17,317
8,749
919,363
92,094
173,361
0.5647
0.9017
30 ft
5,980
50 ft.
3,992
240,785 331,892
1.2235
1.8713
62
Figure 4.5 presents plots of die computer program results for plate displacement
bending moment and shear for die load case depicted in Figure 4.2(a), 30-kip concentrated
load at the plate center.
Displacement
15
(ft)
-I ^
00.0050.0100.015(a) Displacements along the plate centerline for four diffeient soil stratum depths.
M,
Bending Moment
ab.-ft.)
+4,500-
+3.000+1,5000-1,500(b) Bending moments along the plate centeiline for four di^crent soil stratum depths.
V,
Shear Force
Oba.)
+3,000-1
+2.000
+1.0000-1,000-2,000-3.000-1
(c) Shear forces along the plate centerline for four diffeiem soil stratum depths.
63
64
2. The magnimde of die maximum shear force suggests diat "punching shear" may
well control die design for diis load case.
3. Shear forces diminish veryrapidlyawayfromdie centerline.
4. Different values for die soil suamm depdis cause no significant effect on die shear
forces experienced by die plate for diis load case.
ObservationsfromParameter Valnps
The computer program generated dieresultsshown in Table 4.4 When die difference
in the computed value of the subgrade modulus is significant as is the case widi the 20foot versus the 10-foot depdi of die soil stratum, die difference in bodi die plate
displacement and the bending moment at die plate center is likewise significant
Similarly, it can be seen diat die variation in the value of the foundation- shear
parameter is significant in a soil stramm depth of 10 feet versus 20 feet. On die other hand,
die variation in both of these parameters is less significant between a soil stramm depth of
20 feet versus 30 feet The difference is relatively insignificant between a 30-foot and a 50foot soil stramm depdi, even diough die value of the soil deformation profile parameter
does vary significantiy. This "tracks" well widi die earlier discussionregardingdie plate
displacement and bending moment curves.
65
Table 4.4. Tabulation of the three parameter values for the concentrated load at the plate
center.
10 ft.
20 ft.
30 ft
50 ft
Modulus of subgradereaction,k
17,744
9,913
7,903
7,121
82,669
134,049
160,684
174,905
1.1073
1.8401
2.5531
4.1008
H,=
Displacement
(ft)
ie
-, ^
66
iH
00.0050.0100.015
(a) Displacements along the plate centerline for four different soQ stratum depths.
M,
Bending Moment
ab.-ft.)
OH I
'
I I
1I
-250-500-750-1.000H,= 20ft
(b) Bendjng moments along die plate centeriine for four different soil stratum depths.
V,
Shear Force
Obs.)
+2,000-
+1400+1.000
+500-
H.= 20,30,and50ft>
0(c) Shear forces along the plate centerline for four different soil stratum depths.
Displacement
(ft) 20
0-500-1.000-1.500-2.000-
(c) Shear foiees along the plate centerline for four diflisrent soO stiatum depths.
ny
68
plotted in all curves in Figures 4.4 and 4.5. The curves plotted in Figure 4.7 represent die
computer program output for plate displacements, bending momem, and shear forces along
die right, vertical edge of die plate (die long-plate dimension).
69
Even at diis point, die variation in plate bending moment is not significant for a sod
stratum depdi greater dian 20 feet
Figure 4 7
1. The maximum positive plate bending moment attains its maximum value at die
plate centerline ("x" coordinate axis location) for all values of soU stramm depdis
considered.
2. The variation in plate bending moment widi die depdi of die soil sttamm is not
significant
3. The negative bending moment may require some "top" reinforcement in reinforced
concrete slabs, but it would not control die design.
70
Table 4.5. Tabulation of die three parameter values for the concentrated load at the plate
centerline on dierightvertical edge.
H,=
10
ft.
20
ft.
30 ft
50 ft
20,005
13,928
13,242
13,187
66,161
89,953
93,992
94,345
1.8819
3.1387
4.5892
7.6323
71
profile parameter varies significantiy. This is consistent widi die earlier discussion of plate
displacements and bending moments for diis load case.
Concentrated Load at die Upper-Right Plate Comer
Figure 4.8 presents plots of die computer program results for plate displacement
bending moment, and shear for die load case depicted in Figure 4.2(c)~30-kip concentrated
load at die upper-right comer of die plate. All results plotted are diose diat occur along die
top horizontal edge of die plate (parallel to die "x" axis).
MPMU]^^
Displacement IS
(ft) -1
in
1
i.
i-
10
-
15
1
t^x
00.005
0.010
0.015 (a) Displacements along the top horizontal edge of the plate for four diHisrent soil stratum depths.
M,
Bending Moment
Ob.-ft.)
-500-1.000-1400H.= 10ft.-J
(b) Bending moments along the top horizontal edge of the plate for four different soil stratum depths.
Vx
Shear Force
Obs.)
++500+400+300
+200+1000 -
1x
-100(c) Shear forces along the top horizontal edge of the plate for four different soil stratum d^ths.
72
73
Shear Force Curves
1. As expected, die plate shear force attains its maximum value at die point of die
concentrated load, and it rapidly diminishes at positions closer to die plate
centerline.
2. The only variation in shear force widi different soil stramm depdis occurs at die
point of maximum negative shear, which is several orders of magnimde less dian
the maximum positive shear. Even in dus area of negative shear, the variation
becomes insignificant for soil stramm depdis greater tiian 20 feet
74
Table 4.6. Tabulation of the three parameter values for the concentrated load at die upperright plate comer.
10 ft.
20 ft.
30 ft
50 ft
Modulus of subgradereaction,k
24,920
22,115
22,076
22,078
50,668
56,267
56,358
56,354
2.7345
5.1158
7.6660
12.7772
Hs =
75
Displacement
(ft.) -,
i<
M,
Bending Moment
ab.-ft.)
7550250(b) Bending moments along the bottom edge of the plate for four soil stratum depths.
(c) Shear foices along the bottom edge of the plate for four soil stramm depths.
76
2. The plate displacement increases widi increasing soil depdi until a sod stramm
depdi of 30 feet is reached, and dien die variation in plate displacement becomes
imperceptible.
77
Table 4.7. Tabulation of die three parameter values for the unifonnly distributed line load
along the bottom, horizontal edge.
H.=
10
ft.
20
ft.
30 ft
50 ft
Modulus of subgradereaction,k
19,213
11,277
9,082
8,210
70,312
113,477
138,108
151.581
1.6851
2.3690
3.0576
4.7447
CHAPTER V
SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS, AND
RECOMMENDATIONS
Summary
Certainly a major part of this research has centered on the development of an accurate
engineering model through building upon and strengthening die work of many researchers,
whose analytical derivations were checked. The principles of solid mechanics, combined
with variational calculus, arc employed to develop the model. Derivations are presented in
detail in Chapter n. The final result culminates in the development of die duee-paramcter
model, which is presented in detail in Chapter II, and it is die model used for die
development of the computational techniques. The reasons for the selection of this model
arc presented in Chapter I, and die computational results presented in Chapter IV are
consistent widi die expected behavior for plates and even for analogous beams, where
appropriate. For diese reasons tiien, die model selected appears to be very realistic.
The mediod of finite-differences supplemented widi numerical integration and odicr
computational techniques was die primary approach chosen for use in a computer program
to perfonn die analysis of plates on elastic foundations. Thefinite-differencemediod
provides an excellent representation of differential equations widi a high degree of accuracy
relative to die computer memory Ttq^mcd. Its use also requires considerably less computer
operating time dian odier mediods. This aspect becomes especially important m die
utiUzation of die diree-parameter model because of die use of an iterative procedure for rhc
calculation of die foundation shear parameter, y. Essentially, diis results in the necessity
for repeating all calculations for each iteration.
78
79
Chapter II presents a detailed explanation of die utilization of die mediod of finite
differences used in die computational procedures and incorporated in die computer program
developed in conjunction widi diis research. All computer "mns" made for diis research,
as well as diose presented as results in Chapter IV. were made using a microcomputer.
The results of twenty-two computer mns for various load cases, plate sizes, soil
stramm depdis, and soil stiffnesses are presented in Chapter IV. From the results, it is
relatively easy to observe diat diere is no truly unique value for die modulus of subgrade
reaction, k, for a given type of sod. More specifically, it can be concluded that many
factors can influence die value of k. For certain load cases, the depdi of die soil stramm
has a very significant effect. In odier load cases, die depth of die soil stratum has litde or
no significant effect on the value of k.
As indicated in Chapter I, the accurate physical determination of the modulus of
subgrade reaction from soil samples is extremely difficult Therefore, if the need for this
physical determination can be eliminated, then a major goal of this research is accomplished. The computational results presented in Chapter IV indicate the capability of
computing the value of k and die subsequent effect on plate displacements, bending
moments, and shear forces.
Conclusions
The following itemized list reprcsents brief summaries of die more important
conclusions reached as a result of this research.
1. A sound madiematical model is developed for determining displacements, bending
moments, and shear forces in plates supported by an elastic foundation. Principles
of soUd mechanics are used instead of die empirical or experimental evaluation of
die coefficient or modulus of subgrade reaction, k.
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2. Botii die parameter, k, which represents die modulus of subgrade reaction and die
parameter, t which represents die shear deformation of die soil are uniquely
calculated utilizing die modulus of elasticity, Poisson's ratio, and die geometry and
die deformation profile of the soil or elastic foundation.
3. The arbitrary aspect of die Vlasov and Leont'ev model has been madiematically
removed through the development of a computational technique for deteraiining the
value of a diird parameter, y, which reflects die variation of die soil deformation.
This parameter is computed internally based on die soil properties and geomedy.
4. There is no unique value for the modulus of subgrade reaction, k. This was
repeatedly demonstrated by the research, which, in fact showed that the value of k
depends on the soil stifftiess, the plate stiffness, the depth of the soil stramm, the
size of the plate, and most important of all, the distribution of the load on the plate.
5. The model and the program incorporating the finite-difference method for the
evaluation of differential equations is relatively simple, and it can be easdy
programmed to operate on a microcomputer. When edge shear forces arc ignored
on a plate with a uniformly distributed load, the results are identical to diose
obtained using die classical Winkler model. In odier words, die model and the
computer program has been validated and checked, respectively.
6. The program incorporates practical and efficient computational techniques, and it is
easy to use.
7. This research clearly demonstrates die extteme importance of die role diat die edge
shear forces play in die analysis of plates supported by a soil continuum.
p^.;-nmmftnHarions
There were certain assumptions made in conjunction widi diis research diat could be
eliminated or modified to strengdien diis work further. In addition, odier feamres could be
81
considered bodi to strengdien and enhance die model. Finally, odier loading types could be
considered to expand die application for this research.
The following represents a more specific itemized listing of diese categories of fumre
work diat could strengdien, enhance, and expand die application of dus research.
1. This research makes provisions for the inclusion of one value for soil modulus of
elasticity, Ej-die ability to include more than one value for this important soil
property to account for soil stratification or layering, even assuming a linear
variation between the values would strengthen the model.
2. This research considers a constant soil stratum depdi under die plate. The model
would be further strengthened if provisions were made for the inclusion of
different soil stramm depths for soil segments below a given plate.
3. The soil is considered to be a homogeneous, isotropic material in diis research, but
soils arc inherentiy anisotropic. Again, the model would be strengthened dirough
the provision for anisotropic soil behavior.
4. Techniques need to be developed to facilitate the analysis of slabs incorporating
"grade" beams and "ribbed" slabs.
5. A constant plate flexural rigidity has been assumed for this research. If provision
were made for die inclusion of varying plate flexural rigidities, die model would be
enhanced.
6. A constant spacing between "nodes" using diefinite-differencemediod was
assumed for bodi die "x" and "y" dircction in dus research. The ability to select a
different node spacing in die "x" direction versus die "y" direction would enhance
the usefulness of the computational approach.
7. A finite-element program should be written incorporating die principles developed
in dus research to pennit die analysis of slabs containing holes or odier
irtcgularities.
82
8. Large-scale experiments should be conducted to verify diese computational results.
9. Dynamic loading of plates was not considered in diis research. The dirccparameter model could be utilized to analyze plates on elastic foundations subjcaed
to tills type of loading. This would represent a major expansion of applications for
this research.
10. Linear, elastic soil behavior has been assumed for this research. Consideration of
visco-elastic soil behavior widi its consequent non-linear behavior would
strengthen the engineering model.
11. The effect of lateral displacement of the soil was ignored as it is believed to have
minimal effects on the engineering model. Additional research should be
performed either to confirm this assumption or to develop procedures for its
inclusion in the model.
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83
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