Lesson 1

Unit one

The digestive system

All living organism's characteristic by Feeding, transport, respiration,

Excretion, motion, sensation, reproduction etc.

The structure of the living organism body:A living organism body is consists of a set (group) of systems.

Human Body Systems

- The System

- Its Function

1
2

The digestive system

- Digests and absorbs food.

The respiratory system

- Carry out the process of breathing.

The circulatory system

- transport the digested food and

oxygen all over the body cells.

The urinary system

- help the body to get rid of harmful

substances.

The nervous system

- To feel, hear, see, smell, and taste.

The reproductive system

- Make us give birth for new

individuals who will look like us.

- The human body consist of :Living organism

Systems

Organs

Tissue
s

Cells

Which each cell has its own function and its the building unit of the living
organisms .

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The human Digestive System

- The digestion Process:-Changing the food from a complex form into a simple one to let the body
Get benefited.

Digestive system
Digestive canal associated
(Accessory glands)

Digestive canal
(mouth pharynx esophagus stomach
small intestine large intestine )

Liver

Pancreas

Salivary glands

The digestive System Structure:1- Digestive system in a human made up of a set of organs.
2- There are a long pipe knows as the digestive canal with length of 9-10 m
this canal starts with the mouth and ends in the anus.
3- There are three types of glands are connected with this canal:
A- The salivary glands.
B- The liver gland.
C- The pancreas gland.

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The digestive canal consists of:-

(1) Mouth
The mouth is a cavity consists of:-

A- Teeth:- The teeth number in an adult are 32.

- Each jaw has 16 teeth.
- Each jaw divided into
(4 incisors, 2 canines and 10 molars).
- Incisors and canines cut and tear food into small pieces.
- Molars grind the food to be easy to swallow.

B- Tongue:- move the food inside the mouth cavity and mixes it up with saliva to
help in swallowing and tasting the food.
C- Salivary glands:- They are three pairs of glands secrete a liquid known as the saliva.
- The saliva contains digestive substances called enzymes.
- The enzymes (saliva) digest starches, and change it into simple substance
Called (sugar).
Give reasons:(1)After chewing a piece of bread in the mouth, we feel a sweetly taste.
(2)Digestion of food is started at the mouth.
Because mouth have saliva which converts starch into sugar.
(3)Food should be chewed well in the mouth.
To be easy to swallow.
To convert (change) starch into simple sugar by saliva.

(2) Pharynx
Is a common cavity leads to the esophagus and trachea.
Its function:- It permits food to pass from the mouth to the esophagus.

(3) Esophagus
It's a muscular tube connecting to the stomach.
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Its function:It allows food to pass from the pharynx to the stomach.

(4) Stomach
A muscular sac mix Food up by juices.
Digest protein partially by gastric juice
Then the food travels to the small intestine.

(5) Small intestine

Its length is about (7 meters)
It coils inside the abdominal cavity.
It starts with a part known as
Duodenum where the bile juice
(Secreted by liver) and pancreatic juice
(Produced by pancreas is poured in.
Duodenum is followed by a part of
The small intestine known as ileum.

Small intestine

What is the function of the small intestine?

To complete food digestion.

Absorption process:- Is the transfer the food from small intestine to blood.

Bile Juice Function

Experiment

Observation

1) Put some drops of food

oil into some water in
Test tube.

2) Add some drops of bile

juice to the test tube and
Shake it well.

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Oil separated from water

Oil and water are mixed
together to form emulsion.

Conclusion

Bile juice
breaks down oil
into small
particles which
dissolves in
water.

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 Bile juice:
- Helps to digest fats where it changes fats into soluble substance.

(6) Large Intestine

Starts from the end of small intestine
And end by anus.
The anus is located at the end of
The rectum.
The wastes are get outside the body
Through the anus.
It stores the indigested food till get outside the body through
Anus .
Rectum:- Absorbs water from the indigested food.
Its
Place of
secretions secretion

Rectum
Anus
Anus

The Gland

Its place

Salivary
glands

In the mouth

Saliva

mouth

The liver

Right side of
the abdomen

Bile juice

Small
intestine

Digests fats and oils

Left side of
Pancreatic
abdomen below
juice
the stomach

Small
intestine

Complete food digestion

The
pancreas

Function
Digest starch to sugar

- How to keep the digestive system healthy?

1- Chew the food well.
2- Dont eat much food that contains large fats such as fast meals.
3- Dont eat food contain additive compounds.
4- Dont eat from street peddlers.
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Dictionary
Word
Digestive system
Circulatory system
Living organism
Function
System
Tissue
Digestion process
Complicated food
Digestive canal

Meaning



/

Accessory gland
Liver
Pharynx
Stomach
Large intestine
Types
Main parts
Jaw
Canine
Tear
Swallow
Easy
Convert (change)
Starch
Muscular sac
Abdominal cavity
Bile juice
Fats
Soluble substance
Keep
Fast meals

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Word
Nervous system
Respiratory system
Structure
Get ride of
Organ
Building unit
Break down
Benefit
Digestive canal
associated
Salivary gland
Pancreas
Esophagus
Small intestine
Anus
Consist of
Absorb
Incisor
Molars
Grind
Saliva
Enzyme
Chewed
Muscular tube
Gastric juice
Duodenum
Ileum
Mixed
Pancreatic juice
Healthy
Additive compound

Meaning

) (

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Lesson 2

Lesson 2

The respiratory system

The respiration Process:It is the process in where the air rich in oxygen enters the lungs and the air rich
in carbon dioxide released( comes out) from the lungs.

- What is the importance of respiration process ?

1) Give us energy to do vital activities (Example , Motion etc.

2) Take oxygen gas and get rid of harmful products (Carbon dioxide and water
vapour.)

The structure of respiratory system:-

- The respiratory system consists of:-

(1) Nose
Mucous layer:- Moist the air before entering the lungs.
Hair:- Filter air from dust and microbes .
Blood capillaries:- Warm the air before entering the lungs.
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(2) Pharynx
A common cavity leads to the esophagus and trachea.
Its function:Allows air to pass from the nose to the larynx.

(3) Trachea

Larynx

Trachea is a tube
Trachea
- supported with cartilaginous rings that make
it permanently open (Open all the time)
- Lined with cilia to eject up the strange objects.

Two bronchi

At the top of trachea are the larynx (voice box) and epiglottis which
Closes off the opening trachea during swallowing, this dont allow food
To enter the trachea.
At the bottom of the trachea branches
into two narrow tubes called bronchi enter the lungs.

(4) Lungs
Bronchus is divided into bronchioles
Inside each lung ending in alveoli.
The lungs contain the air sacs that
Called Alveoli.
The alveoli are surrounded by
Networks of capillaries in where gas
Exchange occurs.
The two lungs in the chest cavity and they
Surrounded by the ribs.
Diaphragm separates the chest cavity from the abdominal cavity.

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Give reasons:(1) The alveoli surrounded by a network of blood capillaries.

To allow gas exchange between the air sacs and the blood.

1Activity: -

(To show times of respiration ) :

experiment

Observation

Conclusion

1)Find how many times of

The motion of chest :-

respiration of students
during a minute by
Using a stop watch in each
of the following cases :
A- While sitting.
B- While walking.
C- During running.
2) Record how many times
they respire per a minute
in each case.

1) Decrease during sitting.

Activity:-

When we make
2) Increase during walking. more active,
our respiration
3) More increasing during times increases.
running.

( To show the mechanism of respiration ) :

Experiment

observation

1- Cut off the bottom of a plastic bottle and

replace it by a piece of rubber.
2- Close the opening of the bottle by stopper
made of rubber or cork through which a
plastic tube is passed and a small balloon is
fixed at its end inside the bottle.

3- Pull the rubber sheet membrane down

wards.

The inner balloon

shrinks.

4- Let the rubber sheet to be free.

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The inner balloon

expands

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Mechanism of respiration
During inhalation

During exhalation

1- The diaphragm muscle contracts 1- The diaphragm muscle relaxes

and moves down.
2- Chest cavity volume increase.
3- Air rich with oxygen enter lung
through the nasal passage.

and moves up.

2- Chest cavity volume decrease.
3- Air rich with carbon dioxide and
water vapour moves outside the
lungs through the nasal passage.

Exchange of gases
Exchange of gases occurs between the air existed in alveoli and the blood
flows in the capillaries .
The blood leaves carbon dioxide and carries the oxygen and distributes it all
over the body cells.
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Components of exhaled air

Activity:-

( To detect carbon dioxide in exhaled air ) :

Experiment

observation

Conclusion

1- Put some clear lime water

The clear lime The exhaled air contains

water
carbon dioxide gas.
in a test tube.
becomes
2- Blow by your mouth
exhaled air through a tube. milky.
Activity:Experiment

( To detect water vapor in exhaled air ) :

observation

Bring a mirror or a
Water droplets are
glass sheet and place it formed on the glass
in front of your mouth sheet
then exhale on its
surface.

Conclusion
Exhaled air contains water
vapour.

How to keep The respiratory system healthy?

1- Dont being in crowded places .
2- Smoking destroys the respiratory system.
3- Keeping off the severe cold.
4- Breathe by nose not by mouth.
5- Having fruits rich in vitamin (C) such as oranges, guava to protect us
from diseases.

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Dictionary
Word
Respiration process
Lungs
Vital activities
Nasal cavity
Bronchus
Diaphragm
Abdominal cavity
Moisten
Filter
Blood capillary
Larynx
Eject up
Voice box
Gas exchange
Separate
Relax
Shrink
Exhalation
A muscle
Crowded places
Sever cold

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Meaning

Word
Rich in
Importance
Harmful products
Trachea
Alveoli Or Air sac
Chest cavity
Exist
Hair
Dust and microbes
Warm
Cilia
Strange object
Epiglottis
Ribs
Contract
Expand
Inhalation
Enlarge
Lime water
Smoking
Disease

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Meaning

) (

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Lesson

The Cell

The Cell: - "It is the building unit of the living organism"

"The unit of structure in the living organisms"
Cells can be seen only by a microscope not by the naked eye.

Living organisms classified into

Animals

Plants

So, we have plant cell and animal cell

Plant cell: - The building unit in the plant.
Animal cell: - The building unit in the animal.
1- The plant cell
- We use compound microscope to examine the plant cell (G.R)

Because the plant cell very tiny so we can't see by naked eye
- Examining the plant cell
1- Remove the thin membrane from the inner base of the onion leave
2- Put the epidermal layer on a clean slide then put a drop of water (G.R)
to prevent the formation of air bubbles
3- Examine the slide under the microscope you get this
Figure.

-Important Note
-The plant body is made of systems (Shoot system and root system) .
- These system are made of organs as (roots, stem and leaves) .
2- The animal Cell
- Examine the animal cell.
When we examine a prepared slide of the membrane of the
man's cheek under microscope we get the opposite figure.
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Comparison between the animal and the plant cells

plasma membrane
Plasma memebrane
Cytoplasm
Cytoplasm

`
Nucleus
Cell wall

Nucleus

Green plasties
(Chloroplast)

Similarities between the plant and the animal cells

The organelle

1- The nucleus
2- Cytoplasm
3- Plasma
membrane

Description
It organisne the process
and make cell divsion
Its the fluid that all
operation occurs in it .
Surrounds the cytoplasm
and control the substnce
that enter or leave the
cell .

In plant
cell

In
animal
cell

()

()

()

()

()

()

Differences between the plant and the animal cells

The organelle

Description

1- Cell Wall

Support the plant cell and

give it a definite shape
It make food by
2- Green Plastids
photosynthesis process

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In animal
cell

In pant
cell

()

()

()

()

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 Give reson :- plant cell has a definit shape .

Because it has a cell wall .
The structural order of the living organisms
Cells

Tissue
s

Organs

Systems

Living organism

The tissue :- A group of cells which has the same shape, structure and function.
The organ :- A group of different tissues which work togetther.
The system :- A group of different organs which work together.
The human body :- A group of different system which work together

Unicellular organisms
- Unicellular Organisms:- They has the ability to do the all the biological function .

" They cannot be seen by the naked eye such as bacteria and yeast "
- Yeast fungus :-

- It is a unicellular living organisms that made up of nucleus ,

cytoplasm and a wall (Give reason ) .
Because it has the ability to do all its biological functions .
- Economic importance of the yeast fungus:- Used in industries of: -

1- Making bread.
2- Making alcohol.

Vacuole
Nucleus
Cell wall

Cytoplasm

(Structure of yeast fungus)

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- Lesson

The importance of sunlight to living organisms

- Human

and animals depends on plants to get their food to get the required
energy for surfival .
How plants make their own food ?

- Plants

absorb light energy from the sun , water and salts from the soil , and
carbon dioxide from the air This is called " photosynthesis process "
So we conclude from this that .
- Plant needs :- 1- Chloroplasts ( The green coloure ) 2- Light energy
3- Water and salts
4-Carbon dioxide
To make their own food.
So ,
Photosynthesis process :- Its the process which the plants make their own food .
Producer organisms :- Are the living organisms that can make their own food by them
selves through photosynthesis .
For example,
- Green plants algae types of bacteria

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Give reason:- Plants are called autotrophic living organisms?

Because, it make their own food by photosynthesis process.
Activity (1)
- To test the presence of starch in the green leaves .
Procedure:1- Get a plant leave after exposing to sun for several hours.
2- Put the plant leave in a boiling water (G.R) to kill the cell.
3- Put the plant leave in alcohol (G.R) to remove the green coloure.
4- Wash the leave with water and add iodine solution to test the presence
of starch.
Observation :- The leaves turn into blue.
Conclusion :- Plants make starch through the photosynthesis process .
Activity (2)

- To prove the importance of sunlight for green plants .

Producer:1- Get two potted plant and cove one of them by a paper sack with a
hole to air comes in .
2- Leave the two flower pots for two days and watering them .
Observation:- The covered plant becomes yellowish and weak this is due to the
absence of sun light.
Conclusion:- Light energy is necessary for plants to make their own food .
- Activity (3) :- To prove that oxygen released from photosynthesis

process.
Procedure:1- Bring water tank contain dissolved sodium bicarbonate.
2- Bring an aquatic plant (elodea) with a funnel on it.
3- Expose the apparatus to sunlight for a few hours.
Observation:Science

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- Gas bubble evolved and gas collected above the test tube When we test
it with a splint it glows more so, its oxygen.
Conclusion:- Oxygen is released during the process of photosynthesis.

1- Consumers: - They are the living organisms depending on producers to get their
food directly or directly.
Examples:- Cows, sheep and chicken
they feed on producers.
- Lions, snake, and hawk
they feed on consumers that
feds on producers.

2- Decomposers:- They are living organisms cannot make their food by themselves they

dont have chloroplasts are not existed in their cells.

- Decomposer get their food through decomposing the organic wastes such
as dead bodies.
Examples of decomposers :1- Some types of bacteria.
2- Some fungi such as bread fungus.

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Importance of decomposers :1- Help us to get rid of dead living organisms and the plant remains.
2- Increase the soil fertility.
3- Used in a lot of industries.
Example:Oxygen

Sunlight

Carbon dioxide
Green plants

Water and minerals

Sugars and starches

Types of living things according to

their feeding

Producers
- Green plants

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Consumers
- Animals

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Decomposers
- Some fungi

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Lesson 5

Energy paths through

Living organisms

- The animals are classified according the way of feeding into :1- Producer
2- Consumer
3- Decomposer
1- Producers: - They are the living organisms that can make their own food by
Photosynthesis process Examples, Green plant , Green algae
2- Consumers: - They are the living organisms that feeds on producers or
Consumer
Examples, Animals and Human
3- Decomposer: - They are the living organisms that feeds by decomposing the
Dead organisms
Examples, Bacteria and yeast fungus.
Food chain :- It is the path of energy that transmit in the form of food living
organism to another one .
Food web :- Its a group of food chain represent the flow of energy through
living organisms .
- Food chain start with producer and end with Decomposer .
- In photosynthesis process :- The solar energy changes into chemical energy .

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Force and its effect

Lesson 1

The force :
- It is an effect that changes the state of the object.
Force measuring unit :
- Newton. Related the scientist " Isaac Newton "

- There are two state of object :1- Rest state

2- Motion state
Examples:

1- Motion of a car toy and its rest.

The motion of the car and hand pushing force.
its stopping needs hand stopping force

2- Motion of a bicycle and its rest.

The motion of the bicycle need leg pushing force
and its stopping needs an brakes stopping force .

3- pulling of the rope game.

4- Balloon and rocket.
Balloon moves upwards by the effect of air pushing force .

5- Moving of heavy objects and their rising.

[

Ancient Egyptians depending on the effect of force in transferring

heavy stones from south of Egypt (Aswan) to Giza and rising of
them for building pyramids although there were no modern
technology as these days.

What is the effect of force on an object ?

Force causes the motion of objects and their rising.

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Lever:- Is a simple method that rise an object by the effect of force .

Pulleys:- That makes the motion easy.

Gears:- That transfers the motion.

Technological applications
For example :1- Car , Crane , Trains , pulleys , Mixer and electric fan .

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Forms of energy and

Their changes

Lesson 2

Energy :- Its the ability to do work

Forms of energy :1- Potential energy .
6- Chemical energy
2- Kinetic energy .
7- Heat energy .
3- Sound energy .
4- Light energy .
5- Electric energy

Equipment
Electric
fan
Electric
lamp
Electric
heater
Radio
Dynamo

Used Produced Equipment

Used Produced
Energy Energy
Energy Energy
Electric Kinetic
Kinetic
Electric motor Electric
Electric Light

Violin

Kinetic

Sound

Electric Heat

Solar cell

Light

Electric

Electric Sound
Kinetic Electric

Solar heater
Battery (Dry
cell )
When you let
the string of
toy car

Light
Heat
Chemical Electric

When you Kinetic

stretch the
spring of
toy car
When you Kinetic
rubbing
you hand
Lens in the Light
sun

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Potential

Heat

Potential Kinetic

Photosynthesis Light

Chemical

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Lesson (3)

Sun

Sources of energy
- Is the main source of energy on earth.

Importance of solar energy:-

1- It provides us by heat to warm our bodies.

(Solar heater changes solar energy into heat energy that is used for
Warming and heating of water).

2- It provides us by light for vision and working.

(Plants need light energy to make photosynthesis process and its own
Food).

3- It is the Main source of generating wind helping us in getting of

Electricity.

a- Sun generate

winds which moves wind miles to

Get electric energy.

b- Solar cell changes

light energy into electric

Energy directly.

4- It helps in the formation of fuel to produce

Heat energy.

(Windmills)

a- Sun is the main reason in the formation of petroleum and coal.

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Sources of energy

Renewable

Non- Renewable

Such as

Wind

Rising
and ebb
tides

Such as

Coal

Water
falls

Petroleum

Natural
gas

1- Renewable resources of energy

They are the sources that continually renew themselves :

1- Wind
It is used in rotating windmills for generating electricity.

2- Rising and ebb tides

The rotation of the moon ebb and tide which is used to generated
Electric energy.

3- Water falls energy

:-

Falling the water from the water fall generate energy that moves turbine
For getting electric energy.

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2- Non - renewable resources of energy

They are the sources that dont renew themselves like :

1- Coal.

2- Petroleum.

3- Natural gas.

Machines and non- renewable resources of energy :

- A lot of machines and means of transport depends on the non- renewable
Resources of energy:-

1- Cars that work by benzene or natural gas.

2- Aero planes that work by benzene.
3- Irrigation machine that work by kerosene.
N.B

- Natural gas is the cleanest forms of energy that help in decreasing

The air pollution.

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Lesson (4)

The electricity
Static electricity:
It is the formation of electric charge that remain on an object (doesn't
Flow in wires).
Some phenomena related to static electricity such as :
(lightning): the vision of light in the sky.
Standing of your hair when you combing it by a plastic comb.
Hearing a sound when you putting off your clothes in some days or vision
a flash .

The reason of
These phenomena

- Is formation of electric charges (static electricity ).

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Static electricity generation

Balloon and generation of electricity :
Activity (1)

Blow a balloon and tie its opening by a thread.

Rub the balloon by the piece of wool.
Close the balloon to sugar.

Observation and explanation :

- On rubbing a balloon by a piece of wool ,electric charges are formed on its
surface and attract sugar to them.

Small bits of paper and the charged ruler :

Activity (2)

Close the ruler to the small bits of paper.

Notice the movement of the bits of paper.
Rub the ruler by your hair several times.
Close the ruler to the small bits of paper.

Observation and explanation:

- Before rubbing the ruler there no electric charge on the ruler, while after
The rubbing electric charges are formed on ruler that attracted the small
Bits of paper to them.
Rubbing of objects generates static electricity
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Current electricity
Current electricity :
It is the electric charges that follow through connecting wires.

Formation of an electric circuit:

- Set up an electric circuit as shown in the figure

1- The battery: It is the source of electric current.

2- The switch: It is used to close and open the electric circuit.
3- The wires: They are used to transfer electric current from battery to
lamp.

4- The electric circuit: It is the path of electric current.

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