Introduccion A La Fibra Optica

Be-an-Expert Training Program
Introduction to Optical Fiber
EXFO Electro-Optical Engineering Inc. All rights reserved.
Agenda
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Principles
Fiber Basics
Measurement Units
Sources and Power meters
Connector Types
Cleaning and Inspection
PRINCIPLES
Electromagnetic Spectrum
Optical fiber domain
850 nm 353 000 GHz
1650 nm 182 000 GHz
Units
Micrometers (
m) - 10-6 m
Nanometers (nm) - 10-9 m
Mega - 106
Giga - 109
Tera - 1012
Peta - 1015
Pico - 10-12
Snell and Fresnel

Critical angle (Total internal reflection)
There is a certain angle where 100% of the light is reflected and
no light is refracted, we call this angle, the critical angle
Fiber optics use this concept to propagate light
Cladding
Core
R1
R2
FIBER BASICS
Fiber Optic
Coating
Acrylate, teflon,
polyimide
Cladding
Glass index n2
Core
Glass index n1
Fiber Optic
Coating diameter = 250 m
Cladding diameter = 125 m
Core diameter = 9, 50, 62.5 m
Fiber Types
There are 2 fiber optics types in telecommunications
Singlemode
Multimode
Core
Core
Cladding
Core
Cladding
Cladding
62.5/125 (m)
50/125 (m)
9/125 (m)
ITU-T G.652D
For telecommunications
applications
Fiber Types
Difference in the light propagation between singlemode and multimode
fibers
Singlemode
NA
Pulse
X kilometers
Loss
dB/Km
Multimode
NA
Pulse
Pulse
X kilometers
Fiber Types
MEASUREMENT UNITS
Measurement Units
dBm
The dBm is use to measure the output power of a light source
Instrument
reading
Fiber optic
- 3.50 dBm
Detector
Laser source
We know that the lasers output is -3.50 dBm
Measurement Units
mW
How to convert the dBm in mW
dBm = 10*log(mW)
The laser seen on previous page
was emitting -3.50dB
-3.50 dBm so 0.45 mW
Optical Power mW vs dBm

10000 mW
+40.00 dBm
1000 mW
+30.00 dBm
10 mW
+10.00 dBm
1 mW
0.00 dBm
500 W
100 W
10 W
1 W
100 nW
10 nW
1 nW
100 pW
-3.00 dBm
-10 dBm
-20 dBm
-30 dBm
-40 dBm
-50 dBm
-60 dBm
-70 dBm
Measurement Units
dB (relative power)
dB is the difference between 2 power measurements
Take the -3.50 dBm laser shown previously
Laser output = -3.50 dBm
-3.50 dBm
The is an event on the fiber and the

detector reads -4.25 dBm
To calculate this difference:

(-3.50 dBm) (-4.25 dBm) = 0.75 dB
We have lost 0.75 dB
-3.50 dBm
-4.25 dBm
So the insertion loss is -0.75dB

Reflectance (-dB)
Will come from abrupt changes in the IOR:
Fiber break, mechanical splice, bulkheads, connectors, etc.
We use the term reflectance when speaking of the amount of energy

returned by specific points within the network
Expressed as a negative value
Few examples:
Connector
Fiber section
Mec. Splice
Fiber section
Fiber section
Patch Panel
Patch Panel
Connector
reflectance: -55dB
Connector
reflectance: -45dB
Mechanical splice
reflectance: -45dB
Reflectance (-dB)
Simplified formula
Reflectance [dB] = Preflected [dBm] - Pincident [dBm]
The higher is the negative value, the better it is
Example:
Connector 1 = -40dB
Connector 2 = -50dB
Q: Which one is better?
A: Connector no.2 is better and returns less energy towards the
transmitter
Optical Return Loss (ORL) (dB)

Comes from the amount of energy lost within components and fiber due to back
reflections
We use the term ORL when speaking of the amount of energy returned by a
section or an entire link
Expressed as a positive value

Few examples:
Link ORL = 35dB
Section 2 & 3 ORL = 45dB
Connector
Fiber section
Patch Panel
Mec. Splice
Fiber section
Fiber section
Patch Panel

Simplified formula
ORL [dB] = Pincident [dBm] - Preflected [dBm]
The higher is the positive value, the better it is
Example:
Section 1 ORL = 40dB
Section 2 ORL = 30dB
Q: Which one is better?
A: Section no.1 is better and returns less energy
towards the transmitter
Measurement Units
dB/Km
Standard unit used to express attenuation.

Attenuation results from absorption, scattering, microbending, macrobending,
connections, and discontinuities.
It is one of the main performance limitations. It plays a major role in determining
the maximum transmission distance between a transmitter and a receiver.
Attenuation [dB/km] =
(Pout [dBm] - Pin [dBm])

Distance [km]
Attenuation (dB/Km)
Wavelength dependent
Fiber type dependent
Scattering
There is scattering each time a ray hits an impurity and part of it is
reflected in the fiber
Light ray
Impurities
Source
Each impurity contributes in a accumulation of reflections and this

results in a attenuation of the signal on a certain distance
Macrobendings
Macrobendings
Loss of -1.25 dB
Critical angle not respected
The minimal radius of

curvature for singlemode is 3
cm
-4.75 dBm
-3.50 dBm
Microbendings
Microbendings
Microbendings are created during fabrication or
due excessive bending
They create very minimal loss but can
deteriorate the signal with time
Loss -0.25 dB
-3.50 dBm
-3.75 dBm
SOURCES AND POWER METERS
LED, LASER AND VCSEL

The three main emitter devices:
LED
LASER
VCSEL
Light
Light
Vertical
Emitting
Amplification by
Cavity
Diode
Stimulated
Surface
Emission of
Emitting
Radiation Diode
Laser
Launching Conditions in MM Fibers:

LED vs VCSEL
Launching conditions will
determine which propagation
modes will be present in the optical
fiber.
CONNECTOR TYPES
Connectors
Connectors are polished to transmit light
UPC and APC polish are not compatible
Angle 8
UPC
Ultra physical polish
PC
APC
Angle physical polish

Conic ferrule
Angle 8
APC
Angle physical polish

Step ferrule
Physical polish
(Multimode)
Connectors
In a connection, a portion of the light is reflected back in the fiber,
reflectance
The APC was introduce with his 8 degree angle to send the reflection in
the cladding
CLEANING AND INSPECTION
Connector Cleaning & Inspection

Inspection techniques:
A microscope or fiber probe can be used to inspect connectors
A microscope acts as a magnifying glass. If you inspect a connector on a
live fiber, permanent damage can be done to your eyes!
Using a fiber probe, such as EXFOs FIP-400, is the safest was to inspect
a connector:

Cleaning Techniques:
The best way to clean connectors can be done by following these easy steps:
1. Clean the outside of the ferrule with a wet pad
2. Clean the ferrule using a dry pad
3. Inspect the connector using a microscope or fiber probe
4. If the connector is still dirty, repeat the 2 previous steps with a wet pad
Dirty ferrule
Clean ferrule

Bad cleaning results
Broken surface
Questions?

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Be-an-Expert Training Program

Introduction to Optical Fiber

EXFO Electro-Optical Engineering Inc. All rights reserved.

EXFO Electro-Optical Engineering Inc. All rights reserved.

Be-an-Expert Training Program

EXFO Electro-Optical Engineering Inc. All rights reserved.

Be-an-Expert Training Program

EXFO Electro-Optical Engineering Inc. All rights reserved.

Be-an-Expert Training Program

Snell and Fresnel

EXFO Electro-Optical Engineering Inc. All rights reserved.

Be-an-Expert Training Program

EXFO Electro-Optical Engineering Inc. All rights reserved.

Be-an-Expert Training Program

EXFO Electro-Optical Engineering Inc. All rights reserved.

Be-an-Expert Training Program

EXFO Electro-Optical Engineering Inc. All rights reserved.

Be-an-Expert Training Program

Be-an-Expert Training Program

EXFO Electro-Optical Engineering Inc. All rights reserved.

Be-an-Expert Training Program

EXFO Electro-Optical Engineering Inc. All rights reserved.

Be-an-Expert Training Program

EXFO Electro-Optical Engineering Inc. All rights reserved.

Be-an-Expert Training Program

We know that the lasers output is -3.50 dBm

EXFO Electro-Optical Engineering Inc. All rights reserved.

Be-an-Expert Training Program

EXFO Electro-Optical Engineering Inc. All rights reserved.

Optical Power mW vs dBm

The is an event on the fiber and the

To calculate this difference:

So the insertion loss is -0.75dB

Be-an-Expert Training Program

We use the term reflectance when speaking of the amount of energy

EXFO Electro-Optical Engineering Inc. All rights reserved.

Be-an-Expert Training Program

EXFO Electro-Optical Engineering Inc. All rights reserved.

Be-an-Expert Training Program

Optical Return Loss (ORL) (dB)

EXFO Electro-Optical Engineering Inc. All rights reserved.

Be-an-Expert Training Program

Optical Return Loss (ORL) (dB)

Section 2 & 3 ORL = 45dB

EXFO Electro-Optical Engineering Inc. All rights reserved.

Be-an-Expert Training Program

Optical Return Loss (ORL) (dB)

EXFO Electro-Optical Engineering Inc. All rights reserved.

Be-an-Expert Training Program

Standard unit used to express attenuation.

EXFO Electro-Optical Engineering Inc. All rights reserved.

(Pout [dBm] - Pin [dBm])

Be-an-Expert Training Program

EXFO Electro-Optical Engineering Inc. All rights reserved.

Be-an-Expert Training Program

Each impurity contributes in a accumulation of reflections and this

EXFO Electro-Optical Engineering Inc. All rights reserved.

Be-an-Expert Training Program

The minimal radius of

EXFO Electro-Optical Engineering Inc. All rights reserved.

Be-an-Expert Training Program

EXFO Electro-Optical Engineering Inc. All rights reserved.

Be-an-Expert Training Program