C++ Practical

Computer Programming-I
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INPUT AND OUTPUT

#include <iostream>
Lines beginning with a hash sign (#) are directives for the preprocessor. They are not regular code lines
with expressions but indications for the compiler's preprocessor. In this case the directive #include
<iostream> tells the preprocessor to include the iostream standard file. This specific file (iostream)
includes the declarations of the basic standard input-output library in C++, and it is included because its
functionality is going to be used later in the program.
int main ()
This line corresponds to the beginning of the definition of the main function. The main function is the point
by where all C++ programs start their execution, independently of its location within the source code. It
does not matter whether there are other functions with other names defined before or after it - the
instructions contained within this function's definition will always be the first ones to be executed in any
C++ program. For that same reason, it is essential that all C++ programs have a main function.
The word main is followed in the code by a pair of parentheses (()). That is because it is a function
declaration: In C++, what differentiates a function declaration from other types of expressions are these
parentheses that follow its name. Optionally, these parentheses may enclose a list of parameters within
them.
The word main is followed in the code by a pair of parentheses (()). That is because it is a function
declaration: In C++, what differentiates a function declaration from other types of expressions are these
parentheses that follow its name. Optionally, these parentheses may enclose a list of parameters within
them.
Right after these parentheses we can find the body of the main function enclosed in braces ({}). What is
contained within these braces is what the function does when it is executed.
return 0;
The return statement causes the main function to finish. return may be followed by a return code (in our
example is followed by the return code 0). A return code of 0 for the main function is generally interpreted
as the program worked as expected without any errors during its execution. This is the most usual way to
end a C++ console program.
1. Write a program that displays a message and values of integer and

character variables.
#include <iostream.h>
#include<conio.h>
Int main()
{
Int n = 10;
Char ch = *;
Cout<<Testing output.;
Cout<<n;
Cout<<ch;
Getch();
Return 0;
Prepared by: Miss Humera Gull Department of Information System, KKU
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2. Write a program that adds two digit numbers and shows the sum on
screen.
#include<iostream.h>
#include<conio.h>
Int main()
{
Clrscr();
Int n,m,res;
n = 24;
m = 41;
Res = n + m;
Cout<<n<< + <<m<< = <<res;
Getch();
Return 0;
}
3. Write a program to calculate and print the area of a square.

#include<conio.h>
int main()
{
Int height, width, area;
Height = 5;
Width = 4;
Area = height*width;
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Cout<<Area of Square = <<area;

Getch ();
Return 0;
}
ESCAPE SEQUENCE
Escape sequences are special characters used in control string to modify the format of
output. These characters are not displayed in the output. These characters are used in
combination with backslash \. The backslash is known as escape character.
Different escape sequences used in c language are as follows:
Escape
Sequence
\a
\b
\f
\n
\r
\t
\
\
Cout<<Hello \aWorld; will display
Purpose
Alarm
Backspace
Form feed
New line
Carriage return
Tab
Double quote
Double quote
Hello World
After displaying Hello, the computer will play beep and then print World.
4. Write a program to display the following output using single cout
statement.
*
**
***
****
*****
# include<iostream.h>
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# include <conio.h>
Void main()
{
Cout<<*\n**\n***\n****\n*****;
Getch();
}
5. Write a program that inputs name, age and address from the user and
displays it on the screen.
#include<conio.h>
Void main()
{
Char name[25], city[30];
Int age;
Cout<<Enter your age:;
Cin>>age;
Cout<<Enter your name:;
Cin>> name;
Cout<<Enter your city:;
Cin>>city;
Cout<<Your name is <<name;
Cout<<Your city is <<city;
Cout<<Your age is <<age;
Getch();
}
6. Write a program inputs two numbers, swaps the values and then
displays them.
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#include<conio.h>
Void main()
{
Int a, b, temp;
Cout<<Enter the first number:;
Cin>>a;
Cout<<Enter the second number:;
Cin>>b;
Cout<<You input the numbers as <<a<< and <<b<<endl;
Temp = a;
A = b;
B = temp;
Cout<<The values after swapping are <<a<< and <<b<<endl;
}
CONDITIONAL STRUCTURES
If Structure
Syntax
The syntax of if statement is as follows:
If (condition)
Statement;
The above syntax is used for single statement. A set of statements can also be made
conditional. In this case, these statements are written in curly brackets {}. The set of
statements is also called compound statements.
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The syntax for compound statements in if statement is as follows:

If (condition)
{
Statement 1;
Statement2;
.
.
.
Statement n;
}
7. Write a program that inputs marks and displays Congratulations! You
have passed if the marks are 60 or more.
#include<conio.h>
Int main()
{
Int marks;
Clrscr();
Cout<<Enter your marks:;
Cin>>marks;
If (marks>=60)
Cout<<Congratulations! You have passed.;
Getch();
}
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8. Write a program that inputs two numbers and finds if both are equal.
#include<conio.h>
Int main()
{
Int a,b;
Clrscr();
Cout<<Enter a number:;
Cin>>a;
Cin>>b;
If(a==b)
Cout<<Both numbers are equal.;
Getch();
Return(0);
}
9. Write a program that inputs two numbers and finds if second numbers
is square of first number.
#include<conio.h>
Int main()
{
Int a,b;
Clrscr();
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Cin>>a;
Cout<<Enter second number:;
Cin>>b;
If(a*a==b)
Cout<<second number is square of 1st number.;
Getch();
Return(0);
}
10.
Write a program that inputs marks of three subjects. If the
average of marks is more than 80, it displays two messages You are
above standard! and Admission granted!
#include<conio.h>
Int main()
{
Int sub1,sub2,sub3;
Float avg;
Clrscr();
Cout<<Enter marks of first subject:;
Cin>>sub1;
Cout<<Enter marks of second subject:;
Cin>>sub2;
Cout<<Enter marks of second subject:;
Cin>>sub3;
Avg= (sub1+sub2+sub3)/3.0;
If(avg>80)
{
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Cout<<You are above standard!\n;

Cout<<Admission granted;
}
Getch();
Return(0);
}
11.
Write a program that inputs a number and finds whether the
number is even or odd.
#include<conio.h>
Int main()
{
Int n;
Clrscr();
Cin>>n;
If(n%2==0)
Cout<<The number is even.;
If(n%2!=0)
Cout<<The number is odd.;
Getch();
Return(0);
}
12.
Write a program that inputs three numbers and displays
maximum number.
#include<conio.h>
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Int main()
{
Int a,b,c,max;
Clrscr();
Cout<<Enter first number:;
Cin>>a;
Cout<Enter second number:;
Cin>>b;
Cout<<Enter third number:;
Cin>>c;
Max=a;
If(b>max)
Max=b;
If(c>max)
Max=c;
Cout<<The maximum number is <<max;
Getch();
Return(0);
}
13.
Write a program that inputs three numbers and displays
maximum number.
#include<conio.h>
Int main()
{
Int a,b,c,max;
Clrscr();
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Cout<<Enter first number:;

Cin>>a;
Cout<<Enter second number:;
Cin>>b;
Cout<<Enter third number:;
Cin>>c;
Max=a;
If(b>max)
Max=b;
If(c>max)
Max=c;
Cout<<The maimum number is<<max;
Getch();
Return(0);
}
14.
Write a program to input a number and determine whether it is
positive, negative or 0.
# include <conio.h>
Int main()
{
Int n;
Cout<<Enter a number;
Cin>>n;
If(n>0)
Cout<<The number is positive;
If(n<0)
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If(n<0)
Cout<<The number is negative;
If(n==0)
Cout<<The number is zero;
Return(0);
15.
Write a program to input a number and determine whether it is
positive, negative or 0;
#include<conio.h>
Int main()
{
Int n;
Cout<<Enter a number;
Cin>>n;
If(n>0)
If(n<0)
Cout<<The number is negative;
If(n==0)
Cout<<The number is zero;
Return(0);
}
If-else Structure
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If else statement is another type of if statement. It executes one block of statement(s)

When the condition is true and the other when it is false. In any situation, one block is
executed and the other is skipped. In if else statement:
Both blocks of statement can never be executed.
Both blocks of statements can never be skipped.
Syntax
Its syntax is as follows:
If(condition)
Statement;
Else
statement;
5. Write a program that inputs marks and displays Congratulations! You

have passed if the marks are 60 or more.
#include<conio.h>
Int main()
{
Int marks;
Clrscr();
Cout<<Enter your marks:;
Cin>>marks;
If (marks>=60)
Cout<<Congratulations! You have passed.;
Else
Cout<<Sorry! You are fail.;
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Getch();
}
6. Write a program that inputs a number and finds whether it is even or

odd using if else structure.
#include<conio.h>
Int main()
{
Int n;
Clrscr();
Cin>>n;
If(n%2==0)
Cout<<n<<is even.;
Else
Cout<<n<<is odd.;
Getch();
Return(0);
}
7. Write a program that inputs a year and finds whether it is a leap year
and finds whether it is a leap year or not using else structure.
# include<conio.h>
Int main()
{
Clrscr();
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Cout<<Enter a year:;
Cin>>y;
If(y % 4 == 0)
Cout<<y<<is a leap year.;
Else
Cout<<y<<is not a leap year.;
Getch();
Return(0)
}
Multiple if-else-if Structure

If-else-if statement can be used to choose one block of statements from many blocks of
statements. It is used when there are many options and only one block of statements
should be executed on the basis of a condition.
Syntax
The syntax of this structure is:
If(condition)
{
Block 1;
}
Else if (condition)
{
Block 2;
}
Else if (condition)
{
Block 3;
}
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.
.
.
Else
{
Block n;
}
8. Write a program that inputs test score of a student and displays his
grade on the following criteria:
Test Score
Grade
>=90
80-89
70-79
60-69
#include<conio.h>
Int main()
{
Int score;
Clrscr();
Cout<<Enter you test score:;
Cin>>score;
If(score>=90)
Cout<<Your grade is A.;
Else if(score>=80)
Cout<<Your grade is B.;
Else if(score>=70)
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Cout<<Your grade is C.;

Else if(score>=60)
Cout<<Your grade is D.;
Else
Cout<<Your grade is F.;
Getch();
Return(0)
}
LOOPING STRUCTURES
While Loop
While loop is the simplest loop of C++ language. This loop executes one or more
statements while the given condition remains true. It is useful when the number of
iterations is not known in advance.
Syntax
The syntax of while loop is as follows:
While(condition)
Statement;
Compound Statement
Syntax
While(condition)
{
Statement 1;
Statement 2;
.
.
.
Statement n;
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9. Write a program that displays Pakistan for five times using while
loop.
#include<conio.h>
Int main()
{
Int n;
n=1;
While (n<=5)
{
Cout<<Saudi Arabia<<endl;
n++;
}
Getch();
}
10.
Write a program that displays counting from 1 to 10 using while
loop.
#include<conio.h>
Int main()
{
Int n;
N=1;
Clrscr();
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While(n<=10)
{
Cout<<n<<endl;
N++;
}
Getch();
Return();
}
11.
Write a program that displays first five numbers and their sum
using while loop.
#include<conio.h>
Int main()
{
Int c, sum;
Clrscr();
C=1;
Sum=0;
While(c<=5)
{
Cout<<c<<enl;
Sum=sum +c;
C=c+1;
}
Cout<<Sum is<<sum;
Getch();
Return(0);
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12.
Write a program that displays first five numbers with their
squares using while loop.
# include<conio.h>
Int main()
{
Int n;
N=1;
Clrscr();
While(n<=5)
{
Cout<<n<< <<n*n<<endl;
N++;
}
Getch();
Return(0);
}
13.
Write a program that inputs a number from the user and displays
a table of that number using while loop.
#include<conio.h>
Int main()
{
Int n,c;
Clrscr();
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C=1;
Cin>>n;
While(c<=10)
{
Cout<<n<< * <<c<< = <<n*c<<endl;
C=c+1;
}
Getch();
Return(0);
}
14.
Write a program that inputs a number from the user and displays
the factorial of that number using while loop.
#include<conio.h>
Int main()
{
Long int n,c,f;
Clrscr();
C=1;
F=1;
Cin>>n;
While(c<=n)
{
F=f*c;
C=c+1;
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}
Cout<<Factorial of <<n<<is<<f;
Getch();
Return(0);
}
15.
Write a program that uses a while loop to enter a number from
the user and then display it. The loop is terminated when the user
enters -1.
#include<conio.h>
Int main()
{
Int n;
Clrscr();
N=1;
While(n!=-1)
{
Cin>>n;
Cout<<You entered <<n<<enl;
}
Cout<<End of program;
Getch();
Return(0);
}
do-while Loop
Do-while is an iterative control in C++ language. This loop executed one or more
statements while the given condition is true.
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In this loop, the condition comes after the body of the loop. It is an important loop in a
situation when the loop body must be executed at least once.
Syntax
The syntax of while loop is as follows:
Do
{
Statement 1;
Statement 2;
:
:
:
Statement n;
}
While(condition);
16.
Write a program that displays back-counting from 10 to 1 using
do-while loop.
# include<conio.h>
Int main()
{
Int c;
Clrscr();
C=10;
Do
{
Cout<<c<<endl;
C=c-1;
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}
While(c>=1);
Getch();
Return();
}
17.
Write a program that gets starting and ending point from the user
and displays all odd numbers in the given range using do-while loop.
#include<conio.h>
Int main()
{
Int c,s,e;
Clrscr();
Cout<<Enter starting number:;
Cin>>s;
Cout<<Enter ending number:;
Cin>>e;
C=s;
Do
{
If(c%2!=0)
Cout<<c<<endl;
C=c+1;
}
While(c<=e);
Getch();
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Return();
}
18.
Write a program that reads the current state of a telephone line.
The user should enter w for working state and d for dead state. Any
other input should be invalid. Use do-while loop to force the user to
enter a valid input value.
# include <iostream.h>
# include<conio.h>
Int main()
{
Char s;
Clrscr();
Do
{
Cout<<Enter the current state of phone (\w\ for working \d\ for dead;
Cin>>s;
}
While(s!= w && s!=d);
Getch();
Return 0;
}
Pretest and Posttest in Loops

A pretest is a condition that is used to test for the completion of loop at the top
of loop. In this type of loop, the statements inside the loop body can never
execute if the terminating condition is false the first time it is tested.
Example
Following is an example of pretest condition. The statement in the body of loop
cannot be executed if the condition is false.
N=0
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While(n==0)
{
Loop body
}
A posttest is a condition that is used to test for the completion of loop at the
bottom of loop. It means that the statements in the loop will always be executed
at least once.
Example
Following is an example of posttest condition. The statements in the body of
loop will be executed at least once even if the condition is false.
Do
{
Loop body
}
While(n==0)
for Loop
for loop executes one or more statement for a specified number of times. This
loop is also called counter-controlled loop. It is the most flexible loop. That is
why, it is the most frequently-used loop by the programmers.
Syntax
The syntax of for loop is as follows:
For(initialization;condition;increment/decrement)
{
Statement 1;
Statement2;
:
:
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Statement n;
}
Initialization
It specifies the starting value of counter variable. One or
many variables can be initialized in this part. To initialize many variables, each
variable is separated by comma.
Condition The condition is given as a relational expression. The statement is
executed only if the given condition is true. If the condition is false, the
statement is never executed.
Increment/decrement
This part of loop specifies the change in counter
variable after each execution of the loop. To change many variables, each
variable must be separated by comma.
StatementStatement is the instruction that is executed when the condition is
true. If two or more statements are used, these are given in braces {}. It is
called the body of the loop.
Write a program that displays counting from 1 to 5 using for loop.
# include<conio.h>
Int main()
{
Int n;
For(n=1;n<=5;n++)
Cout<<n<<endl;
Getch();
}
Write a program that inputs table number and length of table and then displays
the table using for loop.
#include<conio.h>
Int main()
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{
Int tab,len,c;
Cout<<Enter number for table:;
Cin>>tab;
Cout<<Enter length of table:;
Cin>>len;
For(c=1;c<=len;c++)
Cout<<tab<< * <<c<< = <<tab*c<<endl;
Getch();
Return 0;
}
continue Statement
The continue statement is used in the body of the loop. It is used to move the
control to the start of the loop body. When this statement is executed in the
loop body, the remaining statements of current iteration are not executed. The
control directly moves to the next iteration.
Example
#include<conio.h>
Int main()
{
Int x;
For(x=1;x<=5;x++)
{
Cout<<Hello world!\n;
Continue;
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Cout<<Knowledge is power.;
Getch();
Return 0;
}
break Statement
The break statement is used in the body of the loop to exit from the loop. When
this statement is executed in the loop body, the remaining iterations of the loop
are skipped. The control directly moves outside the body and the statement
that comes after the body executed.
Example
#include<conio.h>
Int main()
{
Int x;
For(int x=1; x<=5; x++)
{
Cout<<Questioning\n;
Break;
Cout<<Gateway to knowledge;
}
Cout<<Bye;
Getch();
Return 0;
}
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ARRAYS
An array is a group of consecutive memory locations with same name and type.
Array is a collection of different adjacent memory locations. All these memory
locations have one collective name and type. The memory locations in the array
are known as elements of array. The total number of elements in the array is
called its length.
Each element in the array is accessed with reference to its position of location in
the array. This position is called index or subscript. Each element in the array
has a unique index. The index of first element is p and the index of last element
is length-1. The value of the index Is written in brackets along with the name of
array.
Arrays are used to store a large amount of similar kind of data. Suppose the
user wants to store the marks of 100 students and declare 100 variables. It is
time-consuming process to use these variables individually. This process can be
simplified by using array. An array of 100 elements can be declared to store
these values instead of 100 individual variables.
Advantages/Uses of Arrays
Some advantage of arrays are as follows:
Arrays can store a large number of values with single name.
Arrays are used to process many values easily and quickly.
The values stored in an array can be sorted easily.
A search process can be applied on arrays easily.
Declaring One Dimensional Array
A type of array in which all elements are arranged in the form of a list is known
as one-dimensional array. It is also called single-dimensional array or linear
list. It consists of one column or one row. The process specifying array name,
length and data type is called array declaration.
Syntax
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The syntax of declaring one-dimensional array is as follows:

Data-type identifier[Length];
Data-Type It indicates the data types of the values to be stored in the array.
Identifier It indicates the name of the array.
Length
It indicates total number of elements in the array. It must be a literal

constant or symbolic constant.
Example:
Int marks[5];
Loops have as purpose to repeat a statement a certain number of times or while a condition is fulfilled.
The while loop

Its format is:
while (expression) statement

and its functionality is simply to repeat statement while the condition set in expression is true.
For example, we are going to make a program to countdown using a while-loop:
// custom countdown using while
#include<conio.h>
int main ()
{
int n;
cout << "Enter the starting number > ";
cin >> n;
while (n>0) {
cout << n << ", ";
--n;
}
cout << "FIRE!/n";
return 0;
}
Enter the starting number > 8
8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, FIRE!
When the program starts the user is prompted to insert a starting number for the countdown. Then the while loop
begins, if the value entered by the user fulfills the condition n>0 (that n is greater than zero) the block that follows
the condition will be executed and repeated while the condition (n>0) remains being true.
The whole process of the previous program can be interpreted according to the following script (beginning in
main):
1.
2.
3.
User assigns a value to n

The while condition is checked (n>0). At this point there are two posibilities:
* condition is true: statement is executed (to step 3)
* condition is false: ignore statement and continue after it (to step 5)
Execute statement:
cout << n << ", ";
--n;
(prints the value of n on the screen and decreases n by 1)
4.
5.
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End of block. Return automatically to step 2

Continue the program right after the block: print FIRE! and end program.
When creating a while-loop, we must always consider that it has to end at some point, therefore we must provide
within the block some method to force the condition to become false at some point, otherwise the loop will
continue looping forever. In this case we have included --n; that decreases the value of the variable that is being
evaluated in the condition (n) by one - this will eventually make the condition (n>0) to become false after a certain
number of loop iterations: to be more specific, when n becomes 0, that is where our while-loop and our countdown
end.
Of course this is such a simple action for our computer that the whole countdown is performed instantly without
any practical delay between numbers.
1. Write a program that displays King Khalid University for five times using while loop.
#include<conio.h>
Int main()
{
Int n;
n=1;
While (n<=5)
{
Cout<<King Khalid University;
n++;
}
Getch();
Return 0;
}
2. Write a program that displays counting from 1 to 10 using while loop.
#include<conio.h>
Int main()
{
Int n;
P a g e | 33
N=1;
While(n<=10)
{
Cout<<n;
N++;
}
Getch();
Return();
}
3. Write a program that displays first five numbers and their sum using while loop.
#include<conio.h>
Int main()
{
Int c, sum;
c=1;
sum=0;
While(c<=5)
{
Cout<<c<<endl;
Sum= sum+c;
C=c+1;
}
Cout<<sum is <<sum;
Getch();
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Return();
}
4. Write a program that displays first five numbers with their squares using while loop.
#include<conio.h>
Int main()
{
Int n;
N=1;
While(n<=5)
{
Cout<<n<< <<n*n<<endl;
N++;
}
Getch();
Return();
}
5. Write a program that inputs a number from the user and displays a table of that number using
while loop.
#include<conio.h>
Int main()
{
Int n, c;
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c=1;
cout<<Enter a number:;
cin>>;
While(c<=10)
{
Cout<<n<<*<<c<<=<<n*c<<endl;
C=c+1;
}
Getch();
Return();
}
6. Write a program that inputs a number from the user and displays the factorial of that number
using while loop.
#include<conio.h>
Int main()
{
Long int n, c, f;
c=1;
f=1;
cout<<Enter a number:;
cin<<n;
While(c<=n)
{
F=f*c;
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C=c+1;
}
Cout<<Factorial of <<n<< is<<f;
Getch();
Return 0;
}
The do-while loop

Its format is:
do statement while (condition);
Its functionality is exactly the same as the while loop, except that condition in the do-while loop is evaluated after
the execution of statement instead of before, granting at least one execution of statement even if condition is
never fulfilled. For example, the following example program echoes any number you enter until you enter 0.
// number echoer
#include <iostream>
#include<conio.h>
int main ()
{
unsigned long n;
do {
cout << "Enter number (0 to end): ";
cin >> n;
cout << "You entered: " << n << "\n";
} while (n != 0);
return 0;
}
Enter number
You entered:
Enter number
You entered:
Enter number
You entered:
(0 to end): 12345
12345
(0 to end): 160277
160277
(0 to end): 0
0
The do-while loop is usually used when the condition that has to determine the end of the loop is determined within
the loop statement itself, like in the previous case, where the user input within the block is what is used to
determine if the loop has to end. In fact if you never enter the value 0 in the previous example you can be
prompted for more numbers forever.
7.
Write a program that displays back-counting from 10 to 1 using do-while loop.
#include<conio.h>
Int main()
P a g e | 37
{
Int c;
N=1;
While(n<=10)
{
Cout<<n;
N++;
}
Getch();
Return();
}
The for loop

Its format is:
for (initialization; condition; increase) statement;
and its main function is to repeat statement while condition remains true, like the while loop. But in addition, the
for loop provides specific locations to contain an initialization statement and an increase statement. So this
loop is specially designed to perform a repetitive action with a counter which is initialized and increased on each
iteration.
It works in the following way:
1.
2.
3.
4.
initialization is executed. Generally it is an initial value setting for a counter variable. This is executed
only once.
condition is checked. If it is true the loop continues, otherwise the loop ends and statement is skipped
(not executed).
statement is executed. As usual, it can be either a single statement or a block enclosed in braces { }.
finally, whatever is specified in the increase field is executed and the loop gets back to step 2.
// countdown using a for loop

#include <iostream>
# include<conio.h>
int main ()
{
for (int n=10; n>0; n--) {
cout << n << ", ";
}
cout << "FIRE!/n";
return 0;
}
10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, FIRE!
P a g e | 38
The initialization and increase fields are optional. They can remain empty, but in all cases the semicolon signs
between them must be written. For example we could write: for (;n<10;) if we wanted to specify no initialization
and no increase; or for (;n<10;n++) if we wanted to include an increase field but no initialization (maybe because
the variable was already initialized before).
Optionally, using the comma operator (,) we can specify more than one expression in any of the fields included in
a for loop, like in initialization, for example. The comma operator (,) is an expression separator, it serves to
separate more than one expression where only one is generally expected. For example, suppose that we wanted to
initialize more than one variable in our loop:
for ( n=0, i=100 ; n!=i ; n++, i-- )
{
// whatever here...
}
n starts with a value of 0, and i with 100, the condition is n!=i (that n is not equal to i). Because n is increased by
one and i decreased by one, the loop's condition will become false after the 50th loop, when both n and i will be
equal to 50.

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Computer Programming-I

INPUT AND OUTPUT

1. Write a program that displays a message and values of integer and

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3. Write a program to calculate and print the area of a square.

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Cout<<Area of Square = <<area;

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The syntax for compound statements in if statement is as follows:

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Cout<<You are above standard!\n;

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Cout<<Enter first number:;

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Cout<<The number is positive;

If else statement is another type of if statement. It executes one block of statement(s)

5. Write a program that inputs marks and displays Congratulations! You

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6. Write a program that inputs a number and finds whether it is even or

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Multiple if-else-if Structure

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Cout<<Your grade is C.;

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Pretest and Posttest in Loops

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The syntax of declaring one-dimensional array is as follows:

It indicates total number of elements in the array. It must be a literal

The while loop

while (expression) statement

User assigns a value to n

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End of block. Return automatically to step 2

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The do-while loop

Write a program that displays back-counting from 10 to 1 using do-while loop.

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The for loop

// countdown using a for loop

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