Statistik Energi Indonesia

INDONESIA
OUTLOOK & STATISTICS 2006
Editorial Team :
Dr. Ir. Widodo Wahyu Purwanto, DEA
Ir. Yulianto Sulistyo Nugroho, M.Sc, Ph.D
Ir. Rinaldy Dalimi, MSc, Ph.D
Dr. A. Harsono Soepardjo, M.Eng
Ir. Abdul Wahid, MT
Ir. Dijan Supramono, M.Sc
Dinna Herminna, ST
Teguh Ahmad Adilina, ST
Editorial Address :
Pengkajian Energi Universitas Indonesia
Gedung Engineering Center Lantai 3
Fakultas Teknik Universitas Indonesia
Depok 16424, Indonesia
Phone : (62-21) 7866461, 7873117
Facsimile : (62-21) 7873117
http://peui.eng.ui.ac.id
PENGKAJIAN ENERGI
UNIVERSITAS INDONESIA
INDONESIA ENERGY OUTLOOK AND STATISTICS 2006
ISBN No. 979-95967-1-8
Book Size
: A4 (21 cm x 29.7 cm)
Number of Pages : 276 pages

Type of Paper
: Matte Paper 120 gram
Cover Material
: Art Carton 260 gram, Full Color
Language
: English
Circulation
: 500 Books
Editor
: Pengkajian Energi Universitas Indonesia
Published by:
Gedung Engineering Center Lantai 3
Fakultas Teknik Universitas Indonesia
Depok
First Printing, December 2006
All rights reserved. This book, or parts thereof, may not be reproduced in any
form without prior written permission of the published. This may be cited with
reference to the source.
Copyright 2006 by Pengkajian Energi Universitas Indonesia

ii
PREFACE
Realizing the fact that accurate and complete energy data are essential for energy
modeling and analysis, Pengkajian Energi Universitas Indonesia (PE UI) published the first
edition of Indonesia Energy Outlook and Statistics in 1998. The energy projection included in
the book was produced by a dynamic program called Indonesia Energy Outlook System
Dynamic (INOSYD) developed by the PE-UI experts. Following the success of the first edition,
PE UI published the second edition of the book completed with the multimedia version (CD
included) in 2002.
During the period of 2003 to 2006 experts at PE UI have made major improvements in
INOSYD model including the Reference Energy system (RES), energy infrastructure and macro
economic modules. The progress in the INOSYD model inspires the preparation and publication
of the third edition.
The 2006 edition contains latest data of Indonesia economic indicators related to
energy use; energy prices in Indonesia; energy statistics data of Indonesia starting from its
reserves or potentials, export and import, production and consumption; electric power statistics
both of power production and consumption; selected world energy statistics including the prices.
This edition adds new data on energy infrastructures such as oil and gas refineries, storage
facilities, pipelines, coal harbors, railways and power generations. The energy projections to
year 2025 were produced by running the INOSYD model. The analysis of the model would give
benefits to central and regional governments, some institutions, industry, and academics
involved in energy research and communities concerning energy uses. Besides the projections
of some conventional energy economic parameters, the readers will find interesting forecast on
primary and final energy supply, demand, and contributions as well as new plant capacity
required to meet the forecast and the corresponding investment costs based on capital
expenditures. The book also contains analysis of perspective of energy at present and in the
future. It provides some laws in energy and policy of national energy and energy conservation.
A special chapter is dedicated to review the current state and future direction of energy
technologies. The format and lay-out of the tables and graphs are enhanced by colored printing.
Data and projections of energy will be published in 3 formats:
1. Books, 500 copies.
2. CD, 500 copies.
3. Executive summary up loaded in the website of PEUI.
PEUI intent to donate some copies to universities in Indonesia.
The data were contributed by several 20 institutions and individuals involved in energy
in Indonesia and abroad. Most of the data referred to documents and publications published by
those institutions and some were provided by them. We would like to express our gratitude for
their beneficial contributions. The publication of the books is the result of significant efforts by
individuals in the Editorial Team. The team is much indebted to editorial assistants for their
valuable assistance in preparation of the books. The team also would like to thank to the
Directorate for Research and Public Services and Rector of University of Indonesia for their
support to the book publications.
Eventually, we are aware that the publication may not be perfect and requires incessant
improvements. We are dilated to receive any corrections and constructive suggestions from
readers. It is our intentions to maintain the book to be published periodically. We would like to
extend our sincere appreciation to all parties, whom we cannot mention one by one, who have
contributed for the publication of the third edition of the Indonesia Energy Outlook and Statistics.
Chief Editor,
Dr. Ir. Widodo Wahyu Purwanto, DEA
iii
iv
FOREWORD
I am sincerely delighted to welcome the publication of the 2006 edition of

Indonesia Energy Outlook and Statistics. Referring to the title, I presume that the
book signifies two parts of the information, i.e. on the statistical data of energy sectors
in Indonesia and the forecast of energy sector in the future. The success of national
development program aiming to improve peoples quality of life and welfare inevitably
relies on the development of energy sectors. In fact, almost all aspects of human life
such as residential, commercial, transportation and industrial can not be separated
from the need of energy.
Indonesia has abundant primary energy reserves for some types but limited
reserves for others. The availability of the current energy data and forecast is important
for securing energy supply. The energy outlook and statistics can support the
development of new policies intend to maintain the sustainability of energy sector as
well as the development of all sectors associated with energy.
I hope this book could be used as a reference for any institution or individual
involved in energy research, studies and policy development either in upstream or
downstream of energy sectors. The book could also be an important reference for
those, who work in both public and private academic institution interested in energy
development.
Finally, I would like to extend my sincere appreciation to the Editorial Team for
their commitments to continuously improve and publish this important series on regular
basis. My appreciation is also extended to other parties for their contributions to the
content of the book as well as to several companies for providing financial assistance,
through which, without them it would be difficult to publish this book.
University of Indonesia
Rector,
Prof. dr. Usman Chatib Warsa PhD. SpMK
CONTENT
PREFACE
.................................................................................................................iii
FOREWORD ................................................................................................................. v
CONTENT
................................................................................................................ vi
I. ENERGY OUTLOOK AND ANALYSIS OF INDONESIA ............................................ 1

OVERVIEW OF INOSYD ................................................................................................ 3
(Indonesia Energy Outlook by System Dynamic)............................................................ 3
ENERGY PROJECTION OF INDONESIA BY INOSYD................................................. 6
Figure 1.2
Population...............................................................................................6
Figure 1.3
Gross Domestic Product.........................................................................7
Figure 1.4
Petroleum Fuels Consumption by Sector ...............................................8
Figure 1.5
Natural Gas Consumption by Sector ......................................................9
Figure 1.6
Coal Consumption by Sector................................................................10
Figure 1.7
Electricity Consumption by Sector........................................................11
Figure 1.8a
Total Energy Consumption by Sector (including Biomass) .................12
Figure 1.8b
Total Energy Consumption by Sector (excluding Biomass) .................13
Figure 1.9
Industrial Energy Consumption by Type...............................................14
Figure 1.10
Commercial Energy Consumption by Type .........................................15
Figure 1.11
Residential Energy Consumption by Type (include Biomass) ..............16
Figure 1.12
Transportation Energy Consumption by Type ......................................17
Figure 1.13
Electricity Energy Consumption by Type ..............................................18
Figure 1.14a
Total Energy Consumption by Type (including Biomass) .....................19
Figure 1.14b
Total Energy Consumption by Type (excluding Biomass) ....................20
Figure 1.15
Total Energy Consumption by GDP Scenario ......................................21
Figure 1.16
Crude Oil Balance ................................................................................22
Figure 1.17
Natural Gas Balance ............................................................................23
Figure 1.18
Coal Balance ........................................................................................24
Figure 1.19
Energy Production by Type ..................................................................25
Figure 1.20
Total Energy Balance ...........................................................................26
Figure 1.21
Reserves-Production Ratio of Crude Oil ..............................................27
vi
Figure 1.22
Reserves-Production Ratio of Natural Gas ..........................................27
Figure 1.23
Reserves-Production Ratio of Coal ......................................................28
Table 1.1
R/P Ratio of Crude Oil, Gas, Coal ........................................................28
Figure 1.24
CO2 Emission per Sector .....................................................................29
Figure 1.25
NOx Emission per Sector .....................................................................30
Figure 1.26
SOx Emissions per Sector....................................................................31
Figure 1.27
Total Capacity of Oil Refinery...............................................................32
Figure 1.28
Total Capacity of Gas Refinery.............................................................32
Figure 1.29
Total Capacity of Power Generator ......................................................33
Figure 1.30
Investment Cost of Oil ..........................................................................33
Figure 1.31
Investment Cost of Gas ........................................................................34
Figure 1.32
Investment Cost of Coal .......................................................................34
Figure 1.33
Investment Cost of Electricity ...............................................................34
Table 1.2
Intensity of Total Energy Consumption.................................................35
Table 1.3
GDP Elasticity of Energy Consumption ................................................36
Table 1.4
Emissions per GDP ..............................................................................37
Table 1.5
Emissions per Capita............................................................................38
Figure 1.34
Contribution of Primary Energy Supply ................................................39
Figure 1.35
Contribution of Final Energy Consumption ...........................................40
ENERGY ANALYSIS, PERSPECTIVE, and POLICY.................................................. 41

1.1 Oil and Gas ..................................................................................................... 41
1.2 Coal................................................................................................................. 46
1.3 Renewable Energy.......................................................................................... 48
1.4 Electricity......................................................................................................... 51
II. SELECTED ECONOMIC INDICATORS OF INDONESIA........................................ 55

Table 2.1
Population, GDP, Energy Consumption, Energy Intensity, and Energy

Consumption per Capita, 1990 2005.................................................57
Table 2.2
Average Rates of Foreign Currencies and Gold in Market, 1997-2005

..............................................................................................................57
Table 2.3
Description of Indonesia Macroeconomics, 1997 2005.....................58
vii
Table 2.4
Gross Domestic Product based on Current Market Prices by Industry

Origin, 1999-2005.................................................................................59
Table 2.5
Gross Domestic Product based on Constant 2000 Market Prices by

Industry Origin, 2002-2005 ...................................................................60
Table 2.6
Figures of Indonesian Oil & Gas Export and Import, 1990-2005 ..........61
Table 2.7
Investment in Oil and Gas, 1997-2004 .................................................61
Table 2.8a
Ratio of Electrification and Electricity Consumption per Capita, 2003..62
Table 2.8b
Table 2.8c
III. ENERGY PRICES IN INDONESIA .......................................................................... 65

Table 3.1
Average of Indonesian Crude Oil Prices, 1998-2005 ...........................67
Table 3.2
Average of Selected Crude Oil Prices, 1999-2005...............................67
Table 3.3a
Indonesian Crude Oil Prices by Type, 2003 .........................................68
Table 3.3b
Table 3.3c
Table 3.4
Domestic Fuel Prices, 2003-April 2006 ................................................71
Table 3.5a
Domestic Avgas Selling Prices, 2005...................................................73
Table 3.5b
International Avgas Selling Prices, 2005 ..............................................74
Table 3.6a
Pertamina Domestic Avtur Selling Prices, 2005 ...................................75
Table 3.6b
International Avtur Selling Prices, 2005................................................76
Table 3.7
Fuel Oil Subsidy, 1995-2005 ................................................................77
Table 3.8
Gas Domestic Prices, Jan 2006 .........................................................77
Table 3.9a
International Coal Price Trend..............................................................78
Table 3.9b
Indonesian Coal Export Price Trend....................................................78
Table 3.10
Averaged Generation Cost of PLN Power Plants, 1993-2005..............79
Table 3.11
Averaged Selling Price of Electricity by Type of Customer, 1992-2005

..............................................................................................................79
Table 3.12
Price of Fuels for Electricity, 1992-2005...............................................80
viii
IV. ENERGY RESERVES AND POTENTIALS OF INDONESIA ................................. 81

Table 4.1
Oil and Gas Reserves, 1995-2005 .......................................................83
Table 4.2
Coal Reserves by Province, 2005 ........................................................84
Table 4.3
Potential and Installed Capacities of Geothermal Energy in Sumatra,

December 2004 ....................................................................................87
Table 4.4
Potential and Installed Capacity of Geothermal Energy in Java,

December 2004 ....................................................................................89
Table 4.5
Potential and Installed Capacity of Geothermal Energy in East Region

of Indonesia, December 2004 .............................................................91
Table 4.6
Potential of Microhydro Energy > 20 kVA (15 kW) (measured by PLN)93
Table 4.7
Potential of Microhydro Energy > 20 kVA (15 kW) (measured by non

PLN) in Sumatera and Java ................................................................94
Table 4.8

PLN) in Kalimantan and Sulawesi ........................................................95
Table 4.9

PLN) in East Region of Indonesia ........................................................96
Table 4.10
Potential of Solar Energy......................................................................97
Table 4.11
Potential of Wind Energy in West Region of Indonesia measured by

BMG) ....................................................................................................98
Table 4.12
Potential of Wind Energy in East Region of Indonesia (measured by

BMG) ....................................................................................................99
Table 4.13
Potential of Biomass Energy ..............................................................100
Table 4.14
Potential of Biogas Energy .................................................................101
Table 4.15
Potential of Peat Energy.....................................................................102
V. ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONSUMPTION IN INDONESIA ......................... 103

Table 5.1
Production of Energy, 1997-2005.......................................................105
Table 5.2
Energy Supply by Type of Primary Energy, 1990-2004 .....................106
Table 5.3
Energy Consumption by Type of Final Energy, 1990 2004 .............107
Table 5.4
Final Energy Consumption by Sector, 1990 2004 ...........................108
Table 5.5
Petroleum Fuel Consumption by Sector, 1990 2004 .......................109
Table 5.6
Gas Consumption by Sector, 1990 2004.........................................110
Table 5.7
Coal Consumption by Sector, 1990-2004...........................................111
ix
Table 5.8a
Petroleum Fuel Sales in Residential Sector, 2000-2005 ....................112
Table 5.8b
Petroleum Fuel Sales in Transportation Sector, 2000-2005...............112
Table 5.8c
Petroleum Fuel Sales in Industry Sector, 2000-2005 .........................113
Table 5.8d
Petroleum Fuel Sales in Electricity Sector, 2000-2005 ......................113
Table 5.9a
Petroleum Fuel Sales per Region, 2003.............................................114
Table 5.9b
Table 5.9c
Table 5.10
Crude Oil Production by Production Schemes, 1995 2005 .............117
Table 5.11
Condensate Production by Production Scheme, 1995 2005 ...........118
Table 5.12
Production of Naphtha and LSWR by Refinery, 1996 2005 ............119
Table 5.13a
Production of various Fuels by Refinery, 2003 ...................................120
Table 5.13b
Table 5.13c
Table 5.14a
Production of Oil and Gas by Refinery, 2003 .....................................123
Table 5.14b
Table 5.14c
Table 5.15
Natural Gas Production by Production Scheme, 1995 2005 ...........126
Table 5.16
Production and Utilization of Natural Gas, 1999-2005 .......................127
Table 5.17
Production of LNG, 1999 2005 ........................................................128
Table 5.18
Production of LPG, 2001 2005 ........................................................129
Table 5.19
Gas Sales of PT. PGN (Persero) by Sector, 1995 2005 .................130
Table 5.20
Coal Production by Company, 1999-June 2006 .................................131
Table 5.21
Domestic Coal Sales by Company , 1998 -2004 ................................133
Table 5.22
Domestic Coal Sales by Industry, 1998-2004 ....................................135
Table 5.23
Coal Quality by Company...................................................................136
Table 5.24
Electricity Production by Type of Power Plant of PLN, 1992 2005 .137
Table 5.25
Fuel Consumption for PLN Power Plant, 1989-2005..........................138
Table 5.26
Own-Uses, Losses, and Factors in PLN Electricity, 1993-2005 .........138
Table 5.27
Electricity Sold by PLN by Sector, 1996-2005....................................139
Tabel 5.28a
Load Balance of PLN Electricity, 2003 ...............................................140
Tabel 5.28b
Table 5.28c
VI. EXPORTS AND IMPORTS OF ENERGY IN INDONESIA.................................... 143

Table 6.1
Export of Energy, 1997 2005...........................................................145
Table 6.2
Import of Energy, 1995 2005 ...........................................................146
Table 6.3
Import of Crude Oil by Type, 2000 2005 .........................................147
Table 6.3
Import of Crude Oil by Type, 2000 2005 (Continued)......................148
Table 6.4
Import of Refinery Products, 2000 2005..........................................149
Table 6.5
Export of Crude Oil by Destination Country, 1997 2005..................150
Table 6.6
Export of Condensate by Destination Country, 1997 2005 .............151
Table 6.7
Export of Refinery Product, 1999 2005 ...........................................152
Table 6.8
Export of Refinery Product by Destination Country, 1999 2005 .......153
Table 6.9
Export of LNG by Destination Country, 1995 2005 ..........................154
Table 6.10
Export of LPG by Destination Country, 2000 2005..........................155
Table 6.11
Coal Export by Company, 1999 2005..............................................156
Table 6.12
Coal Export by Destination Country, 1999 2005 .............................157
VII. INFRASTRUCTURE OF ENERGY IN INDONESIA............................................. 159

Table 7.1
Installed Capacities of Oil Refinery Plants, 1999 2005....................161
Table 7.2a
Fuel Oil Sales & Distribution Channels of Pertamina and Partner .....161
Table 7.2b
Non-Fuel Oil Sales & Distribution Channels of Pertamina and

Partners ..............................................................................................162
Table 7.3
Oil Fuel Pipeline .................................................................................162
Table 7.4
Number of Oil Fuels Public Station and Kerosene Agents .................163
Table 7.5
Oil Fuel Storage Tanks of PT PERTAMINA (Persero) in Sumatera and

Java ....................................................................................................164
Table 7.6
Oil Fuel Storage Tanks of PT PERTAMINA (Persero) in Kalimantan,

Sulawesi, and Papua..........................................................................165
Table 7.7
Distribution Gas Pipeline of PT PGN (Persero) ..................................165
Table 7.8
Gas Pipeline .......................................................................................166
Table 7.9
Transacted Gas Pipeline Project in 2005 & 2006 ...............................166
Table 7.10
Design and Production Capacities of LNG Plant...............................167
Table 7.11
Main Coal Harbor ...............................................................................167
Table 7.12
Number of PLN Power Plants, 1992 2005.......................................168
xi
Table 7.13
Installed and Rated Capacities of PLN Power Plants, 1992 2005...169
Tabel 7.14a
Captive Power Plants, 2003 ...............................................................170
Tabel 7.14b
Table 7.14c
VIII. SELECTED WORLD ENERGY STATISTICS..................................................... 173

Table 8.1
World Oil Proven Reserves; 1985, 1995, 2004, 2005 ........................175
Table 8.2
World Oil Production, 2000 2005.....................................................176
Table 8.3
World Oil Consumption, 2000 2005.................................................177
Table 8.4
World Oil Refinery Capacities, 2000 2005.......................................179
Table 8.5
World Natural Gas Proven Reserves; 1985, 1995, 2004, 2005 .........180
Table 8.6
World Natural Gas Production, 1997 2005......................................181
Table 8.7
World Natural Gas Consumption, 1997 2005..................................182
Table 8.8
World Coal Proven Reserves by Type, 2005 .....................................184
Table 8.9
World Coal Production, 1995-2005 ....................................................185
Table 8.10
World Coal Consumption, 1997-2005 ................................................186
Table 8.11
World Primary Energy Production by Source, 1980-2004..................188
Table 8.12
World Primary Energy Consumption, 1997-2005 ...............................189
Table 8.13
World Primary Energy Consumption by Fuel, 2004-2005 ..................191
Table 8.14
World Hydroelectricity Consumption, 2000-2005 ...............................193
Table 8.15
World Spot Crude Oil Prices, 1980 2005.........................................195
Table 8.16
World Average Gas Prices, 1984 2005 ...........................................196
Table 8.17
World Average Coal Prices, 1987 2005 ..........................................197
IX. CURRENT AND FUTURE ENERGY TECHNOLOGY .......................................... 199

9.1
Petroleum Technology........................................................................201
9.2
Natural Gas Technology.....................................................................206
9.3
Coal Technology.................................................................................210
9.4
Renewable Energy Technology..........................................................215
9.5
Electricity Technology.........................................................................226
xii
X. ECONOMICS OF ALTERNATIVE FUELS AND ELECTRICITY GENERATION .. 229

XI. ENERGY REGULATIONS .................................................................................... 237
XII. ENERGY CONSERVATION ................................................................................ 243
APPENDICES ............................................................................................................. 253

A1. Gross Energy Content ..........................................................................................253
A.2 Conversion Factor ................................................................................................255
A3. Glossary
............................................................................................................257
REFERENCES ........................................................................................................... 269

PROFILE OF EDITORS ............................................................................................. 273
SPONSORS ............................................................................................................. 275
xiii
xiv
ENERGY OUTLOOK & ANALYSIS
I. ENERGY OUTLOOK AND ANALYSIS OF INDONESIA
PENGKAJIAN ENERGI
UNIVERSITAS INDONESI
OVERVIEW OF INOSYD
(Indonesia Energy Outlook by System Dynamic)
Indonesia Energy Outlook by System Dynamic (INOSYD) has been developed by

Pengkajian Energi Universitas Indonesia (PEUI) since 1997. The INOSYD model is written in
dynamic simulation software called POWERSIM. Modeling framework of INOSYD illustrated in
Figure I consists of three basic sub-models: (1) Energy system sub-model, (2) Macro-economic
sub-model, and (3) Environmental sub-model.
Energy infrastructure
infrastructure
Energy
Energy
Resources
Energy
conversion
Transmission
and
Distribution
Primary Energy
Power
Power generation,
generation,
refineries
Piping,
Piping, cable,
cable, tankers,
tankers,
Ports, and storage
Ports, and storage
Final
Final
energy
energy
Energy
Energy
demand
demand
Sectors and types
Sectors and types
ENERGY SUB MODEL
Technology,
Emission coefficient
ENVIRONMENT SUB- MODEL
Social
accounting
matrix (SAM)
GDP
MACROECONOMIC SUB MODEL

-
Figure 1.1 INOSYD model framework
The energy system sub-model consists of supply and demand of energy services including
infrastructures. The supply side of primary energy production such as oil, natural gas and coal
are modeled dynamically, except for the renewable. The demand side of the energy services is
divided into several sectors including industry, commercial, domestic and transportation, as well
as electricity sector and modeled using econometric approach. The supply and demand sides
are linked using a Reference Energy System (RES) module. The conversion, transportation and
end-use technology aspects, the cost and performance characteristics of these technologies
that are potentially available for use in the energy system are considered in the RES. The
macro-economic sub-model is developed based on Indonesias Social Accounting Matrix
(SAM), and completed with the population growth, GDP and energy prices which are considered
as exogenous variables. The environmental sub-model considers the interaction between
energy system and the emission from the activities for energy conversion, production and use.
Supply of energy module comprises national energy balance as network of energy flows
(RES) starting from supply of different forms of primary energy such as crude oil, gas, coal and
renewable resources i.e. biomass, geothermal, and hydro etc., primary energy conversion into
final energies via power generations and refineries, transmission and distribution as well as
storage to end-user devices for each demand sector. Each link of the network represents some
activities relating to an energy efficiency coefficient and losses.
Mathematically, RES is divided in sequential vectors representing stages of energy
transformation. We start from right to left or from total demand by sector to supply of primary
energy. Vn is calculated from its predecessor, Vn-1, by the following form:
Vn = T x V n-1
(1)
where T is a transformation matrix of RES with the coefficient of efficiency and losses
as elements of matrix.
For the supply of primary energy especially fossil fuels, the INOSYD model allows the
calculation of remaining reserves and reserve to production ratio of each fossil fuel. In addition,
reserve to production ratio can be set at a constant value for the policy proposes, and then the
demand will be fulfilled by imports.
Energy infrastructure module consists of existing energy infrastructure, capital
expenditures and O&M cost of energy conversion technologies (power generation, refineries)
and transmission and distribution systems for oil, gas, coal and electricity, associated with
learning curve of capital expenditure of emerging energy technologies. Infrastructures in this
sub module are oil and gas refinery, depot, gas pipeline, coal railroad, coal harbor and power
generator. This sub model can estimate the investment of energy infrastructures and the costs
of energy supply or production of final energy such as electricity and petroleum products, and
LNG.
Development of energy demand module is critical element at both the aggregate
sectors at national level such as industrial, transportation, commercial, residential both
electricity and fuels and aggregate fuel types. In the earlier approach, demand model is
developed by dynamic approach, but the results were not satisfied due to insufficient data for
energy demand sectors. Thus, currently we use an econometric approach resulting in more
simplified model. Typically equation is written as follows:
Dn = f (GDP, population, price, intensity or elasticity)
(2)
It should be noted that to simulate the price impacts, demand model must include
energy price in the equation above. However, in the most cases it is difficult to estimate
demands due to the fact that relationship between demand and price is inconsistent. In addition,
we should consider that the energy demand is also affected by the limitation of energy
infrastructures. Hence, the potential demand can be greater than the current demand and the
shape of energy market is still developing.
Concerning environment sub-model, it is constructed based only on emission
coefficients taken from Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) guidelines 1996 for
different types of energy technologies for energy conversion units and end-user devices.
Emission consists of CO2, SOx and NOx.
Macroeconomic sub-model is developed based on Indonesias Social Accounting Matrix
(SAM) in 1999 with dimension of 109 x 109 sectors and reduced to 58 x 58 sectors. By using
SAM, the impact energy policy i.e. energy price shock and change of share of energy supply on
GDP can be simulated.
Having specified assumed levels of energy demands, INOSYD can be used as
optimization tool using POWERSIM Solver to determine the combination of technologies which
meet those needs at overall least cost of energy supply with some constraints added.
In the simulation context, INOSYD can be operated in top-down approach and bottomup approach models. Typical top-down approaches are impact of GDP growth rate on supply
and demand of energy and environment, and impact of energy price shock on energy system
and environments. On the other hands, a bottom-up approach may describe impacts of energy
technology on macroeconomic and environment.
The GDP projection uses the assumption of 6% growth per year for the base case;
while the population projection uses an assumption of 1.20% growth. For making a projection
until 2025, INOSYD uses data mostly from years 1990 through 2005.
ENERGY PROJECTION OF INDONESIA BY INOSYD

Figure 1.2
Population
(Million Persons)
300
275
250
225
200
175
1990
1995
2000
2005
Data
2010
2015
2020
2025
Projection
(Million)
Year
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
2024
2025
Population
179.248
181.763
184.278
186.794
189.309
191.825
194.340
199.837
202.873
203.047
205.843
208.647
212.003
215.276
217.854
220.923
223.574
226.257
228.972
231.720
234.501
237.315
240.162
243.044
245.961
248.912
251.899
254.922
257.981
261.077
264.210
267.380
270.589
273.836
277.122
280.447
Figure 1.3
Gross Domestic Product
(Billion Rupiah) at
constant price 2000
6,000,000
5,000,000
4,000,000
3,000,000
2,000,000
1,000,000
0
1990
1995
2000
2005
Data
Year
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
2024
2025
2010
2015
2020
2025
Base Case
(Billion Rupiah at constant price of year2000)

Base Case
875,025
936,400
999,721
1,151,729
1,238,570
1,340,380
1,445,173
1,513,095
1,314,475
1,324,874
1,389,770
1,442,985
1,506,124
1,579,559
1,660,579
1,753,571
1,851,771
1,953,618
2,061,067
2,184,731
2,315,815
2,454,764
2,602,050
2,758,173
2,923,663
3,099,083
3,285,028
3,482,130
3,691,058
3,912,521
4,147,273
4,396,109
4,659,875
4,939,468
5,235,836
5,549,986
Figure 1.4
Petroleum Fuels Consumption by Sector
(Million BOE)
1,000
900
800
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
1990
1995
Industry
Year
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
2024
2025
Industry
39.33
40.39
46.49
52.55
56.10
61.53
62.35
64.84
68.31
79.72
85.24
87.51
87.36
79.44
88.65
92.11
95.43
98.93
104.13
108.36
112.75
117.31
122.05
126.98
132.09
137.41
142.93
148.66
154.62
160.81
167.23
173.90
180.82
188.01
195.47
203.21
2000
Commercial
Commercial
2.34
3.03
3.88
4.97
5.49
5.96
6.50
6.85
5.75
5.83
6.13
6.22
6.32
6.41
6.51
6.92
7.24
7.59
8.11
8.54
8.99
9.46
9.96
10.48
11.02
11.59
12.19
12.81
13.47
14.16
14.87
15.63
16.41
17.23
18.09
18.99
2005
2010
Residential
Residential
39.45
40.00
40.50
41.10
41.86
42.65
43.49
46.47
48.98
50.85
52.79
55.09
57.91
60.14
60.86
63.07
65.38
67.80
70.99
73.78
76.68
79.68
82.80
86.03
89.39
92.86
96.46
100.20
104.07
108.09
112.25
116.57
121.04
125.68
130.48
135.46
2015
Transportation
Transportation
93.42
101.46
110.87
120.28
124.11
135.10
149.10
157.12
148.89
154.02
163.41
170.35
176.50
184.64
198.25
208.26
216.57
225.40
238.63
249.38
260.60
272.30
284.50
297.23
310.50
324.33
338.75
353.79
369.45
385.78
402.79
420.51
438.96
458.18
478.20
499.04
2020
2025
Electricity
(Million BOE)
Electricity
35.79
40.50
43.95
47.91
28.61
22.48
25.10
34.63
31.17
35.41
37.57
39.22
50.33
54.70
60.78
70.45
61.39
51.08
40.18
26.64
11.11
11.54
12.03
12.53
13.04
13.57
14.10
14.63
15.17
15.71
16.25
16.79
17.32
17.84
18.34
18.82
Figure 1.5
Natural Gas Consumption by Sector
(Million BOE)
450
400
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
1990
1995
2000
Industry
Commercial
2005
2010
Residential
2015
Transportation
2020
2025
Electricity
(Million BOE)
Year
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
2024
2025
Industry
11.11
11.41
12.29
11.98
18.67
19.64
18.31
23.46
17.94
32.12
37.75
47.89
45.86
44.21
68.66
72.20
75.83
79.69
85.04
89.71
94.63
99.81
105.28
111.04
117.11
123.50
130.25
137.35
144.84
152.73
161.04
169.80
179.02
188.75
198.99
209.78
Commercial
0.08
0.10
0.12
0.13
0.15
0.17
0.19
0.21
0.19
0.19
0.20
0.21
0.21
0.21
0.21
0.26
0.40
0.57
0.77
0.98
1.22
1.48
1.78
2.11
2.47
2.87
3.31
3.80
4.34
4.94
5.59
6.31
7.10
7.96
8.91
9.95
Residential
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.05
0.06
0.07
0.07
0.08
0.07
0.08
0.09
0.10
0.10
0.11
0.13
0.29
0.46
0.64
0.83
1.04
1.25
1.48
1.71
1.96
2.23
2.51
2.80
3.11
3.43
3.77
4.13
4.51
4.90
5.32
5.75
Transportation
0.00
0.01
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.05
0.07
0.08
0.07
0.06
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.07
1.03
2.09
3.30
4.61
6.06
7.64
9.39
11.29
13.38
15.66
18.15
20.86
23.82
27.03
30.52
34.31
38.42
42.88
47.70
52.93
Electricity
2.84
2.73
2.62
11.96
32.94
45.07
59.97
46.65
45.49
48.41
46.51
43.91
37.88
35.99
34.27
25.65
28.53
31.71
35.95
40.02
44.46
47.10
50.15
53.40
56.85
60.53
64.44
68.60
73.02
77.73
82.73
88.06
93.72
99.74
106.14
112.94
Figure 1.6
Coal Consumption by Sector
(Million BOE)
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
1990
1995
2000
Industry
Year
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
2024
2025
Industry
10.58
10.86
12.05
13.69
14.15
16.60
15.47
16.06
17.83
26.86
36.22
37.51
38.80
40.14
55.34
58.27
61.29
64.51
68.94
72.83
76.94
81.27
85.84
90.67
95.75
101.12
106.78
112.76
119.06
125.70
132.71
140.11
147.90
156.12
164.79
173.94
Commercial
Commercial
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
2005
2010
Residential
Residential
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.07
0.09
0.09
0.09
0.10
0.10
0.10
0.10
0.11
0.12
0.13
0.13
0.14
0.15
0.16
0.17
0.18
0.19
0.20
0.21
0.22
0.23
0.24
0.26
0.27
0.28
0.30
0.31
2015
Transportation
2020
2025
Electricity
Transportation
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
(Million BOE)
Electricity
16.67
18.72
17.99
16.59
19.34
19.55
27.71
34.74
37.18
39.86
45.56
47.26
47.09
50.85
51.09
55.71
65.91
77.20
91.65
106.19
122.26
131.49
142.14
153.65
166.07
179.49
193.98
209.63
226.52
244.76
264.45
285.71
308.66
333.43
360.17
389.03
10
Figure 1.7
Electricity Consumption by Sector
(Million BOE)
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
1990
1995
2000
Industry
Year
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
2024
2025
Industry
10.48
11.69
13.73
14.22
13.90
15.01
17.04
18.44
17.67
19.22
21.86
21.82
22.58
22.37
24.72
26.77
28.90
31.30
34.66
37.73
41.07
44.70
48.63
52.89
57.53
62.55
68.02
73.97
80.44
87.51
95.23
103.67
112.95
123.16
134.43
146.68
2005
Commercial
Commercial
2.78
3.14
3.37
3.82
4.17
4.89
5.78
6.65
7.61
8.04
8.94
9.55
9.97
11.15
12.99
14.15
15.37
16.76
18.67
20.45
22.39
24.50
26.78
29.26
31.93
34.81
37.92
41.26
44.85
48.69
52.79
57.16
61.78
66.66
71.78
77.12
2010
Residential
2015
2020
2025
Transportation
Residential
5.52
6.33
7.15
8.08
8.97
10.46
11.99
13.91
15.24
16.47
18.73
20.44
20.84
21.92
23.61
24.51
25.40
26.21
27.63
28.62
29.58
30.55
31.51
32.47
33.42
34.35
35.25
36.13
36.96
37.73
38.43
39.04
39.53
39.86
40.00
40.13
(Million BOE)
Transportation
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.05
0.05
0.06
0.07
0.07
0.08
0.09
0.10
0.11
0.12
0.13
0.14
0.16
0.17
0.19
0.21
0.23
0.26
11
Figure 1.8a Total Energy Consumption by Sector (including Biomass)

(Million BOE)
2,500
2,000
1,500
1,000
500
0
1990
1995
2000
Industry
Year
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
2024
2025
Industry
82.84
86.00
96.52
104.70
115.38
125.50
126.05
135.82
134.92
171.22
194.50
207.66
207.19
198.61
249.41
261.53
273.80
286.98
305.70
321.78
338.75
356.67
375.57
395.53
416.61
438.87
462.40
487.28
513.60
541.45
570.96
602.24
635.45
670.74
708.29
748.09
2005
Commercial
Commercial
5.71
6.93
8.30
10.18
11.21
12.55
14.15
15.48
15.01
15.55
16.85
17.56
18.09
19.37
21.32
23.00
24.74
26.69
29.43
31.92
34.61
37.53
40.67
44.06
47.71
51.64
55.86
60.38
65.23
70.42
75.95
81.84
88.10
94.72
101.69
109.00
2010
Residential
2015
2020
2025
Transportation
Residential
226.55
230.41
234.28
238.36
242.20
246.35
250.26
259.56
266.90
272.25
280.30
288.04
295.40
302.64
308.10
316.97
338.61
347.98
361.44
372.40
383.63
395.16
407.02
419.19
431.68
444.51
457.66
471.15
484.97
499.12
513.60
528.40
543.50
558.88
574.51
590.61
( Million BOE)
Transportation
93.43
101.48
110.89
120.31
124.15
135.15
149.16
157.19
148.99
154.13
163.51
170.44
176.59
184.73
198.34
208.38
217.66
227.56
242.03
254.12
266.82
280.17
294.20
308.96
324.52
340.93
358.28
376.70
396.34
417.42
440.27
465.36
493.36
525.31
562.73
605.79
12
Figure 1.8b Total Energy Consumption by Sector (excluding Biomass)

(Million BOE)
1,800
1,600
1,400
1,200
1,000
800
600
400
200
0
1990
1995
2000
Industry
2005
Commercial
2010
Residential
2015
2020
2025
Transportation
( Million BOE)
Year
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
2024
2025
Industry
71.48
74.34
84.55
92.43
102.82
112.78
113.18
122.80
121.75
157.92
181.07
194.72
194.60
186.16
237.37
249.35
261.44
274.43
292.78
308.62
325.38
343.09
361.80
381.57
402.48
424.59
447.98
472.74
498.96
526.74
556.20
587.47
620.69
656.03
693.68
733.61
Commercial
5.21
6.28
7.37
8.92
9.81
11.02
12.48
13.71
13.54
14.06
15.28
15.98
16.50
17.77
19.71
21.32
23.01
24.91
27.55
29.97
32.60
35.44
38.52
41.84
45.42
49.27
53.42
57.88
62.66
67.78
73.26
79.09
85.29
91.86
98.79
106.06
Residential
45.01
46.37
47.70
49.23
50.89
53.20
55.58
60.51
64.37
67.48
71.70
75.71
78.94
82.26
84.68
87.82
91.18
94.58
99.39
103.37
107.44
111.63
115.95
120.38
124.94
129.62
134.42
139.33
144.36
149.48
154.70
159.99
165.34
170.72
176.09
181.66
Transportation
93.43
101.48
110.89
120.31
124.15
135.15
149.16
157.19
148.99
154.13
163.51
170.44
176.59
184.73
198.34
208.37
217.65
227.53
241.98
254.05
266.72
280.01
293.96
308.60
323.97
340.09
357.01
374.77
393.40
412.95
433.46
454.99
477.57
501.27
526.14
552.22
13
Figure 1.9
Industrial Energy Consumption by Type
(Million BOE)
800
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
1990
1995
2000
Petroleum Fuels
2005
Natural Gas
2010
Coal
2015
Renewable
2020
2025
Electricity
( Million BOE)
Year
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
2024
2025
Petroleum Fuels
39.33
40.39
46.49
52.55
56.10
61.53
62.35
64.84
68.31
79.72
85.24
87.51
87.36
79.44
88.65
92.11
95.43
98.93
104.13
108.36
112.75
117.31
122.05
126.98
132.09
137.41
142.93
148.66
154.62
160.81
167.23
173.90
180.82
188.01
195.47
203.21
Natural Gas
11.11
11.41
12.29
11.98
18.67
19.64
18.31
23.46
17.94
32.12
37.75
47.89
45.86
44.21
68.66
72.20
75.83
79.69
85.04
89.71
94.63
99.81
105.28
111.04
117.11
123.50
130.25
137.35
144.84
152.73
161.04
169.80
179.02
188.75
198.99
209.78
Coal
10.58
10.86
12.05
13.69
14.15
16.60
15.47
16.06
17.83
26.86
36.22
37.51
38.80
40.14
55.34
58.27
61.29
64.51
68.94
72.83
76.94
81.27
85.84
90.67
95.75
101.12
106.78
112.76
119.06
125.70
132.71
140.11
147.90
156.12
164.79
173.94
Renewable
11.35
11.66
11.97
12.26
12.56
12.72
12.88
13.02
13.17
13.30
13.43
12.94
12.59
12.45
12.04
12.17
12.36
12.55
12.92
13.15
13.37
13.58
13.77
13.96
14.13
14.29
14.42
14.54
14.64
14.71
14.76
14.77
14.75
14.70
14.61
14.48
Electricity
10.48
11.69
13.73
14.22
13.90
15.01
17.04
18.44
17.67
19.22
21.86
21.82
22.58
22.37
24.72
26.77
28.90
31.30
34.66
37.73
41.07
44.70
48.63
52.89
57.53
62.55
68.02
73.97
80.44
87.51
95.23
103.67
112.95
123.16
134.43
146.68
14
Figure 1.10
Commercial Energy Consumption by Type
(Million BOE)
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
1990
1995
2000
Petroleum Fuels
2005
Natural Gas
2010
Coal
2015
Renewable
2020
2025
Electricity
( Million BOE)
Year
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
2024
2025
Petroleum Fuels
2.34
3.03
3.88
4.97
5.49
5.96
6.50
6.85
5.75
5.83
6.13
6.22
6.32
6.41
6.51
6.92
7.24
7.59
8.11
8.54
8.99
9.46
9.96
10.48
11.02
11.59
12.19
12.81
13.47
14.16
14.87
15.63
16.41
17.23
18.09
18.99
Natural Gas
0.08
0.10
0.12
0.13
0.15
0.17
0.19
0.21
0.19
0.19
0.20
0.21
0.21
0.21
0.21
0.26
0.40
0.57
0.77
0.98
1.22
1.48
1.78
2.11
2.47
2.87
3.31
3.80
4.34
4.94
5.59
6.31
7.10
7.96
8.91
9.95
Coal
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
Renewable
0.51
0.65
0.93
1.26
1.40
1.53
1.67
1.77
1.47
1.49
1.57
1.58
1.59
1.60
1.60
1.67
1.73
1.78
1.88
1.95
2.01
2.08
2.15
2.23
2.30
2.37
2.44
2.50
2.57
2.63
2.70
2.75
2.81
2.86
2.90
2.94
Electricity
2.78
3.14
3.37
3.82
4.17
4.89
5.78
6.65
7.61
8.04
8.94
9.55
9.97
11.15
12.99
14.15
15.37
16.76
18.67
20.45
22.39
24.50
26.78
29.26
31.93
34.81
37.92
41.26
44.85
48.69
52.79
57.16
61.78
66.66
71.78
77.12
15
Figure 1.11
Residential Energy Consumption by Type (include Biomass)
(Million BOE)
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
1990
1995
2000
Petroleum Fuels
2005
Natural Gas
2010
Coal
2015
Renewable
2020
2025
Electricity
( Million BOE)
Year
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
2024
2025
Petroleum Fuels
39.45
40.00
40.50
41.10
41.86
42.65
43.49
46.47
48.98
50.85
52.79
55.09
57.91
60.14
60.86
63.07
65.38
67.80
70.99
73.78
76.68
79.68
82.80
86.03
89.39
92.86
96.46
100.20
104.07
108.09
112.25
116.57
121.04
125.68
130.48
135.46
Natural Gas
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.05
0.06
0.07
0.07
0.08
0.07
0.08
0.09
0.10
0.10
0.11
0.13
0.29
0.46
0.64
0.83
1.04
1.25
1.48
1.71
1.96
2.23
2.51
2.80
3.11
3.43
3.77
4.13
4.51
4.90
5.32
5.75
Coal
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.07
0.09
0.09
0.09
0.10
0.10
0.10
0.10
0.11
0.12
0.13
0.13
0.14
0.15
0.16
0.17
0.18
0.19
0.20
0.21
0.22
0.23
0.24
0.26
0.27
0.28
0.30
0.31
Renewable
181.54
184.04
186.59
189.13
191.31
193.15
194.67
199.05
202.54
204.77
208.61
212.33
216.46
220.38
223.42
229.15
247.43
253.40
262.05
269.03
276.19
283.53
291.07
298.80
306.74
314.88
323.24
331.81
340.61
349.64
358.90
368.41
378.16
388.16
398.42
408.95
Electricity
5.52
6.33
7.15
8.08
8.97
10.46
11.99
13.91
15.24
16.47
18.73
20.44
20.84
21.92
23.61
24.51
25.40
26.21
27.63
28.62
29.58
30.55
31.51
32.47
33.42
34.35
35.25
36.13
36.96
37.73
38.43
39.04
39.53
39.86
40.00
40.13
16
Figure 1.12 Transportation Energy Consumption by Type

(Million BOE)
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
1990
1995
2000
Petroleum Fuels
Year
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
2024
2025
Petroleum Fuels
93.42
101.46
110.87
120.28
124.11
135.10
149.10
157.12
148.89
154.02
163.41
170.35
176.50
184.64
198.25
208.26
216.57
225.40
238.63
249.38
260.60
272.30
284.50
297.23
310.50
324.33
338.75
353.79
369.45
385.78
402.79
420.51
438.96
458.18
478.20
499.04
2005
Natural Gas
Natural Gas
0.00
0.01
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.05
0.07
0.08
0.07
0.06
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.07
1.03
2.09
3.30
4.61
6.06
7.64
9.39
11.29
13.38
15.66
18.15
20.86
23.82
27.03
30.52
34.31
38.42
42.88
47.70
52.93
2010
Coal
Coal
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
2015
Renewable
2020
2025
Electricity
Renewable
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.07
0.10
0.15
0.24
0.36
0.55
0.83
1.27
1.93
2.94
4.47
6.81
10.37
15.79
24.04
36.59
53.56
( Million BOE)
Electricity
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.05
0.05
0.06
0.07
0.07
0.08
0.09
0.10
0.11
0.12
0.13
0.14
0.16
0.17
0.19
0.21
0.23
0.26
17
Figure 1.13 Electricity Energy Consumption by Type

(Million BOE)
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
1990
1995
2000
Petroleum Fuels
2005
Natural Gas
2010
Coal
2015
2020
2025
Renewable
( Million BOE)
Year
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
2024
2025
Petroleum Fuels
35.79
40.50
43.95
47.91
28.61
22.48
25.10
34.63
31.17
35.41
37.57
39.22
50.33
54.70
60.78
70.45
61.39
51.08
40.18
26.64
11.11
11.54
12.03
12.53
13.04
13.57
14.10
14.63
15.17
15.71
16.25
16.79
17.32
17.84
18.34
18.82
Natural Gas
2.84
2.73
2.62
11.96
32.94
45.07
59.97
46.65
45.49
48.41
46.51
43.91
37.88
35.99
34.27
25.65
28.53
31.71
35.95
40.02
44.46
47.10
50.15
53.40
56.85
60.53
64.44
68.60
73.02
77.73
82.73
88.06
93.72
99.74
106.14
112.94
Coal
16.67
18.72
17.99
16.59
19.34
19.55
27.71
34.74
37.18
39.86
45.56
47.26
47.09
50.85
51.09
55.71
65.91
77.20
91.65
106.19
122.26
131.49
142.14
153.65
166.07
179.49
193.98
209.63
226.52
244.76
264.45
285.71
308.66
333.43
360.17
389.03
Renewable
2.69
2.95
3.69
3.20
3.36
3.88
4.10
3.35
4.95
4.92
12.08
13.15
11.68
11.13
14.29
15.16
14.68
17.76
21.63
25.59
30.03
31.87
34.01
36.28
38.71
41.29
44.05
46.99
50.12
53.46
57.01
60.80
64.85
69.15
73.74
78.62
18
Figure 1.14a Total Energy Consumption by Type (including Biomass)

(Million BOE)
2,500
2,000
1,500
1,000
500
0
1990
1995
2000
Petroleum Fuels
2005
Natural Gas
2010
Coal
2015
2020
2025
Renewable
(Million BOE)
Year
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
2024
2025
Petroleum Fuels
210.33
225.38
245.70
266.81
256.17
267.72
286.55
309.90
303.10
325.82
345.15
358.39
378.42
385.33
415.05
440.81
446.01
450.78
462.04
466.70
470.13
490.29
511.34
533.25
556.04
579.76
604.43
630.09
656.79
684.54
713.39
743.38
774.55
806.94
840.58
875.53
Natural Gas
14.07
14.29
15.08
24.13
51.85
64.98
78.58
70.44
63.77
80.87
84.62
92.15
84.09
80.57
103.31
98.31
106.09
114.51
125.71
136.15
147.40
157.29
168.07
179.55
191.77
204.79
218.65
233.41
249.12
265.85
283.65
302.60
322.77
344.22
367.06
391.36
Coal
27.24
29.58
30.04
30.28
33.51
36.18
43.22
50.85
55.08
66.81
81.87
84.86
85.99
91.09
106.53
114.09
127.31
141.83
160.72
179.16
199.34
212.91
228.14
244.48
262.01
280.80
300.96
322.59
345.80
370.69
397.41
426.07
456.83
489.84
525.26
563.28
Renewable
196.08
199.30
203.18
205.85
208.63
211.29
213.33
217.20
222.12
224.48
235.69
239.99
242.32
245.56
251.35
258.16
276.19
285.49
298.48
309.72
321.60
331.06
341.00
351.27
361.87
372.83
384.15
395.85
407.94
420.44
433.37
446.74
460.56
474.87
489.67
504.99
19
Figure 1.14b Total Energy Consumption by Type (excluding Biomass)

(Million BOE)
2,000
1,800
1,600
1,400
1,200
1,000
800
600
400
200
0
1990
1995
2000
Petroleum Fuels
2005
Natural Gas
2010
Coal
2015
2020
2025
Renewable
(Million BOE)
Year
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
2024
2025
Petroleum Fuels
210.33
225.38
245.70
266.81
256.17
267.72
286.55
309.90
303.10
325.82
345.15
358.39
378.42
385.33
415.05
440.81
446.01
450.78
462.04
466.70
470.13
490.29
511.34
533.25
556.04
579.76
604.43
630.09
656.79
684.54
713.39
743.38
774.55
806.94
840.58
875.53
Natural Gas
14.07
14.29
15.08
24.13
51.85
64.98
78.58
70.44
63.77
80.87
84.62
92.15
84.09
80.57
103.31
98.31
106.09
114.51
125.71
136.15
147.40
157.29
168.07
179.55
191.77
204.79
218.65
233.41
249.12
265.85
283.65
302.60
322.77
344.22
367.06
391.36
Coal
27.24
29.58
30.04
30.28
33.51
36.18
43.22
50.85
55.08
66.81
81.87
84.86
85.99
91.09
106.53
114.09
127.31
141.83
160.72
179.16
199.34
212.91
228.14
244.48
262.01
280.80
300.96
322.59
345.80
370.69
397.41
426.07
456.83
489.84
525.26
563.28
Renewable
1.84
2.07
2.67
2.26
2.15
2.51
2.40
1.98
3.24
3.19
7.85
8.55
7.59
7.24
9.29
9.86
9.55
11.55
14.07
16.64
19.51
20.66
22.00
23.43
24.94
26.55
28.27
30.09
32.04
34.10
36.30
38.63
41.12
43.76
46.56
49.55
20
Figure 1.15 Total Energy Consumption by GDP Scenario

(Million BOE)
2,500
2,000
1,500
1,000
500
0
1990
1995
2000
2005
Data
Year
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
2024
2025
2010
2015
2020
2025
Base Case
(Million BOE)
Total Energy Consumption
409
425
450
474
493
520
540
568
566
613
655
684
697
705
777
810
843
878
928
970
1,015
1,062
1,111
1,162
1,217
1,273
1,333
1,396
1,462
1,531
1,604
1,680
1,761
1,845
1,934
2,028
21
Figure 1.16 Crude Oil Balance
(Million BOE)
1,000
900
800
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
1990
1995
Production
Year
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
2024
2025
Production
534
581
551
558
588
586
583
577
569
546
517
489
457
419
401
336
339
335
328
324
322
321
321
322
322
323
325
328
331
335
340
346
352
359
366
374
2000
2005
2010
Domestic Consumption
223
240
262
278
269
280
298
324
319
342
355
369
389
386
420
434
453
461
476
486
495
516
538
561
585
611
637
664
692
721
752
784
816
851
886
923
2015
Export
2020
2025
Import
Export
330
330
293
283
324
302
284
289
280
285
224
240
217
189
179
160
152
145
138
132
126
120
114
109
104
99
94
90
86
82
78
74
71
68
64
61
(Million BOE)
Import
58
44
49
56
62
69
72
63
72
102
80
120
137
150
192
220
236
243
264
273
280
304
328
353
380
408
437
466
497
528
560
594
628
664
701
739
22
Figure 1.17
Natural Gas Balance
(Million BOE)
1,400
1,200
1,000
800
600
400
200
0
1990
1995
Production
Year
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
2024
2025
Production
508
443
464
478
528
539
586
569
535
551
521
504
546
567
544
544
519
534
555
586
557
590
637
686
736
764
794
826
859
896
934
975
1,018
1,065
1,114
1,166
2000
2005
2010
33
34
36
41
75
90
94
100
86
125
137
166
157
153
208
221
235
251
272
291
311
333
356
381
407
435
465
497
531
567
606
646
690
736
785
838
2015
Export
2020
2025
Import
Export
230
230
241
246
268
253
269
267
264
285
263
235
255
293
284
266
302
303
305
318
270
284
310
335
361
363
366
368
371
374
377
380
384
388
392
396
(Million BOE)
Import
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
23
Figure 1.18 Coal Balance

(Million BOE)
1,400
1,200
1,000
800
600
400
200
0
1990
1995
Production
Year
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
2024
2025
Production
47
60
102
109
136
172
198
232
263
308
344
374
413
474
537
602
648
673
704
734
762
788
816
845
876
902
935
970
1,006
1,044
1,084
1,125
1,170
1,216
1,265
1,316
2000
2005
2010
29
31
33
31
34
38
42
53
59
71
94
95
96
108
136
148
156
172
193
212
230
245
262
280
300
315
336
358
382
408
435
464
495
527
562
600
2015
Export
2020
2025
Import
Export
18
28
70
78
102
134
156
178
204
237
250
279
317
366
401
454
492
501
512
522
532
543
554
565
576
588
599
611
624
636
649
662
675
688
702
716
(Million BOE)
Import
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
24
Figure 1.19 Energy Production by Type

(Million BOE)
1,400
1,200
1,000
800
600
400
200
0
1990
1995
2000
Crude oil
Year
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
2024
2025
Crude Oil
534
581
551
558
588
586
583
577
569
546
517
489
457
419
401
336
339
335
328
324
322
321
321
322
322
323
325
328
331
335
340
346
352
359
366
374
2005
Natural Gas
Natural Gas
508
443
464
478
528
539
586
569
535
551
521
504
546
567
544
544
519
534
555
586
557
590
637
686
736
764
794
826
859
896
934
975
1,018
1,065
1,114
1,166
2010
Coal
2015
2020
2025
Renewable
Coal
47
60
102
109
136
172
198
232
263
308
344
374
413
474
537
602
648
673
704
734
762
788
816
845
876
902
935
970
1,006
1,044
1,084
1,125
1,170
1,216
1,265
1,316
(Million BOE)
Renewable
196
199
203
206
209
211
213
217
222
224
236
240
242
246
251
258
276
285
298
310
322
331
341
351
362
373
384
396
408
420
433
447
461
475
490
505
25
Figure 1.20 Total Energy Balance

(Million BOE)
4,000
3,500
3,000
2,500
2,000
1,500
1,000
500
0
1990
1995
Energy Production
Year
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
2024
2025
2000
2005
Demand of Energy
Energy Production
1,285
1,283
1,321
1,351
1,462
1,508
1,580
1,594
1,589
1,629
1,619
1,607
1,659
1,705
1,733
1,741
1,782
1,828
1,886
1,954
1,962
2,030
2,115
2,204
2,296
2,362
2,438
2,519
2,604
2,695
2,791
2,893
3,000
3,114
3,234
3,362
2010
2015
Export of Energy
Demand of Energy
480
503
532
556
586
619
646
693
684
761
818
865
880
889
1,011
1,055
1,116
1,163
1,232
1,290
1,346
1,413
1,485
1,561
1,640
1,718
1,806
1,898
1,995
2,097
2,205
2,318
2,438
2,563
2,696
2,836
2020
2025
Import of Energy
Export of Energy
579
589
603
608
694
688
709
735
748
807
736
754
790
849
864
879
945
949
954
972
928
947
978
1,009
1,041
1,050
1,060
1,070
1,080
1,092
1,104
1,117
1,130
1,144
1,159
1,174
(Million BOE)
Import of Energy
58
44
49
56
62
69
72
63
72
102
80
120
137
150
192
220
236
243
264
273
280
304
328
353
380
408
437
466
497
528
560
594
628
664
701
739
26
Figure 1.21 Reserves-Production Ratio of Crude Oil

(Year)
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010
2015
2020
2025
Data
Projection with INOSYD's scenario,where Reserve to Production Ratio of Crude Oil is fixed at 12 years
Projection with INOSYD's scenario, without R/P constraint
Figure 1.22 Reserves-Production Ratio of Natural Gas

(Year)
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
1990
1995
2000
2005
Data
2010
2015
2020
2025
Projection
27
Figure 1.23 Reserves-Production Ratio of Coal

900
800
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
1991
1996
2001
2006
Data
Table 1.1
Year
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
2024
2025
2011
2016
2021
Projection
R/P Ratio of Crude Oil, Gas, Coal

Crude Oil
Unfixed
11
10
11
10
9
8
8
8
9
10
10
10
10
11
11
9
9
8
8
7
7
6
6
5
5
4
4
4
3
3
2
2
2
2
1
1
Crude Oil
Fixed at 12 years
11
10
11
10
9
8
8
8
9
10
10
10
10
11
11
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
Natural Gas
Fixed at 15 years
0
26
25
25
27
24
24
24
26
30
33
33
30
29
32
29
31
31
29
28
29
28
26
24
23
22
21
20
19
18
17
17
16
15
14
13
(Year)
Coal
Fixed at 35 years
0
837
495
467
378
303
265
228
203
174
156
144
131
114
101
90
84
80
76
73
70
67
65
62
59
57
55
52
50
48
45
43
41
39
36
34
28
Figure 1.24 CO2 Emission per Sector

(Million Ton)
1,400
1,200
1,000
800
600
400
200
0
1990
1995
2000
Industry
Year
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
2024
2025
Industry
35.18
36.13
40.06
43.89
48.09
52.51
51.78
55.00
56.03
71.69
82.20
86.92
86.85
83.67
105.38
110.06
114.80
119.84
127.03
133.11
139.48
146.16
153.15
160.48
168.17
176.22
184.65
193.49
202.76
212.46
222.63
233.29
244.46
256.16
268.42
281.27
Commercial
Commercial
1.34
1.74
2.28
2.95
3.26
3.55
3.88
4.09
3.42
3.47
3.66
3.70
3.78
3.82
3.87
4.10
4.31
4.54
4.88
5.16
5.46
5.78
6.11
6.46
6.84
7.23
7.65
8.09
8.56
9.05
9.57
10.11
10.69
11.30
11.95
12.63
2005
2010
Residential
Residential
133.50
135.34
137.19
139.08
140.81
142.34
143.68
147.76
151.07
153.31
156.59
159.96
163.81
167.27
169.53
174.16
186.92
191.81
198.74
204.44
210.29
216.31
222.51
228.88
235.43
242.17
249.10
256.24
263.57
271.11
278.87
286.85
295.06
303.51
312.19
321.12
2015
Transportation
2020
2025
Electricity
Transportation
40.40
43.88
47.95
52.03
53.68
59.09
65.20
68.62
64.81
66.58
71.38
74.65
77.28
81.04
87.21
91.38
95.66
99.90
106.14
111.32
116.75
122.44
128.40
134.65
141.21
148.07
155.27
162.81
170.71
178.99
187.67
196.76
206.28
216.26
226.72
237.67
(Million tons)
Electricity
32.64
36.82
38.78
38.40
37.76
39.81
46.24
55.64
57.86
62.12
67.93
69.33
72.52
77.58
86.77
92.50
98.55
104.21
112.59
119.81
124.66
133.07
142.74
153.10
164.21
172.09
183.94
196.59
210.10
224.50
239.88
256.14
273.48
291.97
311.69
332.71
29
Figure 1.25 NOx Emission per Sector

(Thousand Ton)
5,000
4,500
4,000
3,500
3,000
2,500
2,000
1,500
1,000
500
0
1990
1995
Industry
Year
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
2024
2025
Industry
83.72
85.98
96.46
106.49
118.43
130.32
128.09
137.34
139.20
183.04
211.84
226.67
226.54
217.65
279.67
292.59
305.62
319.47
339.09
355.81
373.36
391.77
411.09
431.35
452.62
474.94
498.36
522.93
548.71
575.76
604.14
633.92
665.17
697.96
732.36
768.46
2000
2005
Commercial
2010
Residential
Commercial
1.73
2.24
2.92
3.78
4.18
4.54
4.96
5.24
4.38
4.45
4.69
4.74
4.81
4.87
4.93
5.23
5.50
5.79
6.22
6.59
6.97
7.37
7.80
8.25
8.73
9.23
9.77
10.33
10.93
11.56
12.22
12.92
13.66
14.44
15.27
16.14
2015
Transportation
Residential
132.61
134.44
136.27
138.16
139.92
141.52
142.94
147.37
150.97
153.44
156.92
160.53
164.71
168.40
170.66
175.43
187.83
192.93
200.09
206.01
212.11
218.39
224.86
231.51
238.37
245.42
252.69
260.17
267.87
275.80
283.97
292.37
301.03
309.94
319.11
328.56
2020
2025
Electricity
Transportation
402.59
437.24
477.79
518.41
534.91
587.80
648.67
682.80
645.17
663.26
710.35
742.61
768.78
805.91
866.99
908.62
951.44
994.38
1,057.25
1,109.68
1,164.68
1,222.39
1,282.93
1,346.45
1,413.07
1,482.97
1,556.29
1,633.20
1,713.87
1,798.50
1,887.26
1,980.35
2,078.00
2,180.41
2,287.81
2,400.46
(Thousand tons)
Electricity
84.78
95.62
100.97
100.49
98.72
104.46
121.60
146.37
151.75
163.07
177.25
180.96
189.32
201.90
225.37
240.12
256.12
270.18
291.49
309.53
321.24
343.24
368.60
395.80
424.98
445.69
476.89
510.20
545.78
583.77
624.33
667.22
712.98
761.80
813.89
869.44
30
Figure 1.26 SOx Emissions per Sector

(Thousand Ton)
1,400
1,200
1,000
800
600
400
200
0
1990
1995
Industry
Year
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
2024
2025
Industry
28.44
29.21
31.68
34.62
35.93
39.52
38.57
39.71
42.27
53.80
64.83
66.06
67.09
67.25
84.59
88.38
92.31
96.48
102.40
107.43
112.72
118.27
124.08
130.19
136.59
143.31
150.36
157.76
165.52
173.66
182.21
191.17
200.57
210.44
220.79
231.64
2000
2005
Commercial
Commercial
1.12
1.45
1.90
2.45
2.69
2.93
3.20
3.37
2.81
2.86
3.02
3.04
3.07
3.10
3.13
3.30
3.43
3.56
3.78
3.95
4.13
4.31
4.49
4.69
4.89
5.09
5.30
5.51
5.74
5.96
6.19
6.43
6.67
6.91
7.15
7.40
2010
Residential
2015
Transportation
Residential
181.54
184.04
186.59
189.13
191.31
193.15
194.67
199.05
202.54
204.77
208.61
212.33
216.46
220.38
223.42
229.15
247.43
253.40
262.05
269.03
276.19
283.53
291.07
298.80
306.74
314.88
323.24
331.81
340.61
349.64
358.90
368.41
378.16
388.16
398.42
408.95
2020
2025
Electricity
Transportation
17.55
19.06
20.84
22.63
23.34
25.78
28.44
29.92
28.26
29.01
31.11
32.53
33.69
35.35
38.06
39.87
41.63
43.33
45.89
47.97
50.14
52.41
54.78
57.25
59.82
62.51
65.31
68.23
71.28
74.45
77.76
81.21
84.81
88.55
92.46
96.53
(Thousand tons)
Electricity
40.68
46.07
48.19
44.53
39.41
37.76
44.44
60.50
64.32
69.19
81.51
81.87
86.44
95.60
113.00
121.47
129.24
139.36
153.47
166.41
175.78
187.83
201.68
216.54
232.48
243.08
259.97
278.00
297.26
317.82
339.77
363.13
388.07
414.69
443.10
473.41
31
Figure 1.27 Total Capacity of Oil Refinery
(Million BOE)
1,375
1,175
975
775
575
375
175
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010
2015
2020
2025
2030
Data
Projection
2015
2020
2025
2030
Figure 1.28 Total Capacity of Gas Refinery

(Million BOE)
475
425
375
325
275
225
175
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
Data
2010
Projection
32
Figure 1.29 Total Capacity of Power Generator

Total Capacity of Power Generator
(GW)
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010
2015
Data
Projection
2020
2025
2030
Figure 1.30 Investment Cost of Oil

(Million USD)
40,000
35,000
30,000
25,000
20,000
15,000
10,000
5,000
0
2004
2006
2008
2010
2012
2014
Oil Refinery
2016
2018
2020
2022
2024
Depo
33
Figure 1.31 Investment Cost of Gas

(M illion USD)
9,000
8,000
7,000
6,000
5,000
4,000
3,000
2,000
1,000
0
2004
2006
2008
2010
2012
2014
Gas Refinery
2016
2018
2020
2022
2024
Gas Pipeline
Figure 1.32 Investment Cost of Coal

(M illion USD)
1,600
1,400
1,200
1,000
800
600
400
200
0
2004
2006
2008
2010
2012
2014
2016
Coal Railroad
2018
2020
2022
2024
2020
2022
2024
Coal Harbor
Figure 1.33 Investment Cost of Electricity

(M illion USD)
45,000
40,000
35,000
30,000
25,000
20,000
15,000
10,000
5,000
0
2004
2006
2008
2010
2012
Power Generator
2014
2016
2018
Transmission & Distribution
34
Table 1.2
Year
Intensity of Total Energy Consumption
Primary Energy Consumption per GDP
Primary Energy Consumption per Capita
TOE/Million USD (at constant price of 2000)
TOE/Person
1990
67.01
0.37
1991
63.77
0.38
1992
65.04
0.39
1993
58.98
0.41
1994
57.81
0.42
1995
56.40
0.44
1996
54.59
0.45
1997
55.98
0.47
1998
63.61
0.46
1999
70.19
0.51
2000
71.88
0.54
2001
73.28
0.57
2002
71.37
0.57
2003
68.75
0.56
2004
74.36
0.63
2005
73.53
0.65
2006
73.60
0.68
2007
72.74
0.70
2008
73.02
0.73
2009
72.13
0.76
2010
71.04
0.78
2011
70.34
0.81
2012
69.73
0.84
2013
69.13
0.88
2014
68.55
0.91
2015
67.75
0.94
2016
67.16
0.98
2017
66.59
1.02
2018
66.03
1.05
2019
65.49
1.10
2020
64.96
1.14
2021
64.43
1.18
2022
63.91
1.23
2023
63.41
1.28
2024
62.91
1.33
2025
62.43
1.38
35
Table 1.3
Year
GDP Elasticity of Energy Consumption
Annual Growth Rate (%)
GDP Elasticty
Energy Consumption
GDP
1991
3.99
7.01
0.57
1992
5.92
6.76
0.88
1993
5.24
15.21
0.34
1994
4.10
7.54
0.54
1995
5.40
8.22
0.66
1996
3.87
7.82
0.49
1990
1997
5.27
4.70
1.12
1998
-0.39
-13.13
0.03
1999
8.37
0.79
10.57
2000
6.85
4.90
1.40
2001
4.35
3.83
1.14
2002
1.98
4.38
0.45
2003
1.16
4.88
0.24
2004
10.18
5.13
1.98
2005
4.21
5.60
0.75
2006
4.07
5.60
0.73
2007
4.16
5.40
0.77
2008
5.70
6.30
0.90
2009
4.57
6.30
0.73
2010
4.59
6.30
0.73
2011
4.61
6.50
0.71
2012
4.62
6.50
0.71
2013
4.64
6.50
0.71
2014
4.66
6.50
0.72
2015
4.67
6.50
0.72
2016
4.69
6.50
0.72
2017
4.71
6.50
0.72
2018
4.72
6.50
0.73
2019
4.74
6.50
0.73
2020
4.76
6.50
0.73
2021
4.77
6.50
0.73
2022
4.79
6.50
0.74
2023
4.81
6.50
0.74
2024
4.82
6.50
0.74
2025
4.84
6.50
0.74
36
Table 1.4
Emissions per GDP
CO2 Emission per GDP
NOx Emission per GDP
SOx Emission per GDP
Year
CO2 Ton/Million USD

(2000 Prices)
NOx Ton/Million USD

(2000 Prices)
SOx Ton/Million USD

(2000 Prices)
1990
248.81
0.72
0.28
1991
236.06
0.72
0.27
1992
238.56
0.73
0.26
1993
214.93
0.67
0.23
1994
205.11
0.65
0.21
1995
198.67
0.65
0.20
1996
192.63
0.65
0.19
1997
196.01
0.66
0.20
1998
227.05
0.74
0.23
1999
241.48
0.79
0.24
2000
246.06
0.81
0.25
2001
244.92
0.82
0.25
2002
240.41
0.81
0.24
2003
234.42
0.79
0.24
2004
244.22
0.83
0.25
2005
241.20
0.83
0.25
2006
241.98
0.83
0.25
2007
238.55
0.82
0.25
2008
238.76
0.82
0.25
2009
235.27
0.81
0.24
2010
230.77
0.80
0.24
2011
227.61
0.80
0.24
2012
224.76
0.79
0.23
2013
222.00
0.78
0.23
2014
219.32
0.78
0.23
2015
215.55
0.77
0.22
2016
212.85
0.76
0.22
2017
210.22
0.76
0.22
2018
207.66
0.75
0.21
2019
205.16
0.74
0.21
2020
202.72
0.74
0.21
2021
200.32
0.73
0.21
2022
197.98
0.72
0.20
2023
195.71
0.72
0.20
2024
193.48
0.71
0.20
2025
191.32
0.71
0.20
37
Table 1.5
Year
Emissions per Capita
CO2 Emission per Capacity
NOx Emission per Capacity
SOx Emission per Capacity
CO2 Ton/Person
NOx Ton/Person
SOx Ton/Person
1990
1.35599
0.00394
0.00150
1991
1.39684
0.00416
0.00154
1992
1.44486
0.00442
0.00157
1993
1.47948
0.00464
0.00157
1994
1.49812
0.00473
0.00155
1995
1.54983
0.00505
0.00156
1996
1.59915
0.00538
0.00159
1997
1.65691
0.00560
0.00166
1998
1.64237
0.00538
0.00168
1999
1.75905
0.00575
0.00177
2000
1.85468
0.00613
0.00189
2001
1.89104
0.00630
0.00190
2002
1.90675
0.00639
0.00192
2003
1.92024
0.00650
0.00196
2004
2.07825
0.00710
0.00212
2005
2.13740
0.00734
0.00218
2006
2.23747
0.00763
0.00230
2007
2.29956
0.00788
0.00237
2008
2.39933
0.00827
0.00248
2009
2.47640
0.00858
0.00257
2010
2.54429
0.00886
0.00264
2011
2.62838
0.00920
0.00272
2012
2.71862
0.00956
0.00282
2013
2.81257
0.00993
0.00291
2014
2.91041
0.01032
0.00301
2015
2.99615
0.01068
0.00309
2016
3.09892
0.01109
0.00319
2017
3.20577
0.01152
0.00330
2018
3.31686
0.01197
0.00341
2019
3.43239
0.01243
0.00353
2020
3.55254
0.01291
0.00365
2021
3.67698
0.01341
0.00378
2022
3.80641
0.01394
0.00391
2023
3.94105
0.01448
0.00405
2024
4.08112
0.01504
0.00419
2025
4.22684
0.01563
0.00434
38
Figure 1.34 Contribution of Primary Energy Supply
Renewable*
14.83%
Renewable**
0.38%
Crude Oil
19.32%
Crude Oil
22.60%
Coal
40.45%
Coal
34.58%
Natural Gas
31.26%
Natural Gas
36.57%
1,740.75 Million BOE
Year: 2005
Year: 2005
Crude Oil
13.69%
Renewable*
15.78%
Renewable**
Crude Oil
0.76%
16.13%
Coal
45.01%
Natural Gas
32.33%
Coal
38.20%
Natural Gas
38.09%
Year: 2015
Year: 2015
Crude Oil
11.14%
Renewable*
15.02%
Renewable**
0.98%
Crude Oil
12.98%
Coal
45.61%
Natural Gas
34.69%
Natural Gas
40.42%
Coal
39.15%
Year: 2025
Year: 2025
*) with Biomass and Hydro

**) without Biomass and Hydro
39
Figure 1.35 Contribution of Final Energy Consumption
Electricity
10.44%
Coal
14.13%
Petroleum Fuel
61.72%
Natural Gas
13.71%
627.43 Million BOE
Year: 2005
Electricity
12.50%
Coal
17.07%
Petroleum Fuel
54.24%
Natural Gas
16.19%
Year: 2015
Electricity
14.66%
Petroleum Fuel
48.00%
Coal
19.14%
Natural Gas
18.20%
Year: 2025
40
ENERGY ANALYSIS, PERSPECTIVE, and POLICY
Aftermath economic crisis in 1998, energy sector in Indonesia experienced dynamic

changes signified by considerable growth of energy demand and amendment of legislations and
regulations of energy compounded by oil price hikes. Since then, we are aware that in the future
there would be a turning point where Indonesia becomes a net energy importer rather than a net
energy exporter. Currently Indonesia is a net oil importer as the oil production nationally steadily
declines. It should be noted that natural gas production follows oil to decline. As a result,
Indonesia is no longer a largest LNG exporter in the near future. It is a high time to look closely
the sustainability of national energy supply while improving the utilization of energy alternatives
which are more sustained.
Facing such unfavorable situation, government of Indonesia prioritizes improvement of
national energy supply security by issuing Blue Print Energy Policy 2005 and national energy
policy by issuing Presidential Decree 5/2006. Measures to ensure the supply security include
diversification of energy sources, rationalization of energy pricing and improvement of energy
efficiency. In addition to that, the government will propose an energy bill. However, the success
of the supply security is also dependent on the readiness of supporting policies and all energy
stake-holders. Some further analysis on each energy sector will be addressed in the following
sections.
1.1 Oil and Gas

Current Conditions
In 2005, Indonesias oil reserves are around 8.63 billion barrels, with proven reserves of
4.19 billion barrels corresponding to 0.4% of world proven reserves, and potential reserves of
4.44 billion barrels. A large amount of proven oil reserve is located onshore. Central Sumatra
is the largest oil producing province (e.g. the Duri and Minas oil fields). Other major fields are
located in East Kalimantan, Northwestern Java, and the Natuna Sea.
Indonesian crude oil production including condensate is about 342 million barrels in
2005. This production gradually declined 33% from year of 2000 due to ageing oil fields and
lack of investment for exploration and development. The total revenue from crude oil export has
increased to US$ 8.2 billion in 2005 compared to US$ 6.3 billion in 2000 due to higher price of
crude oil though the export volume was lower in 2005. While the import value of crude was US$
6.5 billion in 2005.
At present Indonesia have nine refineries, with a total installed capacity of 1.1 million
barrel per day (bpd). The largest refineries are in Cilacap Central Java of 348,000 bpd, in
Balikpapan Kalimantan of 260,000 bpd, and in Balongan East Java of 125,000 bpd.
However, since the installed capacity of the refineries is unchanged as opposed to the
41
increasing domestic fuel consumption, the import value of petroleum product has augmented
significantly. The import figure of petroleum products in 2005 was about 158 million barrels
corresponding to US$ 10.3 billion. For comparison, the import volume in 2000 was only 87
million barrels or US$ 2.9 billion. In the same time Indonesia export refined products was about
US$ 2.05 billion. So the net financial balance of oil is minus US$ 6.6 billion.
Domestic petroleum fuels consumption increased to 354 million barrels in 2005 from
293 million barrels in 2000, corresponding with share of 62% of total final energy consumption.
Most of domestic fuel consumption is used by transportation (30%), industry (44%) and
household (16%) sectors.
In 2005, domestic fuel prices are still the subsidized price mainly for kerosene except
high grade petroleum fuels and for industrial proposed. This policy is intended to minimize the
impact of fuel price to the lower income groups. However, since the amount of fuel subsidy has
reached a staggering value of Rp. 68 trillion in 2001, the government is planning to ease the
budget by limiting the subsidy to ~ Rp. 30 trillion in 2003. A new pricing policy was introduced in
which the domestic fuel price is gradually set to follow the trend of the international fuel price.
However, in 2005, crude oil prices increased significantly up to ~ 60 US$/barrel that cause reincreasing fuel subsidies at level Rp. 99.5 trillion that extremely costly to economy.
Indonesias natural gas reserves in 2005 are 185.8 trillion cubic feet (tcf). About 97.3 tcf
is proven and 88.5 tcf is probable reserves. This corresponds to almost 2.7 % of world proven
natural gas reserves. More than 70 % of natural gas reserves are located offshore which far
from demand centre, with the largest reserves are in East Kalimantan, Natuna Island, Papua,
Aceh, and South Sumatra. The most promising new finds are Wiriagar, Berau, and Muturi fields
located in Papua, with total proven reserves of about 14.4 tcf, and Donggi, Centre of Sulawesi.
Indonesias natural gas gross production decreased slightly to 2.98 tcf in 2005 from
3.15 tcf in 2003. For liquefied natural gas (LNG), total production capacity of LNG Plants at
Arun and Bontang are 12.85 and 21.64 billion ton per year, respectively. The current
Indonesias LNG and LPG production are 23.7 million metric tons and 1.8 million metric tons per
year, respectively. The major markets for Indonesian LNG are Japan, South Korea and Taiwan.
An export through pipeline to Singapore and Malaysia accounted for about 4.8% of the total
natural gas production. The development of BPs Tangguh gas field in Papua is intended for
markets in China. The total revenue for LNG export has increased to US$ 9.1 billion in 2005
compared with US$ 6.8 billion in 2000 due to higher price of LNG.
Most of the natural gas produced (about 60 %) was processed into liquefied natural gas
(LNG) for export purposes. The rest is consumed domestically, mainly for industries and
electricity. Increasing gas domestic demand however not follows by development of natural gas
production, domestic infrastructures and appropriate gas pricing policy. The sign of tightening
supply of natural gas was observed when faced supply shortages gas for domestic utilization
such as fertilizer industry, ceramic industry and electricity as well as the deferment of some LNG
cargoes for export.
42
Projection
The projections for oil and gas sectors for time horizon up to 2025 are as follows. For
reserves-to-production ratio (R/P) equal to 10 years. Total domestic demand of crude oil will
reach 923 million BOE at 2025 which is 2.1 times the consumption in 2005. In 2012 the crude
production is expected to equalize the crude import where the import contributes 61% of the oil
domestic consumption. The contribution will increase to reach 80% or 739 million BOE in 2025.
As to balance of natural gas, it is interesting that at year of 2009 the domestic natural
gas consumption reaches to value of natural gas exports (~300 million BOE). At period of 20052025, domestic natural gas consumption production attain 838 million BOE with average growth
rate per year is almost 6.8% driven mainly by the growth in industrial and electricity sectors.
Currently Indonesia is expected to remain the worlds biggest LNG exporter in the next few
years however LNG production capacity is to decline in the long term due to declining natural
gas reserves and increasing domestic utilization.
In twenty years, the total primary energy consumption originating from oil and gas at
2025 will increase significantly close to 2.1 times for oil (923 million BOE) and 3.8 times for gas
(838 million BOE) compared to the 2005s figures. The rate of energy consumption (oil and gas)
is still higher than the finding rate of new oil and gas reserves. In 2025, the total final energy
consumption will still be dominated by oil fuels and gas (66.2%) compared to about 75% in 2005
(excluded biomass). In the near future, the roles of oil and gas sector are still important in
securing national energy supply.
The total emission of CO2, NOx, and SOx in 2025 will reach a value of 1,200 million ton,
4.4 million ton, and 3.7 million ton compared to 450 million ton, 1.7 million ton, and 2 million ton
in 2005, respectively.
Regarding oil and gas infrastructures at 2025, Indonesia needs to construct new
petroleum refineries with capacity 2 times to current refinery capacity, correspond to 2.2 million
b/d capacities with an assumption of no imported petroleum fuels. This corresponds to
accumulative investment of US$ 35 billion. An additional storage facility requires new
investment around US$ 10.5 billion. For natural gas infrastructure, estimated total investment ~
US$ 10 billion including gas refineries and pipeline gas. All estimated investments are
calculated based only on capital expenditures.
Policy
The dynamic situation of Indonesias oil and gas sector is occurring, reflected by the
introduction oil and gas law (UU No. 22 tahun 2001) As consequences oil and gas industries are
deregulated whereas dominant state-own companies that have monopoly characteristics are
changed toward competitive oil and gas industry structure.
The fact that the implementation of oil and gas law has some limitations due to lack of
clarity in transition policy to become fully deregulated, in action plans and in other supporting
policy instruments. In addition, new institutions such as BPMIGAS (Oil and Gas Upstream
43
Executing Body) and BPH MIGAS (Oil and Gas Downstream Regulatory Body) need to have
clear authorities and Directorate General of Oil and Gas, however, needs better job coordination
with BPMIGAS and BPH MIGAS. Ideally, a regulator in its role can bring in more investments in
the oil and gas. The regulator should be autonomous and independent. The rules of games
should be transparent with minimal external interference. The regulator should balance the
interests of the customers, the producers, and other stakeholders.
In the upstream of oil and gas sector, the government would set a competitive fiscal
terms to attract investors for development of mature and frontier areas including marginal and
depleting fields. The role of national entrepreneurs in exploration activity is smalls; the
government would make the indigenous companies enter into exploration activities so that more
benefits will come to Indonesia. The government should reform to enhance good practice of
government agencies in interacting with investors.
In the downstream oil and gas sector, the Indonesian faces a number of obstacles
mainly limited infrastructures of energy in conversion, transportation, distribution and storage
and disincentives in the pricing of domestic petroleum products and gas as well as supply
shortage of kerosene and gas for domestic purposes.
In downstream oil sector, the capacity of petroleum refineries and storage capacity
should be increased to accommodate the growing domestic demand. Reform in lifestyle of
energy consumption especially kerosene and LPG usages must be performed. Kerosene is high
quality fuel and expensive, its properties close to jet fuels. It is necessary to make real efforts to
promote the consumption of non-oil fuels such as gas, briquette and biofuels to substitute
kerosene, simultaneously by eliminating the oil-based fuel subsidies. For the short term, LPG is
an alternative solution to substitute kerosene, however for the long term LPG usage for urban
area fuels is expensive if city gas pipelines are available. LPG is commonly used in remote
areas in which gas networks unavailable and in the future LPG is vital feedstock for
petrochemical industry since source of naphtha is limited.
Petroleum market reform can proceed from the supply chain into the retail market and
result in competing wholesale distributors and retail outlets. However, some obstacles to the
market reform are appeared such as domestic petroleum fuels are still subsidizes and disparity
of consumption between regions (Java and Sumatra vs. other inlands). The fact shows that any
subsidy given by the government does not immediately give benefits to low-income
communities. Instead, it raises irregularities in communities leading to the scarcity of kerosene
in the fields. A campaign to improve public awareness and care should be launched so that they
will appreciate the use of non-renewable energy and eventually they start opting to use energy
alternatives.
Certain key conditions need to be met to achieve reform in the petroleum product
market are transport and storage facilities must be sufficient to cope with the demand,
requirements for investors to enter the market must be simplified and prices need to reflect
differences in regional transport costs and market size. Barriers to enter the market need to be
44
abolished, in particular, unnecessary legal and administrative procedures. Open access needs
to be introduced to monopolistic facilities (such as marine terminals, storage facilities, and
pipelines) through nondiscriminatory tariffs and quality standards need to be set for products
that take into account the market characteristics and maximize the number of supply sources.
Proper fiscal terms and incentives are needed to promote private investment to participate in
infrastructure development.
In gas sector, Indonesian traditional gas market is still dominated by LNG export
commodity. Unfortunately, the current global LNG market is greater choice of suppliers such as
Australia, Malaysia, Qatar, and many others. The LNG business is growing and globalizing
rapidly, driven by its increasing cost competitiveness and increasing gas demand. On the other
hand, contribution of Indonesian natural gas domestic market is still limited. The utilization is
mainly for power generation, fertilizer, and industry as well as flare. Despite of higher domestic
gas demand, an old paradigm that natural gas development is aimed to increase the
government revenue rather than to increase economic growth still persists. The development
should lead to enhancing economic trickle down effects to maximize gas value chains. The
domestic price of natural gas is still low so that there is reluctancy of gas producers to meet
domestic lack of natural gas supply. This is also related to the prices of fertilizers and electricity
which havent reached their economic values.
In the future, government should adjust its policy in natural gas especially gas pricing
policy, the development of reliable integrated gas network/logistic by considering gas balance in
the future and, the development of new options of infrastructure through the application of
emerging technologies such as LNG CNG, GTL, GTC, and GTW and complementary
integration to traditional pipeline gas. This new market is aimed to provide support for national
security of energy supply, to achieve more efficient energy consumption in more
environmentally responsible manner, and to encourage the use of cleaner alternative fuels and
high gas values added. The role of government to assure direction of gas market transformation
is extremely essential. This can be done by establishing gas market and sector reforms through
clear and transparent regulatory process, rational pricing framework, and introducing clear and
innovative scheme providing special incentives such as fiscal and rational wellhead gas price to
facilitate new investment for natural gas development.
Finally, a good understanding of the enormous interests of the oil and gas industry and
a well-defined and articulated political commitment are essential for structural reform. Prices
usually need to be corrected, a new regulatory framework put in place, and certain key
conditions met during a transition period to ensure that a truly competitive market is established.
As a nation we should be responsible to improve national productivities for each calory of oil
and gas used. It is unethic if we only used it to fullfil our current life style in energy comsumption
or to pay our debt without concerning in its sustainability for future generation. The national
energy policy needs to be more integrative by considering all type of energy resources and
more sustainable energy approach.
45
1.2 Coal
Current Conditions
Coal reserves in Indonesia are characterised by thick seams, often 5-15 meter thick
across substantial areas and up to 70 meter thick in places. Most of the coal seams are close to
the surface. Consequently, around 95% of Indonesias coal are at present produced from
surface mining operation.
As indicated by the Directorate of Coal, Ministry of Energy and
Mineral Resources, Indonesia has significant coal resources of 38.8 billion million tons of
identified coal deposits, of which 11.5 billion tons are classified as measured resources and
27.3 billion tons as indicated, inferred and hypothetical resources, with 5.4 billion tons classified
as commercially exploitable reserves. Major coal resource areas are Kalimantan and Sumatra,
estimated at 21.2 billion tons and 17.5 billion tons, respectively. The coal mined in Indonesia
generally has heat values ranging between 5,000 and 7,000 kcal/ kg, with low ash and sulfur
levels. The average sulfur content of commercially produced Indonesian coals is below 1.0
percent.
The Indonesias coal producers include: (a) the state-owned mines operated by PTBA,
(b) coal contractors, (c) coal mining authorization, and (d) coal operatives. From mine to port or
barge loading facilities, coal is transported by conveyor belt, as most of the coal deposits are
usually close to the coast or navigable waterway. The major existing coal loading infrastructures
include approximately 640 km single railway track in Sumatera and 18 coal harbors in Sumatera
and Kalimantan with a combined loading capacity of over 75 million tons per year. Most of the
terminals are classified as small and medium capacity (5,000 - 6,000 DWT) while four terminals
classified as large capacity (150,000 200,000 DWT) are located in East and South
Kalimantan.
Indonesias coal production increased sharply from 77 million tons in 2000 to 150 million
tons in 2005. Indonesias domestic demand for coal is currently small relative to its production.
Of the 2005 coal production figure, about 40 million tons was consumed domestically, mainly for
power generation of about 25 million tons and the rest for cement production. The remaining
110 million tons which represented about 73% of total production was exported.
The share of coal in Indonesias primary energy supply rose from 15 percent in 2000 to
18.5 percent in 2005, primarily due to the development of coalfired power plants. Coal is
preferable as an energy source due to its relatively low price compared with oil and natural gas.
Projection
INOSYD projections for coal sector for time horizon up to 2025 are as follows. In 2025,
coal production will reach 346 million tons per year, of which a half would be consumed
domestically. In 2025, the share of coal to total primary energy supply will reach about 30 % and
up to 60 % for electricity generation. Electricity generation is expected to continuously dominate
domestic coal consumption in 2025. The 2025s figure for coal production (more than doubling
the 2005s figures) will only be possible to achieved by furthering exploration activities and
46
massive investments in coal infrastructures and conducive mining policy. Without such
investments in coal exploration, due to sharp increase in coal production, the reserves to
production ratio for coal may fall below 50 years in 2025.
According to INOSYD projection, new development of coal infrastructures including
double tracking of Sumatras rail line and railways infrastructures in Kalimantan require
accumulative investment amounts to about US$1,500 million.
Policy
The dynamic situation of Indonesias mining including coal mining sector is occurring,
reflected by the introduction of Autonomy laws passed in 1999, law No. 22 on political autonomy
and its revision (law No. 32/2004), law No. 33/2004 on financial arrangement between
government and local governments, PP 75/2001 on mining contract at regional level and PP No.
104/2001 on royalty arrangement in mining sector, law No. 41 of 1999 on forestry and its
revision (Perpu No. 1 Tahun 2004). Currently new law on
The economic crisis and the dynamic situation in mining sector has affected the coal
sector as shown by the declined of coal investment (foreign and domestic) which was declined
from $778 million in 1997 to $135 million in 2001. Between 2002 and 2003, according to the
Energy Ministry, coal investment did rise, from $61 million to $90 million, primarily due to higher
coal prices. Other aspects to be considered are as follows: (i) the overlapping of land usage for
forestry and mining sectors as reflected by the introduction of Perpu No. 1 of 2004 to revise law
No. 41 of 1999; (ii) there is no national stocks to secure energy and electricity supply; (iii) most
of Indonesian coal is considered as lower rank coal which is preferable for domestic usage; (iv)
the existing coal infrastructure limits further extensions of coal exploration and mining activities.
Despite dynamic situations, it is expected that coal share in domestic electricity
generation and cement production will follow an increased trend. Coal would provide a
significant contribution in replacing Indonesias dependence on oil and natural gas, particularly,
for power generation and industrial sectors. This will be a consequence of the changing pattern
of energy production in Indonesia, and a government policy of diversifying domestic energy
consumption away from oil in order to preserve Indonesians oil declining reserves. However, in
securing a smooth transition to greater coal utilizations, Indonesia would require strategic policy,
considerations and clear measures to meet the challenges. Some of crucial policies to be
considered are as follows:
Securing domestic coal supply by coal national stock and integrated coal production
planning at national level.
Increasing exploration activities to improve coal deposit status and coal infrastructure
development.
Creating conducive climate for new investments (direct foreign and domestic) in coal
mining activities, by introduction of comprehensive mining law, clear regulations and
policies that promotes the clean and rational development of coal sector.
47
Greater usage of locally available fuels for regional development such as by minemouth power-plant fueled by low rank coals.
Introduction of coal up-grading technology for greater use of low rank coals as well as to
increase its economic values.
Promoting cleaner coal technology research and development activities as well as

underground mine activities.
Promoting good coal mining and handling practices through out coal life cycles
including post mining site reclamation.
activities.
1.3 Renewable Energy

Current Conditions
Indonesia is a vast archipelago located in the globe equator. Since Indonesia lies in the
equator, the average daily radiation in most places is quite intense (approximately 4 kWh/m2)
and therefore solar energy have abundant potential. Indonesia also has great potential of other
renewable energy resources such as geothermal, hydropower, wind energy, and biomass.
The total of potential of geothermal energy is 19,658 MW. Approximately 30 percent of
the reserves (8,100 MW) are located in Java. The remaining is situated in Sumatera (4,885
MW), Sulawesi, and in other islands. Total installed capacity of geothermal power plant is 903
MW or 4.01 % of its potential.
The total hydropower potential is estimated to be 75,000 MW, 34,000 MW of which is
exploitable. About 60 percent of these resources are located in Kalimantan and Papua.
The potential of microhydro energy is found in West Sumatra, Bengkulu, West
Kalimantan and Central Sulawesi, while the large installed capacities of the micro hydro
potential are found in North Sumatra, Bengkulu, Center of Java and West Java. The micro
hydro (PLTM) potential in Indonesia is estimated as 459.91MW. The PLTM has benefited for
power generation in the remote areas (20.85 MW or 4.54 % of the potential).
Total installed capacity of solar energy in Indonesia, especially photovoltaic, is about
6.5 MW. This total capacity is used to supply electricity for water pumps, vaccine refrigerators,
or lighting (solar home system). The solar home system installation is the most dominant
application, which comprises about 5.5 MW. Solar home system is a lighting system using
photovoltaic energy producing about 50 watt for each family and built in remote areas where
electricity grids are not available.
The wind speed in Indonesia is approximately between 2 to 6 m/s. This speed range is
suitable for small (10 kW) to medium scale (10 kW to 100 kW) power generations used as
energy sources for lighting, water pump, television, radio, and aeration in earthen dam, etc. The
main wind energy potential areas are located in East and West Nusa Tenggara which have the
48
average wind speeds of more than 5 m/s. The approximate wind power potential in Indonesia is
about 9,286.61 MW and only 0.5 MW of which has been used for generating power.
Biomass is biological power source, mainly originated from the waste of forest,
agriculture, and plantation commodities. Based on the phases, biomass can be grouped into
solid biomass, biogas, and liquid biomass. Solid biomass potential spreads across Indonesia as
follows: Papua (6,8 GW), East Java (5.4 GW), Central Java (4 GW), West Java (3,7 GW), East
Kalimantan (3,2 GW), Central Kalimantan (3 GW), South Sulawesi (92,5 GW), North Sumatra
(2,4 GW), West Kalimantan (2,2 GW), South Sumatera (1,8 GW), Lampung (1,7 GW), Riau (1,6
GW), Aceh (1,3 GW), West Sumatra, Jambi, South Kalimantan, Central Sulawesi, NTT &
Maluku (each 1 GW).
Biogas energy potential from droppings of cows, buffaloes, and pigs can be found in all
provinces with different quantities. Province of East Java has the most biogas energy potential
of 125,9 MW and followed by Central Java (63 MW), NTT (56,7 MW), North Sumatra (46,8
MW), Aceh (42,7 MW), South Sulawesi (26,8 MW), West Java (40,1 MW), Bali (32 MW), NTB
(28,2 MW), South Sumatra (26,8 MW), and West Sumatra. Provinces of Central Sulawesi, West
Kalimantan, North Sulawesi, Lampung and Southeast Sulawesi have biogas energy potential
between 10 MW until 19 MW each. In other provinces the potential of biogas energy is less than
10 MW.
Peat potentials spread across Sumatra, Kalimantan, and Papua with thickness
variability. Sumatera peat can reach deepest about 17 m. According to Directorate General of
Electricity and Energy Development, Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources, the potential of
peat in Indonesia amounts to 97.93 X 1012 MJ. The huge potential is located in Riau (39.06
x1012 MJ), West Kalimantan (16.22 x 1012 MJ), & Central Kalimantan (12.23 x 1012 MJ). Other
regions such as Aceh, North Sumatra, South Sumatra, South Kalimantan, East Kalimantan and
East Sulawesi respectively have peat potentials of less than 7 x 1012 MJ.
Projection
INOSYD projections for renewable energy sector up to 2025 are as follows. In 2025,
total renewable consumption (including biomass) will reach 505 million BOE or almost double
the 2004s consumption figure (251.35 million BOE). By excluding biomass component in
renewable energy consumption, the total demand of renewable energy was 9.29 million BOE in
2005 and projected to rise to 49.55 Million BOE in 2025. However, in terms of the proportion of
renewable energy (including biomass) in Indonesias energy mix, its figure is projected to
decline from 28.69% in 2004 to 21.63% in 2025. If we exclude the biomass component from the
renewable energy consumption, the proportion of renewable energy in Indonesias energy mix is
projected to be about 2.64% in 2025. Comparison between both projections above shows that
biomass energy has predominating role in the utilization of renewable energy in Indonesia.
In the projection using INOSYD, each sector (industrial, commercial, residential and
transportation sectors) uses typical types of renewable energy as final energy. Transportation
sector is projected to utilize biodiesel and biethanol in forthcoming years. Residential sector
particularly in rural areas consume wood waste from harvesting activities and from forests for
49
cooking. In industrial sector small- and medium-sized industries may use to some extent wood
waste for their industrys process. For generating electricity, it is projected that contribution of
renewable energy predominantly comes from hydrothermal and geothermal energy.
In comparison to other types of energy (petroleum fuels, coals and natural gas), in
industrial sector, the contribution of renewable energy to final energy consumption from years
2004 to 2025 reduces from 4.83% to 1.94%, though its consumption quantity increases from
12.04 to 14.48 million BOE. In commercial sector, the contribution of renewable energy also
reduces from 7.51% in 2004 to 2.70% in 2025 with its consumption quantity increasing from
1.60 million BOE in 2004 to 2.94 million BOE in 2025. In residential sector, the contribution
slightly reduces from 72.52% in 2004 to 69.24% in 2025 with its consumption quantity
increasing from 223.42 million BOE to 408.95 million BOE. A contrary situation occurs in
transportation sector where the contribution of renewable energy slightly increases from none in
2004 to 8.84% in 2025 thanks to the introduction of biofuels in transportation.
As a final energy for electricity generation, the contribution of renewable energy
increases in terms of quantity from 14.29 million BOE in 2004 to 78.62 million BOE in 2025. In
terms of proportion in energy mix for electricity generation, its contribution also increases from
8.91% in 2004 to 13.05% in 2025. As a primary energy, the contribution of renewable energy to
the whole energy mix increases from 251.35 million BOE in 2004 to 504.99 million BOE in 2025
and its proportion in the whole energy mix 28.69% in 2004 to 21.62% in 2025.
Policy
The future of Indonesias renewable energy usage in the next decade will depend on
government policy on this energy sector. Some crucial policies for renewable energy sector to
be considered are as follows:
Reform on regulation framework to boost the utilization of renewable energy in

households, industry and electricity generation.
Increasing the use of small-scale electricity power generation using local renewable
energy sources.
Creating clear policy on investment and funding schemes, such as (i) wider roles of
private sector, BUMN, BUMD, and cooperatives in the development of renewable
energy; (ii) incentive policy making; (iii) creative funding mechanism.
Policy in human resource developments through education and training, and knowledge
and technology transfer.
Increasing infrastructure and supporting industries related to the development of

renewable energy sector.
Accelerating adjustment of the price of fossil fuel energy towards its economic price.
50
1.4 Electricity
Current Condition
In 2006 the average growth of electricity demand in Indonesia is about 7.5% per year.
This growth figure doesnt show a normal growth rate due to two main reasons. Firstly, the
government subsidizes the electricity, and secondly, the growth number actually only shows the
electric companys capability to fill the electricity demands from the consumers. In fact, there are
still huge numbers of waiting lists for the electricity.
The average elasticity for electricity is around 1.5 showing that the major part of
electricity usage in Indonesia is still not productive and efficient. This means an increase of 1
percent in economic growth requires 1.5 percent growth in electricity consumption.
In 2005, Indonesias electrical generating capacity (PLN only) is 22,515 MW with more
than 30 million consumers. In Java alone, the installed capacity in year 2005 was 16,355 MW
with peak load of 14,824 MW. The peak load for Indonesia is considered to be about 19,263
MW. This peak load figure is not the real peak load since it was determined from the total of
regions peak load. The real peak load should come from an interconnected system. Therefore,
the planning for Indonesias peak load is supposed to be made per regions which are
interconnected, not based on the number of Indonesian peak burden. The electricity sold by
PLN in Indonesia is 107,032 GWh, where Java consumes 83,3% of total electricity sold. In
2005, electrification ratio was still low at 54 percent for Indonesia, 57 percent for Java and 48
percent for outside Java.
Projection
In the period of 2025, electricity demand is reaching 440.5 GWh corresponds to 270
million BOE, with 83% fueled by coal and natural gas. Contribution of renewable energy is only
13.1%. The highest electricity consumptions are projected to be industrial sector of 55% and
household sector of 29.2 %. In comparison to current total installed capacity of power
generation, in the year 2025, around 70,000 MW new power plants are needed to support the
economic and social growth. The cost for adding the power plant infrastructure to 2025 is
projected to be about US$ 55,000 Million.
Policy
Main problems of Indonesian electricity sector are electricity shortages in some regions;
high oil price resulting in huge government subsidy; limited spare capacity of electricity
infrastructures, i.e. the power generation and transmission network capacities. One factor that
may cause lack of new investment in this sector is the fact that electricity tariff applied is yet
from its economic price that may be due to considered to attracted new investments in this
sector. In general, due to unreliability in electricity transmission and distribution, some potential
customers provide their own self-generation plants.
51
16,000
Household
Commercial
Industry
TOTAL
Electricity consumption (MW)
14,000
12,000
10,000
8,000
6,000
4,000
2,000
0
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
Time
Figure 1.36 Typical daily load curve of Java Madura Bali system [PLN, 2006]
According to the daily load curve of electricity demand (Figure 1.36), the peak load
occurs in the evening and mainly contributed by household sector. During the peak load time,
PLN adds the electricity supply by operating oil based electricity generation plants, such as gas
turbine, diesel engine, etc. In 2005, Indonesia managed to reduce subsidies for oil products.
Indonesia began to set up mechanisms to formulate industrial oil product prices and high grade
oil product prices for transportation reflecting price changes in the world oil market. However,
since oil based power plants are still widely used to supply electricity demand during peak
hours, the sharp increase in oil prices since 2005 has forced the government to provide huge
subsidy to electricity sector. In 2005, about IDR 12.5 trillion (US$ 1.38 billion) of government
expenditure went to electricity subsidies.
The electricity policies to be considered in the near future are :
For well-established areas the provision of electricity can be undertaken efficiently

through competition and transparency in a healthy business climate with regulations
that provide the same treatment to all business players and provide benefits fairly and
evenly to consumers.
Priorities for new investments and developments of more efficient and environmentally
friendly power generation plants and electricity transmission.
52
The greatest utilization of domestically produced goods and services that are
competitive and yield added value so as to result in the development of the national
electricity industry;
Initiave to tackle the existing electricity crisis in several regions.
Based on partnership program in energy audit for buiding and industrial sectors, energy
saving up to 25 percent is possible. Thus, effective energy conservation measures for
building and industries are recommended as part of demand side management.
Easy access to the grid with contracts for transmission must not present a barrier.
Removal of regulatory barriers to competition in generation and distribution.
Rationalization of electricity sale price
Reducing the dependency to oil fuels and increasing the role of natural gas, coal and
renewable energy sources for power generation.
53
54
SELECTED ECONOMIC INDICATORS

II. SELECTED ECONOMIC INDICATORS OF INDONESIA
PENGKAJIAN ENERGI
55
56
Table 2.1
Population, GDP, Energy Consumption, Energy Intensity, and

Energy Consumption per Capita, 1990 2005
Population
Year
Energy
Consumption
GDP
Million
Growth
(%)
Billion
Rp.
Growth
(%)
Energy
Intensity
Million
BOE
Growth
(%)
1990
179.25
875,025
1991
181.76
1.40
936,400
7.01
428
1992
184.28
1.38
999,721
6.76
454
1993
186.79
1.37
1,151,729
15.21
1994
189.31
1.35
1,238,570
1995
191.83
1.33
1,340,380
1996
194.34
1.31
1997
199.84
1998
Million TOE/
Million Rupiah
GDP
(7) = (5)/(3)
411
Energy
Consumption
per Capita
Million TOE/
Million People
(8) = (5)/(1)
0.0635
0.3102
3.90
0.0618
0.3183
5.65
0.0613
0.3327
478
5.06
0.0561
0.3458
7.54
498
4.07
0.0544
0.3556
8.22
526
5.24
0.0530
0.3704
1,445,173
7.82
547
3.84
0.0511
0.3802
2.83
1,513,095
4.70
575
4.98
0.0514
0.3891
202.87
1.52
1,314,475
-13.13
573
-0.38
0.0589
0.3818
1999
203.05
0.09
1,324,874
0.79
621
7.74
0.0634
0.4134
2000
205.84
1.38
1,389,770
4.90
664
6.45
0.0646
0.4359
2001
208.65
1.36
1,442,985
3.83
693
4.14
0.0649
0.4486
2002
212.00
1.61
1,505,216
4.50
707
1.99
0.0635
0.4505
2003
215.28
1.54
1,577,171
4.78
715
1.16
0.0613
0.4488
2004
216.38
1.30
1,656,826
5.05
787
9.19
0.0642
0.4917
2005
219.21
1.30
1,749,547
5.60
Source:
Statistical Year Book of Indonesia, 2000-2005, Indonesian Bureau of Statistics (Processed)
Table 2.2
Average Rates of Foreign Currencies and Gold in Market,

1997-2005
Rupiah
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004*
2005
4,650
7,709
3,040
1,198
2,422
600
28,457
8,025
13,336
4,923
2,112
7,497
1,036
84,511
7,100
11,495
4,622
1,868
6,901
914
8,288
66,208
9,595
14,299
5,318
2,525
7,874
1,230
7,820
71,875
10,400
15,080
5,309
2,736
8,408
1,333
9,141
80,000
8,940
14,334
5,065
2,353
7,441
1,146
8,783
85,000
8,465
15,076
6,347
2,258
7,449
1,090
9,602
100,000
9,290
17,888
7,242
2,445
1,195
97,500
9,900
17,358
7,335
2,650
1,303
n.a
US Dollar
English Pound
Australian Dollar
Malaysia Ringgit
Jepang Yen
Hong Kong Dollar
Uni Europe Euro
Gold
* Data at October 2004 except gold
Sources:
Statistical Year Book of Indonesia, 2000-2005, Indonesian Bureau of Statistics
Bank Indonesia, www.bi.go.id
57
Table 2.3
Description of Indonesia Macroeconomics, 1997 2005

Unit
Description
Population
million
Unemployment
Growth of real
GDP
Growth of real
GDP (non oil-gas)
GDP
Inflation rate
Nominal exchange
rate
Export
Export of non oilgas commodities
Import
Import of non oilgas commodities
Government
Budget
%
%
%
billion Rp.
%
Rp/US$
Million US$
Million US$
Million US$
Million US$
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004*
2005
203.047
205.843
208.647
212.003
215.276
217.840
219.205
6.4
6.1
8.1
9.2
9.5
9.9
0.79
4.90
3.83
4.38
4.88
5.13
n.a
1.09
5.31
5.11
5.09
5.80
6.17
n.a
1,324,874
1,389,770
1,442,985
1,506,124
1,579,559
1,660,579
2.01
9.35
12.55
10.03
6.79
6.06
7,100.00
9,595.00
10,400.00
8,940.00
8,465.00
9,290.00
9,900.00
48,665.40
62,124.00
56,320.90
57,158.80
61,058.20
71,584.60
85,660.00
38,873.20
47,757.40
43,684.60
45,046.10
47,406.80
55,939.30
66,428.40
240,033.00
33,514.80
30,962.10
31,288.90
32,550.70
46,524.50
57,700.90
20,322.20
27,495.30
25,490.30
24,763.10
24,939.80
34,792.50
40,243.20
1,749,547
- Revenues
billion Rp.
219,604
152,900
263,200
301,900
336.200
349.900
380,400
- Expenditure
billion Rp.
219,604
197,000
315,700
344,000
370.600
374.300
397,800
- Surplus/Deficit
Realization of
Government
Budget
billion Rp.
-44,100
-52,500
-42,100
-34.400
-24.400
-17,400
- Revenues
billion Rp.
245,325
205,000
301,100
300,200
342.800
407.800
495,400
- Expenditure
billion Rp.
245,192
221,000
341,600
327,900
377.200
435.700
509,400
- Surplus/Deficit
Difference of
Budgeted and
Realization
billion Rp.
133
-16,000
-40,500
-27,700
-34.400
-27.900
14,000
- Revenues
billion Rp.
-25,721
-52,100
-37,900
1,700
-6.600
-57.900
-115,000
- Expenditure
billion Rp.
-25,588
-24,000
-25,900
16,100
-6.600
-61.400
-111,600
7.99
6.901
7.822
8.107
2.337
Current Account
Million US$
5,782
Service Net
Million US$
-14,859
-17.051
-15,795
-15.69
-16.456
-13.604
Capital Transaction
Million US$
-4,569
-7.896
-7.617
-1.103
-950
584
Foreign Assets
Domestic
investment
Million US$
27,054
29,394
28,016
32.039
36.296
34.802
53,550.0
17,496.5
58,816.0
25,307.6
48,484.8
37,140.4
Foreign investment
million US$
10,890.5
6,087.0
15,055.9
9,789.1
13,207.2
10,279.8
billion Rp.
Inflation rate
2.01
9.35
12.55
10.03
6.79
6.06
175,508
190,317
204,067
224.759
247.143
Demand Deposits
billion Rp.
115,566
Time Deposits
billion Rp.
387,071
390,543
446,198
447,480
433.127
421.288
billion Rp.
122,981
154,328
172,611
193,468
244.44
296.647
Saving Deposits
* Data at October 2004

Sources:
Statistical Year Book of Indonesia, 2004, Indonesian Bureau of Statistics
Bank Indonesia, www.bi.go.id
58
Table 2.4
Gross Domestic Product based on Current Market Prices by

Industry Origin, 1999-2005
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
215,686.7
217,897.9
263,327.9
298,876.8
35,653.7
354,435.3
365,559.6
109,925.3
175,262.5
182,007.8
161,023.8
169,535.6
196,892.4
285,086.6
72,424.9
129,220.9
115,335.1
93,092.0
94,780.4
120,640.5
168,132.4
27,696.1
34,495.7
52,560.3
51,277.5
55,659.7
54,533.9
90,392.2
9,804.3
11,545.9
14,112.4
16,654.3
19,095.5
21,718.0
26,562.0
285,873.9
314,918.4
506,319.6
553,746.6
590,051.3
652,729.5
765,966.7
35,127.6
54,279.9
63,344.6
69,660.0
78,641.0
86,981.9
133,984.0
250,746.3
260,638.5
442,975.0
484,086.6
511,410.3
565,747.6
631,982.7
Electricity, Gas,
& Water Supply
13,429.1
16,519.3
10,854.8
15,392.0
19,540.9
22,855.4
24,993.2
a. Electricity
11,201.4
13,797.1
7,640.8
10,822.5
13,985.7
15,556.8
17,097.4
353.2
462.1
1,614.8
2,022.3
2,317.5
3,089.3
3,749.8
Agriculture,
Livestock,
Forestry, &
Fishery
Mining &
Quarrying
a. Crude
Petroleum &
Natural Gas
b. Non Oil &
Gas Mining
c. Quarrying
Manufacturing
Industry
a. Oil & Gas
Manufacturing
b. Non Oil &
Gas
Manufacturing
b. City Gas
c. Water
Supply
Construction
Trade, Hotel,
and Restaurant
Transport &
Communication
Financial,
Ownership,
Business
Services
Services
Gross
Domestic
Product
1,874.5
2,260.1
1,599.2
2,547.2
3,237.7
4,209.3
4,146.0
67,616.2
76,573.4
89,298.9
101,573.5
112,571.3
134,388.1
173,440.6
175,835.4
199,110.4
267,656.1
314,646.7
337,840.5
372,340.0
426,994.0
55,189.6
62,305.6
77,187.6
97,970.3
118,267.3
140,604.2
180,968.7
71,220.2
80,459.9
135,369.8
154,442.2
174,323.6
194,542.2
228,107.9
104,955.3
121,871.4
152,258.0
165,602.8
198,069.3
234,244.4
275,640.9
1,099,731.7
1,264,918.8
1,684,280.5
1,863,274.7
2,045,853.5
2,303,031.5
2,729,708.2
Source:
Statistical Year Book of Indonesia, 2000-2005, Indonesian Bureau of Statistics
59
Table 2.5
Gross Domestic Product based on Constant 2000 Market

Prices by Industry Origin, 2002-2005
(Billion Rupiah)
2002
2003
2004
2005
Agriculture, Livestock, Forestry, &

Fishery
231,613.5
240,387.3
248,222.8
254,391.3
Mining & Quarrying
169,932.0
167,603.8
160,100.4
162,642.0
108,130.6
103,087.2
98,636.3
96,473.4
b. Non Oil & Gas Mining
49,066.5
51,007.3
46,947.1
50,588.6
c. Quarrying
12,734.9
13,509.3
14,517.0
15,580.0
419,387.8
441,754.9
469,952.4
491,699.5
52,179.5
52,609.3
51,583.9
48,849.4
b. Non Oil & Gas Manufacturing
367,208.3
389,145.6
418,368.5
442,850.1
Electricity, Gas, & Water Supply
9,868.2
10,349.2
10,889.8
11,596.6
a. Electricity
6,769.1
7,104.1
7,468.5
7,988.3
b. City Gas
1,358.4
1,498.6
1,639.5
1,745.8
c. Water Supply
1,740.7
1,746.5
1,781.8
1,862.5
84,469.8
89,621.8
96,333.6
103,403.8
Trade, Hotel, and Restaurant
243,266.6
256,516.6
271,104.9
294,396.3
Transport & Communication
76,173.1
85,458.4
96,896.7
109,467.1
Financial, Ownership, Business

Services
131,523.0
140,374.4
151,187.8
161,959.6
Services
138,982.4
145,104.9
152,137.3
159,990.7
1,505,216.4
1,577,171.3
1,656,825.7
1,749,546.9
a. Crude Petroleum
& Natural Gas
Manufacturing Industry
a. Oil & Gas Manufacturing
Construction
Source:
60
Table 2.6
Figures of Indonesian Oil & Gas Export and Import, 1990-2005

(million US$)
Year
Export
Import
1990
11,071.1
1,956.4
1991
10,894.9
2,310.3
1992
10,670.9
2,115.0
1993
9,745.8
2,170.4
1994
9,693.6
2,367.4
1995
10,464.4
2,910.8
1996
11,721.80
3,595.5
1997
11,622.5
3,924.1
1998
7,872.1
2,653.7
1999
9,792.2
3,681.1
2000
14,366.6
6,019.5
2001
12,636.3
5,471.8
2002
12,112.7
6,525.8
2003
13,651.4
7,610.9
2004
15,645.3
11,732.0
2005
19,231.6
17,457.7
Source:
Table 2.7
Investment in Oil and Gas, 1997-2004

(Million US$)
Exploration
Development
Production
Administration
Total
1997
1,048
792
2,435
497
4,772
1998
1,080
988
2,303
47
4,418
1999
520
790
2,250
488
4,048
2000
428
583
2,442
478
3,931
2001
425
733
2,615
429
4,202
2002
574
983
3,374
507
5,438
2003
244
1,165
3,458
438
5,305
2004
779
2,097
3,931
685
7,492
Source:
Petrominer, No. 09/Sept 15, 2005
61
Table 2.8a Ratio of Electrification and Electricity Consumption per

Capita, 2003
PLN Unit/Province
Region of Naggroe Aceh. D
Region of North Sumatera
Region of West Sumatera
Region of Riau
Region of South Sumatera,
Jambi & Bengkulu North
Sumatera
- South Sumatera
- Jambi
- Bengkulu
Region of Bangka Belitung
Regionof Lampung
Region of West Kalimantan
Region of South & Central
Kalimantan
- South Kalimantan
- Central Kalimantan
Region of East Kalimantan
Region North, Central
Sulawesi & Gorontalo
- North Sulawesi
- Gorontalo
- Central Sulawesi
Region of South & Southeast
Sulawesi
- South Sulawesi
- South East Sulawesi
Region of Maluku
- Maluku
- North Maluku
Region of Papua
Distribution of Bali
Region of West Nusa
Tenggara
Region of East Nusa
Tenggara
PT PLN Batam
Total Non Java
Distribution East Java
Distribution Central Java
- Central Java
- Yogyakarta
Distribution West Java
- West Java
- Banten
Distribution Jaya & Tangerang
Total Java
Total Indonesia
Population
(x 1000)
Number of
Households (x
1000)
Number of
Electrified
Households
Electrification
Ratio (%)
kWh Sold per

Capita
4,097.3
1,003.6
569,988.0
56.8
141.0
12,093.0
2,819.8
1,868,503.0
66.3
343.2
4,322.1
1,071.0
648,652.0
60.6
322.9
5,153.7
1,292.4
450,018.0
34.8
235.0
11,636.6
2,693.4
1,002,852.0
37.2
163.7
7,393.8
1,642.0
633,391.0
38.6
173.4
2,538.4
652.0
201,080.0
30.8
166.3
1,704.5
399.4
168,381.0
42.2
118.0
925.0
231.4
127,377.0
55.1
235.7
6,969.5
1,770.8
642,552.0
36.3
159.3
4,291.4
1,000.2
418,115.0
41.8
173.7
5,134.5
1,407.6
679,752.0
48.3
238.3
3,110.9
853.4
497,687.0
58.3
296.3
2,023.6
554.2
182,065.0
32.9
149.2
2,660.9
699.6
351,926.0
50.3
390.3
5,295.0
1,402.3
617,426.0
44.0
159.5
2,078.4
598.9
316,203.0
52.8
236.6
872.6
239.1
83,623.0
35.0
110.6
2,344.1
564.3
217,600.0
38.6
109.3
10,396.6
2,434.7
1,254,546.0
51.5
192.1
8,402.1
1,966.1
1,093,423.0
55.6
214.2
1,994.5
468.7
161,123.0
34.4
98.9
1,908.1
407.5
189,159.0
46.4
111.4
1,166.1
249.5
126,306.0
50.6
123.6
742.0
158.0
62,853.0
39.8
92.3
2,430.6
644.7
161,914.0
25.1
150.3
3,270.9
872.8
569,807.0
65.3
510.6
4,224.5
1,131.9
311,073.0
27.5
91.1
4,007.5
855.5
188,372.0
22.0
53.5
459.9
141.4
94,721.0
67.0
1,426.7
89,277.0
21,880.7
10,146,753.0
46.4
223.1
35,452.0
10,064.3
5,697,684.0
56.6
405.1
35,250.8
9,406.6
5,317,719.0
56.5
281.1
32,066.7
8,414.4
4,723,057.0
56.1
273.7
3,184.2
992.1
594,662.0
59.9
355.1
43,871.0
12,484.7
6,138,618.0
49.2
560.5
37,890.1
10,544.5
5,628,781.0
53.4
527.0
5,980.9
1,940.2
509,837.0
26.3
773.0
11,301.6
2,726.4
2,696,780.0
98.9
1,916.7
125,875.4
34,682.0
19,850,801.0
57.2
560.2
215,152.4
56,562.7
2,997,554.0
53.0
420.4
Source:
PLN Statistics 2003, PT PLN (Persero)
62
Table 2.8b Ratio of Electrification and Electricity Consumption per

Capita, 2004
PLN Unit/Province
Population
(x 1000)
Number of
Households (x
1000)
Number of
Electrified
Households
Electrification
Ratio (%)
kWh Sold
per Capita
4,089.1
1,024.5
602,401
58.80
171.55
12,123.4
2,861.4
1,929,419
67.43
366.23
4,535.5
1,079.1
676,977
62.74
323.44
Region of Riau
5,157.4
1,363.7
473,671
34.73
274.34
Region of South Sumatera, Jambi &

Bengkulu North Sumatera
10,802.9
2,756.1
1,069,134
38.79
197.41
- South Sumatera
6,628.4
1,678.4
666,454
39.71
215.9
- Jambi
2,625.3
667.0
226,233
33.92
180.59
- Bengkulu
1,549.1
410.6
176,447
42.97
146.84
1,023.8
234.9
127,746
54.39
228.78
Regionof Lampung
7,063.8
1,806.5
638,284
35.33
171.19
4,033.2
1,027.8
437,973
42.61
197.57
Region of South & Central Kalimantan

5,097.5
1,444.1
706,915
48.95
243.53
- South Kalimantan
3,226.9
868.5
515,549
59.36
284.49
1,870.6
575.6
191,366
33.25
172.87
2,612.0
691.0
378,435
54.77
470.31
Region North, Central Sulawesi &

Gorontalo
5,308.5
1,440.3
648,132
45.00
179.39
- North Sulawesi
2,158.6
611.7
327,095
53.48
256.32
897.3
246.0
88,317
35.90
118.13
2,252.6
582.6
232,720
39.94
130.07
209.37
- Gorontalo
- Central Sulawesi
Region of South & Southeast Sulawesi
10,291.8
2,488.8
1,269,812
51.02
- South Sulawesi
8,369.1
2,001.7
1,105,720
55.24
230.97
1,922.7
487.1
164,092
33.69
115.36
Region of Maluku
2,116.7
412.4
208,693
50.61
127.45
- Maluku
1,243.9
252.9
136,126
53.83
141.78
872.8
159.5
72,567
45.50
107.03
Region of Papua
2,516.3
674.5
168,993
25.05
158.23
3,397.3
886.0
587,705
66.33
558.03
Region of West Nusa Tenggara
4,083.7
1,237.6
313,246
25.31
101.72
Region of East Nusa Tenggara
4,155.9
872.3
192,983
22.12
55.19
554.3
138.2
109,112
78.93
1,341.98
78.08
- North Maluku
PT PLN Batam
PT PLN Tarakan
153.6
30.3
23,662
Total Non Java
89,116.7
22,469.5
10,563,293
36,481.8
10,144.4
5,831,893
57.49
450.11
35,766.3
9,497.6
5,552,216
58.46
303.17
- Central Java
32,542.8
8,497.6
4,928,259
58.00
294.96
- Yogyakarta
3,223.5
1,000.6
623,957
62.36
386.04
46,239.7
13,364.1
6,360,947
47.60
590.04
- West Java
38,610.9
11,324.1
5,821,886
51.41
563.87
7,628.9
2,040.0
539,061
26.42
724.70
10,249.7
2,775.0
2,787,621
100.45
2,292.99
Total Java
128,737.5
35,781.1
20,532,677
57.38
606.4
Total Indonesia
217,854.2
58,250.6
31,095,970
53.38
459.47
- Banten
685.82
247.21
Source:
63
Table 2.8c Ratio of Electrification and Electricity Consumption per

Capita, 2005
Population
(x 1000)
PLN Unit/Province
Number of
Households
(x 1000)
Number of
Electrified
Households
Electrification
Ratio (%)
kWh Sold
per Capita
4,037.9
1,051.2
606,222
57.67
173.09
12,326.7
2,923.6
2,002,956
68.51
374.26
4,595.2
1,093.4
695,167
63.58
343.91
Region of Riau
5,887.7
1,241.8
497,537
40.07
264.2
Region of South Sumatera,

Bengkulu
Jambi &
11,011.4
2,836.4
1,119,564
39.47
217.73
- South Sumatera
6,755.9
1,725.9
696,620
40.36
240.02
- Jambi
2,657.3
686.1
239,670
34.93
196.87
- Bengkulu
1,598.2
424.4
183,274
43.18
158.14
1,061.0
240.0
127,869
53.28
253.23
Regionof Lampung
7,166.5
1,851.8
696,809
37.63
186.78
4,098.5
1,061.5
455,255
42.89
186.78
5,144.2
1,490.8
738,413
49.53
205.43
- South Kalimantan
3,240.1
889.5
538,746
60.56
259.27
1,904.1
601.2
199,667
33.21
303.52
2,810.9
749.6
396,049
52.83
183.96
Region North, Central Sulawesi &

Gorontalo
5,376.6
1,487.4
679,041
45.65
464.99
- North Sulawesi
2,181.9
628.8
338,586
53.85
189.69
909.7
254.4
93,413
36.71
267.93
2,285.0
604.2
247,042
40.89
128.26
- Gorontalo
- Central Sulawesi
10,452.4
2,317.2
1,288,909
55.62
139.44
- South Sulawesi
8,493.7
1,808.6
1,119,963
61.93
219.42
1,958.7
508.6
168,946
33.22
120.5
Region of Maluku
2,145.0
417.5
228,845
54.81
145.17
- Maluku
1,259.4
255.5
147,937
57.89
164.16
885.6
162.0
80,908
49.95
118.16
Region of Papua
2,518.4
708.9
173,022
24.41
170.56
3,432.1
906.9
607,287
66.97
610.33
4,143.5
1,303.1
317,952
24.40
109.07
4,218.8
893.2
199,390
22.32
61.28
616.4
142.6
123,692
86.76
1,336.39
- North Maluku
PT PLN Batam
PT PLN Tarakan
157.7
31.2
25,529
81.72
749.61
Total Non Java
91,200.5
22,748.1
10,979,508
48.27
260.27
36,695.1
10,296.3
5,956,586
57.85
483.21
Distribution Central Java & Yogyakarta
36,194.8
9,658.0
5,724,255
59.27
327.49
- Central Java
32,914.6
8,639.8
5,080,088
58.80
319.65
- Yogyakarta
3,280.2
1,018.2
644,167
63.26
406.13
Distribution West Java & Banten
48,375.7
14,357.6
6,636,034
46.22
597.16
- West Java
598.17
39,066.7
11,853.7
6,060,583
51.13
- Banten
9,309.0
2,503.9
575,451
22.98
592.92
8,860.8
2,454.6
2,878,539
117.27
2,801.42
Total Java
130,126.4
36,766.5
21,195,414
57.65
640.11
Total Indonesia
221,326.9
59,514.6
32,174,922
54.06
483.59
Source:
64
ENERGY PRICES
III. ENERGY PRICES IN INDONESIA
PENGKAJIAN ENERGI
65
66
Table 3.1
Average of Indonesian Crude Oil Prices, 1998-2005

(US$/Barrel)
Year
Months
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
January
14.51
11.04
24.40
24.41
18.57
31,35
30.97
42.39
February
13.46
10.56
26.08
25.83
18.80
32,04
30.96
44.74
March
12.14
12.07
27.04
25.37
22.39
30,36
33.16
53.00
April
13.20
15.12
24.04
26.83
24.88
27,41
32.89
54.88
May
12.92
15.94
27.65
27.85
25.01
26,51
37.53
48.72
June
12.09
15.95
29.87
27.25
23.87
26,15
36.12
52.92
July
12.51
12.51
29.71
24.72
24.88
26,92
37.10
55.42
August
12.07
12.07
30.08
24.36
25.60
28,46
42.61
61.09
September
12.09
12.09
32.99
24.55
26.85
26,88
44.31
61.36
October
12.93
12.93
32.09
19.59
27.40
29,21
49.21
58.11
November
11.85
11.85
31.14
18.17
26.42
29,48
40.63
53.96
December
9.99
9.99
25.58
17.68
30.22
30,50
35.51
54.64
Sources :
Indonesia Oil and Gas Statistics 1996-2004, Directorate General of Oil and Gas, Ministry of Energy and
Mineral Resources
Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources, www.esdm.go.id
Table 3.2
Average of Selected Crude Oil Prices, 1999-2005

(US$/Barrel)
ICP
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
17.52
28.47
23.88
24.58
28.77
37
2005
53.43a)
Basket OPEC
17.34
27.55
23.24
24.32
28.02
36.05
Arabian Light
17.43
26.76
23.18
24.30
27.52
34
50.64
Minas
17.69
28.70
24.40
25.51
29.57
36
WTI
19.27
30.36
26.02
26.11
30.90
41.44
56.51
Brent
17.88
28.38
24.59
24.98
28.70
38.23
54.44
Dubai
17.22
26.20
22.02
23.82
26.90
33.66
49.36
48.27b)
a) Estimated
b) Estimated from www.eia.doe.gov
Sources:
Oil & Gas Statistics of Indonesia, 1999-2005 Directorate General of Oil and Gas, Ministry of Energy and
Mineral Resources
Energy Information and Administration. www.eia.doe.gov
67
Table 3.3a Indonesian Crude Oil Prices by Type, 2003

(US$/Barrel)
No
Months
Crude Oil
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
SLC
31,94
31,41
30,16
28,89
27,83
26,82
27,06
28,03
26,44
29,16
29,64
31,10
Arjuna
30,99
32,69
30,63
26,25
25,43
25,78
27,26
29,33
27,77
29,58
29,75
30,20
Attaka
31,71
33,47
31,31
26,96
26,11
26,22
27,70
29,86
28,34
30,44
30,18
30,59
Cinta
30,69
30,85
29,25
27,51
26,59
25,94
26,23
27,13
25,82
28,20
28,46
29,75
Duri
29,91
30,49
28,78
26,06
25,73
25,26
25,58
26,51
24,65
26,66
27,18
28,51
Widuri
30,78
30,96
29,28
27,53
26,62
25,93
26,27
27,11
25,80
28,16
28,38
29,75
Belida
31,43
33,15
31,19
26,93
25,92
25,68
27,35
29,54
28,23
30,46
30,10
30,35
Senipah Cond.
31,40
33,26
31,30
26,80
25,86
25,96
27,26
29,43
28,12
30,14
30,03
30,53
Anoa
32,11
33,87
31,71
27,36
26,51
26,62
27,10
30,26
28,74
30,84
30,58
30,99
10
Arun condensate
31,40
33,26
31,30
26,80
25,86
25,96
27,26
29,43
28,12
30,14
30,03
30,53
11
Arimbi
29,84
31,54
29,48
25,10
24,28
24,63
26,11
29,18
26,62
28,43
28,60
29,05
12
Badak
31,71
33,47
31,31
26,96
26,11
26,22
27,70
29,86
28,34
30,44
30,18
30,59
13
Bekapai
31,71
33,47
31,31
26,96
26,11
26,22
27,70
29,86
28,34
30,44
30,18
30,59
14
Bentayan
29,98
29,45
28,20
26,93
25,87
24,86
25,10
26,07
24,48
27,20
27,68
29,14
15
Bontang R.Cond.
31,64
36,69
34,25
23,42
23,27
26,10
27,25
29,22
27,49
30,00
32,00
34,06
16
Bula
29,41
29,99
28,28
25,56
25,23
24,76
25,08
26,01
24,15
26,16
26,68
28,01
17
Bunyu
31,94
31,41
30,16
28,89
27,83
26,82
27,06
28,03
26,44
29,16
29,64
31,10
18
Camar
31,37
33,07
31,01
26,63
25,81
26,16
27,64
29,71
28,15
29,96
30,13
30,58
19
Geragai
32,13
31,60
30,35
29,08
28,02
27,01
27,25
28,22
26,63
29,35
29,83
31,29
20
HandilMix
31,14
32,84
30,78
26,40
25,58
25,93
27,41
29,48
27,92
29,73
29,90
30,35
21
Jambi
32,13
31,60
30,35
29,08
28,02
27,01
27,25
28,22
26,63
29,35
29,83
31,29
22
Jatibarang/Cemara/
Cepu
30,93
30,40
29,15
27,88
26,82
25,81
26,05
27,02
25,43
28,15
28,63
30,09
23
Kaji
32,34
31,81
30,56
29,29
28,23
27,22
27,46
28,43
26,84
29,56
30,04
31,50
24
Kerapu
31,09
32,81
30,85
26,59
25,58
25,34
27,01
29,20
27,89
30,12
29,76
30,01
25
Klamono
29,41
29,99
28,28
25,56
25,23
24,76
25,08
26,01
24,15
26,16
26,68
28,01
26
Komp.P.SIt/ Tap/
Jene Serdang
31,94
31,41
30,16
28,89
27,83
26,82
27,06
28,03
26,44
29,16
29,64
31,10
27
Lalang
31,99
31.46
30,21
28,94
27,88
26,87
27,11
28,08
26,49
29,21
29,69
31,15
28
Langsa
31,31
33.07
30,91
26,56
25,71
25,82
27,30
29,46
27,94
30,04
29,78
30,19
29
Link
31,83
31,30
30,05
28,78
27,72
26,71
26,95
27,92
26,33
29,05
29,53
30,99
30
Madura
31,12
32,82
30,76
26,38
25,56
25,91
27,39
29,46
27,90
29,71
29,88
30,33
31
Mudi
30,69
32,39
30,33
25,95
25,13
25,48
26,96
29,03
27,47
29,28
29,45
29,90
32
NSC/Katapa/Arbei
31,60
33,36
31,20
26,85
26,00
26,11
27,59
29,75
28,23
30,33
30,07
30,48
33
Pagerungan Kond.
30,65
32,51
30,55
26,05
25,11
25,21
26,51
28,68
27,37
29,39
29,28
29,78
34
Pam. Sanga-Sanga
Mix
32,04
31,51
30,26
28,99
27,93
26,92
27,16
28,13
26,54
29,26
29,74
31,20
35
Ramba/Tempino
32,13
31,60
30,35
29,08
28,02
27,01
27,25
28,22
26,63
29,35
29,83
31,29
36
Rimau
31,84
31,31
30,06
28,79
27,73
26,72
26,96
27,93
26,34
29,06
29,54
31,00
37
Sangatta
31,94
31,41
30,16
28,89
27,83
26,82
27,06
28,03
26,44
29,16
29,54
31,10
38
Selat Panjang
31,84
31,41
30,16
28,89
27,83
26,82
27,06
28,03
26,44
29,16
29,64
31,10
39
Sembilang
31,74
31,21
29,96
28,69
27,63
26,62
26,86
27,83
26,24
28,96
29,44
30,90
40
Sep. Yak. Mix.
30,99
32,69
30,63
26,25
25,43
25,78
27,26
29,33
27,77
29,58
29,75
30,20
41
Tanjung
32,13
31,60
30,35
29,08
28,02
27,01
27,25
28,22
26,63
29,35
29,83
31,29
42
Walio Mix
31,74
31,21
29,96
28,69
27,63
26,62
26,86
27,83
26,24
28,96
29,44
30,90
Average
31,35
32,04
30,36
27,41
26,51
26,15
26,92
28,46
26,88
29,21
29,48
30,50
Source :
Indonesia Oil and Gas Statistics, 2003, Directorate General of Oil and Gas, Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources
68
Table 3.3b Indonesian Crude Oil Prices by Type, 2004

(US$/Barrel)
Months
No
Crude Oil
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
SLC
30.16
29.36
32.28
32.12
37.09
36.30
36.28
41.42
43.56
49.04
37.36
33.99
Arjuna
31.95
33.33
34.79
34.40
38.67
36.92
28.74
43.58
44.91
50.53
44.98
37.32
Attaka
32.49
33.73
35.48
35.10
39.37
37.61
40.04
46.43
47.81
52.53
46.91
38.88
Cinta
29.20
28.63
31.49
31.53
36.13
34.97
35.58
40.69
42.31
47.35
36.48
33.06
Duri
28.24
27.42
28.78
28.37
33.58
30.37
30.74
37.39
39.52
39.56
30.81
30.16
Widuri
29.25
28.65
31.52
31.53
36.18
35.00
35.58
40.68
42.32
47.39
36.60
33.10
Belida
32.22
33.45
35.14
34.75
38.90
37.25
39.75
46.11
47.10
52.06
46.35
38.52
Senipah Cond.
32.48
33.74
35.16
34.62
38.93
37.40
39.39
45.43
46.72
51.49
45.96
38.08
Anoa
32.89
34.13
35.88
35.41
39.77
38.01
40.44
46.83
48.21
52.93
47.31
39.28
10
Arun condensate
32.48
33.74
35.16
34.62
38.93
37.40
39.39
45.43
46.72
51.49
45.96
38.08
11
Arirnbi
30.80
32.18
33.64
33.25
37.52
35.77
37.59
42.43
43.76
49.38
43.83
36.17
12
Badak
32.49
33.73
35.48
35.01
39.37
37.61
40.04
46.43
47.81
52.53
46.91
38.88
13
Bekapai
32.49
33.73
35.48
35.01
39.37
37.61
40.04
46.43
47.81
52.53
46.91
38.88
14
Bentayan
28.20
27.40
30.32
30.16
35.13
34.34
34.32
39.46
41.60
47.08
35.40
32.03
15
Bontang R. Cond.
39.12
33.71
35.50
36.09
39.22
37.14
37.75
43.67
43.50
48.49
46.95
42.33
16
Bula
27.84
26.92
28.28
27.87
33.08
29.87
30.24
36.89
39.02
39.06
30.31
29.66
17
Bunyu
30.16
29.36
32.28
32.12
37.09
36.30
36.28
41.42
43.56
49.04
37.36
33.99
18
Camar
32.33
33.71
35.17
34.78
39.05
37.30
39.12
43.96
45.29
50.91
45.36
37.70
19
Geragai
30.35
29.55
32.47
32.31
37.28
36.49
36.47
41.61
43.75
49.23
37.55
34.18
20
Handil Mix
32.10
33.48
34.94
34.55
38.82
37.07
38.89
43.73
45.06
50.68
45.13
37.47
21
Jambi
30.35
29.55
32.47
32.31
37.28
36.49
36.47
41.61
43.75
49.23
37.55
34.18
22
Jatibarang/Cemara/
Cepu
29.15
28.35
31.27
31.11
36.08
35.29
35.27
40.41
42.55
48.03
36.35
32.98
23
Kaji
30.56
29.76
32.68
32.52
37.49
36.70
36.68
41.82
43.96
49.44
37.76
34.39
24
Kerapu
31.88
33.11
34.80
34.41
38.56
36.91
39.41
45.77
46.76
51.72
46.01
38.18
25
Klamono
27.84
26.92
28.28
27.87
33.08
29.87
30.24
36.89
39.02
39.06
30.31
29.66
26
Komp.P.SIt/Tap/
Jene/ Serdang
30.16
29.36
32.28
32.12
37.09
36.30
36.28
41.42
43.56
49.04
37.36
33.99
27
Lalang
31.21
29.41
32.33
32.17
37.14
36.35
36.33
41.47
43.61
49.09
37.41
34.04
28
Langsa
32.09
33.33
35.08
34.61
38.97
37.21
39.64
46.03
47.41
52.13
46.51
38.48
29
Lirik
30.05
29.25
32.17
32.01
36.98
36.19
36.17
41.31
43.45
48.93
37.25
33.88
30
Madura
32.08
33.46
34.92
34.53
38.80
37.05
38.87
43.71
45.04
50.66
45.11
37.45
31
Mudi
31.65
33.03
34.49
34.10
38.37
36.62
38.44
43.28
44.61
50.23
44.68
37.02
32
NSC/Katapa Arbei
32.38
33.62
35.37
34.90
39.26
37.50
39.93
46.32
47.70
52.42
46.80
38.77
33
Pagerungan Kond.
31.73
32.99
34.41
33.87
38.18
36.65
38.64
44.68
45.97
50.74
45.21
37.33
34
Pam. Sanga-Sanga
Mix
30.26
29.46
32.38
32.22
37.19
36.40
36.38
41.52
43.66
49.14
37.46
34.09
35
Ramba/Tempino
30.35
29.55
32.47
32.31
37.28
36.49
36.47
41.61
43.75
49.23
37.55
34.18
36
Rimau
30.06
29.26
32.18
32.02
36.99
36.20
36.18
41.32
43.46
48.94
37.26
33.89
37
Sanggata
30.16
29.36
32.28
32.12
37.09
36.30
36.28
41.42
43.56
49.04
37.36
33.99
38
Selat Panjang
30.16
29.36
32.28
32.12
37.09
36.30
36.28
41.42
43.56
49.04
37.36
33.99
39
Sembilang
29.96
29.16
32.08
31.92
36.89
36.10
36.08
41.22
43.36
48.84
37.16
33.79
40
Sep. Yak. Mix.
31.95
33.33
34.79
34.40
38.67
36.92
38.74
43.58
44.91
50.53
44.98
37.32
41
Tanjung
30.35
29.55
32.47
32.31
37.28
36.49
36.47
41.61
43.75
49.23
37.55
34.18
42
Walio Mix
29.96
29.16
32.08
31.92
36.89
36.10
36.08
41.22
43.36
48.84
37.16
33.79
Average
30.97
30.96
33.16
32.89
37.53
36.12
37.10
42.61
44.31
49.21
40.63
35.51
Source:
69
Table 3.3c Indonesian Crude Oil Prices by Type, 2005

(US$/Barrel)
Months
No
Crude Oil
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
SLC
41.48
44.13
53.29
55.22
49.50
53.60
55.11
60.35
60.36
57.10
52.80
62.74
Arjuna
43.78
46.94
54.21
56.24
49.68
54.12
57.60
63.24
62.76
60.05
55.51
56.72
Attaka
45.36
48.46
55.56
57.02
50.18
54.98
58.89
65.58
67.08
62.30
66.48
58.18
Cinta
40.23
42.10
51.67
51.92
48.66
51.37
52.44
57.24
58.06
54.93
60.97
52.11
Duri
38.51
38.36
43.52
47.89
41.40
46.28
49.03
53.25
53.66
50.55
48.81
48.22
Widuri
40.27
42.18
51.76
54.08
48.70
51.52
52.47
57.24
58.00
54.79
51.02
52.29
Belida
44.94
48.15
55.74
55.98
49.94
54.46
58.48
65.24
66.76
62.16
58.55
58.07
Senipah Condensate
43.95
46.94
54.49
54.90
48.42
52.61
55.58
62.58
64.56
59.88
55.11
56.46
Anoa
45.76
48.88
55.98
67.42
50.58
55.38
59.29
65.98
67.49
62.70
56.88
58.58
10
Arun Condensate
43.95
46.94
54.49
54.90
48.42
52.61
55.58
62.58
64.56
59.88
55.11
56.46
11
Arimbi
42.63
48.79
53.06
55.09
48.53
52.97
56.45
62.09
61.61
58.90
54.46
55.57
12
Badak
45.38
48.46
55.56
57.02
50.18
54.98
58.89
65.58
67.09
62.30
54.48
68.18
13
Bekapal
45.35
48.46
55.56
57.02
50.18
54.98
58.89
65.58
67.09
62.30
56.48
58.18
14
Bentayan
39.98
42.17
51.33
53.26
47.54
51.64
53.15
59.39
58.40
55.14
50.64
51.78
15
Bontang R. Cond.
40.61
43.69
50.06
49.51
44.44
45.36
49.07
67.07
61.65
57.55
53.26
63.12
16
Bula
38.01
34.86
43.02
47.19
40.90
45.78
48.53
52.75
53.16
50.05
45.11
47.72
17
Bunyu
41.94
44.13
63.29
65.22
49.50
53.60
55.11
60.35
60.36
57.10
52.60
53.74
18
Camar
44.16
47.32
54.69
56.62
50.08
54.50
57.98
63.62
63.14
60.43
55.99
57.10
19
Cepu
40.93
43.12
52.28
54.21
48.49
42.59
54.10
59.34
59.35
56.09
51.89
62.73
20
Geragal
42.13
44.32
53.48
55.41
49.69
53.79
55.30
60.54
60.55
57.29
52.79
53.93
21
Handil mix
43.93
47.09
54.36
56.39
49.83
54.27
57.75
63.39
62.91
60.20
55.76
56.87
22
Jambi
42.18
44.32
53.48
55.41
49.69
53.79
55.30
60.54
60.55
57.29
52.72
33.93
23
Jatibarang
41.94
44.13
53.29
55.22
49.50
53.60
55.11
60.35
60.36
57.10
52.60
53.74
24
Kaji
42.34
44.53
53.69
55.52
49.80
54.00
55.51
60.75
60.76
57.50
53.00
54.14
25
Kerapu
44.60
47.81
55.40
55.55
49.60
54.12
58.14
64.90
66.42
61.82
56.21
57.73
26
Klamono
38.01
34.88
43.02
47.19
40.90
45.78
48.53
52.75
53.18
50.05
46.11
47.72
27
Komp.PLB.SLT/TAP/
Jene/Serdang
41.94
44.13
53.29
55.22
49.50
53.60
55.11
60.35
60.36
57.10
52.60
53.74
28
lalang
41.99
44.18
53.34
55.27
49.55
53.65
55.16
60.40
60.41
57.15
52.65
53.79
29
Langsa
44.95
48.06
55.16
56.82
49.78
54.58
58.49
55.18
55.89
61.90
56.08
57.78
30
Lirik
41.83
44.02
53.18
55.11
49.39
53.49
55.00
60.24
60.25
58.99
52.49
53.63
31
Madura
43.91
47.07
54.34
56.37
49.81
54.25
57.73
63.37
62.89
60.18
56.74
56.85
32
Mudi
43.48
46.64
63.19
55.94
49.38
53.82
57.30
62.94
62.46
59.75
55.31
56.42
33
NSC/Katapa/Arbai
45.25
48.35
55.45
58.91
50.07
54.87
58.78
65.47
66.98
62.19
56.37
58.07
34
Pagerungan Cond.
43.20
46.19
53.74
54.15
47.67
51.86
54.83
61.83
63.81
59.13
54.38
55.71
35
Pam. sanga2 Mix
42.04
44.23
53.39
55.32
49.60
53.70
55.21
60.45
60.46
57.20
52.70
53.84
36
Ramba/Tempina
42.13
44.32
53.48
55.41
49.69
43.79
55.30
60.54
60.55
57.29
52.79
53.93
37
Rimau/Taruhan
41.84
44.03
53.19
55.12
49.40
53.50
55.01
60.25
60.26
57.00
52.60
53.64
38
Sangatta
41.94
44.13
23.29
55.22
46.50
53.60
55.11
60.35
60.36
57.10
52.60
53.74
39
Selat Panjang
41.94
44.13
53.29
55.22
49.50
53.60
55.11
60.35
60.36
57.10
52.60
53.74
40
Sembilang
41.74
43.93
53.09
55.02
46.30
53.40
54.91
60.15
60.16
56.90
52.40
53.54
41
Sep. Yakin Mix
43.78
46.94
54.21
56.24
49.68
54.12
57.60
63.24
62.76
60.05
55.61
56.72
42
Tanjung
42.13
44.32
53.48
55.41
46.69
53.79
55.30
60.54
60.55
57.29
52.79
53.93
43
Walio Mix
41.74
43.93
53.09
55.02
46.30
53.40
54.91
60.16
60.16
56.90
52.40
53.54
Average
42.39
44.74
53.00
54.88
48.72
52.92
55.42
61.09
61.36
58.11
53.96
54.64
Source:
70
Table 3.4
Domestic Fuel Prices, 2003-April 2006

(Rupiah/Liter)
Since
02.01.03
Avgas
Avtur
Pertamax
Plus
n.a
n.a
2600
Pertamax
Premium
2300
1810
Kerosene
700
ADO
1890
IDO
1860
Fuel
Oil
1560
1970
21.01.03
n.a
n.a
2600
2300
1810
700
Market Prices
1650
1650
1560
1800
01.12.03
n.a
n.a
2600
2300
1810
700
01.02.04
01.03.04
01.04.04
01.05.04
01.06.04
01.07.04
01.08.04
01.09.04
01.10.04
01.11.04
01.12.04
19.12.04
03.01.05
01.02.05
01.03.05
5,808
6,215
6,380
6,391
6,237
6,248
3,014
3,047
3,179
3,542
3,674
4,070
2600
2600
2750
2750
2750
2750
2750
2750
2750
2750
2750
2750
4200
4200
4200
4200
2300
2300
2450
2450
2450
2450
2450
2450
2450
2450
2450
2450
4000
4000
4000
4000
Subsidies
Prices
Market Prices
1650
1650
1560
1800
01.01.04
Subsidies
Prices
Subsidies
Prices
Market Prices
1810
1800
1650
1650
1560
Subsidies
Prices
2100
2200
2100
2050
1560
Market Prices
1810
1800
1650
1650
1560
Subsidies
Prices
2100
2200
2100
2050
1560
Market Prices
1810
1800
1650
1650
1560
Subsidies
Prices
2100
2200
2100
2050
1560
Market Prices
1810
1800
1650
1650
1560
Subsidies
Prices
2100
2200
2100
2050
1560
Market Prices
1810
1800
1650
1650
1560
Subsidies
Prices
2100
2200
2100
2050
1590
Market Prices
1810
1800
1650
1650
1560
Subsidies
Prices
2100
2200
2100
2050
1600
Market Prices
1810
1800
1650
1650
1560
Subsidies
Prices
2100
2200
2100
2050
1600
Market Prices
1810
1800
1650
1650
1560
Subsidies
Prices
2100
2200
2100
2050
1600
Market Prices
1810
1800
1650
1650
1560
Subsidies
Prices
2100
2200
2100
2050
1600
Market Prices
1810
1800
1650
1650
1560
Subsidies
Prices
2100
2200
2100
2050
1600
Market Prices
1810
1800
1650
1650
1560
Subsidies
Prices
2100
2200
2100
2050
1600
Market Prices
1810
1800
1650
1650
1560
Subsidies
Prices
2100
2200
2100
2050
1600
Market Prices
1810
1800
1650
1650
1560
Subsidies
Prices
2100
2200
2100
2050
1600
Market Prices
1810
1800
1650
1650
1560
Subsidies
Prices
2100
2200
2100
2050
1600
Market Prices
1810
1800
1650
1650
1560
Subsidies
Prices
2100
2200
2100
2050
1600
Market Prices
2400
2200
2100
2300
2300
Subsidies
Prices
2870
2790
2700
2660
2300
Market Prices
71
Table 3.4
Domestic Fuel Prices, 2003-April 2006 (Continued)

(Rupiah/Liter)
Since
14.03.05
01.04.05
01.07.05
01.08.05
01.07.05
01.10.05
08.10.05
01.11.05
21.11.05
01.12.05
01.01.06
01.02.06
Avgas
Avtur
Pertamax
Plus
Pertamax
4200
4000
4200
4200
4200
5900
5900
5900
5900
5600
5600
n.a
n.a
4000
4000
4000
5700
5700
5700
5700
5400
5400
ADO
Fuel
Oil
Premium
Kerosene
2400
2200
2100
2300
2160
Subsidies
Prices
2870
2790
2700
2660
2300
Market Prices
2400
2200
2100
2300
2360
Subsidies
Prices
2870
2790
2700
2660
2360
Market Prices
2400
2200
2100
2300
2360
Subsidies
Prices
4060
4940
4740
4560
2900
Market Prices
2400
2200
2100
2300
2600
Subsidies
Prices
4640
5490
5480
5240
3150
Market Prices
2400
2200
2100
2300
2600
Subsidies
Prices
5160
5600
5350
5130
3150
Market Prices
4500a)
2000a)
4300a)
Subsidies
Prices
3150
Market Prices
Subsidies
Prices
3810
Market Prices
Subsidies
Prices
3870
Market Prices
Subsidies
Prices
3870
Market Prices
Subsidies
Prices
Market Prices
5160
5600
5350
4500a)
2000a)
4300a)
6290
6400
6000
4500a)
2000a)
4300a)
IDO
5130
5780
-
5890
6480
6170
4500a)
2000a)
4300a)
5890
6480
6170
4500a)
2000a)
4300a)
5150
6480
5340
5180
3680
4500a)
2000a)
4300a)
4780
5320
5180b)
5020b)
3640b)
4950c)
4810c)
3480c)
4300a)
n.a
4500a)
2000a)
4930
5740
n.a
5440b)
5940
5940
-
5020
3640
Subsidies
Prices
Market Prices
Subsidies
Prices
Market Prices
5200c)
01.03.06
n.a
4500a)
2000a)
4898.69
5747.96
n.a
4300a)
5273.19b)
4900.4
3603.83
Subsidies
Prices
Market Prices
5043.92c)
01.04.06
n.a
4500a)
2000a)
5098.57
5507.06
n.a
4300a)
5362.31b)
4983.1
3672.74
Subsidies
Prices
Market Prices
5129.16c)
* not single price

a) Premium, Kerosene and ADO Prices based on Perpres No. 55/2005
b) Transportation
c) Industry
Sources :
Patra Propen Volume XXXI-February 2002
Indonesia Oil and Gas Statistics 2001-2002, Directorate General of Oil and Gas. Ministry of Energy and
Mineral Resources
PT Pertamina (Persero), www.pertamina.com
72
Table 3.5a Domestic Avgas Selling Prices, 2005

(Rupiah per Liter)
No
Location/Airport
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Polonia
9,328
9,350
10,461
11,748
12,309
11,451
12,045
13,156
14,025
16,511
14,641
13,002
S. M. Badarudin II
8,624
8,635
9,746
11,022
11,572
10,714
11,308
12,397
13,266
15,719
13,849
12,232
Halim PK
9,537
9,548
10,659
11,957
12,518
11,660
12,254
13,376
14,245
16,742
14,861
13,222
Achmad Yani
8,822
8,833
9,955
11,231
11,781
10,923
11,517
12,617
13,486
15,950
14,069
12,452
Juanda
8,624
8,635
9,746
11,022
11,572
10,714
11,308
12,397
13,266
15,719
13,849
12,232
Iswahyudi
8,921
8,932
10,054
11,330
11,880
11,033
11,627
12,727
13,596
16,060
14,190
12,562
Ngurah Rai
9,328
9,350
10,461
11,748
12,309
11,451
12,045
13,156
14,025
16,511
14,641
13,002
Eltari
9,537
9,548
10,659
11,957
12,518
11,660
12,254
13,376
14,245
16,742
13,739
13,222
Instalasi Surabaya Group
8,525
8,525
9,647
10,923
11,462
10,604
11,198
12,298
13,156
15,609
14,410
12,111
10
Supadio
9,130
9,141
10,252
11,539
12,100
11,242
11,836
12,936
13,816
16,291
14,410
12,782
11
Depot Pontianak
9,130
9,141
10,252
11,539
12,100
11,242
11,308
12,936
13,816
16,291
13,849
12,782
12
Sepinggan
8,624
8,635
9,746
11,022
11,572
10,714
11,627
12,397
13,266
15,719
14,190
12,232
13
Syamsuddin Noor
8,921
8,932
10,054
11,330
11,880
11,033
12,045
12,727
13,596
16,060
14,641
12,562
14
Juwata
9,328
9,350
10,461
11,748
12,309
11,451
11,836
13,156
14,025
16,511
14,410
13,002
15
Termindung
9,130
9,141
10,252
11,539
12,100
11,242
11,836
12,936
13,816
16,291
13,739
12,782
16
Depot Balikpapan
8,525
8,525
9,647
10,923
11,462
10,604
11,198
12,298
13,156
15,609
13,959
12,111
17
Instalasi Makassar
8,723
8,734
9,845
11,121
11,671
10,813
11,407
12,507
13,376
15,840
14,861
12,342
18
Depot Jayapura
9,537
9,548
10,659
11,957
12,518
11,660
12,254
12,376
14,245
16,742
15,081
13,222
19
Depot Manokwari
9,735
9,757
10,868
12,155
12,727
11,869
12,474
13,585
14,456
16,973
16,973
13,442
Tax included
Source: www.pertamina.com
73
Table 3.5b International Avgas Selling Prices, 2005

(US$ Cent per Liter)
No
LocationAirport
Jan
Feb
Mar*
Apr*
May*
Jun*
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Polonia
92.08
91.39
112.83
125.114
128.799
119.658
113.75
121.75
128.82
145.50
130.26
117.20
S. M. Badarudin II
85.08
84.39
105.13
117.414
121.099
111.958
106.75
114.75
121.82
138.50
123.26
110.20
Halim PK
94.08
93.39
115.03
127.314
130.999
121.858
115.75
123.75
130.82
147.50
132.26
119.20
Achmad Yani
87.08
86.39
107.33
119.614
123.299
114.158
108.75
116.75
123.82
140.50
125.26
112.20
Juanda
85.08
84.39
105.13
117.414
121.099
111.958
106.75
114.75
121.82
138.50
123.26
110.20
Iswahyudi
88.08
87.39
108.43
120.714
124.399
115.258
109.75
117.75
124.82
141.50
126.26
113.20
Ngurah Rai
92.08
91.39
112.83
125.114
128.799
119.658
113.75
121.75
128.82
145.50
130.26
117.20
Eltari
94.08
93.39
115.03
127.314
130.999
121.858
115.75
123.75
130.82
147.50
132.26
119.20
Instalasi Surabaya Group
84.08
83.39
104.03
116.314
119.999
110.858
105.75
113.75
120.82
137.50
122.26
109.20
10
Supadio
90.08
89.39
110.63
122.914
126.599
117.458
111.75
119.75
126.82
143.50
128.26
115.20
11
Depot Pontianak
90.08
89.39
110.63
112.914
126.599
117.458
106.75
119.75
126.82
143.50
128.26
115.20
12
Sepinggan
85.08
84.39
105.13
117.414
121.099
111.958
109.75
114.75
121.82
138.50
123.26
110.20
13
Syamsuddin Noor
88.08
87.39
108.43
120.714
124.399
115.258
113.75
117.75
124.82
141.50
126.26
113.20
14
Juwata
92.08
91.39
112.83
125.114
128.799
119.658
111.75
121.75
128.82
145.50
130.26
117.20
15
Termindung
90.08
89.39
110.63
122.914
126.599
117.458
111.75
119.75
126.82
143.50
128.26
115.20
16
Depot Balikpapan
84.08
83.39
104.03
116.314
119.999
110.858
105.75
113.75
120.82
137.50
122.26
109.20
17
Instalasi Makassar
86.08
85.39
106.23
118.514
122.199
113.058
107.75
115.75
122.82
138.50
124.26
111.20
18
Depot Jayapura
94.08
93.39
115.03
127.314
130.999
121.858
115.75
123.75
130.82
147.50
132.26
119.20
19
Depot Manokwari
96.08
95.39
117.23
129.514
133.199
124.658
117.75
125.75
132.82
149.50
134.26
121.20
* Tax included
74
Table 3.6a Pertamina Domestic Avtur Selling Prices, 2005

(Rupiah per Liter)
No
1
Location
Region 1
Region 2
Airport
Polonia, Sultan Iskandar Muda, Tabing,
Simpang Tiga, Ranai
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
3,960
3,465
3,707
4,510
4,950
4,609
4,752
5,038
5,379
6,149
6,028
5,247
Pinang Kampai
3,520
3,432
3,674
4,488
4,917
4,576
4,719
5,005
4,346
6,545
6,424
5,775
Hang nadim
3,230
3,150
3,370
4,100
4,500
4,190
4,320
4,580
4,890
5,590
5,480
4,770
Pangkal Pinang, Sultan Thaha, Padang

Kemiling
3,564
1,476
3,380
4,521
4,961
4,620
4,763
5,049
5,390
6,149
5,480
SMB II
3,520
3,432
3,340
4,488
4,917
4,576
4,719
5,005
5,346
6,545
6,424
3,586
3,498
3,400
4,543
4,983
4,631
4,785
5,071
5,412
6,094
5,973
5,269
Region 3
Halim PK, Husien Sastranegara, Pondok

Cabe
Soekarno Hatta
3,531
3,432
3,320
4,488
4,928
4,576
4,719
5,016
5,357
6,545
5,973
5,214
Region 4
Ahmad Yani, Adi Sucipto, Adi Sumarmo
3,553
3,465
3,370
4,510
4,950
4,609
4,752
5,038
5,379
6,314
6,424
5,214
Tunggul Wulung
3,553
3,465
3,370
4,510
4,950
4,609
4,752
5,038
5,379
6,545
6,204
5,775
Region 5
Sumbawa Besar, M Salahudin, Mau Hau,

Wai Oti, Eltari, Selaparang, H
Aroeboesman
3,608
3,509
3,410
4,565
5,005
4,653
5,016
5,313
5,742
6,776
6,644
5,324
Region 6
Region 7
Region 8
5,775
Iswahyudi
3,608
3,509
3,410
4,565
5,005
4,653
5,016
5,313
5,742
6,776
5,973
5,775
Ngurah Rai
3,542
3,454
3,360
4,499
4,939
4,598
4,741
5,027
5,368
6,094
5,973
5,214
Juanda
3,553
3,465
3,370
4,510
4,950
4,609
4,752
5,038
5,379
6,094
6,204
5,214
Syamsuddin Noor, Supadio, Juwata, Tjilik

Riwut, Temindung, Iskandar
3,597
3,498
3,410
4,554
4,994
4,642
4,796
5,082
5,423
6,314
5,904
5,346
Sepinggan
3,520
3,432
3,340
4,499
4,917
4,576
4,719
5,005
5,346
6,094
5,973
5,214
3,608
3,509
3,410
4,565
5,005
4,653
4,807
5,093
5,434
6,149
6,182
5,379
3,630
3,531
3,430
4,587
5,027
4,675
5,016
5,313
5,786
6,435
6,314
5,544
6,776
6,644
5,775
Hasanuddin, Mutiara, Lalos, Bubung,

Jlaludin, Sam Ratulangi, Wolter Mongisidi
Sentani, Rendani, Mopah, Frans kaiseipo,
Paniai, Dumatubun, Pattimura, Babullah,
Sorong Daratan, Utarom
All Depot
Non DPPU
Tax included
9
75
Table 3.6b International Avtur Selling Prices, 2005

(US$ Cent per Liter)
International Avtur Retail Price

Tax 10% (Exept Batam)
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
37.55
39.32
38.79
46.18
49.60
46.21
46.21
39.95
42.67
50.80
54.56
50.83
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Regional 1-4 & Reg.6
47.32
49.12
51.37
54.63
54.15
46.98
Region 5
49.32
51.12
53.37
56.63
56.15
48.98
Region 7
48.32
50.12
52.37
55.63
55.15
47.98
Region 8
50.32
52.12
52.37
37.63
57.15
49.98
Ngurah Rai
47.32
49.12
52.37
54.63
54.15
47.18
Juanda
47.32
49.12
52.37
54.63
54.15
46.98
Sukarno Hatta Retail Price
38.49
45.88
49.30
Tax 10%
42.34
50.47
54.23
47.28
76
Table 3.7
Fuel Oil Subsidy, 1995-2005

(Billion Rupiah)
Note :
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
Year
Oil Subsidy
1995/1996
1996/1997
1,416.10
1997/1998
9,814.20
1998/1999
27,534.0 (a)
1999/2000
37,572.7 (b)
2000
53,635.2 (c)
2001
68,380.8 (d)
2002
31,161.70
2003
30,037.90
2004
72,884.22
2005
99,487.66
: include oil
: include oil
: include oil
: include oil
subsidy deficit fiscal year 1997/1998

subsidy deficit fiscal year 2000
Sources :
th
Oil and Gas Data Information, 6 Ed., 2002, Directorate General of Oil and Gas, Ministry of Energy and
Mineral Resources
Indonesia Oil and Gas Statistics 2003, Directorate General Oil and Gas, Ministry of Energy and Mineral
Resources
Directorat General Oil and Gas, Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources
Table 3.8
Gas Domestic Prices, Jan 2006

US$/MMBTU
Gas Prices
FUEL
Electricity
2.1 - 2.9
Industry
Refinery
1.7 - 2
FEEDSTOCK
Fertilizer
1.5 - 2.75
Methanol Plant
1.42 - 2
DISTRIBUTION
2.16-3
Source:
Directorate General Oil and Gas, Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources (Processed)
77
Table 3.9a International Coal Price Trend

60
53
Coal Price (US$/ton)
50
45
40.85 39.85
38.9
40
40.3
40.3
37.65
36.35
34.5
34.5
34.35
30
29.95
28.75
28.75
26.75
20
10
0
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
Year
For 6700 Kcal/kg (GAD-Gross Air Dried)
Source : Barlow-Jonker
Table 3.9b Indonesian Coal Export Price Trend
60
50.40
Coal Price (US$/ton)
50
42.97
40
38.53 38.06
37.15
38.49 38.49
34.72
35.96
32.81
32.28
30
27.94
26.68
28.90
27.02 25.80
20
10
0
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001 2002
2003 2004 2005
Year
For 6300 Kcal/kg (GAD-Gross Air Dried)
Source :
Ditjen MinerbaPabum, 2005
78
Table 3.10
Averaged Generation Cost of PLN Power Plants, 1993-2005

(Rupiah/kWh)
Hydro
Power
Plant
Year
Steam
Power
Plant
Diesel
Power
Plant
Gas Power
Plant
Geothermal
Power
Plant
Gas-Steam
Power
Plant
Average
1993/1994
16.01
59.29
151.35
170.06
61.86
103.36
73.03
1994
18.82
53.17
155.46
78.88
62.49
83.39
67.14
1995
20.13
55.87
157.05
131.52
83.44
69.76
74.82
1996
17.19
56.80
156.11
179.94
96.16
69.49
68.37
1997
18.39
69.47
186.16
253.11
120.48
95.73
87.43
1998
20.03
106.93
211.50
247.91
257.50
233.02
152.20
1999
29.55
116.08
221.36
224.38
275.26
192.63
146.79
2000
32.61
109.79
231.92
324.29
262.00
204.51
148.33
2001
36.31
149.09
408.15
592.06
319.95
265.36
203.71
2002
208.53
236.73
849.60
875.02
368.90
316.32
329.74
2003
128.81
265.47
701.89
791.29
400.42
362.88
339.29
2004
123.26
273.46
673.34
862.66
415.62
370.27
351.34
2005
114.71
316.72
925.18
953.79
514.70
560.78
469.78
2000: not included maintenance cost

Source:
PLN Statistics, 1993-2005, PT PLN (Persero)
Table 3.11
Averaged Selling Price of Electricity by Type of Customer,

1992-2005
(Rupiah/kWh)
Year
Residential
Industrial
Business
Social
Government
Office
Building
Public
Street
Lighting
1992
128.85
122.83
237.81
106.88
180.93
131.42
1993
144.53
135.35
253.56
119.21
208.36
153.52
1994
146.57
137.75
255.49
122.78
214.25
154.25
1995
156.83
144.79
264.00
128.16
224.73
167.70
1996
158.91
146.16
266.04
130.60
225.63
169.05
1997
161.65
149.70
270.35
130.34
232.07
172.82
1998
184.40
201.01
305.83
193.32
294.02
238.97
1999
193.80
208.56
313.47
215.29
316.61
266.07
2000
207.34
302.52
380.51
231.50
491.93
439.08
2001
253.65
361.67
451.91
272.47
596.68
484.17
2002
392.79
442.94
592.77
421.28
692.33
515.37
2003
522.48
530.32
661.41
538.09
725.90
594.98
2004
557.76
559.15
682.32
568.65
712.47
638.99
2005
563.05
569.87
694.71
569.90
730.32
628.72
Source:
79
Table 3.12
Price of Fuels for Electricity, 1992-2005
Oil (Rp/Liter)*)
Year
HSD
IDO
MFO
Average
Coal
(Rp/Ton)
Natural Gas
(Rp/MMSCF)
Geothermal
(Rp/kWh)
1992
360.56
317.78
240.97
306.44
65.24
6,392.61
49.28
1993
384.59
376.83
255.30
338.91
68.66
4,951.88
69.02
1994
386.99
368.66
258.25
337.97
70.34
5,578.41
90.15
1995
401.86
372.23
257.45
343.85
72.91
6,288.19
90.15
1996
399.24
417.08
256.82
357.71
69.41
6,878.80
108.88
1997
388.07
371.65
256.82
338.85
60.02
6,874.79
99.12
1998
430.66
457.33
328.85
405.61
74.88
26,414.80
253.99
1999
553.59
509.21
378.27
480.36
140.73
21,065.44
246.19
2000
593.35
538.39
382.15
504.63
153.79
21,787.67
221.56
2001
878.52
797.01
654.72
776.75
199.60
26,073.78
269.54
2002
1,406.79
1,331.77
1,127.05
1,288.54
219.75
23,496.92
310.36
2003
1,740.91
1,705.10
1,595.15
1,680.39
230.82
21,550.40
316.28
2004
1,829.11
1,694.11
1,697.70
1,740.31
230.75
21,258.05
297.39
2005
2,819.15
2,485.99
2,418.19
2,574.44
251.55
25,323.76
461.70**)
*) including the transportation cost

**) Refer to Indonesia Power fuesl price
Source:
80
ENERGY RESERVES AND POTENTIALS
IV. ENERGY RESERVES AND POTENTIALS OF INDONESIA
PENGKAJIAN ENERGI
81
82
Table 4.1
Oil and Gas Reserves, 1995-2005
Year
Oil
Gas
(Billion Barrel Oil)
(Trillion Cubic Feet)
Proven
Potential
Total
Proven
Potential
Total
1995
4.98
4.12
9.10
72.26
51.31
123.57
1996
4.73
4.25
8.98
77.19
58.73
135.92
1997
4.87
4.22
9.09
76.17
61.62
137.79
1998
5.10
4.59
9.69
77.06
59.39
136.45
1999
5.20
4.62
9.82
92.48
65.78
158.26
2000
5.12
4.49
9.61
94.75
75.56
170.31
2001
5.10
4.66
9.75
92.10
76.05
168.15
2002
4.72
5.03
9.70
90.30
86.29
176.59
2003
4.73
4.40
9.13
91.17
86.96
178.13
2004
4.30
4.31
8.61
97.81
90.53
188.34
2005
4.19
4.44
8.63
97.26
88.54
185.80
Sources :
th
Data, Information Oil and Gas 6 Ed., 2002, (pages : 34), Directorate General of Oil and Gas, Ministry of
Energy and Mineral Resources
Oil and Gas Statistics of Indonesia 1999-2003, Directorate General of Oil and Gas, Ministry of Energy and
Mineral Resources
Oil and Gas Statistics of Indonesia 2000-2004, Directorate of Oil and Gas Ministry of Energy and Mineral
Resources
Directorate of Oil and Gas Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources
83
Table 4.2
Coal Reserves by Province, 2005
Quality
No
Class
Criteria
(Cal/gr,
adb)
Medium
Calories
High
Calories
51006100
6100 7100
Province
Banten
Central
Low
Calories
<5100
East java
Medium
Calories
51006100
Nangroe
Aceh
Darussalam
Low
Calories
Medium
Calories
North
Sumatra
Riau
West
Sumatra
Jambi
Bengkulu
Low
Calories
Medium
Calories
Low
Calories
Medium
Calories
High
Calories
Medium
Calories
High
Calories
Very
High
Calories
Low
Calories
Medium
Calories
High
Calories
Low
Calories
Medium
Calories
High
Calories
Very
High
Calories
Resource (million Ton)

Hypothetic
5.47
Inferred
2.78
Indicated
Measured
0.00
2.09
Total
Reserve
(million
Ton)
10.34
0.00
0.00
2.97
0.00
0.00
2.97
0.00
5.47
5.75
0.00
2.09
1,331.00
0.00
0.00
0.82
0.00
0.00
0.82
0.00
0.00
0.82
0.00
0.00
0.82
0.00
0.00
0.08
0.00
0.00
0.08
0.00
0.00
0.08
0.00
0.00
0.08
0.00
<5100
0.00
20.92
6.70
64.14
91.76
0.00
51006100
0.00
325.43
6.70
26.26
358.39
0.00
0.00
346.35
13.40
90.40
450.15
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
19.97
19.97
0.00
<5100
51006100
<5100
5100 6100
6100 7100
51006100
61007100
>7100
<5100
5100 6100
6100 7100
<5100
51006100
61007100
>7100
0.00
7.00
0.00
0.00
7.00
0.00
0.00
7.00
0.00
19.97
26.97
0.00
0.00
1,345.69
0.00
268.06
1,613.75
0.00
0.00
30.62
0.00
51.57
82.19
0.00
12.79
359.60
0.00
16.99
389.38
16.54
12.79
1,735.91
0.00
336.62
2,085.32
16.54
19.19
284.36
42.72
22.97
369.24
2.83
5.76
164.58
0.00
144.20
314.60
19.24
0.00
27.00
0.00
14.00
41.00
14.00
24.95
475.94
42.72
181.20
7,243.00
36.07
0.00
51.13
0.00
0.00
51.10
0.00
190.84
1,200.09
36.32
90.20
1,517.40
18.00
0.00
210.81
0.00
82.90
293.77
0.00
190.84
1,462.03
363.00
173.20
18,623.00
18.00
0.00
11.34
0.00
10.58
21.92
0.00
0.00
0.81
0.00
5.86
6.67
3.79
15.15
100.62
8.11
45.49
16,937.00
1,733.00
0.00
0.32
0.00
37.00
0.69
0.00
15.15
113.09
8.11
6,230.00
198.65
21.12
84
Table 4.2
Coal Reserves by Province, 2005 (Continued)
Quality
No
Province
Class
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
South
Sumatra
Lampung
West
Kalimantan
Central
Kalimantan
South
Kalimantan
East
Kalimantan
South
Sulawesi
Central
Sulawesi
Low
Calories
Medium
Calories
High
Calories
High
Calories
Medium
Calories
High
Calories
Very
High
Calories
Low
Calories
Medium
Calories
High
Calories
Very
High
Calories
Low
Calories
Medium
Calories
High
Calories
Very
High
Calories
Low
Calories
Medium
Calories
High
Calories
Very
High
Calories
Medium
Calories
High
Calories
Low
Calories
Criteria
(Cal/gr,
adb)
<5100
51006100
61007100
61007100
5100 6100

Hypothetic
Inferred
Indicated
Measured
Total
Reserve
(million
Ton)
326.55
7,400.27
2,300.07
1,358.00
11,384.89
2,426.00
198.93
1,629.28
9,139.87
366.01
11,334.10
186.00
0.00
31.00
433.89
14.00
478.89
67.00
525.48
906,055.00
11,873.83
1,738.01
23,197.88
2,679.00
0.00
92.95
0.00
0.00
92.95
0.00
0.00
14.00
0.00
0.00
14.00
0.00
0.00
106.95
0.00
0.00
106.95
0.00
6100 7100
42.12
378.60
0.00
0.00
420.72
0.00
>7100
0.00
104.00
1.32
1.48
106.80
0.00
42.12
48,160.00
132.00
1.48
52,752.00
0.00
0.00
483.92
0.00
0.00
483.92
0.00
0.00
296.75
5.08
44.36
354.80
4.05
114.11
262.72
0.00
72.6A
449.47
0.00
0.00
247.62
0.00
77.02
324.64
44.54
114.11
1,291.01
5.08
194.02
161,183.00
4,859.00
0.00
370.87
0.00
600.99
971.86
53,633.00
0.00
4,793.13
301.36
2,526.46
7,620.95
1,287.01
0.00
336.19
33.12
109.64
478.95
4,436.00
0.00
17.62
0.00
12.00
29.62
0.14
0.00
5,517.81
334.48
3,249.09
910,138.00
1,867.84
0.00
201.93
13.76
89.83
30,532.00
0.00
2,285.84
10,630.35
121.61
2,609.46
15,682.72
941.62
502.96
2,611.07
191.77
1,558.62
4,918.92
1,064.82
90.11
60.84
4.48
14.40
169.82
941.62
2,878.90
13,504.19
331.62
4,271.31
21,076.98
2,071.68
0.00
131.03
32.31
53.10
216.44
0.06
<5100
5100 6100
6100 7100
>7100
<5100
5100 6100
6100 7100
>7100
<5100
51006100
61007100
>7100
51006100
61007100
<5100
0.00
13.90
0.78
0.00
14.68
0.00
0.00
144.93
33.09
53.10
231.12
0.06
0.00
1.98
0.00
0.00
1.98
0.00
0.00
1.98
0.00
0.00
1.98
0.00
85
Table 4. 2
Coal Reserves by Province, 2005 (Continued)

Quality
No
18
19
Class
Criteria
(Cal/gr,
adb)
Low
Calories
<5100
Province
North
Maluku
West
Papua
Medium
Calories
High
Calories
Very
High
Calories
Total
1.
2.
5100 6100
6100 7100
>7100

Hypothetic
Inferred
Indicated
Measured
Total
Reserve
(million
Ton)
0.00
2.13
0.00
0.00
2.13
0.00
0.00
2.13
0.00
0.00
2.13
0.00
89.40
30.95
0.00
0.00
120.35
0.00
0.00
5.38
0.00
0.00
5.38
0.00
0.00
25.53
0.00
0.00
25.53
0.00
89.40
61.86
0.00
0.00
151.26
0.00
3,899.22
34,323.06
12,679.98
10,371.74
61,273.99
6,756.90
Depth measured until 100 m

Coal quality based on Calorie Value (Keppres No. 13 Tahun 2000 renewed by PP No. 45 Tahun 2003)
a. Low Calorie < 5100 kal/gr
b. Medium Calorie < 5100 - 6100 kal/gr
c. High Calorie > 6100 - 7100 kal/gr
d. Very High Calorie > 7100 kal/gr
Source:
Directorate of Mineral Resources Inventory, Directorate General of Geology and Mineral Resources, Ministry of Energy
Mineral Resources
86
Table 4.3
Potential and Installed Capacities of Geothermal Energy in

Sumatra, December 2004
Resources (MWe)
No
Area
Reserve (MWe)
Speculative
Hypothetic
Possible
Probable
Proven
Installed
(MWe)
Regency/ City
Nangroe Aceh Darussalam

1
Lho Pria Lacrt
Sabang
30
Kaneke
Safoang
50
Iboih-Jaboi
Sataang
123
le Seum-Krueng Raya
Aceh Besar
63
Seulawah Agam
Aceh Besar
282
Alur Canang
Pidie
25
Alue Long-Bangga
Pidie
100
Tangse
Pidie
25
Rimba Raya
Central Aceh
100
10
G. Geureudong
Central Aceh
120
11
Simpang Balik
Central Aceh
100
12
Silih Nara
Central Aceh
100
13
Meranti
East Aceh
25
14
Brawang Buaya
East Aceh
25
15
Kafi
Southeast Aceh
25
16
Gunung Kembar
Southeast Aceh
92
17
Dolok Perkirapan
Southeast Aceh
25
North Sumatera
18
Beras Tepu
Karo
19
Lau Detauk-DebukSibayak
Karo
70
131
39
20
Marike
Karo
25
21
Dolok Marawa
Simalungun
225
22
Pusuk Bukrt-Danau
Toba
North Tapanuli
225
23
Sirnbolon-Samosir
North Tapanuli
225
24
Pagaran
North Tapanuli
225
25
Helatoba
North Tapanuli
25
26
Sipaholon Ria-Ria
North Tapanuli
225
27
Sarula
North Tapanuli
100
200
80
28
Sibual-Buali
South Tapanuli
556
29
Namora llangit
North Tapanuli
210
30
Sibutauhan
South Tapanuli
100
31
Sorik Marapi
South Tapanuli
420
32
Sampuraga
South Tapanuli
225
33
Roburan
South Tapanuli
320
West Sumatera
34
Simisioh
Pasaman
100
35
Cubadak
Pasaman
100
73
36
Talu
Pasaman
50
37
Panti
Pasaman
150
38
Lubuk Sikaping
Pasaman
100
39
Situjuh
Lima Puluh Koto
25
40
Bonjol
Pasaman
100
41
Kota Baru-Marapi
Bukit Tinggi
50
42
Maninjau
Agam
25
43
Sumani
Solok
25
44
Priangan
Tanah Datar
25
45
Bukit Kili
Solok
58
87
Table 4.3
Potential and Installed Capacities of Geothermal Energy in

Sumatra, December 2004 (Continued)
Resources (MWe)
No
Area
Reserve (MWe)
Regency/ City
Speculative
Hypothetic
Possible
Probable
Proven
Installed
(MWe)
West Sumatera
46
Surian
Solok
75
47
Gunung Talang
Solok
94
48
Muaralabuh
Solok
194
49
Liki-Pinangawan
Solok
412
51
Gunung Kapur
Kerinci
25
52
Gunung Kaca
Kerinci
25
53
Sungai Betung
Kerinci
100
54
Semurup
Kerinci
208
55
Lempur
Kerinci
150
15
40
56
Air Dikit
Merangin
225
57
Graho Myabu
Merangin
185
58
Sungai Tenang
Sorolangun
74
Jambi
Bengkulu
59
Tambang Sawah
Rejang Lebong
73
100
60
Bukit Gedang-Hulu Lais
Rejang Letaong
150
500
61
Suban Gergok
Rejang Lebong
225
62
Lebong Simpang
Rejang Lebong
225
Bangka Belitung
63
Sungai Liat
Bangka
25
64
Pangkal Pinang
Bangka
25
65
Air Tembaga
Bangka
25
South Sumatera
66
Tanjungsakti
Lahat
50
67
Rantau Dadap-Segamrt
Muara Enim
225
68
Bukit Lumut Balai
Ogan Komering
Ulu
235
600
69
Ulu Danau
Ogan Komering
Ulu
225
70
Marga Bayur
Ogan Komering
Ulu
145
194
71
Wai Selabung
Ogan Komering
Ulu
225
Lampung
72
Wai Umpu
North Lampung
100
73
Danau Ranau
West Lampung
185
222
74
Purunan
West Lampung
25
75
Gunung Sekincau
West Lampung
100
130
76
Bacingot
West Lampung
225
77
Suoh-Antatai
West Lampung
163
300
78
Fajar Bulan
West Lampung
100
79
Natar
South Lampung
25
80
Ulubelu
Tanggamus
156
380
20
81
Lempasing
South Lampung
225
82
Wai Ratal
South Lampung
194
83
Kaiianda
South Lampung
40
40
84
Pematang Belirang
South Lampung
225
Source:
Directorate of Mineral resources Inventory, Directorate general of Geology and Mineral Resources, Ministry of Energy
Mineral Resources, December 2004
88
Table 4.4
Potential and Installed Capacity of Geothermal Energy in Java,

December 2004
Resources (MWe)
No
Area
Reserve (MWe)
Regency/ City
Speculative
Hypothetic
Possible
Probable
Proven
Installed
(MWe)
Banten
85
Rawa Dano
Serang
115
86
Gunung Karang
Serang
170
87
Gunung Pulosari
Serang
100
88
Gunung Endut
Lebak
225
89
Pamancalan
Lebak
225
West Java
90
Kawah Ratu
Sukabumi
72
30
91
Kiarataeres
Sukabumi
225
92
Awi Bengkok
Bogor
115
485
330
93
Ciseeng
Bogor
100
94
Bujal-Jasinga
Bogor
25
95
Cisukarame
Sukabumi
83
96
Selabintana
Sukabumi
25
97
Cisolok
Sukataumi
50
50
98
Gunung Pancar
Bogor
50
99
Jampang
Sukabumi
225
100
Tanggeung-Cibungur
Cianjur
100
Saguling
Bandung
25
102
Cilayu
Garut
100
103
Kawah Cibuni
Bandung
140
104
Gunung Patuha
Bandung
65
247
170
105
Kawah Ciwidey
Bandung
84
140
106
Maribaya
Bandung
25
107
Tangkuban Parahu
Bandung
100
90
108
Sagalaherang
Subang
185
109
Ciarinem
Garut
25
110
Gunung Papandayan
Grut
225
111
Gunung MasigitGuntur
Garut
70
112
Kamojang
Garut
73
260
140
113
Darajat
Garut
70
362
145
114
Gunung Tampomas
Sumedang
100
115
Cipacing
Bandung
25
116
Gunung WayangWlndu
Bandung
75
135
250
110
117
Gunung Talagabodas
Tasikmalaya
75
120
80
118
Gunung Galunggung
Tasikmalaya
100
119
Ciheuras
Tasikmalaya
25
120
Cigunung
Tasikmalaya
25
121
Cibalong
Tasikmalaya
25
122
Gunung Karaha
Tasikmalaya
50
70
100
30
123
Gunung Sawal
Tasikmalaya
25
124
Cipanas-Ciawi
Tasikmalaya
50
125
Gunung Cakrabuana
Tasikmalaya
25
126
Gunung Kromong
Majalengka
25
127
Sangkan-Urip
Kuningan
50
128
Subang
Kuningan
50
129
Cibinbin
Kuningan
25
89
Table 4.4 Potential and Installed Capacity of Geothermal Energy in Java,

December 2004 (Continued)
Resources (MWe)
No
Area
Reserve (MWe)
Speculative
Hypothetic
Possible
Probable
Proven
Installed
(MWe)
Regency/ City
Central Java
130
Banyugaram
Cilaeap
100
131
Bumiayu
Banyumas
25
132
Baturaden
Banyumas
185
133
Guci
Pemalang
100
134
Mangunan-Wanayasa
Banjarnegara
92
135
Candradimuka
Wonosotao
25
136
Dieng
Wonosobo
200
185
115
280
60
137
Krakal
Kebumen
25
138
Panulisan
Cilacap
25
139
Gunung Ungaran
Semarang
50
52
140
Candi UmbulTelomoyo
Semarang
92
141
Kuwuk
Grobogan
25
142
Gunung Lawu
Karang Anyar
25
143
Kiepu
Semarang
25
East Java
145
Melati
Pacitan
25
146
Rejosari
Pacitan
25
147
Telaga Ngebel
Ponorogo
148
Gunung Pandan
Madiun
149
Gunung ArjunoWelirang
Mojokerto
120
50
38
92
150
Cangar
Malang
100
151
Songgorrti
Malang
25
152
Tirtosari
Sumenep
12.5
153
lyang-Argopuro
Protaolinggo
110
185
154
Tiris
Probolinggo
55
92
155
Blawan-ljen
Banyuwangi
92
185
Source:
90
Table 4.5
No
Potential and Installed Capacity of Geothermal Energy in East

Region of Indonesia, December 2004
Area
Regency/ City
Resources (MWe)
Reserve (MWe)
Speculative
Hypothetic
Possible
Probable
Proven
Installed
(MWe)
-
Bali
156
Banyuwedang
Buleleng
12.5
157
Seririt
Buleleng
12.5
158
Batukao
Tabanan
25
159
Penebel
Tabanan
25
160
Buyan-Bratan
Buleleng
226
East Husa Tenggara

164
Wai Sano
Manggarai
90
33
165
Ulumbu
Manggarai
187.5
12.5
166
Wai Pesi
Manggarai
54
167
Gou-lnelika
Ngada
28
168
Mengeruda
Ngada
169
Mataloko
Ngada
10
63.5
1.5
170
Komandaru
Ende
11
171
Ndetusoko
Ende
10
172
Sukoria
Ende
145
25
173
Jopu
Ende
174
Lesugolo
Ende
45
175
Oka - He Ange
East Flares
40
176
Atadei
Lembata
40
177
Bukapiting
Alor
27
178
Roma-Ujelewung
Lembata
16
179
Oyang Barang
East Flares
37
180
Sirung(lsiabang-Kuriali)
Alor
100
48
181
Adum
Lembata
182
Alor Timur
Alor
36
190
West Kalimantan
183
Sibetuk
Sintang
25
184
Jagoi Babang
Sintang
12.5
185
Meromoh
Bengkayang
12.5
North Sulawesi
186
Air Madidi
Minahasa
25
187
Lahendong
Minahasa
125
110
65
20
188
Tompaso
Minahasa
130
189
Gunung Amtaang
Bolaang Mongondow
225
190
Kotamobagu
Bolaang Mongondow
185
Gorontalo
191
Gorontalo
Gorontalo
15
192
Pentadio
Boalemo
25
Central Sulawesi
193
Maranda
Poso
25
194
Sapo
Donggala
25
195
Langkapa
Poso
25
196
Napu
Poso
25
197
Torire
Poso
25
198
Toare
Donggala
25
199
Patalogumba
Donggala
25
200
Marana
Donggala
40
201
Bora
Donggala
202
Pulu
Donggala
58
203
Sedoa
Donggala
25
204
Wliasa
Poso
25
205
Watuneso
Poso
25
206
Papanpulu
Poso
25
91
Table 4.5 Potential and Installed Capacity of Geothermal Energy in East

Region of Indonesia, December 2004 (Continued)
No
Area
Regency/ City
Resources (MWe)
Reserve (MWe)
Possible
Probable
Proven
Installed
(MWe)
30
Speculative
Hypothetic
25
-
South Sulawesi
207
Limbong
Luwu
208
Pararra
North Luwu
209
Mambosa
Mamuju
25
210
Somba
Majene
25
211
Mamasa
Polewali Mamasa
212
Bituang
Tana Toraja
17
213
Sangala
Tana Toraja
25
214
Sengkang
Sindenreng Rappang
25
215
Sulili
Pinrang
25
216
Malawa
Pangkajene
25
217
Baru
Baru
25
218
Watampone
Bone
25
219
Todong
Bone
25
220
Sinjai
Sinjai
25
221
Masepe
Sindenreng Rappang
25
222
Danau Tempe
Wajo
25
South-East Sulawesi
223
Mangolo
Kolaka
14
224
Parora
Kendari
25
225
Puriala
Kendari
25
226
Amoloha
Kendari
25
227
Loanti
Kendari
25
228
Laenia
Kendari
36
229
Torah
Buton
25
230
Kalende
Buton
25
231
Kanale
Buton
25
232
Wonco
Buton
25
233
Gonda Baru
Bau-Bau
234
Kabungka
Buton
25
235
Sampolawa
Buton
25
North Maluku
236
Mamuya
North Halmahera
237
Ibu
West Halmahera
25
238
Akelamo
North Halmahera
25
239
Jallolo
West Halmahera
42
240
Keibesi
West Halmahera
25
241
Akesahu
Tidore
25
242
Indari
South Halmahera
25
243
Labuha
South Halmahera
25
244
Tonga Wayaua
South Halmahera
110
Maluku
245
Larike
Ambon
25
246
Taweri
Ambon
25
247
Tolehu
Ambon
100
248
Oma Haruku
Central Maluku
25
249
Saparua
Central Maluku
25
250
Nusa Laut
Central Maluku
25
Papua
251
Makbau
Sorong
25
252
Ransiki
Manokwari
25
Source:
92
Table 4.6
Potential of Microhydro Energy > 20 kVA (15 kW) (measured by

PLN)
(kW)
No
Location
Province
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
Blangkejeren
Tangse
Sepakat
Arul Ralem
Sibundong-2
Letter W
Hinas Kanan
Lubuk Buntak
Purui
Merasap
Muara Kedihin
Baras
Tamako/U-Peliang
Poigar
Lobong
Kolondom
Kembera
Toni
Tawaeli
Talise
Mongango
Wining
Bambalo/Poso
Kalumpang
Hanga-hanga-2
Rongi
Mikuasi
Enrekang/Lewaja
Mamasa/Bala
Palangka
Bonelemo
Cennae
Usu Malili
Batu Sitanduk
Kadundung
Rante Balla
Hatu
Teminabuan
Wamena-3
Werba
Tatui
Santong
Roa/Ende
Lokomboro/Waikabubak
Banjar Cahyana
Tapen
Aceh
Aceh
Aceh
Aceh
North Sumatera
West Sumatera
South Sumatera
South Sumatera
South Sumatera
West Kalimantan
South Kalimantan
East Kalimantan
North Sulawesi
North Sulawesi
North Sulawesi
North Sulawesi
North Sulawesi
North Sulawesi
North Sulawesi
North Sulawesi
North Sulawesi
North Sulawesi
Central Sulawesi
Central Sulawesi
Central Sulawesi
Central Sulawesi
Central Sulawesi
South Sulawesi
South Sulawesi
South Sulawesi
South Sulawesi
South Sulawesi
South Sulawesi
South Sulawesi
South Sulawesi
South Sulawesi
Maluku
Papua
Papua
Papua
Papua
East Nusa Tenggara
East Nusa Tenggara
East Nusa Tenggara
Central Java
Central Java
Number of
Units
1
2
2
1
2
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
2
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
2
1
1
1
2
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
Total Potential
Potential
2,050
1,250
1,750
378
2337
5,000
520
2,210
210
1,160
500
200
1,090
2,500
1,500
2,000
430
300
1,270
1,200
900
1,600
2,610
700
1,670
845
1,060
440
340
1,500
1,340
590
3,750
1,750
1,443
612
528
150
1,000
1,650
1,182
545
700
860
1,490
730
57,840
Measuring
Institution
PLN Region I
PLN Region I
PLN Region I
PLN Region I
PLN Region II
PLN Region III
PLN Region IV
PLN Region IV
PLN Region IV
PLN Region V
PLN Region VI
PLN Region VI
PLN Region VII
PLN Region VII
PLN Region VII
PLN Region VII
PLN Region VII
PLN Region VII
PLN Region VII
PLN Region VII
PLN Region VII
PLN Region VIII
PLN Region VII
PLN Region VII
PLN Region VII
PLN Region VII
PLN Region VII
PLN Region VIII
PLN Region VIII
PLN Region VIII
PLN Region VIII
PLN Region VIII
PLN Region VIII
PLN Region VIII
PLN Region VIII
PLN Region VIII
PLN Region IX
PLN Region X
PLN Region X
PLN Region X
PLN Region X
PLN Region XI
PLN Region XI
PLN Region XI
PLN Region XI
PLN Region XI
Source :
Rencana Induk Pengembangan Energi Baru dan Terbarukan 1997, Directorate General of Electricity and Energy
Development, Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources
93
Table 4.7

non PLN) in Sumatera and Java
(kW)
No
River
Location
Sub District
Regency
Province
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
Samalanga
Kr. Inong
Kr. Sabet
Bt. Kumal
Marpinggan
Rantaupuran
Batang Gadis
A. Pasariran
Hutapungkut
I. Eho
I. Gomo
Indano Moi
Aek Raisan
Aek Silang
Sungai Putih
Ludang
Bayang Bungo
Muara sako
Bt. Bayang
Bt. Sumani
Bt. Gumanti
Bt. Balangir
Bt. Sangir
Bt. A. Guntung
Sikarbau
Patimah
~
A. Tenang
Selabung
Selabung
Selabung
Campang
Rarem
Ilahan
Klingi
Klingi
Air Lang
Blimbing
Ketaun
Cawang Kiri
Padang Guci
Mana
Seluma
Sindur
Palik
Lais
Lubuk Banyau
Merangin
Bt. Air Batu
Sampean
Samalanga
Jim-jim
Sabet
Padang Bulan
Siponggol
Gunung Tua-2
Batang Gadis
Sipenggang
Alahan Kae
I. Eho
I. Gomo
Indano Moi
Raisan-3
Silang-2
Sungai Putih
Sawah Kerambil
Koto Baharu
Muara Sako
Bayang Sani
Sumani
Pinti Kayu
Balangir
Kubang Gajah
Guntung
Sikarbau
Patimah
Batu Hampar
Bedegung
Banding Agung 1
Banding Agung 2
Banding Agung 3
Mutar Alam
Sinar Mulia
Way Ilahan
Klingi 1
Klingi 2
Kepala Curup 2
Cinta Mandi
Suka Negeri
Bungin Tambun
Talang Genting
Pulau Timun
Seluma
Talang Alai
Aur Gading
Kuro Tidur
Lubuk Banyau
Penetay
Perentak
Sampean Baru
Samalanga
Bandar Baru
Lamo
Pdg. Sidempuan
Pdg. Sidempuan
Penyambungan
Batang Toru
Batang Toru
Kota Nopan
Teluk Dalam
Teluk Dalam
Perw. kec. Moi
Pandan
Dolok Sanggul
Bayang
Terusan
Bayang
Pancung Soal
Bayang
Gunung Talang
Lembah Gumanti
Sangir
Sangir
Palupuh
Lembah Melati
Bonjol
Bonjol
Tanjung Agung
Banding Agung
Banding Agung
Banding Agung
Sumber Jaya
Bukit Kemuning
Pulau Panggung
P. Ulak Tanding
P. Ulak Tanding
P. Ulak Tanding
Perw. Kb. Agung
Pw. R. Pengadang
Kaur Utara
Kaur Utara
Pino
Manna
Perw. Sukaraja
Kirkap
Lais
Lais
Sungai Manau
Sungai Manau
Prajekan
North Aceh
Pidie
West Aceh
South Tapanuli
South Tapanuli
South Tapanuli
South Tapanuli
South Tapanuli
South Tapanuli
Nias
Nias
Nias
North Tapanuli
North Tapanuli
Pesisir Selatan
Pesisir Selatan
Pesisir Selatan
Pesisir Selatan
Pesisir Selatan
Solok
Solok
Solok
Solok
Agam
Pasaman
Pasaman
Pasaman
Muara Enim
Oku
Oku
Oku
North Lampung
North Lampung
South Lampung
Rejang Lebong
Rejang Lebong
Rejang Lebong
Rejang Lebong
Rejang Lebong
South Bengkulu
South Bengkulu
South Bengkulu
South Bengkulu
South Bengkulu
North Bengkulu
North Bengkulu
North Bengkulu
Sarko
Sarko
Bondowoso
Aceh
Aceh
Aceh
North Sumatera
North Sumatera
North Sumatera
North Sumatera
North Sumatera
North Sumatera
North Sumatera
North Sumatera
North Sumatera
North Sumatera
North Sumatera
West Sumatera
West Sumatera
West Sumatera
West Sumatera
West Sumatera
West Sumatera
West Sumatera
West Sumatera
West Sumatera
West Sumatera
West Sumatera
West Sumatera
West Sumatera
South Sumatera
South Sumatera
South Sumatera
South Sumatera
Lampung
Lampung
Lampung
Bengkulu
Bengkulu
Bengkulu
Bengkulu
Bengkulu
Bengkulu
Bengkulu
Bengkulu
Bengkulu
Bengkulu
Bengkulu
Bengkulu
Bengkulu
Jambi
Jambi
East Java
Total Potential
Potential
1,130.00
458.40
1,274.00
684.00
240.00
809.60
900.00
1,200.00
1,248.00
712.30
467.30
672.00
1,280.00
1,152.00
1,113.60
411.80
499.20
3,880.40
644.00
600.00
8,840.00
480.00
7,488.00
624.00
770.00
860.00
608.00
968.00
3,194.40
3,194.50
2,881.10
750.00
1,044.00
1,700.00
480.00
998.00
1,792.00
1,850.00
2,306.00
3,404.80
1,489.60
4,059.20
358.40
777.60
1,854.00
1,315.20
773.60
841.60
518.40
2,486.90
78,083.90
Source :
94
Table 4.8

non PLN) in Kalimantan and Sulawesi
(kW)
No
River
Location
Sub District
Regency
Province
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
Mempawah
Kalompe
Kalis
Tapin
Barabai
Pisap
Purui
Waruk
Bawan
Mating
Remayo
Karau
Sampulan
Raung
Sholuhan
Suko
Bumban
Munthe
Munthe
Munthe
Susua
Lakambula
Tindaki
Dolago
~
~
Tamunggu
Pondo
Pameki
Ampana
Kanori
Tomasa
Wimbi
Mongono
Tanggar
Mamuju
Tangkok
Urupai
Mayamba
Maiting
Lengkeme
Biyalo
Sallu
Kokkang
Dolok
Mata Allo
Matama
Mumbi
Susua
Lakambula
Tiang Aping
Kalompe
Kalis
Rarahim
Hinas Kanan
Kaitan
Purui
Menarung
Long Bawan 1
Long Bawan 2
Pa'Betung
Rudok
Muara Tuhup
Kuala Kurun 1
Kuala Kurun 2
Puruh Cahu 1
Puruh Cahu 2
Tincep 1
Tincep 2
Tincep 3
Rate Limbong 2
Olondoro
Tindaki
Dolago
Banggai
Salumpaka
Nupabomba
Boboya
Mantilayo
Sansarino
Malewa
Pandiri
Sawidago 2
Solan
Tombolo
Mamuju
Manipi
Labole
Paumah
Kabiraan
Langkeme
Biyalo
Kendenan
Tombang
Suddu
Bilajen
Talogo
Kalimamang
Rate Limbong 2
Olondoro
Mempawah
Mempawah
Mandai
Piani
Batu Benawa
Awayan
Jaro
Br. Tongkok
Kerayan
Kerayan
Kerayan
Dusun Tengah
Muara Laung
Kuala Kurun
Kuala Kurun
Puruk Cahu
Saripoi
Sonder
Sonder
Sonder
Lasusua
Teomokale
Parigi
Parigi
Walatang
Banawa
Tawaeli
Palu Timur
Sigi Biromaku
Ampana Kota
Tojo
Lage
Pamona Utara
Klintom
Malino
Mamuju
Sinjai Barat
Lamuru
Sendana
Malunda
Mario Riwawu
Bulukumba
Makale
Salluputti
Alla
Alla
Tutallu
Tutallu
Lasusua
Teomokale
Pontianak
Pontianak
Kapuas Hulu
Tapin
H1. Sungai Teng.
H1. Sungai Teng.
Tabalong
Kutai
Bulungan
Bulungan
Bulungan
Buntok
Barito Utara
Kapuas/Gng. Mas
Kapuas
North Barito
North Barito
Minahasa
Minahasa
Minahasa
Kolaka
Buton
Donggala
Donggala
Donggala
Donggala
Donggala
Donggala
Donggala
Poso
Poso
Poso
Poso
Banggai
Tanjung Moncong
Mamuju
Sinjai
Bone
mejene
Mejene
Soppeng
Donggala
Tator
Tator
Enrekang
Enrekang
Polmas
Polmas
Kolaka
Buton
West Kalimantan
West Kalimantan
West Kalimantan
South Kalimantan
South Kalimantan
South Kalimantan
South Kalimantan
East Kalimantan
East Kalimantan
East Kalimantan
East Kalimantan
Central Kalimantan
Central Kalimantan
Central Kalimantan
Central Kalimantan
Central Kalimantan
Central Kalimantan
North Sulawesi
North Sulawesi
North Sulawesi
North Sulawesi
North Sulawesi
Central Sulawesi
Central Sulawesi
Central Sulawesi
Central Sulawesi
Central Sulawesi
Central Sulawesi
Central Sulawesi
Central Sulawesi
Central Sulawesi
Central Sulawesi
Central Sulawesi
Central Sulawesi
South Sulawesi
South Sulawesi
South Sulawesi
South Sulawesi
South Sulawesi
South Sulawesi
South Sulawesi
South Sulawesi
South Sulawesi
South Sulawesi
South Sulawesi
South Sulawesi
South Sulawesi
South Sulawesi
South East Sulawesi
South East Sulawesi
Total Potential
Potential
530.00
121.60
1,428.20
324.00
249.20
1,950.70
220.00
240.00
200.00
36.00
504.00
2,112.00
80.00
24.00
48.00
346.00
228.00
605.00
1,100.00
2,200.00
712.80
441.60
515.20
768.00
816.00
231.60
319.20
399.40
1,500.00
554.40
404.90
2,756.00
436.80
1,523.50
1,230.00
648.00
5,616.00
1,090.00
106.60
157.00
145.60
360.00
194.90
432.00
224.60
2,820.80
562.80
547.00
712.80
441.60
39,215.80
Source :
95
Table 4.9

non PLN) in East Region of Indonesia
(kW)
No
River
Location
Sub District
Regency
Province
Potential
Ira
Ira
Galela
North Maluku
Maluku
370.60
Akelamo
Goal
Sahu
North Maluku
Maluku
800.00
Memekan
Memekan
Kao
North Maluku
Maluku
52.80
Ngaoli
Ngaoli
Kao
North Maluku
Maluku
345.60
Wae Toni
Saunullu
Tehoru
Central Maluku
Maluku
240.00
Teminabuan
Teminabuan
Sorong
Papua
400.00
Sorpehee
Sorpehee
Fak Fak
Papua
340.00
Hamerhu
Hamerhu
Fak Fak
Papua
640.00
Iborengeh
Masi 1
Warware
Monokwari
Papua
668.80
10
Masi
Masi 2
Warware
Monokwari
Papua
436.80
11
Ransiki
Ransiki
Ransiki
Monokwari
Papua
1,364.40
12
Wambiadi
Wambiadi
Wambiadi
Manokwari
Papua
450.00
13
Mariarotu
Mariarotu
Yapen Selatan
Yapen Waropen
Papua
1,443.20
14
Waelega
Bonar
Rutteng
Manggarai
East Nusa Tenggara
2,600.00
15
Bijeli
Bijeli
Molo Selatan
Central Timor
East Nusa Tenggara
4,532.60
16
Oe Hala
Molo Selatan
Central Timor
East Nusa Tenggara
92.50
17
Fulur
Tasifato
Belu
East Nusa Tenggara
200.00
18
Lowo Mego
Wolodesa
Perw. Paga
Sika
East Nusa Tenggara
288.00
19
Wae Musur
Sita 1
Mborong
Manggarai
East Nusa Tenggara
2,400.00
20
Wae Laku
Sita 2
Satar Mese
Manggarai
East Nusa Tenggara
608.00
21
Tjuruk
Ruteng
Manggarai
East Nusa Tenggara
760.00
22
Wae Naong
Barang
Cibal
Manggarai
East Nusa Tenggara
680.00
23
Wae Purang
Purang
Lembor
Manggarai
East Nusa Tenggara
714.00
24
Kali Putih
Mbulilo
Wolowaru
Ende
East Nusa Tenggara
130.00
25
Wai Wutu
Piga
Pwk. Bajawa
Ngada
East Nusa Tenggara
321.60
26
Utan
Utan
Utan
Sumbawa
East Nusa Tenggara
330.00
27
Lowo Roga
Masabewa
Paga
Sikka
East Nusa Tenggara
306.00
28
Wai Buntal
Taen Terong
Riung
Ngada
East Nusa Tenggara
416.00
29
Wai Pua
Were 2
Golewa
Ngada
East Nusa Tenggara
98.00
30
Wai Boa
Aimere
Aimere
Ngada
East Nusa Tenggara
193.10
31
Amor-amor
Sami Jengkel
Bayan
West Lombok
East Nusa Tenggara
180.00
32
Nae
Dompu
Dompu
Bima
West Nusa Tenggara
680.00
1,050.20
33
Babak
Babak
Narmada
Central Lombok
West Nusa Tenggara
34
Brang Marenteh
Marenteh
Alas
Sumba Besar
West Nusa Tenggara
215.00
35
Mamak
Mamak
Lape Lapok
Sumbawa
West Nusa Tenggara
560.00
36
Batujai
Batujai
Central Lombok
West Nusa Tenggara
168.00
37
Pengga
Pengga
Pengga
Central Lombok
West Nusa Tenggara
448.00
38
Segare
Pekatan
Tanjung
West Lombok
West Nusa Tenggara
468.00
39
Delo
Paradowane
Monta
Bima
West Nusa Tenggara
216.70
40
Brang Jereweh
Jereweh
Delo
Sumbawa Besar
West Nusa Tenggara
121.00
41
Lampe
Lampe
Rasanae
Bima
West Nusa Tenggara
216.70
Total Potential
26,545.60
Source :
96
Table 4.10
Potential of Solar Energy
No
Regency
Province
Year of
Measurement
Average
Radiation
(kWh/m2)
Measured
by
Banda Aceh
Aceh
1980
4.10
LSDE
Palembang
South
Sumatera
1979-1981
4.95
BMG
Menggala
Lampung
1972-1979
5.23
DGEED/BMG
Rawasragi
Lampung
1965-1979
4.13
DGEED/BMG
Jakarta
Jakarta
1965-1981
4.19
DGEED/BMG
Bandung
West Java
1980
4.15
LSDE
Lembang
West Java
1980
5.15
LSDE
West Java
1980
4.32
LSDE
West Java
1980
2.56
LSDE
West Java
1991-1995
4.45
LSDE
8
9
10
Citius,
Tangerang
Darmaga,
Bogor
Serpong,
Tangerang
11
Semarang
Central Java
1979-1981
5.49
BMG
12
Surabaya
East Java
1980
4.30
LSDE
13
Kenteng,
Yogyakarta
Yogyakarta
1980
4.50
LSDE
14
Denpasar
Bali
1977-1979
5.26
DGEED/BMG
15
Pontianak
1991-1993
4.55
LSDE
16
Banjarbaru
1979-1981
4.80
BMG
17
Banjarmasin
1991-1995
4.57
LSDE
18
Samarinda
1991-1995
4.17
LSDE
19
Menado
1991-1995
4.91
LSDE
20
Palu
1991-1994
5.51
LSDE
21
Kupang
1975-1978
5.12
DGEED/BMG
22
Waingapu,
Sumba Timur
1991-1995
5.75
LSDE
23
Maumere
1992-1994
5.72
LSDE
West
Kalimantan
South
Kalimantan
South
Kalimantan
East
Kalimantan
North
Sumatera
South East
Sulawesi
West Nusa
Tenggara
East Nusa
Tenggara
East Nusa
Tenggara
Source :
97
Table 4.11
Potential of Wind Energy in West Region of Indonesia

measured by BMG)
(m/sec)
No
Village/Sub District/Regency
Province
Year of Measurement
Average Velocity
at Elevation
of 24 m
2.73
Sabang
Aceh
1994
Meulaboh
Aceh
1994
3.33
Polonia Medan
North Sumatera
1994
3.68
Sei Dadap Kisaran
North Sumatera
1994
3.06
Binaka
North Sumatera
1994
3.06
Sicincin
West Sumatera
1994
3.86
KP. Laing
West Sumatera
1992
3.72
Depati Darbo
Jambi
1994
4.01
Simpang Tiga Pakanbaru
Riau
1994
3.97
10
Kijang
Riau
1994
4.22
11
Japura Rengat
Riau
1994
2.83
12
Ranai
Riau
1994
2.45
13
Pangkal Pinang
South Sumatera
1992
3.68
14
Buluh Tumbang Tanjung Pandan
South Sumatera
1995
5.56
15
Serang Banten
West Java
1992
3.01
16
Curug Tangerang
West Java
1994
2.70
17
Tanjung Priok
Jakarta
1993
4.45
18
Cengkareng
Jakarta
1994
3.55
19
Semarang Maritim
Central Java
1992
2.94
20
Kledung
Central Java
1994
4.08
21
Adi Sumarmo Surakarta
Central Java
1995
2.39
22
Iswahyudi Madiun
East Java
1994
5.57
23
Suranaya AURI
East Java
1994
4.65
24
Surabaya Perak
East Java
1994
2.61
25
Kalianget
East Java
1994
5.40
26
Sangkapura Bawean
East Java
1994
2.96
27
Surabaya Maritim
East Java
1994
3.37
28
Ploso
East Java
1991
2.39
29
Kp. Tiekung
East Java
1994
2.55
Bali
1992
2.39
30
Denpasar
Small Scale
Medium Scale
Large Scale
: 2 3 (m/sec)
: 3 4 (m/sec)
: > 4 (m/sec)
Source :
98
Table 4.12
Potential of Wind Energy in East Region of Indonesia

(measured by BMG)
(m/sec)
No.
Village/Sub District/Regency
Province
Year of measurement
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
Banjar Baru
Balik Papan
Tarakan
Tanjung Redep
Palangkaraya Panarung
Muara Teweh
Pangkalan Bun
Pangkalan Bun
Bubung Luwuk
Samratulangi Menado
Meteo Bitung
Rembiga Ampenen
Sengkol
Sumbawa Besar
Bima
Kupang
Maumere
Lasiana
Lekunik
Tardamu
Satar Tacik Ruteng
Ternate
Tual
Saumlaki
Geser
Sanana
Nalea
Labuha
Genyem
Biak
Kaimana
Manokwari
Sentani
Serui
Wamena
Timika
South Kalimantan
East Kalimantan
East Kalimantan
East Kalimantan
Central Kalimantan
Central Kalimantan
Central Kalimantan
Central Kalimantan
South East Sulawesi
North Sulawesi
North Sulawesi
West Nusa Tenggara
West Nusa Tenggara
West Nusa Tenggara
West Nusa Tenggara
East Nusa Tenggara
East Nusa Tenggara
East Nusa Tenggara
East Nusa Tenggara
East Nusa Tenggara
East Nusa Tenggara
Maluku
Maluku
Maluku
Maluku
Maluku
Maluku
Maluku
Papua
Papua
Papua
Papua
Papua
Papua
Papua
Papua
1994
1994
1994
1994
1994
1994
1994
1994
1994
1994
1994
1994
1991
1994
1994
1994
1994
1994
1994
1994
1994
1994
1994
1994
1994
1994
1994
1994
1992
1994
1994
1994
1994
1990
1990
1994
Small Scale
Medium Scale
Large Scale
Average Velocity
at Elevation
of 24 m
2.55
3.49
3.06
2.58
2.96
2.95
3.01
3.01
3.01
3.21
2.80
3.14
2.45
3.92
2.83
5.51
3.46
3.62
3.93
5.11
3.88
2.90
2.70
4.72
3.37
3.01
3.86
2.62
2.89
3.81
3.80
4.21
3.18
3.42
2.96
3.06
: 2 3 (m/sec)
: 3 4 (m/sec)
: > 4 (m/sec)
Source :
99
Table 4.13
No
1
2
3
Province
Aceh
North
Sumatera
West
Sumatera
Potential of Biomass Energy

Energy
from rice
waste
(kWh)
Energy
from corn
waste
(kWh)
Energy
From
cassava
waste
(kWh)
Energy
from wood
waste
(kWh)
Energy
from
bagasse
waste
(kWh)
Energy
from
coconut
waste
(kWh)
Energy
from
palm
waste
(kWh)
Total
potential
(kWh)l
Total
potential
(kW)
4,389,706
431,095
258,504
6,049,213
n.a
219,280
205,280
11,553,080
1,318.84
10,195,593
2,314,892
871,309
5,355,260
64,490
235,701
1,683,820
20,721,068
2,365.42
5,098,375
246,795
199,979
3,948,58
0.0
161,697
137,843
9,793,277
1,117.95
Riau
1,983,752
257,553
169,647
9,615,760
0.0
796,550
928,015
13,751,279
1,569.78
Jambi
2,367,450
128,522
616,022
5,425,444
0.0
298,997
214,169
9,050,605
1,033.17
Bengkulu
1,347,523
295,034
159,077
1,053,227
0.0
29,925
52,813
2,937,601
335.34
South
Sumatera
5,430,242
328,720
755,798
9,138,553
57,921
63,780
259,221
16,034,238
1,830.39
Lampung
5,479,526
4,099,255
4,031,337
1,200,435
260,241
436,210
37,483
15,544,489
1,774.49
Jakarta
62,007
722
1,470
2,698
0.0
0.0
0.0
66,899
7.64
10
West Java
25,217,219
1,884,996
3,632,919
1,374,134
113,359
476,541
22,076
32,721,246
3,735.30
11
Central
Java
19,274,685
8,091,226
5,868,925
1,517,684
293,198
422,761
0.0
35,468,481
4,048.91
12
Yogyakarta
7,577
180
22
33,155
28,236
113,149
0.0
182,322
20.81
13
East Java
21,090,156
16,558,311
6,713,419
2,124,634
856,306
519,077
0.0
47,861,905
5,463.69
4,225,297
245,497
391,479
14,598,861
0.0
119,163
135,369
19,715,669
2,250.65
14
15
16
17
West
Kalimantan
Central
Kalimantan
South
Kalimantan
East
Kalimantan
2,327,557
41,242
122,772
23,747,448
0.0
73,314
8,194
26,320,528
3,004.63
5,021,574
245,908
199,243
4,370,927
45,814
122,838
16,445
10,022,752
1,144.15
1,723,811
182,263
294,074
25,932,474
0.0
66,050
45,775
28,244,449
3,224.25
18
North
Sulawesi
1,250,948
1,117,723
138,926
3,173,349
16,505
755,977
0.0
6,453,431
736.69
19
Central
Sulawesi
1,979,301
282,321
352,967
7,040,892
0.0
408,941
8,814
10,073,238
1,149.91
20
South
Sulawesi
11,037,629
5,659,932
1,236,409
3,555,232
71,889
349,818
44,929
21,955,841
2,506.37
21
South East
Sulawesi
1,036,020
644,745
358,275
5,506,430
0.0
97,876
0.0
7,643,349
872.53
22
Bali
1,965,806
661,104
206,987
34,745
0.0
174,551
0.0
3,043,195
347.40
23
West Nusa
Tenggara
3,487,425
457,785
227,621
1,120,737
0.0
97,299
0.0
5,390,869
615.40
24
East Nusa
Tenggara
2,033,010
3,974,166
1,876,283
2,153,199
0.0
127,297
0.0
10,163,957
1,160.27
25
Maluku
322,707
473,766
433,506
7,789,331
0.0
558,270
0.0
9,577,581
1,093.33
26
Papua
213,204
58,504
78,470
59,271,453
0.0
31,545
40,354
59,693,532
6,814.33
27
East Timor
279,675
1,018,650
438,906
566,083
0.0
24,896
0.0
2,328,212
265.78
138,847,782
49,700,918
29,634,361
205,699,957
1,807,964
6,781,514
3,840,607
436,313,106
49,807.43
Total Potential
Source :
100
Table 4.14
No
Potential of Biogas Energy
Province
Energy from
cow waste
(kWh)
Energy from
buffalo waste
(kWh)
Energy from pig

waste
(kWh)
Total potential
(kWh)
Total
potential
(kW)
Aceh
176,518,754
196,136,857
181,220
372,836,831.00
42,561.28
North
Sumatera
74,363,081
132,422,738
203,169,016
409,954,835.00
46,798.50
West Sumatera
126,698,243
98,229,921
3,407,275
228,335,439.00
26,065.69
Riau
36,120,418
21,630,728
22,834,799
80,585,945.00
9,199.31
Jambi
38,478,295
38,231,613
1,238,582
77,948,490.00
8,898.23
Bengkulu
30,164,863
48,092,009
113,785
78,370,657.00
8,946.42
South
Sumatera
144,011,035
69,914,662
21,079,697
235,005,394.00
26,827.10
Lampung
108,170,057
22,692,458
7,308,835
138,171,350.00
15,772.99
Jakarta
1,671,636
296,479
4,436,556
6,404,671.00
731.13
10
West Java
93,668,568
252,258,353
5,272,717
351,199,638.00
40,091.28
11
Central Java
405,853,632
131,878,374
13,902,080
551,634,086.00
62,971.93
12
Yogyakarta
61,485,351
5,222,260
1,091,497
67,799,108.00
7,739.62
13
East Java
1,018,223,467
78,446,300
6,142,490
1,102,812,257.00
125,891.81
47,469,518
2,977,066
102,917,667
153,364,251.00
17,507.33
14,886,698
4,426,575
13,901,453
33,214,726.00
3,791.64
47,219,493
26,031,288
1,251,422
74,502,203.00
8,504.82
22,933,519
11,013,426
9,209,247
43,156,192.00
4,926.51
14
15
16
17
West
Kalimantan
Central
Kalimantan
South
Kalimantan
East
Kalimantan
18
North Sulawesi
83,926,641
2,414,049
54,189,247
140,529,937.00
16,042.23
19
Central
Sulawesi
121,577,567
21,287,126
23,807,187
166,671,880.00
19,026.47
20
South Sulawesi
201,287,881
119,742,352
42,624,867
363,655,100.00
41,513.14
21
South East
Sulawesi
80,296,106
6,233,922
1,388,381
87,918,409.00
10,036.35
22
Bali
153,772,988
5,378,353
120,413,566
279,564,907.00
31,913.80
138,391,872
106,098,407
2,640,116
247,130,395.00
28,211.23
245,128,428
90,774,249
160,980,602
496,883,279.00
56,721.84
23
24
West Nusa
Tenggara
East Nusa
Tenggara
25
Maluku
30,020,918
10,427,830
9,620,437
50,069,185.00
5,715.66
26
Papua
17,244,574
372,072
64,499,908
82,116,554.00
9,374.04
27
East Timor
10,374,345
25,986,128
42,923,212
79,283,685.00
9,050.65
Total Potential
3,529,957,948
1,528,615,595
940,545,861
5,999,119,404
684,830.98
Source :
101
Table 4.15
Potential of Peat Energy

Quality
No
Location
Province
Ash
(%)
S
(%)
Average
Thickness
(m)
Area
(ha)
Dry
Weight
(million
tons)
Average
Calorific
Value
(MJ/kg
dry
weight)
Total
Calorific
Value
(109 MJ)
Alue Bilie
Aceh
21.00
0.20
1.50
20,000.00
91.05
11.99
1,091.69
Tanjung
Medan
North Sumatera
2.50
0.30
2.50
26,000.00
73.10
20.91
1,528.52
Siak Kiri
Riau
1.50
0.15
1.50
206,000.00
396.00
20.51
8,121.96
Siak Kanan
Riau
1.50
0.17
4.80
110,000.00
423.20
21.65
9,162.28
P. Bengkalis
Riau
3.50
0.42
3.00
66,410.00
360.00
24.00
8,640.00
P. Rangsang
Riau
3.50
0.42
3.00
76,000.00
200.00
19.70
3,940.00
Tembilahan
Riau
4.00
0.90
2.40
112,000.00
330.00
19.31
6,372.30
P. Rupat
Riau
2.80
0.37
3.10
38,100.00
143.28
19.71
2,824.05
Kumpeh
Jambi
5.10
0.70
3.00
17,700.00
31.86
18.12
577.30
10
Air Hitam
Jambi
3.10
0.19
6.00
157,50.00
977.60
18.96
18,535.30
11
Dendang
Jambi
4.00
0.50
4.00
25,000.00
70.00
20.71
1,449.70
12
Air Sugihan
South Sumatera
23.10
0.0
1.50
7,200.00
9.72
15.29
148.61
13
Bayung Lincir
South Sumatera
5.60
0.25
3.50
45,000.00
59.33
20.91
1,240.59
14
Tulung
Selapan
South Sumatera
0.0
0.0
3.50
12,000.00
292.80
18.00
5,270.40
15
Paloh
West Kalimantan
2.40
0.70
2.00
11,500.00
27.60
19.08
526.61
16
Sakura
West Kalimantan
1.70
0.60
3.00
17,500.00
99.97
18.19
1,818.45
17
Rasau
Jaya/Pinang
West Kalimantan
2.10
0.30
3.40
44,000.00
165.00
20.89
3,446.85
18
Ketapang
West Kalimantan
3.20
0.80
2.10
75,000.00
240.00
20.88
5,011.20
19
Sungairaya
West Kalimantan
3.00
0.48
5.00
64,635.00
262.00
19.58
5,129.96
20
Kendawangan
West Kalimantan
5.60
0.90
1.50
77,000.00
14.25
19.86
283.01
21
Maraban
South Kalimantan
0.30
0.17
3.00
12,600.00
12.30
24.00
295.20
4.50
0.80
2.50
57,000.00
92.50
19.24
1,779.70
2.20
0.10
3.50
1,071.00
3.94
15.89
62.61
3.80
0.51
3.00
36,895.00
139.40
18.48
2,576.11
1.60
0.12
3.00
4,280.00
15.36
20.82
319.80
4.10
0.45
4.70
78,750.00
377.30
19.17
7,232.84
2.50
0.37
2.00
3,600.00
5.40
20.47
110.54
1.70
0.15
2.00
4,000.00
7.20
20.82
149.90
Central
Kalimantan
Central
Kalimantan
Central
Kalimantan
Central
Kalimantan
Central
Kalimantan
Central
Kalimantan
Central
Kalimantan
22
Kanamit
23
Sampit
24
Sekajang
25
Kelampangan
26
Baung
27
Kota Besi
28
Berengbengkel
29
Muarakaman
East Kalimantan
10.50
0.90
2.00
5,579.00
16.85
15.06
253.76
30
Malangke
Sulawesi
3.10
0.31
0.50
1,250.00
1.25
20.71
25.89
133.5
12.23
86.5
1,256,070.06
4,938.26
582.91
97,925.13
Total Potential Indonesia
Note : Values of MJ/kg dry weight and MJ are those of thermal energy
Sources :
102
ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONSUMPTION

V. ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONSUMPTION IN INDONESIA
PENGKAJIAN ENERGI
103
104
Table 5.1
Production of Energy, 1997-2005
Type of
Production
Unit
Crude Oil &

Condensate
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
Thousand
barrel
576,962.57
568,782.26
545,579.06
517,488.69
489,306.41
456,944.00
418,593.46
347,356.42
341,904.43
Gas
MMSCF
3,166,034.90
2,978,851.90
3,068,349.06
2,901,378.73
2,807,149.95
3,041,872.71
3,155,243.12
3,030,132.06
2,985,340.96
LNG
tons
27,136,671.20
27,179,907.30
29,812,374.60
27,321,019.90
24,343,678.00
26,184,740.50
26,077,444.47
25,237,867.67
23,676,764.80
LPG
tons
2,786,651.80
2,343,944.20
2,263,518.10
2,087,669.10
2,187,676.70
2,113,881.00
1,927,318.28
2,016,001.24
1,818,899.82
Coal
tons
54,822,000.00
61,931,000.00
73,777,000.00
77,040,000.00
92,540,000.00
103,372,000.00
114,278,000.00
132,352,000.00
149,665,233.34
Sources:
-
th
Directorate General of Oil & Gas, Oil & Gas Data Information, 6 Ed.,2002
Embassy of the United States of America Jakarta, Petroleum Report Indonesia : 2002-2003, March 2004
Indonesia Oil & Gas Statistics, 1995-2005 Directorate General of Oil and Gas, Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources
Indonesia Mineral & Coal Statistics, 2000-2004, Directorate of Mineral and Coal Enterprises, Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources
Directorate General of Oil and Gas, Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources
http:// dpmb.esdm.go.id
105
Table 5.2
Energy Supply by Type of Primary Energy, 1990-2004

(Thousand BOE)
Year
Crude Oil
1990
297,434.57
1991
307,149.74
1992
1993
Gas
Coal
Hydro
Geo
44.63
127,603.63
19.15
24,390.00
3.66
21,678.30
3.25
2,185.30
43.63
152,419.78
21.65
24,683.23
3.51
21,222.30
3.01
2,231.20
339,310.51
44.52
163,685.27
21.48
30,129.50
3.95
27,465.90
3.60
339,952.70
43.62
173,142.36
22.22
35,122.90
4.51
26,301.80
3.37
1994
348,163.40
42.23
207,075.78
25.12
35,135.21
4.26
25,737.50
1995
367,779.07
42.06
230,037.44
26.31
38,666.49
4.42
26,349.50
1996
401,355.42
43.26
239,484.78
25.81
46,090.80
4.97
1997
423,921.16
44.44
233,232.25
24.45
56,842.80
5.96
1998
393,762.49
43.11
207,184.27
22.68
61,000.80
1999
409,777.72
43.18
202,201.78
21.31
83,958.93
Biomass
Total
0.33
193,190.59
28.99
666,482.39
0.32
196,353.58
27.89
704,059.83
2,045.70
0.27
199,486.74
26.18
762,123.63
2,169.40
0.28
202,654.63
26.00
779,343.79
3.12
3,000.00
0.36
205,264.26
24.90
824,376.15
3.01
4,200.00
0.48
207,404.32
23.72
874,436.82
27,120.60
2.92
4,545.30
0.49
209,219.61
22.55
927,816.51
20,691.60
2.17
5,424.10
0.57
213,843.95
22.42
953,955.86
6.68
26,912.80
2.95
7,435.20
0.81
217,168.62
23.77
913,464.19
8.85
25,972.90
2.74
7,501.70
0.79
219,564.74
23.14
948,977.77
2000
451,235.18
44.78
204,633.82
20.31
93,831.55
9.31
25,111.40
2.49
9,179.10
0.91
223,613.99
22.19
1,007,605.03
2001
450,538.77
42.26
232,584.73
21.82
115,029.25
10.79
29,380.30
2.76
11,795.10
1.11
226,840.46
21.28
1,066,168.60
2002
464,507.34
41.79
251,431.61
22.62
122,879.41
11.06
29,843.80
2.68
12,199.99
1.10
230,641.23
20.75
1,111,503.38
2003
465,802.09
41.25
246,132.55
21.80
128,763.35
11.40
30,696.00
2.72
23,372.00
2.07
234,423.57
20.76
1,129,189.56
2004
510,349.41
44.87
181,277.82
15.94
151,524.50
13.32
32,401.20
2.85
24,856.40
2.19
237,065.44
20.84
1,137,474.77
Source:
Handbook of Indonesias Energy Economy Statistics, 2005, Center for Energy Information, Department of Energy and Mineral Resources (Processed by PE UI using INOSYD)
106
Table 5.3
Energy Consumption by Type of Final Energy, 1990 2004

(Thousand BOE)
Year
Petroleum Fuels
Gas
Coal
LPG
Electricity
Biomassa
Total
1990
173,135.83
39.24
43,936.37
9.96
9,411.70
2.13
2,705.85
0.61
18,788.30
4.26
193,190.59
43.79
441,168.63
1991
184,874.13
40.19
43,491.56
9.45
11,058.08
2.40
3,082.43
0.67
21,167.64
4.60
196,353.58
42.68
460,027.42
1992
201,743.83
41.39
46,190.88
9.48
12,266.40
2.52
3,527.92
0.72
24,260.64
4.98
199,486.74
40.92
487,476.42
1993
218,904.86
42.59
48,164.84
9.37
13,940.96
2.71
4,133.57
0.80
26,132.07
5.08
202,654.63
39.43
513,930.92
1994
227,550.18
43.04
49,468.86
9.36
14,419.88
2.73
4,984.42
0.94
27,054.70
5.12
205,264.26
38.82
528,742.29
1995
245,233.21
43.92
52,562.90
9.41
16,924.33
3.03
5,862.35
1.05
30,366.46
5.44
207,404.32
37.15
558,353.58
1996
261,441.21
44.83
55,157.60
9.46
15,785.89
2.71
6,774.11
1.16
34,825.51
5.97
209,219.61
35.87
583,203.92
1997
275,272.59
44.94
61,007.99
9.96
16,395.21
2.68
6,977.41
1.14
39,022.44
6.37
213,843.95
34.91
612,519.58
1998
271,925.68
44.58
55,217.13
9.05
18,215.03
2.99
6,966.04
1.14
40,539.55
6.65
217,168.62
35.60
610,032.05
1999
290,414.95
43.73
75,420.40
11.36
27,425.06
4.13
7,517.14
1.13
43,764.31
6.59
219,564.74
33.06
664,106.60
2000
307,580.86
43.33
84,004.53
11.83
36,950.29
5.21
8,127.72
1.14
49,569.53
6.98
223,613.99
31.50
709,846.91
2001
319,170.37
43.48
89,628.48
12.21
38,269.63
5.21
8,280.44
1.13
51,840.99
7.06
226,840.46
30.90
734,030.36
2002
328,089.76
43.49
93,986.35
12.46
39,589.17
5.25
8,745.06
1.16
53,417.90
7.08
230,641.23
30.57
754,469.47
2003
330,623.73
43.44
90,734.74
11.92
40,954.11
5.38
8,910.36
1.17
55,472.80
7.29
234,423.57
30.80
761,119.31
2004
354,274.20
42.53
114,651.10
13.76
56,437.25
6.78
9,159.10
1.10
61,352.90
7.37
237,065.44
28.46
832,939.98
Source:
107
Table 5.4
Final Energy Consumption by Sector, 1990 2004

(Thousand BOE)
Year
Industry
Commercial
Residential
Transportation
Others
total
1990
72,563.39
33.25
6,218.00
2.85
45,997.00
21.08
76,183.17
34.91
17,242.12
7.90
218,203.67
1991
75,464.00
32.56
7,224.00
3.12
47,568.00
20.53
82,585.86
35.64
18,907.61
8.16
231,749.46
1992
85,822.25
33.75
8,317.00
3.27
49,221.00
19.36
91,208.57
35.87
19,695.17
7.75
254,264.00
1993
93,897.11
34.11
9,911.00
3.60
51,159.00
18.58
96,713.16
35.13
23,616.71
8.58
275,296.97
1994
104,488.85
35.67
10,834.00
3.70
53,443.00
18.24
98,186.85
33.52
25,992.16
8.87
292,944.86
1995
114,698.42
36.03
12,063.00
3.79
56,395.00
17.72
105,866.94
33.26
29,309.74
9.21
318,333.10
1996
115,294.09
34.16
13,538.00
4.01
59,451.00
17.62
116,188.58
34.43
33,018.47
9.78
337,490.14
1997
125,067.83
34.59
14,847.00
4.11
64,368.00
17.80
122,833.39
33.98
34,405.54
9.52
361,521.76
1998
123,833.29
34.78
14,961.00
4.20
68,154.00
19.14
123,558.40
34.71
25,493.37
7.16
356,000.05
1999
160,372.39
39.93
15,955.00
3.97
71,142.00
17.71
128,833.84
32.07
25,363.12
6.31
401,666.35
2000
184,118.43
41.81
17,176.00
3.90
75,542.00
17.15
137,440.30
31.21
26,138.12
5.93
440,414.85
2001
197,893.44
42.48
17,755.00
3.81
79,739.00
17.12
143,624.41
30.83
26,859.70
5.77
465,871.55
2002
197,932.16
41.57
18,394.00
3.86
83,160.00
17.47
149,107.28
31.32
27,525.35
5.78
476,118.79
2003
189,526.41
39.44
19,725.00
4.10
86,582.00
18.02
156,827.33
32.63
27,939.83
5.81
480,600.57
2004
241,152.26
43.82
21,698.00
3.94
89,087.00
16.19
169,788.99
30.85
28,597.21
5.20
550,323.47
Source:
108
Table 5.5
Petroleum Fuel Consumption by Sector, 1990 2004

(Thousand BOE)
Year
Industry
Commercial
Residential
Transportation
Others
Electricity
Total
1990
37,840.00
2,394.00
39,490.00
76,170.00
17,242.00
30,095.99
203,231.99
1991
40,384.00
3,028.00
39,997.00
82,557.00
18,908.00
34,104.65
218,978.65
1992
46,488.00
3,880.00
40,503.00
91,178.00
19,695.00
38,507.81
240,251.81
1993
52,551.00
4,970.00
41,104.00
96,663.00
23,617.00
41,905.06
260,810.06
1994
56,093.00
5,491.00
41,860.00
98,114.00
25,992.00
25,066.95
252,616.95
1995
61,525.00
5,962.00
42,655.00
105,781.00
29,310.00
19,713.88
264,946.88
1996
62,349.00
6,499.00
43,491.00
116,084.00
33,018.00
22,118.26
283,559.26
1997
64,836.00
6,854.00
46,469.00
122,711.00
34,406.00
30,436.03
305,712.03
1998
68,312.00
5,749.00
48,976.00
123,396.00
25,493.00
27,329.84
299,255.84
1999
79,719.00
5,824.00
50,847.00
128,662.00
25,363.00
31,077.57
321,492.57
2000
85,239.00
6,134.00
52,794.00
137,275.00
26,138.00
33,195.15
340,775.15
2001
87,507.00
6,226.00
55,094.00
143,484.00
26,860.00
35,676.09
354,847.09
2002
87,363.00
6,320.00
57,906.00
148,976.00
27,525.00
46,035.27
374,125.27
2003
79,434.00
6,414.00
60,137.00
156,698.00
27,940.00
50,308.36
380,931.36
2004
88,651.00
6,511.00
60,856.00
169,659.00
28,597.00
56,208.71
410,482.71
Source:
Handbook of Indonesias Energy Economy Statistics, 2005, Center for Energy Information, Department of Energy and Mineral Resources (Processed by PE UI using INOSYD )
109
Table 5.6
Gas Consumption by Sector, 1990 2004

(Thousand BOE)
Year
Industry
Commercial
Residential
Transportation
Electricity
Total
1990
14,027.00
92.00
39.00
3.00
2,388.86
16,549.86
1991
11,407.00
103.00
40.00
18.00
2,296.72
13,864.72
1992
12,287.00
117.00
40.00
20.00
2,296.72
14,760.72
1993
11,975.00
131.00
41.00
40.00
10,465.47
22,652.47
1994
18,670.00
152.00
49.00
63.00
28,862.62
47,796.62
1995
19,639.00
172.00
58.00
74.00
39,517.75
59,460.75
1996
18,308.00
194.00
68.00
89.00
52,830.78
71,489.78
1997
23,462.00
208.00
74.00
103.00
40,996.93
64,843.93
1998
17,940.00
186.00
76.00
140.00
39,881.08
58,223.08
1999
32,117.00
194.00
74.00
147.00
42,495.52
75,027.52
2000
37,752.00
203.00
82.00
138.00
41,099.30
79,274.30
2001
47,891.00
206.00
89.00
111.00
39,946.81
88,243.81
2002
45,859.00
209.00
96.00
99.00
34,649.69
80,912.69
2003
44,211.00
212.00
104.00
97.00
33,101.00
77,725.00
2004
68,661.00
215.00
111.00
97.00
31,687.91
100,771.91
Source:
110
Table 5.7
Coal Consumption by Sector, 1990-2004

(Thousand BOE)
Year
Industry
Commercial
Residential
Transportation
Others
Electricity
Total
1990
9,243.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
14,013.66
23,256.66
1991
10,860.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
15,763.70
26,623.70
1992
12,047.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
15,763.70
27,810.70
1993
13,690.00
0.00
2.00
0.00
0.00
14,505.16
28,197.16
1994
14,151.00
0.00
13.00
0.00
0.00
16,949.10
31,113.10
1995
16,601.00
0.00
24.00
0.00
0.00
17,143.22
33,768.22
1996
15,473.00
0.00
36.00
0.00
0.00
24,417.00
39,926.00
1997
16,056.00
0.00
55.00
0.00
0.00
30,532.41
46,643.41
1998
17,829.00
0.00
72.00
0.00
0.00
32,593.65
50,494.65
1999
26,862.00
0.00
86.00
0.00
0.00
34,983.07
61,931.07
2000
36,215.00
0.00
88.00
0.00
0.00
40,259.25
76,562.25
2001
37,508.00
0.00
91.00
0.00
0.00
42,993.54
80,592.54
2002
38,802.00
0.00
94.00
0.00
0.00
43,075.26
81,971.26
2003
40,140.00
0.00
97.00
0.00
0.00
46,771.31
87,008.31
2004
55,344.00
0.00
99.00
0.00
0.00
47,238.50
102,681.50
Source:
111
Table 5.8a Petroleum Fuel Sales in Residential Sector, 2000-2005

2000
Volume
(kl)
2001
Percent
(%)
Volume
(kl)
2002
Percent
(%)
Volume
(kl)
2003
Percent
(%)
Volume
(kl)
2004
Percent
(%)
Volume
(kl)
2005
Percent
(%)
Volume
(kl)
Percent
(%)
Premium
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
Kerosene
12,409,142
100.00
8,172,429
100.00
11,622,937
100.00
11,704,403
100.00
11,787,354
100.00
11,294,676
100.00
Automotive Diesel Oil
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
Intermediate Diesel Oil
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
Fuel Oil
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
12,409,142
100
8,172,429
100
11,622,937
100
11,704,403
100
11,787,354
100
11,294,676
100
TOTAL
Source:
Directorate General of Oil and Gas, Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources (Processed)
Table 5.8b Petroleum Fuel Sales in Transportation Sector, 2000-2005

2000
Volume
(kl)
Premium & Special
Premium
Kerosene
Fuel Oil
TOTAL
2001
Percent
(%)
Volume
(kl)
2002
Percent
(%)
Volume
(kl)
2003
Percent
(%)
Volume
(kl)
2004
Percent
(%)
Volume
(kl)
2005
Percent
(%)
Volume
(kl)
Percent
(%)
12,874,043
50.71
11,490,034
49.06
14,096,529
51.76
14,647,489
54.77
17,027,444
56.51
17,828,528
58.81
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
12,152,821
47.87
9,774,706
41.73
12,675,523
46.54
12,108,939
43.95
12,816,785
42.54
12,132,616
40.02
139,530
0.55
1,960,756
8.37
122,517
0.45
85,878
0.31
51,995
0.17
71,814
0.24
221,365
0.87
196,933
0.84
339,230
1.25
267,803
0.97
233,982
0.78
281,316
0.93
25,387,759
100
23,422,429
100
27,233,798
100
27,553,352
100
30,130,206
100
30,314,274
100
Source:
112
Table 5.8c Petroleum Fuel Sales in Industry Sector, 2000-2005

2000
Volume
(kl)
2001
Percent
(%)
Volume
(kl)
2002
Percent
(%)
Volume
(kl)
2003
Percent
(%)
Volume
(kl)
2004
Percent
(%)
Volume
(kl)
2005
Percent
(%)
Volume
(kl)
Percent
(%)
Premium
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
Kerosene
48,634
0.40
2,339,809
21.10
52,953
0.43
48,440
0.48
58,765
0.44
90,906
0.77
6,674,515
54.95
5,104,186
46.02
7,010,072
57.18
5,682,776
56.57
8,956,069
66.37
8,505,760
72.11
1,308,278
10.77
1,566,295
14.12
1,198,555
9.78
1,063,634
10.59
1,007,715
7.47
807,141
6.84
4,115,835
33.88
2,081,063
18.76
3,997,918
32.61
3,251,247
32.36
3,472,210
25.73
2,391,854
20.28
12,147,262
100
11,091,353
100
12,259,498
100
10,046,097
100
13,494,759
100
11,795,661
100
Fuel Oil
TOTAL
Source:
Table 5.8d Petroleum Fuel Sales in Electricity Sector, 2000-2005

2000
Volume
(kl)
Premium
Kerosene
Fuel Oil
TOTAL
2001
Percent
(%)
0.00
Volume
(kl)
2002
Percent
(%)
Volume
(kl)
0.00
2003
2004
Percent
(%)
Volume
(kl)
Percent
(%)
0.00
0.00
Volume
(kl)
0
2005
Percent
(%)
0.00
Volume
(kl)
0
Percent
(%)
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
3,244,920
64.79
9,836,012
89.42
4,589,987
70.09
5,122,023
65.23
4,589,987
70.09
6,832,053
75.89
24,360
0.49
26,394
0.24
38,474
0.59
33,720
0.43
38,474
0.59
16,255
0.18
1,739,012
34.72
1,137,735
10.34
1,920,478
29.33
2,696,366
34.34
1,920,478
29.33
2,154,715
23.93
5,008,292
100
11,000,141
100
6,548,939
100
7,852,109
100
6,548,939
100
9,003,023
100
Source:
113
Table 5.9a Petroleum Fuel Sales per Region, 2003

KiloLiter
No
1
UPMS I
UPMS IV
UPMS V
UPMS VI
UPMS VII
UPMS VIII
TOTAL
1,791,598
996,157
5,047,512
1,889,029
2,897,290
863,052
944,000
218,851
14,647,489
a. Transportation
1,791,598
996,157
5,047,512
1,889,029
2,897,290
863,052
944,000
218,851
14,647,489
Kerosene
1,485,584
773,161
3,881,577
1,503,017
2,376,466
803,523
673,729
256,052
11,753,109
a. Residential
1,484,357
771,619
3,855,972
1,493,208
2,369,530
803,142
671,411
255,164
11,704,403
1,227
1,542
25,605
9,809
6,936
115
2,318
888
48,440
4,440,567
2,178,744
5,368,028
2,498,723
4,316,072
3,254,999
1,227,407
779,918
24,064,458
a. Residential
2,091,808
1,146,818
3,125,551
1,395,132
2,398,340
1,042,750
712,853
195,687
12,108,939
b. Industry
1,317,189
5,143
1,809,604
336,657
72,295
1,542,526
213,561
385,801
5,682,776
c. Electricity
1,031,570
405,352
432,873
766,934
1,316,148
669,723
300,993
198,430
5,122,023
46,828
51,017
721,889
62,197
224,236
8,501
68,810
1,183,478
a. Residential
11,562
6,315
24,438
4,790
32,480
782
5,511
85,878
b. Industry
35,266
22,235
690,336
53,269
191,756
7,473
63,299
1,063,634
22,467
7,115
4,138
1,018,800
233,714
2,523,460
799,454
1,487,101
41,105
111,782
19,561
1,967
117,341
14,644
96,700
7,331
10,259
267,803
b. Industry
568,185
158,212
1,663,441
284,483
515,940
33,774
27,212
3,251,247
c. Electricity
431,054
73,535
742,678
500,327
874,461
74,311
2,696,366
8,783,377
4,232,793
17,542,466
6,752,420
11,301,165
c. Electricity
Fuel Oil
5
UPMS III
Premium
b. Industry
UPMS II
a. Residential
TOTAL
33,720
4,971,180
3,025,728
150
1,254,971
6,215,566
57,864,100
Source:
114
Table 5.9b Petroleum Fuel Sales per Region, 2004

KiloLiter
No
1
UPMS I
UPMS II
UPMS III
UPMS IV
UPMS V
Premium
2,086,945
1,172,962
5,490,179
2,197,943
3,163,435
992,303
1,056,125
258,124
16,418,016
a. Transportation
1,791,598
996,157
5,047,512
1,889,029
2,897,290
863,052
944,000
218,851
14,647,489
Kerosene
1,472,827
764,692
3,885,584
1,534,633
2,451,421
807,805
674,425
254,732
11,846,119
a. Residential
1,471,105
759,889
3,857,708
1,526,907
2,440,564
806,489
671,929
252,763
11,787,354
1,722
4,803
27,876
7,726
10,857
1,316
2,496
1,969
58,765
4,865,958
2,522,241
5,987,186
2,805,216
4,452,888
3,666,160
1,341,500
846,602
26,487,751
a. Residential
2,216,996
1,331,509
3,147,180
1,533,987
2,262,171
1,190,294
747,565
387,083
12,816,785
b. Industry
1,441,144
778,411
2,524,151
1,251,695
663,174
1,793,934
261,373
242,187
8,956,069
c. Electricity
1,207,818
412,321
315,855
19,534
1,527,543
681,932
332,562
217,332
4,714,897
41,188
56,879
675,162
58,527
192,451
10,882
58,325
1,093,414
8,914
5,851
140
7,228
23,802
167
5,893
51,995
32,274
23,852
668,494
51,299
168,649
10,715
52,432
1,007,715
27,176
6,528
33,704
936,155
230,115
2,411,564
713,817
1,269,018
77,048
116,790
5,754,507
19,698
3,824
76,126
14,543
104,777
5,410
9,604
233,982
b. Industry
534,879
215,042
1,491,160
699,274
422,019
71,638
38,198
3,472,210
c. Electricity
381,578
11,249
844,278
742,222
68,988
2,048,315
9,403,073
4,746,889
18,449,675
7,310,136
11,529,213
5,554,198
3,247,165
1,359,458
61,599,807
b. Industry
Intermediate Diesel
Oil
4
a. Residential
b. Industry
c. Electricity
Fuel Oil
a. Residential
TOTAL
UPMS VI
UPMS VII
UPMS VIII
TOTAL
Source:
115
Table 5.9c Petroleum Fuel Sales per Region, 2005

KiloLiter
No
1
UPMS I
UPMS II
UPMS III
UPMS IV
UPMS V
UPMS VI
UPMS VII
UPMS VIII
Premium
2,258,790
1,266,535
5,940,065
2,289,072
3,334,077
1,042,826
1,078,367
270,595
17,480,327
a. Transportation
1,791,598
996,157
5,047,512
1,889,029
2,897,290
863,052
944,000
218,851
14,647,489
Kerosene
1,375,586
768,711
3,765,451
1,450,594
2,382,302
778,884
625,702
238,353
11,385,582
a. Residential
1,372,295
761,068
3,738,166
1,444,133
2,363,974
777,191
607,057
230,793
11,294,676
3,291
7,643
27,285
6,461
18,328
1,693
18,646
7,560
90,906
4,880,971
2,377,763
6,078,870
2,769,377
5,235,136
3,860,891
1,486,372
781,050
27,470,430
a. Residential
2,240,741
1,121,411
3,061,296
1,503,323
2,330,795
1,061,353
676,341
137,356
12,132,616
b. Industry
1,308,615
1,114,924
1,924,863
388,844
760,654
2,084,373
505,371
418,116
8,505,760
c. Electricity
1,331,615
141,428
1,092,711
877,210
2,143,687
715,164
304,660
225,578
6,832,053
36,659
34,796
590,118
53,598
150,425
10,692
18,923
895,210
a. Residential
10,245
3,259
16,455
5,330
30,610
993
4,922
71,814
b. Industry
26,414
20,324
572,913
43,976
119,815
9,699
14,001
807,141
11,213
750
4,292
16,255
824,692
204,491
1,787,696
628,083
1,205,791
32,352
144,780
4,827,884
25,979
15,240
99,444
11,357
90,751
10,603
27,942
281,316
b. Industry
311,725
188,701
1,276,568
189,760
337,329
21,748
66,022
2,391,854
c. Electricity
486,988
550
411,683
426,966
777,712
50,816
2,154,715
9,376,698
4,652,296
18,162,199
7,190,724
12,307,732
5,725,643
3,354,144
1,289,997
62,059,433
b. Industry
c. Electricity
Fuel Oil
5
a. Residential
TOTAL
TOTAL
Source:
116
Table 5.10 Crude Oil Production by Production Schemes, 1995 2005

(Barrel)
Year
Annually
1995
Daily Average
Annually
1996
Daily Average
Annually
1997
Daily Average
Annually
1998
Daily Average
Annually
1999
Daily Average
Annually
2000
Daily Average
Annually
2001
Daily Average
Annually
2002
Daily Average
Annually
2003
Daily Average
Annually
2004
Daily Average
Annually
2005
Daily Average
Pertamina
Production
Sharing
Contractors
Total
20,656,779.00
464,193,521.00
484,850,300.00
56,594.00
1,271,763.00
1,328,357.00
37,577, 840.00
447,995,960.00
485,573,800.00
102,670.00
1,224,030.00
1,326,700.00
38,942,558.00
445,398,042.00
484,340,600.00
106,692.00
1,220,269.00
1,326,961.00
43,570,517.00
436,539,183.00
480,109,700.00
119,371.00
1,195,998.00
1,315,369.00
40,984,592.00
399,476,972.00
440,461,564.00
112,287.00
1,094,457.00
1,206,744.00
45,726,352.00
419,699,983.00
465,426,335.00
124,935.00
1,146,721.00
1,271,657.00
46,101,364.00
395,072,849.00
441,174,213.00
129,882.00
1,082,391.00
1,212,273.00
42,569,440.00
364,952,958.00
407,522,398.00
118,904.00
999,871.00
1,118,775.00
41,512,127.00
328,053,059.00
369,565,186.00
113,731.85
898,775.50
1,012,507.36
41,010,652.00
306,148,281.00
347,158,933.00
112,358.00
838,762.00
951,120.00
41,877,493.00
299,325,102.00
341,202,595.00
114,733.00
820,069.00
934,802.00
Sources :
Indonesia Oil and Gas Statistics, 1995-2005 Directorate General of Oil and Gas, Ministry of Energy and
Mineral Resources
Oil & Gas Statistics of Indonesia 2000-2004, Directorate General of Oil and Gas, Ministry of Energy and
Mineral Resources
117
Table 5.11
Condensate Production by Production Scheme, 1995 2005

(Barrel)
Year
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
Annually
Daily Average
Annually
Daily Average
Annually
Daily Average
Annually
Daily Average
Annually
Daily Average
Annually
Daily Average
Annually
Daily Average
Annually
Daily Average
Annually
Daily Average
Annually
Daily Average
Annually
Daily Average
Pertamina
Production
Sharing
Contractors
Total
349,597.00
61,776,824.00
62,126,421.00
958
169,252.00
170,210.00
59,560.00
63,014,920.00
63,074,480.00
160
172,640.00
172,800.00
46,465.00
59,365,544.00
59,412,009.00
127
162,645.00
162,772.00
137,596.00
54,644,672.00
54,782,268.00
377
149,711.00
150,048.00
209,168.00
53,972,181.00
54,181,349.00
573
147,869.00
148,442.00
720,149.00
51,400,608.00
52,120,757.00
1,968.00
140,439.00
142,407.00
214,828.00
47,917,367.00
48,132,195.00
589
131,280.00
131,869.00
99,525.00
48,002,723.00
48,102,248.00
273
131,514.00
131,787.00
103,200.00
48,742,844.00
48,846,044.00
282.74
133,542.04
133,824.78
197,489.00
46,975,415.00
47,172,904.00
539.59
128,348.13
128,887.72
701,838.00
45,749,079.00
46,450,917.00
1,923.00
125,340.00
127,263.00
Sources :
Mineral Resources
Mineral Resources
118
Table 5.12
Production of Naphtha and LSWR by Refinery, 1996 2005

(Barrel)
Refinery
Year
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
Products
Naphtha
LSWR
Naphtha
LSWR
Naphtha
LSWR
Naphtha
LSWR
Naphtha
LSWR
Naphtha
LSWR
Naphtha
LSWR
Naphtha
LSWR
Naphtha
LSWR
Naphtha
LSWR
Sub Total Naphtha

Sub Total LSWR
Total Non-Fuels Products
P.Brandan
Kasim
Total
Dumai
S.Pakning
Musi
Cilacap
Balikpapan
Balongan
Cepu
259,462
0
242,164
0
70,761
0
614,776
0
667,074
0
73,338
0
0
0
20,295
0
291,271
3,689,236
396,644
9,826,160
227,506
4,767,558
399,559
5,509,723
620,226
5,693,507
213,870
4,855,527
0
2,560,153
0
2,618,638
0
5,066,437
0
4,805,368
0
3,483,279
0
2,581,395
0
3,333,620
0
2,860,161
0
3,051,234
0
3,885,279
23,339
16,340,893
36,733
16,106,174
87,336
9,673,835
95,346
7,650,353
135,714
3,827,181
2,634,839
6,957
0
488,043
4,299,733
2,302,857
9,586,766
1,055,438
3,035,678
914,340
2,305,760
657,337
4,998,137
1,056,766
9,023,638
1,177,562
10,332,709
2,716,652
0
439,179
9,668,298
1,624,280
4,453,184
23,255,328
4,475,643
21,504,036
3,359,049
22,275,944
3,058,849
21,912,179
6,172,462
24,585,961
6,925,713
22,919,190
31,033
21,106,172
4,165,440
20,737,635
0
0
0
0
0
2,234,290
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
239,751
40,752
0
28,240
0
0
866,586
0
717,730
0
1,016,373
14,614,022
49,407,332
8,186,862
53,156,078
6,050,412
43,331,994
9,207,419
38,710,416
16,647,354
38,617,831
20,180,469
34,225,073
31,033
28,362,511
18,153,766
32,185,062
314,654
0
2,262,524
0
2,262,524
0
1,935,875
0
0
2,149,076
41,456,377
43,605,453
0
4,385,352
965,725
7,829,198
965,725
41,281,323
42,247,048
3,601,827
802,850
4,511,650
276,891
15,426,517
57,476,034
72,902,551
8,204,852
2,081,510
10,185,687
1,378,815
67,341,525
13,101,879
80,443,404
6,671,033
18,921,161
5,238,579
18,539,881
44,550,985
215,757,487
260,308,472
0
0
0
0
0
2,234,290
2,234,290
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1,061,869
0
939,856
68,992
4,842,165
4,911,157
18,477,712
29,188,617
21,216,295
28,964,641
132,765,344
376,149,555
508,914,899
Sources :
Indonesia Oil & Gas Statistics 1996-2002, Directorate General of Oil and Gas, Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources
Directorate General of Oil and Gas, Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources, 2006
119
Table 5.13a Production of various Fuels by Refinery, 2003

(Barrel)
Refineries
Fuels Products
Total
P.Brandan
Dumai
S.Pakning
Musi
Cilacap
Balikpapan
Balongan
Cepu
Kasim
1. JP-5
2. Avgas
72,351
72,351
3. Avtur
2,528,517
687,185
3,363,683
4,124,217
10,703,602
4. Premium
8,670,509
6,984,283
23,220,352
13,660,366
16,510,633
526,987
69,573,130
5. Kerosene
336,449
6,160,934
2,274,871
5,815,385
23,124,978
16,202,299
3,911,199
174,348
555,627
58,556,090
6. Gas Oil/ ADO/ HSD
174,503
24,559,224
2,834,910
8,341,619
23,201,178
25,777,277
8,654,278
220,764
744,983
94,508,736
1048
443,232
5,426,958
611,918
1,311,961
7,795,117
52,046
54,167
8,431,800
23,179,382
340
2,159,718
33,877,453
9. Pertamax plus
495,861
495,861
10.Pertamax
232,200
30,640
2,357,879
2,620,719
562,998
41,974,399
5,109,781
31,008,055
101,516,531
60,407,057
35,401,529
395,112
1,827,597
278,203,059
7. Diesel Oil/ IDO/ MDF

8. Fuel Oil/ DCO/ IFO/
MFO
Sub Total
Converted from kiloLiter
Source :
120
Table 5.13b Production of various Fuels by Refinery, 2004

(Barrel)
Refineries
Fuels Products
Total
P.Brandan
Dumai
S.Pakning
Musi
Cilacap
Balikpapan
Balongan
Cepu
Kasim
1. JP-5
2. Avgas
32,248
32,248
3. Avtur
2,625,419
621,005
3,185,872
4,783,701
11,215,997
4. Premium
8,791,612
7,775,338
22,747,609
15,151,474
16,952,659
523,462
71,942,154
5. Kerosene
281,846
5,739,851
2,653,849
5,818,757
19,617,295
17,018,205
4,963,520
168,623
562,465
56,824,412
159,088
24,362,779
2,943,891
7,730,101
23,993,524
28,123,212
10,372,352
221,854
745,681
98,652,481
16,058
82
445,878
8,112,892
496,058
1,132,151
10,203,119
8. Fuel Oil/ DCO/ IFO/ MFO
648
8,143,901
20,961,727
4,164
1,854,101
30,964,541
9. Pertamax plus
303,162
303,162
10. Pertamax
351,895
151,502
2,534,047
3,037,445
456,992
41,520,391
5,597,740
30,919,122
98,618,919
65,728,316
38,111,993
390,477
1,831,609
283,175,558
Sub Total
Source :
121
Table 5.13c Production of various Fuels by Refinery, 2005

(Barrel)
Refineries
Total
Fuels Products
P.Brandan
Dumai
S.Pakning
Musi
Cilacap
Balikpapan
Balongan
Cepu
Kasim
1. JP-5
2.
33,814
33,814
3. Avtur
2,583,548
691,664
2,802,628
4,609,052
10,686,892
4. Premium
7,861,068
8,033,855
20,166,508
16,831,920
17,660,576
464,634
71,018,560
5. Kerosene
340,523
5,920,639
2,629,382
6,062,436
17,075,738
16,461,482
4,552,991
187,078
494,517
53,724,786
163,497
23,158,704
2,835,008
6,410,558
22,761,491
28,180,373
10,186,847
221,024
722,767
94,640,268
16,058
138
255,234
7,088,768
246,585
968,711
8,575,494
8. Fuel Oil/ DCO/ IFO/ MFO
296
6,036,214
20,143,040
4,220
1,570,494
27,754,265
9. Pertamax plus
431,870
431,870
10. Pertamax
110,342
87,523
1,502,023
1,699,888
520,078
39,524,392
5,464,390
27,634,117
90,038,173
66,421,156
36,873,512
408,101
1,681,918
268,565,837
Avgas
Sub Total
Source :
122
Table 5.14a Production of Oil and Gas by Refinery, 2003
Crude Oil
Condensate
Imported
Crude Oil
Thousand
Barrel
Thousand
Barrel
Thousand
Barrel
LNG
Billion
BTU
LPG
Thousand
Barrel
Thousand
ton
Thousand
Barrel
51.50
553.625
A. OIL REFINERY
P. Brandan
961.64
0.00
Dumai
45,945.78
0.00
Sei Pakning
17,140.15
0.00
Musi
41,102.46
0.00
102.97
1106.8738
Cilacap
37,213.18
88,080.88
162.72
1749.2508
Balikpapan
42,213.44
46,035.71
128.42
1380.472
Balongan
36,259.88
462.68
333.34
3583.3728
778.94
8373.5943
822.13
0.00
3,091.30
0.00
224,749.94
0.00
134,579.28
Arun
328,312.49
87,878.08
0.00
Badak
1,019,036.44
273,346.69
843.39
Mundu
12.55
Tanjung Santan
155.38
Jabung
67.26
Arjuna
25.80
Arar
0.77
Sumbagut
38.90
SUB TOTAL
1,347,348.93
361,224.76
1,148.38
TOTAL
1,347,348.93
361,224.76
1,927.32
Cepu
Kasim
SUB TOTAL
B. GAS REFINERY
Sources :
Indonesia Oil and Gas Statistics, 2003, Directorate General of Oil and Gas, Ministry of Energy and Mineral
Resources
123
Table 5.14b Production of Oil and Gas by Refinery, 2004
Crude Oil
Condensate
Imported
Crude Oil
Thousand
Barrel
Thousand
Barrel
Thousand
Barrel
LNG
Billion
BTU
LPG
Thousand
Barrel
Thousand
ton
Thousand
Barrel
63.25
679.937
A. OIL REFINERY
P. Brandan
961.64
0.00
Dumai
45,945.78
0.00
Sei Pakning
17,140.15
0.00
Musi
41,102.46
0.00
134.28
1,443.47
Cilacap
37,213.18
88,080.88
148.11
1,592.21
Balikpapan
42,213.44
46,035.71
120.32
1,293.39
Balongan
36,259.88
462.68
430.44
4,627.24
896.40
9,636.25
822.13
0.00
3,091.30
0.00
224,749.94
0.00
134,579.28
Arun
292,928.27
78,406.92
0.00
0.00
Badak
1,010,988.93
271,188.02
854.14
9,886.19
Mundu
9.46
101.66
Tanjung Santan
0.00
0.00
Jabung
68.98
859.52
Arjuna
147.22
1,736.01
Arar
1.47
18.36
Sumbagut
38.34
412.12
SUB TOTAL
1,303,917.20
349,594.94
1,119.61
13,013.40
TOTAL
1,303,917.20
349,594.94
2,016.00
22,649.64
Cepu
Kasim
SUB TOTAL
B. GAS REFINERY
Sources :
Indonesia Oil and Gas Statistics, 2004, Directorate General of Oil and Gas, Ministry of Energy and Mineral
Resources
124
Table 5.14c Production of Oil and Gas by Refinery, 2005
Crude Oil
Condensate
Imported
Crude Oil
Thousand
Barrel
Thousand
Barrel
Thousand
Barrel
LNG
Billion
BTU
LPG
Thousand
Barrel
Thousand
ton
Thousand
Barrel
71.37
767.23
A. OIL REFINERY
P. Brandan
896.97
Dumai
42,087.33
Sei Pakning
17,888.34
Musi
36,399.54
139.68
1,501.56
Cilacap
24,095.05
1,090.38
85,372.98
118.39
1,272.68
Balikpapan
45,785.15
2,406.96
42,030.25
99.14
1,065.74
Balongan
41,795.67
193.84
404.14
4,344.49
832.72
8,951.71
903.96
0.00
2,843.29
0.00
212,695.29
3,497.34
127,597.07
Arun
217,529.28
58,225.18
0.00
0.00
Badak
1,005,610.72
269,745.36
770.20
8,961.84
Mundu
5.96
64.06
Tanjung Santan
127.36
1,503.66
Jabung
56.24
700.41
Arjuna
0.00
0.00
Arar
0.00
0.00
Sumbagut
26.43
284.10
SUB TOTAL
1,223,140.00
327,970.55
995.10
11,514.07
TOTAL
1,223,140.00
327,970.55
1,827.81
20,465.78
Cepu
Kasim
SUB TOTAL
B. GAS REFINERY
Source:
125
Table 5.15
Natural Gas Production by Production Scheme, 1995 2005
(Barrel)
Year
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
Pertamina
Annually
Daily Average
Annually
Daily Average
Annually
Daily Average
Annually
Daily Average
Annually
Daily Average
Annually
Daily Average
Annually
Daily Average
Annually
Daily Average
Annually
Daily Average
Annually
Daily Average
Pertamina-JOB
Pertamina-TAC
PSC
Total
279,163,623
35,114,369
28,303,436
2,821,434,761
3,164,016,189
764,832
96,204
77,544
7,729,958
8,668,538
279,511,569
34,783,553
26,154,729
2,825,585,041
3,166,034,892
765,785
95,297
71,657
7,741,329
8,674,068
270,329,833
37,613,772
29,460,354
2,641,447,914
2,978,851,873
740,630
103,051
80,713
7,236,844
8,161,238
259,131,635
34,239,136
34,213,979
2,740,764,314
3,068,349,064
709,950
93,806
93,737
7,508,943
8,406,436
285,691,770
33,186,444
27,604,880
2,554,895,640
2,901,378,734
782,717
90,922
75,630
6,999,714
7,948,983
276,790,580
32,675,517
37,243,630
2,460,440,226
2,807,149,953
758,330
89,522
102,037
6,740,932
7,690,822
258,012,265
36,999,407
39,733,464
2,707,127,571
3,041,872,707
706,883
101,368
108,859
165,915,572
166,832,682
264,658,030
32,376,560
203,016,436
2,819,735,938
3,319,786,964
725,090
88,703
556,209
7,725,304
9,095,307
301,856,580
27,544,471
54,470,370
2,655,764,844
3,039,636,265
827,004
75,464
149,234
7,276,068
8,327,771
308,000,980
23,962,781
37,293,334
2,605,729,121
2,974,986,216
843,838
65,652
130,542
7,138,984
8,179,016
Source :
Indonesia Oil and Gas Statistics, 1995-2002, Directorate General of Oil and Gas, Ministry of Energy and
Mineral Resources
Directorate General of Oil and Gas, Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources, 2006
126
Table 5.16
Production and Utilization of Natural Gas, 1999-2005

(MMSCF)
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
Gas Production
3,066,349.00
2,901,302.00
2,807,150.00
3,041,852.00
3,073,482.00
3,030,132.06
2,985,340.96
Utilization (incl. Export)
2,575,131.00
2,728,172.00
2,623,725.00
2,856,637.00
2,900,581.00
2,678,791.43
2,592,511.71
0.84
0.94
0.93
0.94
0.94
385,887
397,163
382,583
372,446
353,612
311,869.35
315,067.71
8,253
14,936
10,397
26,901
28,141
34,098.78
24,578.61
41,911
32,227
29,437
30,879
22,995
20,496.73
16,154.70
238,797
255,178
230,140
268,129
254,222
196,150.83
196,775.08
2,048
2,822
3,411
2,737
2,884
175,334
223,564
254,237
199,765
182,573
46,944
62,560
86,295
148,957
158,921
131,990
155,357
102,915
64,824
125,815
1,543,967
1,584,365
1,524,310
1,741,999
1,771,418
60%
58%
58%
61%
61%
1,031,164
1,143,807
1,099,415
1,114,638
1,129,163
40%
42%
42%
39%
39%
458,184
137,671
179,371
154,943
172,901
15%
5%
6%
5%
6%
( % Utilization )
- Own use
- LPG/ Lex Plant
- Refinery
- Fertilizer/ Petrochemical
- Cement Industry
- Electricity
- PT PGN (Persero)
- Others Industry
Exports
( % Exports )
Domestic Utilization
(% Domestic Utilization)
Losses/ Flared
( % Losses )
283,381.65
594,666.90
131,786
157,532
Source:
Oil & Gas Statistics of Indonesia 1999 2005, Directorate General of Oil and Gas, Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources
127
Table 5.17
Production of LNG, 1999 2005

Year
Refinery
Unit
1999
Barrel
MMSCF
ARUN
MMBtu
ton
Barrel
MMSCF
BADAK
MMBtu
Ton
Barrel
MMSCF
Total
MMBtu
Ton
158,142,836.48
2000
92,892,616.35
2001
41,553,057.00
2002
86,427,144.65
2003
87,878,075.48
2004
78,406,924.51
2005
58,225,181.06
529,462.22
311,004.48
139,120.00
289,508.74
294,215.80
262,506.38
194,937.91
25,144,711.00
14,769,926.00
6,606,936.00
13,749,071.00
13,972,614.00
12,466,701.00
9,257,803.79
590,821,637.09
347,046,814.69
155,242,219.00
323,059,932.43
328312490
292,928,270.02
217,529,276.44
11,416,606.73
6,706,079.73
2,999,788.00
6,242,574.69
6,344,071.29
5,660,332.39
4,203,377.21
254,818,169.81
285,558.150.94
295,655,566.00
276,238,880.50
273,346,685.54
271,188,018.87
269,745,364.93
249,028.60
951,451.20
985,095.00
920,400.33
910,763.82
903,571.36
898,764.58
40,516,089.00
45,403,746.00
47,009,235.00
43,921,982.00
43,462,123.00
43,118,895.00
42,889,513.02
949,962,137.05
1,064,560,786.72
1,102,203,950.00
1,029,818,546.52
1,019,036,443.67
1,010,988,934.34
1,005,610,720.45
18,395,767.38
20,614,940.15
21,343,890.00
19,942,165.79
19733373.2
19,577,535.28
19,473,387.59
412,961,006.29
378,450,767.29
337,208,623.00
362,666,025.15
361,224,761.02
349,594,943.38
327,970,545.99
1,378,490.88
1,262,455.68
1,124,215.00
1,209,909.07
1204979.618
1,166,077.74
1,093,702.49
65,660,800.00
60,173,672.00
53,616,171.00
57,671,053.00
57,434,737.00
55,585,596.00
52,147,316.81
1,540,783,774.14
1,411,607,601.41
1,257,446,169.00
1,352,878,478.95
1347348934
1,303,917,204.36
1,223,139,996.89
29,812,374.12
27,321,019.88
24,343,678.00
26,184,740.48
26,077,444.47
25,237,867.67
23,676,764.80
Source :
Indonesia Oil and Gas Statistics, 1999-2002, Directorate General of Oil and Gas, Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources
128
Table 5.18
Production of LPG, 2001 2005

(tons)
Type of Refinery
Products
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
A. Gas Refinery
Arun
Badak
Butane
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
Propane
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
Butane
510,553.00
381,872.12
409,490.13
440,857.69
369,832.86
Propane
552,469.00
441,561.02
433,902.17
413,278.35
400,364.56
0.00
0.00
0.00
57,227.53
0.00
114,101.00
162,171.99
25,797.00
89,996.65
0.00
67,792.00
67,262.40
61,652.80
57,227.53
48,394.41
105,703.00
105,262.80
93,722.50
89,996.65
78,963.98
Butane
0.00
68,929.68
67,261.95
68,978.02
56,240.01
Propane
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
9,314.00
9,533.00
12,548.00
9,457.00
5,959.00
Propane
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
Butane
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
Butane
Arjuna
Propane
Butane
Santan
Jabung
Propane
Butane
Mundu
Arar
Propane
Butane
Sumbagut
Propane
4,072.00
677.53
772.00
1,474.00
0.00
51,531.00
48,308.00
38,900.00
38,337.00
26,428.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
Butane
639,190.00
506,975.52
594,185.61
625,791.06
515,768.97
Propane
776,345.00
709,673.34
554,193.67
504,749.00
479,328.54
Sub Total
B. Oil Refinery
Dumai
Butane
60,810.00
43,416.00
51,500.00
63,250.00
71,370.00
Musi
Butane
101,963.00
121,070.00
102,965.00
134,276.00
139,680.00
Cilacap
Butane
146,347.00
144,768.00
162,721.00
148,113.00
118,389.00
Balikpapan
Butane
94,513.00
104,437.00
128,416.00
120,315.00
99,139.00
Exor-1 Balongan
Butane
368,510.00
400,486.00
333,337.00
430,441.00
404,139.00
Sub Total
Butane
772,143.00
814,177.00
778,939.00
896,395.00
832,717.00
Butane
1,411,333.00
1,321,152.52
1,373,124.61
1,522,186.06
1,348,485.97
776,345.00
709,673.34
554,193.67
504,749.00
479,328.54
Total
Propane
Sources :
Mineral Resources
129
Table 5.19
Gas Sales of PT. PGN (Persero) by Sector, 1995 2005
Years
Production
LPG (ton)
1995
Natural Gas (103 m3)

Number of Consumers
1996
LPG (ton)
1998
1999
2000
2001
1,249,497
5,316
8,331
38,554
1,715
40,269
8,884
1,505,961
1,514,844
4,337
7,237
43,512
9,548
1,835,355
1,844,904
LPG (ton)
2,634
3,459
6,093
Number of Consumers
45,640
1,882
47,522
10,659
1,561,107
1,571,766
LPG (ton)
2,417
2,303
4,720
Number of Consumers
49,361
1,945
51,306
11,729
1,612,104
1,623,834,588
2,398
2,276
4,674
LPG (ton)
Number of Consumers
52,290
2,113
54,403
12,742
1,907,882
1,920,625
2,847
1,997
4,484
LPG (ton)
Number of Consumers
56,704
2,217
58,928
13,510
2,116,602
2,130,113
LPG (ton)
1,955
1,766
3,721
692,757
n.a
27,813
n.a
64,463
2,131,137
LPG (ton)
n.a
n.a
3,796
Number of Consumers
n.a
n.a
64,463
Natural Gas (10 m )
n.a
n.a
2,684,224
LPG (ton)
n.a
n.a
3,364
Number of Consumers
n.a
n.a
77,075
Natural Gas (10 m )
n.a
n.a
2,937,681
LPG (ton)
n.a
n.a
Number of Consumers
n.a
n.a
894,856
2004
1,224,621
3,015
1,861
Natural Gas (10 m )
2003
28,876
Total
2,900
Number of Consumers
2002
Industry &
Commercial
41,651
Number of Consumers
1997
Households
Source :
Indonesia Oil and Gas Statistics,1995-2004 ,Directorate General of Oil and Gas, Ministry of Energy and Mineral
Resources.
130
Table 5.20 Coal Production by Company, 1999-June 2006

(Thousand ton)
No.
Company
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006*
Government Company (PT Tambang Batubara Bukit Asam)

1
- Bukit Asam
- Ombilin
- Tanjung Enim : Steam Coal
- Tanjung Enim : Antrachite

Sub Total
1,091
737
559
362
10
10,043
9,984
9,612
9,077
10,013
73
25
41
11,207
10,746
10,21 2
43
9,482
4
10,027
8,559
69
8,638
8,707
3,742
48
0
-
8,607
3,743
Coal Contractor
5
PT Adaro Indonesia
13,601
15,481
17,708
20,819
22,523
24,331
26,686
16,746
PT Allied Indo Coal
426
132
121
164
52
185
PT Antang Gunung Meratus
150
257
447
465
507
1,130
1,029
PT Arutmin Indonesia
8,653
7,708
9,532
10,557
13,615
15,019
16,757
7,919
PT Bahari Cakrawala Sebuku
1,548
1,521
1,968
2,065
1,964
2,531
3,000
850
10
PD Baramarta
246
177
637
719
1,049
23
11
PT Baramulti Suksessarana
14
39
73
1,286
12
PT Bentala Coal Mining
188
166
83
27
13
PT Berau Coal
3,261
4,877
6,750
7,123
7,360
9,103
9,197
4,472
14
PT BHP Kendilo Coal Indonesia
1,027
1,038
933
769
15
Borneo Indobara
232
16
PT Gunung Bayan Pratama Coal
1,048
1,345
1,970
2,602
3,326
3,360
4,330
1,333
17
PT Indominco Mandiri
3,058
3,705
4,435
5,335
6,327
7,103
7,449
1,617
714
1,128
2,599
2,293
2,891
2,801
3,029
1,014
101
40
167
18
PT Jorong Barutama Greston
19
PT Kadya Caraka Mulia
20
PT Kalimantan Energi Lestari
21
PT Kaltim Prima Coal
22
PT Kartika Selabumi Mining
23
PT Kideco Jaya Agung
24
PT Lanna Harita Indonesia
25
Mahakam Sumber Jaya
26
PT Mandiri Inti Perkasa
27
PT Marunda Graha Mineral
28
PT Multi Harapan Utama
29
PT Riau Bara Harum
30
PT Sumber Kurnia Buana
31
PT Tanito Harum
32
PT Tanjung Alam Jaya
33
PT Trubaindo Coal Mining

Sub Total
13,974
13,099
15,528
17,577
16,203
21,280
601
27,641
14,550
302
736
1,035
342
7,302
8,037
10,381
11,500
14,056
16,927
18,125
7,717
99
945
1,235
1,700
1,887
704
1,694
602
1,082
279
458
824
250
1,644
1,221
1,301
973
1,620
1,521
897
509
167
609
406
847
932
757
870
1,011
1,036
1,571
1,807
2,179
2,256
2,403
217
483
586
450
250
751
286
1,610
57,605
61,707
76,532
87,078
96,301
113,171
132,544
59,062
13
11
Cooperative Unit
34
KOP Karya Merdeka
25
52
35
KOP Teratai Putih
26
53
36
KUD Bina Bersama
12
37
KUD Karya Maju
20
38
KUD Karya Murni
17
39
KUD Karya Nata
10
40
KUD Maduratna
121
29
41
KUD Makmur
30
42
KUD Penerus Baru
17
43
KUD Toddopuli
131
Table 5.20 Coal Production by Company, 1999-June 2006 (Continued)

(Thousand ton)
No.
Company
44
KUD Usaha Karya Cempaka
45
KUD Markulin
46
KUD Nusantara
47
KUD Tani Jaya Murni

Sub Total
1999
2000
17
2001
45
2002
2003
2004
2005
686
2006*
182
99
257
199
15
17
967
2,475
3,413
13
11
Mining Authorization Holder

48
PT Alhasanie
49
PT Amanah Anugerah Adimulya
50
PT Anugerah Bara Kaltim
51
CV Balangan Putera
52
CV Bara Pinang Corporation
53
PT Baradinamika Muda Sukses
54
PT Berkelindo Jaya Pratama
55
PT Bina Mitra Sumberarta
56
PT Bukit Baiduri Enterprise
57
117
0
0
113
47
1,580
3,395
64
69
0
222
159
113
300
455
328
36
1,689
1,994
2,013
1,980
2,417
1,430
1,690
1,179
PT Bukit Bara Utama
140
83
103
76
102
96
88
27
58
PT Bukit Sunur
640
498
342
245
114
155
91
23
59
PT Bumi Dharma Kencana
271
60
PT Cenco International
180
169
61
PT Danau Mas Hitam
273
64
33
88
178
54
62
PT Fajar Bumi Sakti
187
155
297
100
50
153
328
491
121
306
268
55
63
PT Kalimantan Energi Utama
64
PT Karbindo Abesyapradi
65
PT Kimco Armindo
66
PT Kitadin Corporation
67
PT Kusuma Raya Utama
11
681
34
963
865
1,259
2,359
1,922
2,291
1,768
1,604
31
68
PT Mahakarya Ekaguna
186
69
PT Manunggal Inti Arthamas
308
70
PT Multi Prima Energi
71
PT Nusa Riau Kencana Coal
72
PT Restu Kumala Jaya
73
PT Sari Andara Persada
74
PT Satui Bara Tama
75
PT Surya Kencana Jorong Mandiri
76
PT Surya Sakti Darma Kencana
77
PT Tri Bhakti Sarimas

Sub Total
Grand Total
94
148
44
13
80
57
14
259
338
0
0
441
27
328
24
4,708
4,388
5,781
6,795
7,951
9,507
9,762
1,239
73,777
77,040
92,540
103,372
114,278
132,352
150,925
64,054
*until June 2006

Sources :
Indonesia Mineral & Coal Statistics 2004, Directorate of Mineral and Coal Enterprises, Ministry of Energy and
Mineral Resources
Directorate of Mineral and Coal Enterprises, http://portal.dpmb.esdm.go.id
132
Table 5.21
Domestic Coal Sales by Company , 1998 -2004

(Thousand ton)
No
Company
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006*
State Owned (Bukit Asam, PT)

Bukit Asam
1
2
3
Ombilin Mine
Tanjung Enim Mine
(Steam)
Tanjung Enim Mine
(Anthracite)
Sub Total
7,151.01
3,370.17
620
591
430
303
26
93
41.76
1.62
8,920
8,442
7,825
7,290
7,631
7,117
-
67
32
21
28
9,607
9,065
8,276
7,621
7,661
7,210
4,720
6,608
8,356
9,306
9,314
7,858
156
121
200
118
193
110
224
463
479
498
613
416.86
108
16
257
495
245
920
4,576.81
211
230
291
289
106
110
695
1,047
398.14
49
57
24.87
7,192.77
3,371.79
Contractor
4
PT Adaro Indonesia
PT Allied Indo Coal

PT Antang Gunung
Meratus
PT Bahari Cakrawaia
Sebuku
PD Baramarta
10
PT Baramulti Suksessarana
11
PT BerauCoal
6
7
8
12
13
14
15
Borneo Indobara
PT Gunung Bayan Pratama
Coal,
PT lndominco Mandirt
PT Jorong Barutama
Greston
PT Kadya Caraka Mulia
1,197
1,429
-
54
-
18
19
PT Mandiri Intiperkasa
21

Riau Bara Harum
22
PT Sumber Kurnia Buana
23
PT Tanito Harum
24
1,798
97
38
149
625
2,864
936
-
423
38
4,499
-
901
558
-
848
706
-
406
130
115
28
483
82
2,594.06
95
46.79
1,053.51
-
840.53
167.42
551
837
905.07
5,251
5,743
1,007.31
342.40
79
57
6,353.88
2,584.59
423
299
242.32
68.40
587
497.65
16
216.47
-
284
451
18,302
20,549
22,047
26,620
174
158
232
679.12
9.13
282
12,679
8,739
1,379.25
213.62
3,343
Sub Total
3,752.96
1,040
932
138.46
572
847
688
4,588.54
-
2,971
-
1,255
647
1,662
-
38
2,324
-
1,142
-
512
828
1,813
-
54
268
17
177
-

PT Kartika Selabumi
Mining,
16
8,776.61
-
187.59
1,171.44
544.51
32,856.35
11,928.06
69
222
Mining Authorization
29
PT Anugerah Bara
Kaltim/Shawindo,
C V Balangan Putra,
C V Bara Pinang
Corporation
PT Baradinamika Muda
Sukses
22
122
30
PT Bukit Bara Utama
31
PT Bukit Sunur
25
26
27
28
455
369
75
-
44
-
32
PT Bumi Dharma Kencana
271
33
PT Cenco International
180
34
PT Danau Mashitam
32
101.30
133
Table 5.21
Domestic Coal Sales by Company , 1998 -2004 (Continued)

(Thousand ton)
No
Company
35
37
PT Fajar Bumi Sakti

PT Kalimantan Energi
Utama
PT Karbindo Abesyapradhi
38
PT Kilisuci Paramita
39
36
1999
2000
137
2001
86
95
253
115
206
36
10
63
2004
77
76
188.17
681
2005
107
103
2003
62
-
68
2002
266
78
56.43
2006*
PT Maharya Eka Guna
40
Nusa Riau Kencana Coal
41
PT Kusuma Raya Utama
42
43
PT Satui Bara Tama

PT Suiya Kencana Jorong
Mandiri
PT Surya Sakti Darma
Kemcana
Sub Total
44
45
148
44
13
18
185.56
150.85
441
27
328
645
380
727
980
950
2,319
1,309.66
10.50
Cooperative Unit
46
KOP Kary a Merdeka
47
KUD Karya Mumi
48
KUD KaryaNata
30
10
17
10.50
49
KUD Makmur
50
KUD Markufin
686
51
KUD Nusantara
182
52
KUD Tani Jaya Mumi
Sub Total
32
Total
*until June 2006
19,023
22,124
15
17
27,320
29,167
107
975
41,358.78
15,310.35
30,658
37,125
Sources :
Indonesia Mineral & Coal Statistics 2004, Directorate of Mineral and Coal Enterprises, Ministry of Energy and
Mineral Resources
134
Table 5.22 Domestic Coal Sales by Industry, 1998-2004

(Thousand ton)
2001
2002
2003
2004
13,576.45
17,977.00
18,414.47
22,995.61
22,882.19
n.a
488.15
568.44
568.00
554.31
1,200.03
1,213.17
1,153.97
1,057.56
1,142.65
1,090.77
CFPP Freeport
n.a
n.a
646.09
557.95
669.33
593.65
CFPP Newmont Minahasa
n.a
n.a
38.97
28.08
24.00
3.65
CFPP Newmont Nusa Tenggara
n.a
n.a
406.13
477.61
480.00
482.58
1. Coal-Fired Power Plant

CFPP Asam-Asam
CFPP Bukit Asam
CFPP Ombilin (Sijantang)
1998
1999
10,622.94
n.a
137.43
125.1
374.89
105.36
229.58
182.64
CFPP Paiton
2,151.93
3,368.92
6,276.10
8,300.75
9,060.89
9,310.01
CFPP Suralaya
7,133.54
8,869.25
10,172.03
8,950.79
10,821.16
10,664.59
2. Cement Industry
1265.12
2032.34
5143.27
5911.06
4,773.62
5,549.31
169.85
PT Basowa Cement
n.a
30.27
247.51
152.98
251.01
PT Indocement Cibinong
42.91
88.35
1352.14
1019.87
0.00
0.00
PT Indocement Cirebon
7.68
80.78
380.4
294.22
313.50
385.95
PT Indocement Citeureup
n.a
n.a
1019.87
800.92
1,184.56
PT Indocement Tarjun
n.a
n.a
341.51
370.12
269.56
368.41
PT Kodeco Cement
67.19
456.42
0.00
0.00
PT Semen Andalas
59.21
19.52
35.64
47.05
168.00
185.34
PT Semen Baturaja
68.7
62.37
71.34
103.36
94.01
129.08
PT Semen Cibinong
577.61
452.15
602.77
897.67
885.64
811.58
75.83
99.98
912.03
862.61
715.17
1,063.64
5.64
12.82
14.85
177.26
0.00
0.00
262.72
469.75
474.96
680.64
692.39
454.21
88.43
95.5
724.96
462.7
577.78
783.87
144.91
194.21
181.7
208.72
201.91
119.18
PT Semen Gresik
PT Semen Kupang
PT Semen Nusantara
PT Semen Padang
PT Semen Tonasa
3. Metallurgy
PT Antam Tbk.
32.77
20.78
13.6
120
62.27
46.27
PT Inco Tbk.
74.17
75.51
123.5
77.87
109.51
51.16
PT Kobatin
1.2
30.23
2.19
10.00
7.32
PT Newmont Sumbawa
70.97
0.00
0.00
PT Kobatin
24.52
16.94
0.00
0.00
PT Timah Tbk.
13.46
8.82
14.37
8.66
20.12
14.43
4. Pulp Industry
702.88
829.09
822.82
499.59
1,704.50
1,160.91
PT Indah Kiat
167.63
198.23
163.28
7.51
1,198.00
369.42
PT Indorayon Utama
21.35
2.27
8.36
PT Jaya Kertas
10.32
23.7
20.88
27.83
32.55
54.50
PT Tjiwi Kimia
503.57
604.9
638.65
455.88
473.95
728.63
0.00
0.00
29.96
38.3
31.27
24.71
24.98
17.96
2,600.55
2,573.35
1,593.06
3,792.48
957.32
6,347.71
15,366.36
19,243.75
25,749.12
28,851.02
30,657.94
36,077.26
5. Small Industry
6. Briquette
7. Others*
Total
8.36
Source :
Indonesia Mineral & Coal Statistics 2004, Directorate of Mineral and Coal Enterprises, Ministry of Energy and Mineral
Resources
135
Table 5.23 Coal Quality by Company

Parameter
Calorific Value
Company
(Kcal/Kg)
Total Moisture
Reference
Suphur
Ash
(%-adb)
(%-adb)
(%-ar)
STATE OWNED COMPANY

Tambang Batubara Bukit Asam Tbk. PT
Suralaya Coal (SRC)
5500-6500
0.15-1.47
3-15
18.28
Lumut Coal (LMC)
6500-7500
0.24-155
4-10
8-17
PTBA.2005
PTBA,2005
Antracite Coal (ANC)
7500-8000
0.57-179
6-20
2-8
PTBA.2005
Ombilin (OMB)
6800-7000
0.5
14 Max
PTBA, 2005
CONTRACTOR
1. Adaro Indonesia, PT
Paringin
5900
0.1
23.5
OR IV, 2002
Tutupan
5850
0.1
0.8
24.5
QR IV, 2002
Wara
4395
0.15
1.4
34.1
QR IV, 2002
6900-7200
0.8
10
WP&B 2003
2. Allied Indo Coal, PT

3. Antang Gunung Meratut, PT
F.Tanjung
6500-6800
0.5-1
10-15
9-15
WP&B 2003
F.Warukin
5000-5500
0.1-0.5
10-15
9-15
WP&B 2003
Asam-asam
5000
0.15
3.9
23
Arutmin, 2002
Sarongga
6720
0.8
10
4.95
Arutmin, 2002
Satui
6800
0.8
Arutmin, 2002
Senakin Barat
6700
0.8-1.4
12
4.5
Arutmin, 2002
Senakin Timur
6700
0.8-1.4
12
4.5
Arutmin, 2002
5. Bahari Cakrawala Sebuku, PT
6260
0.83
8.97
7-12
WP&B 2003
6. Baramarta, PD
6400-7200
0.3-1.2
1-4
2-7
WP&B 2003
7. Baramulti Suksessarana, PT
5900-6500
0.4-1.3
1-4
3-8
WP&B 2003
4. Arutmin Indonesia, PT
8. Berau Coal, PT
Lati
5400
26
WP&B 2003
Binuang Blok 5 & 6
5900
0.6
18
WP&B 2003
WP&B 2003
Binuang Blok 7
5559
0.7
4,3
22.5
SambarataBlokA
6000
0.7
15
WP&B 2003
Birang
5550
0.99
4.43
18
Berau, 2002
5373-7870
0.25-2.70
1.8-18.22
4.20-9.90
QR I, 2002
9. Gunung Bayan Pratama, PT

Tlaga & Rusuh
10.lndominco Mandiri, PT
Seam O
6475
0.22
2.1
10.9
QR III, 2002
Seam l
5982
0.26
9.3
11.1
QR III, 2002
Seam 2 Selatan Barat
6250
0.19
1.9
11.7
QR III, 2002
Seam 4 Selatan Timur
6144
0.27
13.5
QR III, 2002
5993
0.28
2.4
15.9
QR III, 2002
6144
2.11
QR III, 2002
11. Jorong Barutama Greston, PT
5617
0.25
4.5
30.5
QR III, 2002
12. Kaltim Prima Coal,PT

Melawan West
5610
0.22
2.1
21.2
QR III, 2002
Melawan East
5610
0.22
2.1
21.2
QR III, 2002
Bendili
5940
0.21
3.2
7.2
QR III, 2002
Surya Pit
5940
0.21
3.2
7.2
QR III, 2002
Source:
Indonesia Mineral & Coal Statistics 2004, Directorate of Mineral and Coal Enterprises, Ministry of Energy and Mineral
Resources
136
Table 5.24 Electricity Production by Type of Power Plant of PLN, 1992 2005
(GWh)
Own Generated
Year
Purchased
Total
40,878.83
837.42
41,716.25
45,468.59
1,057.62
46,526.21
4,599.00
50,066.42
1,411.94
51,478.36
2,210.03
4,921.96
58,210.81
1,193.42
59,404.23
23,043.91
2,352.35
5,410.31
65,730.25
1,656.29
67,386.54
1,731.49
27,320.82
2,605.28
5,774.73
745.98
74,799.65
1,819.92
76,619.57
30,512.37
1,395.50
24,940.78
2,616.80
5,306.55
543.61
74,964.61
2,938.76
77,903.37
9,370.08
33,999.53
1,555.04
27,045.52
2,727.73
5,325.86
472.96
80,496.72
4,279.08
84,775.80
2000
9,109.94
38,428.70
1,251.63
26,396.74
2,648.54
5,667.97
686.63
84,190.15
9,135.14
93,325.29
2001
10,651.02
39,376.31
1,459.39
27,366.18
2,982.12
5,752.43
767.27
88,354.72
13,299.21
101,653.93
2002
8,833.57
39,031.98
2,228.75
28,802.77
3,186.98
5,984.59
1,224.60
89,293.24
19,066.61
108,359.85
2003
8,472.16
42,178.01
2,486.25
28,409.31
2,958.63
5,541.39
2,435.17
92,480.92
20,538.76
113,019.68
2004
8,942.79
41,645.42
3,179.33
30,700.30
3,146.54
5,498.34
3,078.45
96,191.17
24,053.14
120,244.31
2005
9,830.96
42,268.13
6,039.08
31,271.97
3,005.51
5,761.20*)
3,105.25
101,282.09
26,087.70
127,369.82
Gas
Combined
Turbine
Cycle
22,565.72
2,688.91
7,858.66
21,784.23
1994
7,042.75
1995
Hydro
Steam
Geothermal
Diesel*
Rented
1992
8,787.64
1,775.27
1,083.74
3,977.55
1993
2,609.44
7,794.75
1,090.00
4,331.51
21,581.41
1,013.13
14,228.37
1,601.76
7,528.72
22,775.27
1,470.46
19,304.37
1996
8,118.17
25,506.45
1,299.06
1997
5,148.72
31,472.63
1998
9,649.00
1999
Sub
Total
*) Include Gas Micro scale Power Plant, from 2004
Source:
PLN Statistics, 2004, PT. PLN (Persero)
137
Table 5.25 Fuel Consumption for PLN Power Plant, 1989-2005

Natural Gas
HSD
IDO
(MMSCF)
(Thousand liter)
(Thousand liter)
MFO
Coal
(Thousand liter)
(ton)
Year
1989/90
11,815
1,233,814
40,758
1,890,516
3,970,559
1990/91
13,301
1,666,565
70,776
2,817,275
4,572,306
1991/92
12,788
1,897,178
57,165
3,206,929
5,143,300
1992/93
12,788
2,478,317
82,245
3,267,068
5,143,300
1993/94
58,271
3,251,686
68,526
3,021,545
4,732,669
1994
160,705
1,882,862
45,041
1,865,637
5,530,066
1995
220,032
1,817,598
8,238
1,157,591
5,593,402
1996
433,003
2,220,784
15,505
1,111,006
7,966,656
1997
228,268
2,982,319
33,635
1,590,122
9,961,959
1998
78,547
2,856,272
26,440
1,253,285
10,634,490
1999
236,612
3,253,219
20,941
1,429,003
11,414,098
2000
228,883
3,141,917
23,145
1,858,568
13,135,583
2001
222,421
3,575,348
30,457
1,793,283
14,027,713
2002
192,927
4,625,521
40,682
2,300,603
14,054,377
2003
184,304
5,024,362
31,573
2,557,546
15,260,305
2004*)
176,436
6,299,706
36,935
2,502,598
15,412,738
2005*)
143,050
7,626,201
27,581
2,258,776
16,900,972
Source:
PLN Statistics 2004-2005, PLN (Persero)
Table 5.26 Own-Uses, Losses, and Factors in PLN Electricity, 1993-2005

Own
Year
Uses
(GWh)
Transmission
Distribution
Load
Capacity
Demand
Losses (GWh)
Losses (GWh)
Factor (%)
Factor (%)
Factor (%)
1993/94
1,901.22
1,188.96
4,667.05
74.88
38.17
33.54
1994
1,990.87
1,416.93
4,957.59
68.01
39.89
38.06
1995
2,260.91
1,698.58
5,626.12
66.82
44.34
29.28
1996
2,588.33
1,825.40
5,882.49
68.59
47.75
29.46
1997
3,230.30
1,818.68
7,069.91
70.08
46.15
46.79
1998
3,218.68
1,755.24
7,462.54
68.90
43.21
46.63
1999
3,224.35
2,116.56
7,862.40
67.60
44.63
49.41
2000
3,416.13
2,307.77
8,175.10
69.54
46.29
49.31
2001
3,709.87
2,336.56
10,924.80
71.13
47.90
49.04
2002
3,767.51
2,706.61
14,521.74
72.10
48.28
49.11
2003
4,039.82
2,686.10
15,715.54
71.88
49.78
49.21
2004
5,824.43
2,711.49
10,420.45
72.64
51.14
49.36
2005
5,302.43
2,794.43
11,442.77
74.26
52.15
48.26
Source:
PLN Statistics, 2004-2005, PT. PLN (Persero)
138
Table 5.27
Industrial
Sector
Residential
Sector
Commercial
Sector
Social
Buildings
Government
Buildings
Public
Lighting
Number of
customers
47,847
20,696,261
770,920
442,302
76,196
16,799
21,980,325
Energy
Sales(MVA)
27,948.89
19,550.83
6,225.67
1,203.99
1,314.79
687.84
56,932.01
Income
(million Rp)
4,085,015.00
3,106,917.00
1,656,290.00
157,244.00
296,656.00
116,275.00
9,418,397.00
50,748
23,162,538
793,355
535,083
79,093
19,770
24,640,587
30,768.81
22,698.27
7,249.62
1,403.41
1,355.93
835.48
64,311.52
4,606,116.00
3,669,230.00
1,959,951.00
182,925.00
314,665.00
144,390.00
10,877,278.00
43,088
24,902,763
847,940
537,589
80,609
21,500
26,433,489
27,995.54
24,865.45
8,655.96
1,417.41
1,383.28
943.77
65,261.41
5,627,407.00
4,585,295.00
2,647,255.00
274,019.00
406,714.00
225,532.00
13,766,222.00
42,514
25,825,088
982,281
568,480
81,343
24,846
27,524,552
31,337,57
26,874,78
9,330.31
1,468.82
1,343.54
977.05
71,332.07
6,535,846
5,208,334
2,924,805
316,216
425,382
259,968
15,670,552
44,337
26,769,675
1,062,955
582,811
79,453
29,174
28,595,405
34,013.22
30,563.42
10,575.97
1,643.52
1,297.83
1,070.85
79,164.81
10,289,533
6,337,009
4,024,216
380,484
638,447
470,194
22,139.88
46,014.00
27,885,612
1,172,247
608,713
79,746
35,396
29,827,728
35,593.25
33,339.78
11,395.35
1,781.55
1,281.63
1,128.82
84,520.38
12,872,975
8,456,684
5,149,643
485,425
764,718
546,538
28,275,983
46,824
28,903,325
1,245,709
633,114
80,954
43,993
30,953,919
36,831.30
33,993.56
11,845.04
1,842.89
1,281.49
1,294.47
87,088.75
16,313,885
13,352,473
702,137
776,371
887,275
667,088
32,699,229
46.818
29.997.554
1.310.686
659.034
83.81
53.514
32.151.416
36.497
35.753
13.224
2.022
1.433
1.512
90.441
19.355.351
18.680.109
8.746.392
1.087.806
1.040.349
899.629
49.809.637
46.52
31.095.970
1.382.416
686.851
87.187
67.502
33.366.446
40.324
38.588
15.258
2.238
1.645
2.045
100.097
22.547.351
21.523.164
10.410.620
1.272.560
1.171.832
1.306.466
58.232.002
46,475
32,174,922
1,455,797
716,194
89,533
76,432
34,559,353
42,448
41,184
17,023
2,430
1,726
2,221
107,032
24,189,890
23,188,785
11,825,952
1,384,770
1,260,284
1,396,542
63,246,221
Year
1996
1997
Number of
customers
Energy
Sales(MVA)
Income
(million Rp)
1998
Number of
customers
Energy
Sales(MVA)
Income
(million Rp)
1999
2000
Number of
customers
Energy
Sales(MVA)
Income
(million Rp)
Number of
customers
Energy
Sales(MVA)
Income
(million Rp)
2001
Number of
customers
Energy
Sales(MVA)
Income
(million Rp)
2002
Number of
customers
Energy
Sales(MVA)
Income
(million Rp)
2003
Number of
customers
Energy
Sales(MVA)
Income
(million Rp)
2004
Number of
customers
Energy
Sales(MVA)
Income
(million Rp)
2005
Electricity Sold by PLN by Sector, 1996-2005
Number of
customers
Energy
Sales(MVA)
Income
(million Rp)
Total
Source:
PLN Statistics, 2004-2005, PT. PLN (Persero)
139
Tabel 5.28a Load Balance of PLN Electricity, 2003

(MW)
PLN Unit/Province
Installed
Capacity
Load
Capacity
Peak Load
60.50
137.30
88.50
Regionof North Sumatera
0.40
0.40
0.30
41.60
33.10
30.10
Region of Riau
188.80
173.80
117.50
Region of South Sumatera, Jambi & Bengkulu North Sumatera
79.70
50.10
30.90
- South Sumatera
35.60
19.30
11.80
- Jambi
22.50
22.50
12.40
- Bengkulu
21.70
8.30
6.80
76.20
34.60
49.80
Regionof Lampung
12.50
5.10
10.70
232.20
162.40
176.60
381.50
290.90
286.30
310.20
237.50
232.80
71.30
53.40
53.50
310.70
192.10
213.60
Region North, Central Sulawesi & Gorontalo
321.50
262.90
232.00
- North Sulawesi
155.80
148.00
134.50
39.50
34.80
26.10
- Central Sulawesi
126.20
80.20
71.30
461.50
384.70
472.10
- South Sulawesi
435.80
361.80
452.90
25.70
22.80
19.20
Region of Maluku
145.60
64.00
52.10
- Maluku
102.10
41.50
34.50
43.50
22.50
17.60
136.50
100.20
84.30
- South Kalimantan
- Gorontalo
- North Maluku
Region of Papua
4.10
2.20
1.30
146.00
99.10
101.10
125.40
69.20
57.40
PT PLN Batam
115.80
96.40
116.10
G & T Nothern Part of Sumatera
1,470.00
1,161.60
1,180.10
G & T Southern Part of Sumatera
1,328.70
1,201.40
990.40
Total Non Java
5,715.90
4,403.30
4,263.20
3.00
10.50
8.70
0.60
0.50
0.20
- Central Java
0.40
0.30
0.20
- Yogyakarta
0.30
0.20
0.80
0.70
0.60
- West Java
0.60
0.60
- Banten
0.20
0.20
PT Indonesia Power
8,980.00
8,327.00
PT PJB
6,495.50
6,039.00
13,682.00
P3B
Total Java
15,490.40
14,375.90
13,685.80
Total Indonesia
21,206.30
18,779.20
17,949.10
Source :
PLN Statistics, 2003 PT.PLN (Persero)
140
Tabel 5.28b Load Balance of PLN Electricity, 2004

(MW)
PLN Unit/Province
Installed
Capacity
Load
Capacity
Peak
Load
48.37
142.30
73.08
0.44
0.40
0.28
43.42
33.40
30.09
Region of Riau
187.52
176.70
171.32
Region of South Sumatera, Jambi & Bengkulu North Sumatera
78.25
53.84
34.51
- South Sumatera
34.08
24.99
12.48
- Jambi
22.52
16.25
13.46
- Bengkulu
21.65
12.60
8.57
85.24
63.21
56.57
Regionof Lampung
7.68
3.67
9.60
239.51
239.67
230.50
396.28
280.27
235.05
312.50
220.42
191.62
83.78
59.85
43.42
336.34
223.28
213.62
343.81
271.83
242.02
- North Sulawesi
178.08
156.58
136.79
39.49
31.56
26.84
- Central Sulawesi
126.24
83.69
78.39
463.64
364.72
530.76
- South Sulawesi
384.69
308.32
482.84
78.95
56.40
47.92
Region of Maluku
169.82
82.15
52.12
- Maluku
116.44
55.39
34.51
53.38
26.76
17.61
139.23
98.71
90.16
- South Kalimantan
- Gorontalo
- North Maluku
Region of Papua
4.08
3.71
1.52
147.70
103.06
101.10
127.96
68.86
63.57
PT PLN Batam
137.50
78.80
130.50
PT PLN Tarakan
31.22
28.00
20.44
1,520.87
1,212.24
1,203.70
1,370.04
1,180.04
1,028.39
Total Non Java
5,972.85
4,570.78
4,494.17
13.66
11.12
2.99

0.64
0.21
- Central Java
0.38
0.20
- Yogyakarta
0.26
0.93
0.89
- West Java
0.71
0.71
- Banten
0.22
0.18
PT Indonesia Power
9,005.19
7,643.87
PT PJB
6,477.14
5,817.21
Total Java
15,497.56
13,473.09
14,401.84
Total Indonesia
21,470.41
18,043.87
18,896.01
0.01
0.64
Distribution Jakarta Raya & Tangerang
P3B
14,398.00
Source :
141
Table 5.28c Load Balance of PLN Electricity, 2005

PLN Unit/Province
Installed
Capacity
Load
Capacity
(MW)
Peak
Load
39.77
143.92
78.23
0.44
0.37
0.28
43.06
28.84
25.18
Region of Riau
161.27
121.88
99.96
Region of South Sumatera, Jambi & Bengkulu
79.13
48.28
33.02
- South Sumatera
36.38
24.77
8.50
- Jambi
16.65
13.42
14.88
- Bengkulu
26.11
10.09
9.64
94.59
55.66
57.25
7.25
4.30
9.96
283.69
166.63
191.40
398.72
334.18
323.40
313.57
262.29
218.97
85.15
71.89
45.23
297.61
205.76
250.71
353.78
258.56
249.42
- North Sulawesi
181.94
147.68
140.49
41.00
26.49
27.73
- Central Sulawesi
130.84
84.39
81.20
496.08
364.18
313.78
- South Sulawesi
416.99
306.83
276.89
79.08
57.35
36.89
Region of Maluku
207.34
114.18
77.60
Region of Papua
184.67
93.10
79.05
5.58
3.60
1.99
147.46
105.13
117.98
151.71
77.31
66.59
PT PLN Batam
137.50
83.30
150.60
Regionof Lampung
- South Kalimantan
- Gorontalo
PT PLN Tarakan
31.64
24.80
25.50
1,524.05
1,215.24
1,203.70
1,410.05
1,147.31
1,121.43
0.00
0.00
0.00
6,159.54
5,311.52
4,438.57
2.99
P3B Sumatra
Total Non Java
13.65
13.12
0.64
0.00
0.21
- Central Java
0.38
0.00
0.20
- Yogyakarta
0.26
0.00
0.01
0.93
0.93
0.64
- West Java
0.71
0.71
0.00
- Banten
0.22
0.22
0.00
Distribution Jakarta Raya & Tangerang
0.00
0.00
0.00
PT Indonesia Power
9,005.19
7,574.53
0.00
PT PJB
6,477.14
5,778.28
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
P3B Java-Bali
Muara Tawar
858.00
858.00
14,821.00
Total Java
16,355.55
14,224.86
14,824.84
Total Indonesia
Source :
22,515.09
19,536.38
19,263.40
142
EXPORTS AND IMPORTS OF ENERGY
VI. EXPORTS AND IMPORTS OF ENERGY IN INDONESIA
PENGKAJIAN ENERGI
143
144
Table 6.1
Type of
Export
Crude Oil
and
Condensate
Refined
Product
LNG
Piping Gas
LPG
Coal
-
Export of Energy, 1997 2005
Unit
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003*
2004*
2005
Thousand
Barrel
289,093.20
280,364.60
285,399.70
223,500.00
240,170.30
217,274.00
189,094.82
178,869.41
159,702.82
Million
US$
5,479.90
3,444.90
4,949.50
6,282.50
5,619.20
4,929.00
5,401.60
6,472.98
8,194.66
Thousand
Barrel
71,785.40
58,897.00
56,496.20
67,084.50
56,686.10
55,490.00
63,502.59
52,390.00
40,861.25
Million
US$
1,291.10
695.4
912.2
1,675.90
1,241.90
1,060.00
1,606.82
1,751.41
2,050.40
MMBTU
1,387,548,990
1,387,548,990
1,501,935,830
1,400,024,020.00
1,238,784,870.00
1,035,543,000.00
1,369,603,250.00
1,369,603,250.00
1,369,603,250.00
Million
US$
4,735.00
3,389.80
4,489.10
6,802.10
5,375.30
5,595.00
6,586.42
7,721.97
9,132.23
MMBTU
122,183,750.00
216,171,250.00
216,171,250.00
216,171,250.00
216,171,250.00
ton
2,132,917
1,761,304
1,745,383
1,306,318.00
1,484,484.00
1,268,000.00
1,106,424.23
1,034,270.06
1,066,391.80
Million
US$
516.2
257.1
339.2
393.70
388.60
412.00
329.48
356.81
475.11
58,460.00
65,281.00
74,177.93
85,681.00
93,758.81
106,206.74
Thousand
41,726.00
47,626.00
55,301.00
ton
Unaudited: export 2005 (except coal)
Unaudited: export refined product 2003
Export LNG value in Million US$ from 2001 not included exporting by pipeline
Sources:
Indonesia Oil & Gas Statistics, 1995-2005 Directorate General of Oil and Gas, Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources
- Directorate General of Oil and Gas, Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources
Directorate of Mineral and Coal Enterprises, http://www.dpmb.esdm.go.id
Energy News, http://www.usembassyjakarta.org
145
Table 6.2
Import of Energy, 1995 2005
Type of
Import
Crude Oil
Petroleum
Fuels
Unit
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003*
2004*
2005*
Thousand
Barrels
68,326.90
71,791.00
62,881.90
72,475.90
84,692.00
79,978.10
112,878.10
124,147.70
137,126.65
148,489.59
118,302.86
Million
US$
1,229.10
1,506.70
1,291.90
985.7
1,501.20
2,303.50
2,852.30
n.a
4,118.21
5,802.40
6,503.76
Thousand
Barrels
45,019.20
60,905.80
94,994.20
54,053.80
79,902.00
87,001.60
89,622.10
106,927.60
101,598.51
122,598.45
158,625.33
Million
US$
978.8
1,576.90
2,296.80
803.4
1,656.30
2,889.90
2,577.40
n.a
3,317.94
5,750.80
10,353.91
n.a : not available

* unaudited
Sources:
th
Directorate General of Oil & Gas, Oil & Gas Data Information, 6 Ed.,2002
Indonesia Oil & Gas Statistics, 1995-2002, Directorate General of Oil and Gas, Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources
146
Table 6.3
Import of Crude Oil by Type, 2000 2005

(Barrel)
No.
Products
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
36,182,304
40,005,584
34,472,549
41,339,170
37,879,588
39,370,973
3,384,571
7,510,042
ALC
Azeri
Bach Ho
3,025,964
6,518,473
3,548,095
Badin
2,406,380
385,893
1,505,789
Basrah
4,986,874
2,004,092
BBT
1,310,526
Bebatik
649,803
Bintulu
467,938
2,532,932
BIS
183,453
10
Ben Chamas
11
BLC
1,971,959
3,889,780
12
Bonny Light
10,443,068
7,786,978
13
Borrow Island
14
Brass River
925,751
6,568,639
15
Brunei LC/ Manis
599,590
16
Buanga Kekwa
17
Cham
601,527
1,170,657
18
Champion
19
Cooper Basin
20
Cossack
21
Daihung
22
Dulang
23
Escravos/ Forcados
3,631,646
4,929,038
8,021,350
5,476,107
3,840,495
5,681,711
7,699,300
2,775,547
1,017,610
346,330
588,013
2,088,406
6,948,114
1,273,288
1,304,837
3,745,959
947,142
12,784,351
1,797,312
3,827,392
947,148
9,554,088
1,354,504
1,309,311
1,888,712
24
Gippsland
25
Harriet/Varanus
26
ILC
3,667,594
5,538,619
27
Jabiru
28
Kitina
1,887,294
29
Kutubu
1,878,834
3,134,773
1,245,513
601,649
30
Labuan
2,222,325
5,203,485
6,345,155
2,903,545
1,745,498
31
LBN
1,754,336
32
Legendre
548,884
661,934
3,660,083
1,927,817
33
Marib Light
1,939,917
34
Masa
35
Miri
36
MLC
37
Mutineer Exeter
38
Nanhai
39
Nemba
40
Nice Blend
41
Nile Blend
1,979,636
470,683
4,618,839
3,168,133
1,746,697
630,523
1,284,970
5,983,017
6,573,363
6,682,148
3,644,653
2,943,342
7,720,215
579,618
2,380,711
0
42
North W.S. Cond
43
Odudu
7,625,225
9,446,665
44
Oman
2,096,636
810,351
622,146
10,486,526
147
Table 6.3
No.
Import of Crude Oil by Type, 2000 2005 (Continued)
Products
2000
2001
2002
2003*
45
Palanca
46
Palm
989,121
47
PPT
479,466
48
QIB
4,740,697
49
Quaiboe/ Nile Blend
919,072
1,405,184
15,307,383
11,344,121
50
Rang dong
472,428
51
Ruby
470,849
674,655
52
Saharan
7,857,493
53
Sarir
54
Seria
55
Skua/ Griffin
56
Tantawan/Benchmas
57
Tapis
58
Thevarnard
(Barrel)
2005
2004
995,309
10,444,373
7,595,669
3,954,424
962,668
2,422,147
1,026,698
1,102,195
5,492,300
8,068,368
4,500,062
993,838
989,185
3,646,681
1,037,908
659,917
3,674,660
5,229,287
13,459,632
2,544,149
4,474,390
4,182,342
627,904
9,393,365
59
Var
362,023
60
Wenchang
1,657,497
2,250,787
4,208,933
4,033,511
61
Xijiang
1,813,251
1,169,666
4,699,339
6,586,741
4,502,359
62
Zafiro
1,939,918
1,938,925
6,821,381
Total
81,732,435
110,908,272
125,905,217
137,126,653
147,299,540
118,302,860
Sources:
Indonesia Oil and Gas Statistics, 1997-August 2003, Directorate General of Oil and Gas, Ministry of Energy
and Mineral Resources
148
Table 6.4
Import of Refinery Products, 2000 2005

(Barrel)
Products
2000
2001
2002
Gas Oil
45,079,337
1,346,006
60,609,566
DPK
16,732,380
IDO
1,794,410.00
12,477,236
58,649
HSFO
Inco Fuel
2003
2004
2005
77,604,755
90,817,486
IFO
12,712,611
189,615
Kerosene
19,624,012
17,219,590
17,100,258
14,284,537
13,594,785
16,378,352
Pygas
755,002.99
479,263.19
387,730.24
80,825.97
307,702
Fuel Oil
12,712,613
7,556,859
8,863,108
7,892,099
9,370,389
8,380,045
Avtur
199,422
1,234,605
1,582,777
3,622,078
4,112,632
Avgas
6,478
Premium
11,464,533
4,121,905
15,790,121
22,253,020
31,136,209
38,936,818
58,904,934.93
46,589,870.52
60,609,566.03
55,586,079.83
64,874,990.44
90,817,486.43
HOMC 90
2,579,433.50
574,303.96
200,000.00
HOMC 92
4,397,958.96
2,028,530.00
4,111,473.44
678,070.20
3,036,698.31
HOMC 93
8,472.00
HOMC 95
3,545,501.37
1,437,503.00
1,874,430.00
712,426.00
HOMC 97
105,000.00
95,133.00
LPG
1,881,808.94
369,011.08
250,509.08
ADO
Sources:
Mineral Resources
149
Table 6.5
Export of Crude Oil by Destination Country, 1997 2005

(Barrel)
Country
Arab Saudi
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
210,011
532,649
Australia
33,724,756
51,689,282
42,740,670
20,539,899
32,147,225
33,274,233
20,034,470
17,927,840
18,034,151
China
44,433,187
28,321,078
30,842,831
33,781,103
18,850,028
21,408,856
28,867,632
25,426,105
28,467,433
India
3,907,416
682,616
Japan
94,966,831
80,229,153
88,180,203
74,807,184
70,231,383
51,077,628
44,479,013
44,120,310
37,186,844
Korea
32,637,329
32,076,840
38,629,225
37,407,522
46,623,836
38,185,209
30,273,558
30,232,519
27,842,982
1,301,167
3,967,194
2,439,322
1,507,387
Malaysia
New Zealand
550,109
778,169
670,336
164,992
760,003
1,063,899
285,010
2,020,667
Philippines
2,937,395
1,013,748
420,006
1,110,426
1,145,719
410,338
278,005
Singapore
12,212,537
15,249,484
8,237,064
15,655,585
14,933,556
7,859,108
5,973,731
3,838,302
4,589,206
Taiwan
11,354,434
10,150,280
9,056,796
9,156,889
7,663,153
6,042,385
5,527,515
6,029,097
2,639,440
8,470,324
2,684,514
5,549,786
9,932,728
3,876,493
6,089,605
5,858,688
6,293,551
5,721,285
20,705,014
24,843,784
26,576,697
14,152,826
15,034,016
15,863,909
13,100,997
11,929,831
5,988,356
261,991,916
247,246,343
250,903,614
217,241,803
216,473,995
185,924,980
154,115,604
148,799,892
133,997,751
Thailand
USA
TOTAL
Sources:
Indonesia Oil and Gas Statistics, 1997- 2004, Directorate General of Oil and Gas, Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources
150
Table 6.6
Export of Condensate by Destination Country, 1997 2005

(Barrel)
Country
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
China
659,764
725,303
n.a
180,044
656,060
1,950,705
Japan
3,856,579
5,745,706
6,540,241
n.a
7,634,672
10,673,893
8,463,790
USA
2005
842,186
7,919,959
6,441,355
262,462
n.a
314,997
Australia
3,076,121
283,498
662,672
n.a
3,416,633
1,194,532
2,160,068
2,502,397
1,760,278
267,503
Singapore
9,977,857
6,334,122
3,868,560
n.a
5,583,269
6,789,116
5,178,246
4,922,662
3,023,117
Korea
12,265,505
8,423,329
4,814,470
7,243,867
n.a
5,341,220
5,791,506
9,832,321
11,877,862
Thailand
454,490
355,003
1,052,351
n.a
1,619,498
4,468,747
5,036,350
2,847,039
Philippines
151,483
n.a
144,073
Taiwan
1,378,306
n.a
504,003
980,670
Arab Saudi
237,891
n.a
Malaysia
n.a
543,625
Vietnam
TOTAL
n.a
545,762
25,939,859
18,192,563
21,971,653
n.a
25,137,961
30,554,524
32,765,553
199,981
30,069,919
24,799,925
n.a. : not available

Sources:
- Indonesia Oil and Gas Statistics, 1997-2004, Directorate General of Oil and Gas, Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources
151
Table 6.7
Products
Avtur
Benzene
Decant Oil
Gas Oil
Green Coke
IFO
JP-5
Light Fuel Oil
LOMC
LSWR
Lube Oil
Mixed Oil
Mogas
Naphtha
Paraxylene
Propylene
PTA Slack
Wax
Total
Export of Refinery Product, 1999 2005
Unit
Thousand Barrel
Million US$
Thousand Barrel
Million US$
1999
0.00
2000
n.a
2001
0.00
2002
2003
2004
0.00
2005*
n.a
0.00
n.a
0.00
0.00
207.61
n.a
783.91
714.20
787.29
277.90
n.a
54.71
20.22
121.12
1.32
n.a
25.86
23.69
3,782.41
n.a
3,104.69
0.00
3,253.54
48.49
n.a
49.32
0.00
136.89
Thousand Barrel
0.00
n.a
0.00
0.00
n.a
Million US$
0.00
n.a
0.00
0.00
1,135.06
n.a
2,622.42
1,654.38
2,638.35
2,589.62
2,014.20
Million US$
5.70
n.a
16.75
13.89
22.19
22.76
26.59
Thousand Barrel
0.00
n.a
0.00
0.00
Million US$
0.00
n.a
0.00
0.00
n.a
246.89
n.a
0.00
0.00
n.a
Thousand Barrel
Million US$
Thousand Barrel
Thousand Barrel
12.80
n.a
n.a
Million US$
5.11
n.a
0.00
0.00
Thousand Barrel
0.00
n.a
0.00
3,253.18
2,813.23
4,939.94
n.a
77.98
103.32
n.a
Million US$
Thousand Barrel
Million US$
Thousand Barrel
0.00
n.a
0.00
56.78
517.34
n.a
611.50
0.00
10.61
n.a
14.41
0.00
17,420.82
n.a
32,831.22
35,938.03
n.a
n.a
n.a
34,651.74
42,287.22
31,320.52
Million US$
267.24
n.a
707.99
640.62
928.71
1,091.84
1,389.59
Thousand Barrel
461.40
n.a
147.47
417.33
673.89
512.50
306.65
14.77
n.a
6.34
10.32
31.24
23.10
21.66
Thousand Barrel
0.00
n.a
0.00
0.00
n.a
Thousand US$
0.00
n.a
0.00
0.00
n.a
Thousand Barrel
0.00
n.a
0.00
0.00
n.a
Million US$
0.00
n.a
0.00
0.00
8,772.29
n.a
13,448.37
10,993.31
18,715.00
11,763.13
6,531.06
Million US$
145.33
n.a
330.76
235.42
528.08
361.22
305.47
Thousand Barrel
522.36
n.a
759.74
120.15
571.61
282.60
18.28
n.a
40.59
5.40
41.66
30.15
Thousand Barrel
0.00
n.a
0.00
0.00
Million US$
0.00
n.a
0.00
0.00
69.34
n.a
738.56
689.69
552.78
367.98
620.99
45.61
38.10
49.05
Million US$
Thousand Barrel
Million US$
Thousand Barrel
Million US$
Thousand Barrel
Million US$
Thousand Barrel
Million US$
3.66
n.a
45.48
0.00
146.57
n.a
10.26
0.00
n.a
n.a
n.a
0.28
n.a
10.57
0.00
33,282.09
n.a
55,058.14
53,780.28
60,832.28
63,309.90
44,450.68
520.79
n.a
1,248.06
986.11
1,688.52
1,702.21
1,972.19
Sources :
Indonesia Oil and Gas Statistics, 1999 2004 Directorate General of Oil and Gas, Ministry of Energy and
Mineral Resources
152
Table 6.8
Country
Japan
USA
Korea
Singapore
Taiwan
Australia
Italy
Thailand
Malaysia
India
Pakistan
China
Bangladesh
Vietnam
France
New Zealand
Netherland
Total
Export of Refinery Product by Destination Country, 1999 2005
Unit
Thousand Barrel
Thousand US$
Thousand Barrel
Thousand US$
Thousand Barrel
Thousand US$
Thousand Barrel
Thousand US$
Thousand Barrel
Thousand US$
Thousand Barrel
Thousand US$
Thousand Barrel
Thousand US$
Thousand Barrel
Thousand US$
Thousand Barrel
Thousand US$
Thousand Barrel
Thousand US$
2000
2001
2002
2003*
2004*
2005
16,153.07
13,838.41
9,918.86
11,184.91
21,305.87
25,244.87
419,959.44
n.a
n.a
420,016.92
743,660.00
1,101,949.00
2,315.99
1,452.22
386.93
3,012.90
2,198.40
405.91
56,191.33
n.a
n.a
63,535.11
64,642.80
21,656.00
17,807.07
15,903.10
10,140.84
6,870.05
6,390.16
3,938.87
441,836.05
n.a
n.a
210,131.36
204,859.29
156,020.00
14,485.86
10,936.61
9,308.49
12,957.83
10,544.23
9,593.35
310,946.70
n.a
n.a
311,725.76
358,890.66
403,858.00
2,785.83
2,828.62
1,620.77
820.02
1,743.80
997.99
44,791.00
83,640.60
n.a
n.a
33,100.35
62,538.52
1,251.40
1,843.90
1,892.46
3,019.26
418.90
426.36
34,433.79
n.a
n.a
14,641.31
17,144.12
12,959.00
3,722.94
2,813.54
4,047.29
2,432.60
n.a
108,329.93
79.94
52.75
168.14
741.01
89,388.22
2,267.70
910.93
72,923.06
n.a
n.a
11,659.29
48.59
1,268.40
1,401.61
380.51
3,113.91
667.80
668.90
17,761.00
43,733.65
n.a
n.a
13,016.63
23,126.49
5,026.20
3,260.54
3,657.31
4,290.52
1,880.55
120,635.01
122,909.79
n.a
n.a
Thousand Barrel
0.00
170.87
124.86
47.80
Thousand US$
0.00
n.a
n.a
Thousand Barrel
0.00
2,641.23
1,542.14
5,625.52
3,927.78
1,867.05
Thousand US$
0.00
n.a
n.a
156,214.73
126,749.11
78,720.00
20.58
0.66
Thousand Barrel
0.00
14.02
21.25
Thousand US$
0.00
n.a
0.99
Thousand Barrel
0.00
16.48
667.68
Thousand US$
0.00
n.a
15,523.15
124.86
Thousand Barrel
0.00
Thousand US$
0.00
n.a
Thousand Barrel
0.00
63.25
Thousand US$
0.00
n.a
Thousand Barrel
0.00
252.12
Thousand US$
0.00
2.55
Thousand Barrel
Thousand US$
n.a : Not Available
* unaudited
67,084.46
81,945.40
42,058.53
58,356.63
52,390.83
1,675,962.63
n.a
n.a
1,615,592.03
1,771,849.99
Source :
Mineral Resources
153
Table 6.9
Year
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
Export of LNG by Destination Country, 1995 2005
Unit
Japan
Taiwan
Korea
Total
MMBTU
833,187,850
103,696,260
350,051,820
1,286,935,930
Thousand
US$
2,416,501.20
338,865.10
1,100,894.80
3,856,261.10
MMBTU
955,771,780
78,551,700
335,741,450
1,370,064,930
Thousand
US$
3,245,789,90
296,632,80
1,187,732.60
1,187,732.60
MMBTU
936,317,800
78,987,070
372,244,120
1,387,548,990
Thousand
US$
3,155,947.60
289,587,50
1,289,390.60
4,445,338.20
MMBTU
927,140,940
97,152,800
371,646,440
1,395,940,180
Thousand
US$
2,228,695.70
262,750.90
898,348.90
3,389,795.50
MMBTU
958,654,880
110,519,060
423,761,890
1,492,935,830
Thousand
US$
2,850,981.50
395,085.90
1,243,022.90
4,489,090.30
MMBTU
933,859,920
145,398,470
320,765,630
1,400,024,020
Thousand
US$
4,532,123.50
781,701.25
1,488,294.53
6,802,119.28
MMBTU
870,978,110
212,323,430
155,483,330
1,238,784,870
n.a
n.a
n.a
n.a
929,302,080
260,145,510
170,845,150
1,360,292,740
n.a
n.a
n.a
n.a
MMBTU
923,706,740
182,881,450
263,015,060
1,369,603,250
Thousand
US$
4,330,218.65
964,364.13
1,291,839.80
6,586,422.58
MMBTU
841,968,900
205,826,130
274,620,250
1,322,415,280
Thousand
US$
4,623,436.50
1,388,643.68
1,709,887.43
7,721,967.60
MMBTU
738,644,920
186,263,540
292,920,730
1,217,829,190
Thousand
US$
4,945,590.08
1,682,790.65
250,384.90
9,132,229.78
Thousand
US$
MMBTU
2002
2003*
2004*
2005*
Thousand
US$
* unaudited
Sources :
154
Table 6.10
Export of LPG by Destination Country, 2000 2005
Country
Unit
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
Japan
Thousand ton
944.00
1,169.10
880.30
882.31
891.59
865.65
Million US$
290.33
n.a
n.a
266.27
308.29
392.69
Taiwan
Thousand ton
1.75
93.53
10.65
3.65
0.00
8.81
Million US$
0.48
n.a
n.a
0.83
0.00
3.12
China
Million US$
151.76
21.76
243.35
81.97
45.76
85.58
41.88
n.a
n.a
23.80
15.06
34.39
Hong Kong
Thousand ton
90.47
35.75
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
Million US$
25.11
n.a
n.a
0.00
0.00
Thousand ton
0.00
30.45
51.79
8.45
6.98
9.18
4.65
Thousand ton
Australia
Malaysia
Singapore
Philippines
Papua New
Guinea
Million US$
8.47
n.a
n.a
1.91
2.91
2.09
Thousand ton
0.00
18.19
16.52
21.71a)
0.00a)
0.00a)
Million US$
0.00
n.a
n.a
5.482a)
0.00a)
0.00a)
Thousand ton
3.48
13.30
1.62
Million US$
1.06
n.a
n.a
Thousand ton
31.47
17.12
57.26
Million US$
10.33
n.a
n.a
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
Thousand ton
Million US$
0.00
n.a
n.a
Thousand ton
0.00
3.31
1.75
Vietnam
Million US$
0.00
n.a
n.a
Domestic
Million US$
TOTAL
Million US$
Thousand ton
Thousand ton
0.05
60.56
50.70
72.75
52.49
0.00
16.04
n.a
n.a
20.24
17.77
0.00
1,253.25
1,484.50
1,269.71
1,106.42
1,034.27
1,066.39
393.71
n.a
n.a
329.48
356.81
475.11
n.a : not available

* unaudited
a) Malaysia and Singapore
Sources:
Indonesia Oil and Gas Statistics, 1998 August 2003, Directorate General of Oil and Gas, Ministry of Energy
155
Table 6.11
No.
Coal Export by Company, 1999 2005

Company
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006*
Government Company
1
PT Tambang Batubara Bukit Asam

- Bukit Asam
- Ombilin
- Tanjung Enim
2,492
502
172
34
1,738
1,971
1,861
1,855
432
38
27
460
2,239
2,712
1,409
Coal Contractors
2
PT Allied Indo Coal
PD Baramarta
1,049
PT Adaro
10,048
9,671
11,446
12,688
15,187
15,099
17,317
11,919
7,089
9,303
9,247
9,858
13,772
13,796
12,517
7,125
PT Bahari Cakrawala Sebuku
1,379
1,328
1,584
1,715
1,885
2,696
2,823
PD Baramarta
719
1,049
95
PT Bentala Coal Mining
77
PT Berau Coal
2,091
3,344
4,835
5,072
5,349
6,160
5,763
10
PT BHP Kendilo Coal Indonesia
1,118
1,032
883
817
374
11
PT Gunung Bayan Pratama Coal
12
PT Indominco Mandiri
13
PT Jorong Barutama Greston
14
15
16
971
2,645
450
1,447
1,810
2,609
3,539
1,324
197
3,212
3,863
4,371
5,334
4,887
6,584
8,902
1,807
836
897
1,330
1,060
1,961
1,826
2,139
711
13,390
12,743
15,079
16,629
16,034
22,404
26,622
14,504
6,433
6,525
7,321
6,750
8,942
10,966
11,831
99
831
1,194
1,480
1,733
696
17
PT Mandiri Intiperkasa
352
1,021
204
18
PT Marunda Graha Minera
295
788
295
19
20
PT Tanito Harum
21
22
875
621
580
448
1,159
1,002
648
419
1,005
934
1,053
1,629
2,104
3,217
4,984
600
636
0
-
34
389
1,034
Mining Authorisation Holder

23
PT Anugerah Bara Kaltim
1449
24
PT Anugerah Buana Bahari Abadi
48
25
27
26
308
249
27
1663
1888
1998
28
PT Bukit Bara Utama
126
89
71
29
PT Bukit Sunur
642
460
30
PT Danau Mas Hitam
272
31
PT Fajar Bumi Sakti
35
32
PT Karbindo Abesyapradi
33
PT Kitadin - Tandung Mayang
34
35
PT Nusa Riau Kencana Coal
36
2,317
1,479
1,502
1963
2,459
1,255
1,626
47
108
83
74
24
245
268
155
130
85
22
154
27
49
81
16
232
73
128
155
339
1,934
785
815
1515
1859
28
113
100
197
1,230
84
200
864
7
-
1,047
76
241
93,759
106,767
15
Cooperative Unit
37
KOP Teratai Putih
27
38
KOP Karya Merdeka
27
54,884
58,191
65,628
74,174
Total
85,681
51,231
Sources :
Indonesia Mineral & Coal Statistics, 1997-2005 Directorate of Mineral and Coal Enterprises, Ministry of
156
Table 6.12
Coal Export by Destination Country, 1999 2005

(Thousand ton)
Country
1999
2001
2002
2003
ASIA
Arab Saudi
China
43,678
0
15
47,164
0
629
60,236
38
2,858
66,158
68
520
Hong Kong
2,510
4,662
5,564
2,345
13,170
3,130
15,216
1,960
India
Japan
Korea
Malaysia
Pakistan
Philippines
Singapore
South Korea
Srilangka
Taiwan
Thailand
Turkey
EUROPE
Bulgaria
Croatia
Denmark
Finland
France
Germany
Greece
Israel
Ireland
Italy
Netherlands
New Zealand
Portugal
Scotland
Slovenia
Spain
Switzerland
United Kingdom
2004
-
2005
-
2006*
-
1,219
1,227
766
9,178
8,230
8,970
4,605
4,586
16,530
6,700
17,992
5,465
19,013
2,098
6,239
3,823
2,800
101
5,308
0
13,554
1,916
0
6,882
29
0
0
0
0
101
216
1,980
71
5,552
0
11,507
2,318
0
10,227
0
0
0
132
0
502
0
2,018
489
5,633
27
13,100
3,155
0
9,936
0
642
297
130
248
557
213
2,118
488
6,966
40
14,144
4,075
46
12,787
0
420
0
120
0
661
220
4,315
41
2,352
684
9,690
8
16,678
2,217
8,740
24,237
9,964
3,977
251
2,655
1,280
5,207
9,543
4,254
1,842
280
1,090
373
14,524
4,256
8,474
1,884
18
370
2,041
455
1,584
2,410
295
2,096
1,515
0
4,669
284
0
0
550
2,872
562
948
0
563
3,203
379
444
0
71
3,001
357
231
0
0
2,926
2,266
0
199
0
65
254
62
350
63
466
0
2,704
350
709
484
2,780
1,076
963
307
1,570
1,773
544
0
230
3,007
4,039
405
3,653
4,287
287
1,921
1,356
1,141
1,772
1,037
439
0
326
146
887
125
50
70
990
Australia-America
Australia
Brazilian
Canada
Chile
Peru
2,596
0
398
0
1,099
0
2,161
160
284
36
642
0
2,555
0
356
0
554
535
3,118
386
344
0
271
72
USA
1,098
1,039
1,110
2,045
2,110
1,931
1,406
2,161
55,318
5,730
65,281
1,451
74,178
3,618
85,681
7,809
93,759
8,425
107,306
2,143
51,496
Others
Total
772
Sources :
Indonesia Mineral & Coal Statistics, 1997-2004, Directorate of Mineral and Coal Enterprises, Ministry of
157
158
INFRASTRUCTURE OF ENERGY
VII. INFRASTRUCTURE OF ENERGY IN INDONESIA
PENGKAJIAN ENERGI
159
160
Table 7.1
Installed Capacities of Oil Refinery Plants, 1999 2005

(Barrel/Day)
Refinery Plant
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
5,000
5,000
5,000
5,000
5,000
5,000
5,000
120,000
120,000
170,000
120,000
120,000
120,000
120,000
50,000
50,000
50,000
50,000
50,000
50,000
50,000
Musi
135,200
135,200
133,700
135,200
135,200
135,200
135,200
Cilacap
348,000
348,000
348,000
348,000
348,000
348,000
348,000
Balikpapan
260,000
260,000
260,000
260,000
260,000
260,000
260,000
3,800
3,800
3,800
3,800
3,800
3,800
3,800
125,000
125,000
125,000
125,000
125,000
125,000
125,000
Pangkalan Brandan
Dumai
Sungai Pakning
Cepu
Exor-1 Balongan
Kasim
Total
10,000
10,000
10,000
10,000
10,000
10,000
10,000
1,057,000
1,057,000
1,105,500
1,105,500
1,105,500
1,105,500
1,105,500
Sources:
Oil & Gas Data & Information 2001, Directorate General of Oil & Gas, Department of Energy and Mineral
Resources
Pertamina Annual Report 1996/1997
CIC Magazine No. 218,26 January 1999
Directorate General of Oil & Gas, Department of Energy and Mineral Resources
Table 7.2a
Fuel Oil Sales & Distribution Channels of Pertamina and

Partner
No.
Distribution Channel
Unit
SPBU - Public Gas Station
2659
SPBI - Gas Fuel Distribution for Industry
SPBA - Fuel Distributor for Armed Forces
Kerosene Distributor
SPBB - Fuel Distributor for Bunkers
PSPD - Premium Solar Packed Dealer
130
APMS - Automotive Diesel Oil Distributor
286
SPDN - Diesel Oil Dealer for Fisheries
8
189
2728
58
30
Source:
PERTAMINA Annual Report, 2003
161
Table 7.2b
Non-Fuel Oil Sales & Distribution Channels of Pertamina and

Partners
Distribution Channel
No.
Unit
Lubricans Distributors
224
Private lubricant Packages Factories
LPG Distributor
Asphalt Distributor
22
Tank Asphalt Distributor
50
Wax Distributor
32
Industrial Chemical Products Distributor
SPBG - LNG Filling Pump
28
LPG Station
18
10
SPBE - Bulk Elpiji Station & Transporter
44
6
457
136
Source:
PERTAMINA Annual Report, 2003
Table 7.3
Oil Fuel Pipeline
Location
Distance (km)
Diameter
Balongan - Jakarta
210
16 & 16 & 16
Cilacap - Tasikmalaya
127
10 & 16
Tasikmalaya - Padalarang
131
10 & 16
Tasikmalaya Ujung Berung
91
10 & 10
Cilacap - Maos
20
10 & 12
Maos - Rewulu
161
8 & 12
Source:
PT Pertamina (Persero)
162
Table 7.4
Number of Oil Fuels Public Station and Kerosene Agents

OIL FUEL PUBLIC STATION
LOCATION
Aceh
KEROSENE AGENT
PRIVATE
PERTAMINA
TOTAL
AGENT
TNI /
POLRI
TOTAL
(Unit)
(Unit)
(Unit)
(Unit)
(Unit)
(Unit)
49
49
29
29
154
154
329
329
Riau
64
65
70
70
West Sumatra
54
54
112
112
321
322
540
540
66
67
69
69
North Sumatra
Sub Total UPPDN I

South Sumatra
Jambi
30
30
19
19
Bengkulu
14
14
Lampung
66
66
49
49
Bangka Belitung
15
15
13
13
Sub Total UPPDN II
191
192
153
153
DKI.Jakarta
165
19
184
136
34
170
Banten
98
99
57
57
West Java
404
410
325
20
345
Sub Total UPPDN III
667
26
693
518
54
572
Central Java
225
225
196
196
Yogyakarta
97
97
77
77
Sub Total UPPDN IV
322
322
273
273
East Java
384
385
79
79
Bali
West Nusa Tenggara
18
19
East Nusa Tenggara
21
21
Sub Total UPPDN V
502
504
35
35
East Kalimantan
South Kalimantan
33
33
Central Kalimantan
18
18
West Kalimantan
Sub Total UPPDN VI
31
31
117
117
South Sulawesi
95
97
91
91
South East Sulawesi
10
10
17
17
Central Sulawesi
26
26
31
31
North Sulawesi
31
31
36
36
162
164
175
175
25
25
15
17
46
46
Sub Total UPPDN VII

Maluku
North Maluku
Papua
Sub Total UPPDN VIII
Grand Total
27
30
79
79
2,309
34
2,344
1,738
54
1,792
Source :
163
Table 7.5
Oil Fuel Storage Tanks of PT PERTAMINA (Persero) in Sumatera

and Java
Location
TOTAL
Number of Tank
Total Capacity
(Unit)
(Kilo Liter)
UPPDN I Medan
- Transit Terminal
53
- Instalasi
30
447,520
145,700
- Seafed Depot
92
188,391
- Inland Depot
29
24,322
- DPPU
52
17,730
- Third Party
19
78809
Sub Total UPPDN I
275
902,472
- Seafed Depot
40
85,224
- Inland Depot
38
77,759
- DPPU
19
1,529
- Third Party
11
4,171
Sub Total UPPDN II
108
168,683
- Transit Terminal
21
338,638
- Instalasi
13
126,417
- Seafed Depot
33
412,884
- Inland Depot
35
191,781
- DPPU
23
81,917
- Third Party
12
232,200
Sub Total UPPDN III
137
1,383,837
- Transit Terminal
13
231,811
- Instalasi
22
94,580
- Inland Depot
63
196,794
- DPPU
18
1,423
- Third Party
126,000
124
650,608
17
147,278
UPPDN II Palembang
UPPDN III Jakarta
UPPDN IV Semarang
Sub Total UPPDN IV
UPPDN V Surabaya
- Transit Terminal
- Instalasi
74
466,196
- Seafed Depot
123
221,045
- Inland Depot
35
23,400
- DPPU
41
1,102
- Third Party
37
325,573
Sub Total UPPDN V
327
1,184,594
Source :
164
Table 7.6
Oil Fuel Storage Tanks of PT PERTAMINA (Persero) in

Kalimantan, Sulawesi, and Papua
TOTAL
Number of Tank
(Unit)
Location
Total Capacity
(Kilo Liters)
UPPDN VI Balikpapan
- Seafed Depot
90
176,981
- Inland Depot
10
11,177
- DPPU
33
4,475
4,600
135
197,233
- Third Party
Sub Total UPPDN VI
UPPDN VII Makassar

- Instalasi
- Seafed Depot
- DPPU
20
55,409
123
130,378
25
2,705
71,308
175
259,800
12
137,217
142
131,913
- Third Party
Sub Total UPPDN VII
UPPDN VIII Jayapura

- Transit Terminal
- Seafed Depot
- DPPU
31
200
- Third Party
691
Sub Total UPPDN VIII

Sub Total Directorate PPDN
Sub Total Third Party
Grand Total
185
270,021
1,466
5,017,248
96
843,352
1,562
5,860,600
Source :
Table 7.7
No.
Distribution Gas Pipeline of PT PGN (Persero)
Location
Length (km)
Capacity (MMSCFD)
Medan
418
195
Palembang
72
0.8
Cirebon
331
Surabaya
509
212
Bogor
408
36
Jakarta
810
467
Source :
PT Perusahaan Gas Negara (Persero), www.pgn.co.id
165
Table 7.8
No.
Gas Pipeline
Diameter
(inch)
Pipe Name
Length
(km)
Capacity
(MMSCFD)
Location
Remark
Gathering Line
1.
Offshore-Lhok Seumawe
2.
Onshore-Lhok Seumawe/Arun
3.
Badak-Bontang
4.
Field-Badak-Bontang
30
109
1,000
Aceh
LNG Plant
16-42
30-34
200-2,000
Aceh
LNG Plant/Industries
42
57
2,000
East Kalimantan
LNG Plant
20-36
10-70
300-1,500
East Kalimantan
Gas Processing
5.
Offshore-West Java
16-26
20-70
200-600
West Java
Proc. Platform
6.
Grissik Fields
16-26
13-50
200-600
South Sumatra
To Sales Line
16-26
10-55
200-600
North of Java
Power Plant
24
220
500
West Java
Industries
Sales Line
7.
Offshore-T. Priok/Muara Karang
8.
Cilamaya-Cilegon
9.
Pagerungan-Gresik
24-28
3-370
500-700
East Java
Power Plant/Industries
10.
Prabumulih-Palembang
20-28
15-50
300-500
South Sumatra
Power Plant/Industries
11.
Grissik-Duri
28
550
700
12.
Natuna-Singapore
16-28
10-470
200-700
Sumatra
Duri Steam Flood
South China Sea
Export/Power Plant
13.
Grissik-Sakeman
28
135
700
Riau
Transmission
14.
Sakeman-Batam-Singapore
28
335
700
Sumatra
Export/Power Plant
Source :
Directorate General of Oil & Gas, Ministry of Oil and Gas
Table 7.9
Transacted Gas Pipeline Project in 2005 & 2006
No
Projects
Length
Status
East kalimantan to Java gas transmision pipeline
1220 km
Tendered on 29-12-2005
Semarang to Cirebon gas Transmission pipeline
230 km
Semarang to Gresik gas transmission pipeline
250 km
Duri-Dumai to Medan gas Transmission pipeline
529 km
To be tendered in mid 2006
Cirebon to Muara Bekasi gas tranmission pipeline
220 km
To be tendered in mid 2007
Sengkang to Mkassar gas transmision pipeline
274 km
To be tendered at the end of 2006
Source:
Petrominer, March 15 2006
166
Table 7.10
Design and Production Capacities of LNG Plant

(Million ton/year)
Arun LNG Refinery Plant

Capacity
Design
Production
1,552
2,142
1,552
2,142
1,552
2,142
1,552
2,142
1,552
2,142
1,552
2,142
Train
1
2
3
4
5
6
Total
Badak LNG Refinery Plant

Capacity
Train
Design
Production
A
1,842
2,622
B
1,842
2,622
C
1,842
2,622
D
1,842
2,622
E
1,842
2,731
F
1,842
2,731
G
1,842
2,742
H
1,842
2,950
18,088
21,642
27,400
34,294
9,312
12,852
Total Design Capacity
Total Production Capacity
Source :
Directorate General of Oil and Gas, 2003, Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources
Table 7.11
Main Coal Harbor
Terminal
Location
Operator
Maximum
Vessel
(DWT)
Stockyard
(Thousand M. ton)
50,000
Sumatera
Kertapati
South Sumatera
PT TB Bukit Asam
7,000
Pulau Bai
South Sumatera
Government of Indonesia
40,000
n.a
Tarahan
South Sumatera
PT TB Bukit Asam
40,000
310,000
Teluk Bayur
West Sumatera
PT TB Bukit Asam
35,000
90,000
Kalimantan
Tanjung Bara
East Kalimantan
180,000
500,000
Tanah Merah
East Kalimantan
PT Kideco
60,000
260,000
North Pulau Laut
South Kalimantan
PT Arutmin
150,000
500,000
Balikpapan
East Kalimantan
PT Dermaga Perkasa Pratama
80,000
800,000
Tanjung Redeb
East Kalimantan
PT Berau Coal
5,000
50,000
Beloro
East Kalimantan
8,000
75,000
Loa Tebu
East Kalimantan
PT Tanito Harum
8,000
50,000
Tanjung Pemancingan
South Kalimantan
PT Arutmin
60,000
1,500,000
Sembilang
South Kalimantan
PT Arutmin
7,500
200,000
Air Tawar
South Kalimantan
PT Arutmin
7,500
200,000
Satui
South Kalimantan
PT Arutmin
5,000
150,000
Banjarmasin
South Kalimantan
Government of Indonesia
5,000
n.a
Kelanis
South Kalimantan
PT Adaro
8,000
150,000
Indonesian Bulk Terminal
South Kalimantan
PT IBT
200,000
1,600,000
West Java
n.a
6,000
50,000
Java
Terminal Batubara Indah
n.a : not available
Source :
Directorate General Mineral and Coal Enterprise, Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources
167
Table 7.12
Number of PLN Power Plants, 1992 2005

(Unit)
Year
Hydro
Steam
Gas
Turbine
Combined
Cycle
Geothermal
Diesel*)
Total
1992
142
34
44
2,976
3,196
1993
149
34
45
12
3,126
3,369
1994
146
35
49
30
3,400
3,666
1995
154
36
41
33
3,646
3,916
1996
143
38
45
40
23
3,479
3,768
1997
154
38
50
40
3,683
3,971
1998
170
39
49
33
3,664
3,962
1999
177
39
49
50
3,731
4,053
2000
182
39
47
54
3,685
4,014
2001
186
41
47
54
3,837
4,173
2002
184
41
47
55
4,431
4,766
2003
185
40
47
56
4,543
4,879
2004
190
41
55
51
4,778
5,123
2005
191
41
60
51
4,859
5,210

Source:
168
Table 7.13
Installed and Rated Capacities of PLN Power Plants, 1992 2005

(MW)
Hydro
Steam
Gas Turbine
Combined Cycle
Geothermal
Diesel*)
Total
Year
Installed
Rated
Installed
Rated
Installed
Rated
Installed
Rated
Installed
Rated
Installed
Rated
Installed
Rated
Rated
1992
2,178.71
2,158.34
3,940.60
3,718.00
1,222.76
774.70
1,392.33
1,265.28
140.00
140.00
2,062.17
1,448.25
10,936.57
9,504.57
87%
1993
2,178.76
2,129.30
4,690.60
4,535.20
995.92
662.60
3,411.31
3,243.35
195.00
195.00
2,128.46
1,464.20
13,600.05
12,229.65
90%
1994
2,178.27
2,054.05
4,755.60
4,580.51
982.37
732.80
3,942.11
3,661.86
305.00
305.00
2,164.12
1,502.44
14,327.47
12,836.66
90%
1995
2,178.27
1,989.50
4,820.60
4,530.95
1,002.47
758.65
4,414.48
4,397.41
305.00
305.00
2,265.36
1,564.08
14,986.18
13,545.59
90%
1996
2,184.03
2,170.78
5,020.60
4,242.50
1,093.31
885.80
5,053.31
4,719.25
308.75
306.37
2,447.84
2,005.18
16,107.84
14,329.88
89%
1997
2,436.34
2,409.01
6,770.60
6,107.00
1,371.12
992.25
5,588.89
5,563.54
362.50
360.00
2,416.39
1,792.09
18,945.84
17,223.89
91%
1998
3,006.76
2,994.64
6,770.60
6,700.40
1,347.41
1,086.86
6,560.97
6,463.09
360.00
360.00
2,535.02
1,649.36
20,580.76
19,254.35
94%
1999
3,013.99
2,985.10
6,770.00
6,671.50
1,516.11
997.81
6,281.70
6,264.09
360.00
360.00
2,649.94
1,890.45
20,591.74
19,168.95
93%
2000
3,015.24
2,747.42
6,770.00
6,508.31
1,203.37
901.90
6,836.22
6,456.13
360.00
360.00
2,549.85
1,692.64
20,734.68
18,666.40
90%
2001
3,105.76
2,952.45
6,900.00
6,502.28
1,224.72
1,054.82
6,863.22
6,306.19
380.00
379.62
2,585.12
1,694.48
21,058.82
18,889.84
90%
2002
3,155.17
2,836.16
6,900.00
6,144.17
1,224.72
861.99
6,863.22
6,074.35
380.00
379.88
2,589.12
1,657.33
21,112.23
17,953.88
85%
2003
3,167.93
3,122.93
6,900.00
6,185.50
1,224.72
1,457.00
6,863.22
5,923.40
380.00
360,00
2,670.42
1,730.41
21,206.29
18,779.25
2004
3,199.44
2,991.63
6,900.00
5,934.52
1,481.57
1,435.89
6,560.97
5,609.65
395.00
359,16
2,933.43
1,713/02
21,470.41
18,043.87
2005
3,220.96
3,079.53
6,900.00
5,657.07
2,723.63
2,829.11
6,280.97
5,854.39
395.00
339.86
2,994.54
1,776.42
22,515.09
19,536.38

Source:
169
Tabel 7.14a Captive Power Plants, 2003
PLN Unit/Province
Region of Naggroe
Aceh. D
Region of North
Sumatera
Region of West
Sumatera
Region of Riau
Region of South
Sumatera, Jambi &
Bengkulu
- South Sumatera
- Jambi
- Bengkulu
Region of Bangka
Belitung
Regionof Lampung
Region of West
Kalimantan
Region of South &
Central Kalimantan
- South Kalimantan
Region of East
Kalimantan
- North Sulawesi
- Gorontalo
- Central Sulawesi
Region of South &
Southeast Sulawesi
- South Sulawesi
Region of Maluku
- Maluku
- North Maluku
Region of Papua
Region of West Nusa
Tenggara
Region of East Nusa
Tenggara
PT PLN Batam
Distribution Central
Java
- Central Java
- Yogyakarta
- West Java
- Banten
Distribution Jaya &
Tangerang
Total Indonesia
Number of Captive Power

Plants/CP (Unit)
Installed Capacity (kVA)
Reserved
CP
Total
95
167
262
515.718,00
54.718,00
569.900,00
26.381,00
70
76
146
116.575,00
116.575,00
212.073,00
210.265,00
141
97
238
134.541,40
134.541,40
190.390,50
134.571,00
404
69
473
106.358,60
106.358,60
869.911,60
69.272,00
210
296
506
183.768,20
183.768,20
1.074.733,80
183.601,20
114
63
33
143
81
72
257
144
105
117.145,00
54.588,00
12.035,20
117.145,00
54.588,00
12.035,00
728.088,00
299.246,00
47.399,00
139.914,50
35.437,70
8.249,00
19
35
54
5.853,00
5.853,00
11.956,00
9.571,50
109
113
222
114.179,25
114.179,25
254.559,35
82.315,00
93
102
195
64.253,00
64.253,00
211.737,00
41.628,00
194
300
494
196.407,00
196.407,00
410.551,00
114.962,00
117
77
226
74
343
151
168.824,00
27.583,00
168.824,00
27.583,00
327.634,00
82.917,00
100.750,00
14.212,00
71
139
210
103.734,00
103.734,00
853.587,50
99.504,70
56
246
302
52.397,00
52.397,00
91.762,00
46.093,00
15
7
34
123
26
97
138
33
131
36.120,00
5.313,00
10.964,00
36.120,00
5.313,00
10.964,00
48.590,00
23.028,00
20.144,00
33.933,00
4.923,00
7.237,00
96
312
408
68.086,00
68.086,00
96.958,00
67.240,00
65
31
19
21
241
71
99
51
48
146
330
306
102
99
51
48
165
351
58.248,00
9.838,00
16.711,67
12.015,62
4.696,05
20.402,70
199.873,50
58.248,00
9.838,00
16.711,67
12.015,62
4.696,05
20.402,70
199.873,50
81.988,00
14.970,00
16.711,67
12.015,62
4.696,05
41.443,03
208.138,50
59.042,00
8.198,00
18,96
15,38
3,58
19.140,10
177.649,55
110
90
200
15.038,30
15.038,30
26.295,70
12.836,90
Main CP
Reserved
CP
kVA from PLN

Connected to
Reserved CP
Main
CP
Total
64
73
5.520,00
5.520,00
7.060,00
2.987,45
35
264
309
35
573
171.173,05
427.373,68
122.115,00
598.546,73
1.856.417,40
59
940
999
378.618,30
830.856,00
1.209.474,30
746.304,90
46
13
351
260
91
814
126
1.228
1.218
10
860
139
1.579
1.478
101
374.895,30
3.723,00
1.242.306,00
776.424,00
465.882,00
747.790,00
83.066,00
1.359.482,00
1.353.257,00
6.225,00
1.122.685,30
86.789,00
2.601.788,00
2.129.681,00
472.107,00
676.406,60
69.898,30
1.359.482,00
1.353.257,00
6.225,00
51
750
801
111.237,00
1.348.471,00
1.459.708,00
1.711.672,00
2.458
5.762
8.22
5.693.761,05
5.404.196,60
11.097.957,65
6.952.773,56
Source:
PLN Statistics, 2003, PT PLN (Persero)
170
Tabel 7.14b Captive Power Plants, 2004
PLN Unit/Province
Region of Naggroe
Aceh. D
Region of North
Sumatera
Region of West
Sumatera
Region of Riau
Region of South
Sumatera, Jambi &
Bengkulu
- South Sumatera
- Jambi
- Bengkulu
Region of Bangka
Belitung
Regionof Lampung
Region of West
Kalimantan
Region of South &
Central Kalimantan
- South Kalimantan
Region of East
Kalimantan
- North Sulawesi
- Gorontalo
- Central Sulawesi
Region of South &
Southeast Sulawesi
- South Sulawesi
Region of Maluku
- Maluku
- North Maluku
Region of Papua
Region of West Nusa
Tenggara
Region of East Nusa
Tenggara
PT PLN Batam
PT PLN Tarakan
Java
- Central Java
- Yogyakarta
- West Java
- Banten
Distribution Jaya &
Tangerang
Total Indonesia

Plants/CP (Unit)
Main
Reserved
Total
CP
CP

Main CP
Reserved
CP
Total
kVA from PLN

Connected to
Reserved CP
95
167
262
522.78
54,718.00
55,240.78
26,381.00
65
64
129
67,876.00
144,858.00
212,734.00
210,265.00
77
222
299
53,094.50
75,244.50
128,339.00
141,414.00
485
485
832,827.90
0.00
832,827.90
0.00
147
188
335
497,280.10
137,323.00
634,603.10
123,360.08
92
42
13
108
59
21
200
101
34
368,541.00
110,410.00
18,329.10
89,513.35
42,335.50
5,474.00
458,054.35
152,745.50
23,803.10
85,626.93
33,309.50
4,423.65
19
35
54
6,103.00
5,852.60
11,955.60
9,571.50
126
50
176
118,219.00
47,106.00
165,325.00
103,109.50
73
102
175
143,577.00
64,253.00
207,830.00
41,628.00
194
300
494
214,144.00
196,407.00
410,551.00
114,962.00
117
77
226
74
343
151
158,810.00
55,334.00
168,824.00
27,583.00
327,634.00
82,917.00
100,750.00
14,212.00
71
139
210
749,853.50
103,734.00
853,587.50
99,504.70
78
249
327
40,885.00
50,359.00
91,244.00
46,093.00
43
8
27
140
35
74
183
43
101
12,944.00
18,250.00
9,691.00
37,396.00
4,511.50
8,451.50
50,340.00
22,761.50
18,142.50
33,933.00
4,923.00
7,237.00
90
330
420
26,507.00
75,444.45
101,951.45
63,926.98
65
25
0
0
0
0
21
251
79
99
51
48
404
330
316
104
99
51
48
404
351
23,940.00
2,567.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
8,265.00
62,211.45
13,233.00
16,711.67
12,015.62
4,696.05
191,935.00
199,873.50
86,151.45
15,800.00
16,711.67
12,015.62
4,696.05
191,935.00
208,138.50
62,828.10
1,098.88
13,085.80
9,760.60
3,325.20
19,140.10
177,649.55
110
90
200
11,257.40
15,038.30
26,295.70
12,836.90
11
117
128
4,740.00
6,798.60
11,538.60
3,574.00
113
6
262
0
25
332
113
31
594
112,511.00
10,281.60
514,024.00
0.00
3,613.40
493,499.00
112,511.00
13,895.00
1,007,523.00
0.00
6,878.51
232,314.50
59
940
999
378,618.30
830,856.00
1,209,474.30
746,304.90
46
13
1,228
1,218
10
814
126
1,579
1,478
101
860
139
2,807
2,696
111
374,895.30
3,723.00
1,359,482.00
1,353,257.00
6,225.00
747,790.00
83,066.00
2,601,787.50
2,129,680.50
472,107.00
1,122,685.30
86,789.00
3,961,269.50
3,482,937.50
478,332.00
676,406.60
69,898.30
1,359,482.00
1,353,257.00
6,225.00
51
750
801
111,237.00
1,348,471.00
1,459,708.00
1,711,672.00
3,381
6,108
9,489
5,261,306.08
6,471,948.52
11,733,254.60
5,244,013.42
Source:
171
Table 7.14c Captive Power Plants, 2005
PLN Unit/Province
Region of Naggroe
Aceh. D
Region of North
Sumatera
Region of West
Sumatera
Region of Riau
Region of South
Sumatera, Jambi &
Bengkulu
- South Sumatera
- Jambi
- Bengkulu
Region of Bangka
Belitung
Region of Lampung
Region of West
Kalimantan
Region of South &
Central Kalimantan
- South Kalimantan
Region of East
Kalimantan
- North Sulawesi
- Gorontalo
- Central Sulawesi
Region of South &
Southeast Sulawesi
- South Sulawesi
Region of Maluku
- Maluku
- North Maluku
Region of Papua
Region of West Nusa
Tenggara
Region of East Nusa
Tenggara
PT PLN Batam
PT PLN Tarakan
Total Non Java
Java & Yogyakarta
- Central Java
- Yogyakarta
& Banten
- West Java
- Banten
Distribution Jaya &
Tangerang
Total Java
Total Indonesia

Plants/CP (Unit)
Main
Reserved
CP
CP Total

Main CP
Reserved
CP
Total
kVA from PLN

Connected to
Reserved CP
232
48
280
456,172.00
0.00
456,172.00
0.00
65
64
129
95,498.00
116,575.00
212,073.00
210,265.00
53,094.50
92,416.50
145,511.00
0.00
107
481
588
830,159.00
118,273.00
948,432.00
118,273.00
210
296
506
890,965.00
183,768.20
1,074,733.20
0.00
114
63
33
143
81
72
257
144
105
610,943.00
244,658.00
35,364.60
117,145.00
54,588.00
12,035.20
728,088.00
299,246.00
47,399.80
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
95
95
0.00
131,031.00
131,031.00
46,073.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
71
139
210
749,853.50
103,734.00
853,587.50
99,504.70
78
249
327
40,885.00
50,359.00
91,244.00
0.00
43
8
27
140
35
74
183
43
101
12,944.00
18,250.00
9,691.00
37,396.00
4,511.50
8,451.50
50,340.00
22,761.50
18,142.50
0.00
0.00
0.00
90
325
415
27,152.00
77,037.00
104,189.00
1,166,143.80
65
25
0
0
0
0
21
246
79
108
60
48
0
330
311
104
108
60
48
0
351
24,585.00
2,567.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
8,265.00
63,804.00
13,233.00
16,840.17
12,015.62
4,824.55
0.00
199,873.50
88,389.00
15,800.00
16,840.17
12,015.62
4,824.55
0.00
208,138.50
64,016.80
1,102,127.00
16,840.17
12,015.62
4,824.55
0.00
177,649.55
52
78
130
17,245.12
15,205.30
32,450.42
0.00
12
118
130
1,870.00
8,586.50
10,456.50
3,512.50
103
3
1,044
266
59
33
2,423
995
162
36
3,467
1,261
161,187.00
3,211.60
3,335,558.32
512,000.00
55,925.30
18,198.50
1,187,822.97
793,000.00
217,112.30
21,410.10
4,523,381.29
1,305,000.00
0.00
0.00
1,838,261.72
799,000.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
51
750
801
111,237.00
1,348,471.00
1,459,708.00
1,711,672.00
317
1,361
1,745
4,168
2,062
5,529
623,237.00
3,958,795.32
2,141,471.00
3,329,293.97
2,764,708.00
7,288,089.29
2,510,672.00
4,348,933.00
Source:
172
SELECTED WORLD ENERGY STATISTICS

VIII. SELECTED WORLD ENERGY STATISTICS
PENGKAJIAN ENERGI
173
174
Table 8.1
World Oil Proven Reserves; 1985, 1995, 2004, 2005

(Thousand Million Barrels)
USA
Canada
Mexico
Total North America
Argentina
Brazil
Colombia
Ecuador
Peru
Trinidad & Tobago
Venezuela
Other S. & Cent. America
Total S. & Cent. America
Azerbaijan
Denmark
Italy
Kazakhstan
Norway
Romania
Russian Federation
Turkmenistan
United Kingdom
Uzbekistan
Other Europe & Eurasia
Total Europe & Eurasia
Iran
Iraq
Kuwait
Oman
Qatar
Saudi Arabia
Syria
United Arab Emirates
Yemen
Other Middle East
Total Middle East
Algeria
Angola
Chad
Rep. of Congo (Brazzaville)
Egypt
Equatorial Guinea
Gabon
Libya
Nigeria
Sudan
Tunisia
Other Africa
Total Africa
Australia
Brunei
China
India
Indonesia
Malaysia
Thailand
Vietnam
Other Asia Pacific
Total Asia Pacific
TOTAL WORLD
at end
1985
36.4
9.6
55.6
101.5
2.2
2.2
1.2
1.1
0.6
0.6
54.5
0.5
62.9
n.a
0.4
0.6
n.a
5.6
1.4
n.a
n.a
5.6
n.a
65.0
78.6
59.0
65.0
92.5
4.1
4.5
171.5
1.5
33.0
0.1
0.2
431.3
8.8
2.0
0.8
3.8
0.7
21.3
16.6
0.3
1.8
1.0
57.0
2.9
1.4
17.1
3.8
9.2
3.5
0.1
1.1
39.1
770.4
at end
1995
29.8
10.5
48.8
89.0
2.4
6.2
3.0
3.4
0.8
0.7
66.3
1.1
83.8
n.a
0.9
0.7
n.a
10.8
1.0
n.a
n.a
4.5
n.a
63.6
81.5
93.7
100.0
96.5
5.2
3.7
261.5
2.6
98.1
0.1
0.1
661.5
10.0
3.1
1.3
3.8
0.6
1.5
29.5
20.8
0.3
0.4
0.7
72.0
4.0
1.1
16.3
5.5
5.0
5.2
0.3
0.8
1.0
39.2
1027.0
at end
2004
29.3
16.5
14.8
60.6
2.3
11.2
1.5
5.1
1.1
0.8
79.7
1.3
103.0
7.0
1.3
0.8
39.6
9.7
0.5
72.4
0.5
4.0
0.6
2.2
138.7
132.7
115.0
101.5
5.6
15.2
264.3
3.2
97.8
2.9
0.1
738.2
11.8
9.0
0.9
1.8
3.6
1.8
2.2
39.1
35.9
6.4
0.7
0.6
113.8
4.0
1.1
16.0
5.6
4.3
4.3
0.5
3.1
0.8
39.8
1194.1
at end
2005
29.3
16.5
13.7
59.5
2.3
11.8
1.5
5.1
1.1
0.8
79.7
1.3
103.5
7.0
1.3
0.7
39.6
9.7
0.5
74.4
0.5
4.0
0.6
2.2
140.5
137.5
115.0
101.5
5.6
15.2
264.2
3.0
97.8
2.9
0.1
742.7
12.2
9.0
0.9
1.8
3.7
1.8
2.2
39.1
35.9
6.4
0.7
0.6
114.3
4.0
1.1
16.0
5.9
4.3
4.2
0.5
3.1
1.0
40.2
1200.7
2005 Share of
Total
2.4%
1.4%
1.1%
5.0%
0.2%
1.0%
0.1%
0.4%
0.1%
0.1%
6.6%
0.1%
8.6%
0.6%
0.1%
0.1%
3.3%
0.8%
6.2%
0.3%
0.2%
11.7%
11.5%
9.6%
8.5%
0.5%
1.3%
22.0%
0.2%
8.1%
0.2%
61.9%
1.0%
0.8%
0.1%
0.1%
0.3%
0.1%
0.2%
3.3%
3.0%
0.5%
0.1%
9.5%
0.3%
0.1%
1.3%
0.5%
0.4%
0.3%
0.3%
0.1%
3.4%
100.0%
R/P Ratio
11.8
14.8
10.0
11.9
8.7
18.8
7.3
25.6
27.1
13.0
72.6
24.8
40.7
42.4
9.3
17.0
79.6
8.9
11.3
21.4
7.8
6.1
12.9
12.9
22.0
93.0
*
*
19.6
38.0
65.6
17.5
97.4
18.3
4.6
81.0
16.6
19.9
14.3
19.3
14.6
13.6
25.8
63.0
38.1
46.3
25.2
12.0
31.8
20.0
14.9
12.1
20.7
10.4
13.9
5.2
21.8
13.2
13.8
40.6
Source :
BP Statistical Review of World Energy June 2006
175
Table 8.2
World Oil Production, 2000 2005

(Thousand barrels daily)
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
USA
7,733
7,669
7,626
7,400
7,228
Canada
2,721
2,677
2,858
3,004
3,085
Mexico
3,450
3,560
3,585
3,789
3,824
Total North America
13,904
13,906
14,069
14,193
14,137
Argentina
819
830
818
806
754
Brazil
1,268
1,337
1,499
1,555
1,542
Colombia
711
627
601
564
551
Ecuador
409
416
401
427
535
Peru
100
98
98
92
94
Trinidad & Tobago
138
135
155
164
152
Venezuela
3,239
3,141
2,916
2,607
2,972
130
137
152
153
144
6,813
6,721
6,640
6,367
6,745
Azerbaijan
281
300
311
313
317
Denmark
363
348
371
368
390
Italy
88
79
106
107
105
Kazakhstan
744
836
1,018
1,111
1,297
Norway
3,346
3,418
3,333
3,264
3,188
Romania
131
130
127
123
119
Russian Federation
6,536
7,056
7,698
8,544
9,287
Turkmenistan
144
162
182
202
193
United Kingdom
2,667
2,476
2,463
2,257
2,028
Uzbekistan
177
171
171
166
152
466
466
501
509
496
14,942
15,443
16,281
16,965
17,572
Iran
3,818
3,730
3,414
3,999
4,081
Iraq
2,583
2,376
2,035
1,339
2,010
Kuwait
2,104
2,070
1,995
2,329
2,481
Oman
959
961
900
823
785
Qatar
855
854
783
917
990
Saudi Arabia
9,511
9,263
8,970
10,222
10,588
Syria
548
581
545
562
529
2,626
2,534
2,324
2,611
2,656
Yemen
450
455
457
448
420
Other Middle East
48
47
48
48
48
Total Middle East
23,501
22,871
21,471
23,296
24,588
Algeria
1,578
1,562
1,680
1,852
1,946
Angola
746
742
905
885
986
Cameroon
88
81
75
68
62
Chad
24
168
Rep. of Congo (Brazzaville)
275
271
258
243
240
Egypt
781
758
751
749
721
Equatorial Guinea
117
173
210
234
329
Gabon
327
301
295
240
235
Libya
1,469
1,421
1,374
1,486
1,607
Nigeria
2,155
2,274
2,103
2,263
2,502
Sudan
174
211
233
255
325
Tunisia
78
71
75
68
72
Other Africa
56
53
63
71
75
Total Africa
7,844
7,918
8,022
8,438
9,266
Australia
809
733
731
624
541
Brunei
193
203
210
214
211
China
3,252
3,306
3,346
3,401
3,481
India
780
780
801
798
816
Indonesia
1,456
1,389
1,288
1,183
1,152
Malaysia
754
748
785
831
857
Thailand
164
174
191
223
220
Vietnam
328
350
354
364
427
Other Asia Pacific
200
195
193
195
186
Total Asia Pacific
7,936
7,877
7,899
7,832
7,890
TOTAL WORLD
74,941
74,736
74,382
77,091
80,198
Includes crude oil, shale oil, oil sands and NGLs (natural gas liquids - the liquid content of natural gas where this is recovered
separately).
2005
6,830
3,047
3,759
13,636
725
1,718
549
541
111
171
3,007
142
6,964
452
377
118
1,364
2,969
114
9,551
192
1,808
126
463
17,534
4,049
1,820
2,643
780
1,097
11,035
469
2,751
426
48
25,119
2,015
1,242
58
173
253
696
355
234
1,702
2,580
379
74
72
9,835
554
206
3,627
784
1,136
827
276
392
199
8,000
81,088
Source :
176
Table 8.3
World Oil Consumption, 2000 2005

USA
Canada
Mexico
Total North America
Argentina
Brazil
Chile
Colombia
Ecuador
Peru
Venezuela
Austria
Azerbaijan
Belarus
Belgium & Luxembourg
Bulgaria
Czech Republic
Denmark
Finland
France
Germany
Greece
Hungary
Iceland
Republic of Ireland
Italy
Kazakhstan
Lithuania
Netherlands
Norway
Poland
Portugal
Romania
Russian Federation
Slovakia
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
Turkey
Turkmenistan
Ukraine
United Kingdom
Uzbekistan
Iran
Kuwait
Qatar
Saudi Arabia
Other Middle East
Total Middle East
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
19,701
1,937
1,884
23,522
431
1,855
236
232
129
155
496
1,126
4,661
244
123
143
702
84
169
215
224
2,007
2,763
406
145
19
170
1,956
158
49
897
201
427
324
203
2,583
73
1,452
318
263
677
79
255
1,697
138
402
19,564
1,319
202
44
1,536
255
1,379
4,735
19,649
2,023
1,899
23,571
405
1,896
230
245
132
148
545
1,138
4,739
265
81
149
669
87
178
205
222
2,023
2,804
411
142
18
185
1,946
186
56
942
213
415
327
217
2,566
68
1,508
318
281
645
83
273
1,697
135
427
19,743
1,331
206
54
1,551
292
1,421
4,854
19,761
2,067
1,837
23,665
364
1,853
228
222
131
147
594
1,149
4,688
271
74
145
691
88
174
200
226
1,967
2,714
414
140
19
182
1,943
193
53
952
208
420
338
226
2,606
76
1,526
317
267
656
86
278
1,693
130
453
19,726
1,429
222
79
1,572
320
1,425
5,047
20,033
2,132
1,885
24,050
372
1,785
229
222
137
140
479
1,173
4,537
293
86
152
748
98
185
193
239
1,965
2,664
404
132
18
178
1,927
183
51
962
219
435
317
199
2,645
71
1,559
332
259
668
95
286
1,717
148
475
19,903
1,513
238
77
1,684
333
1,394
5,238
20,732
2,248
1,898
24,877
394
1,776
244
223
144
152
525
1,188
4,647
285
92
153
785
102
203
189
224
1,978
2,634
435
136
20
185
1,873
188
54
1,003
210
460
322
230
2,714
68
1,593
319
258
688
103
293
1,764
155
482
20,195
1,575
266
84
1,805
355
1,407
5,492
20,655
2,241
1,978
24,875
421
1,819
257
230
148
139
553
1,208
4,776
294
103
137
809
109
211
189
233
1,961
2,586
429
151
19
196
1,809
208
57
1,071
213
478
320
240
2,753
73
1,618
315
262
650
110
294
1,790
161
502
20,350
1,659
280
98
1,891
376
1,436
5,739
177
Table 8.3
World Oil Consumption, 2000 2005 (Continued)

2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
Algeria
Egypt
South Africa
Other Africa
Total Africa
Australia
Bangladesh
China
China Hong Kong SAR
India
Indonesia
Japan
Malaysia
New Zealand
Pakistan
Philippines
Singapore
South Korea
Taiwan
Thailand
Other Asia Pacific
Total Asia Pacific
192
564
475
1,226
2,458
837
66
4,772
201
2,254
1,049
5,577
441
134
373
348
654
2,229
816
725
363
20,839
200
548
488
1,239
2,475
845
80
4,872
243
2,284
1,088
5,435
448
136
366
347
716
2,235
819
701
383
20,998
222
534
501
1,254
2,511
846
80
5,288
268
2,374
1,115
5,359
489
141
357
332
699
2,282
844
766
406
21,644
231
550
513
1,274
2,568
851
78
5,803
269
2,420
1,132
5,455
480
148
321
330
668
2,300
868
836
400
22,359
240
567
523
1,315
2,646
856
80
6,772
314
2,573
1,150
5,286
493
150
325
336
748
2,283
880
913
427
23,586
254
616
529
1,363
2,763
884
82
6,988
285
2,485
1,168
5,360
477
152
353
314
826
2,308
884
946
445
23,957
TOTAL WORLD
75,779
76,379
77,280
78,655
81,444
82,459
Source :
178
Table 8.4
World Oil Refinery Capacities, 2000 2005

Thousand barrels daily
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
15,711
16,261
16,512
16,595
16,785
16,757
16,894
17,125
17,335
Canada
1,811
1,844
1,861
1,861
1,917
1,923
1,959
1,915
1,927
Mexico
1,449
1,449
1,449
1,481
1,481
1,463
1,463
1,463
1,463
18,971
19,554
19,822
19,937
20,183
20,143
20,316
20,503
20,725
USA
Total North America

Argentina
Brazil
Neth. Antilles & Aruba
Venezuela
653
650
645
626
614
611
611
611
611
1,739
1,750
1,845
1,863
1,823
1,868
1,940
1,940
1,940
545
545
545
545
545
545
545
545
570
1,192
1,199
1,222
1,280
1,277
1,277
1,277
1,277
1,357
2,269
2,180
2,224
2,230
2,219
2,266
2,240
2,254
2,285
Total S. &. Cent. America
6,398
6,324
6,481
6,544
6,478
6,567
6,613
6,627
6,763
698
732
736
770
785
803
805
782
778
France
1,872
1,918
1,933
1,984
1,961
1,987
1,967
1,977
1,978
Germany
2,170
2,206
2,240
2,262
2,274
2,286
2,304
2,314
2,322
403
403
403
403
412
412
412
412
412
Italy
2,243
2,271
2,294
2,294
2,294
2,294
2,294
2,294
2,294
Netherlands
1,196
1,196
1,212
1,212
1,233
1,237
1,237
1,239
1,242
308
310
323
318
307
310
310
310
310
Russian Federation
5,929
5,533
5,399
5,351
5,304
5,372
5,407
5,412
5,412
Spain
Belgium
Greece
Norway
1,265
1,247
1,247
1,247
1,247
1,333
1,333
1,358
1,363
Sweden
422
422
422
421
422
422
422
421
422
Turkey
713
713
713
713
713
713
713
693
613
1,823
1,848
1,777
1,778
1,769
1,785
1,813
1,843
1,848
United Kingdom
Other Europe and Eurasia
6,135
6,090
5,996
5,890
5,901
5,975
6,038
6,015
6,036
Total Europe and Eurasia
25,177
24,889
24,695
24,643
24,622
24,929
25,055
25,070
25,030
Iran
1,387
1,492
1,574
1,574
1,574
1,574
1,584
1,624
1,684
Iraq
634
634
634
639
644
644
644
644
644
Kuwait
880
895
895
690
745
770
905
905
915
1,704
1,762
1,838
1,846
1,861
1,861
1,911
2,061
2,061
Saudi Arabia
298
235
290
440
674
711
645
620
620
Other Middle East
1,164
1,169
1,175
1,173
1,164
1,254
1,255
1,255
1,255
Total Middle East
6,067
6,187
6,406
6,362
6,662
6,814
6,944
7,109
7,179
Total Africa
2,928
2,881
2,983
3,034
3,217
3,294
3,313
3,311
3,311
890
906
924
924
916
933
860
867
813
4,559
4,592
5,401
5,407
5,643
5,479
5,487
6,289
6,587
Australasia
China
India
1,236
1,356
2,190
2,219
2,261
2,289
2,333
2,513
2,558
Indonesia
1,015
1,095
1,118
1,126
1,126
1,091
1,056
1,056
1,056
Japan
5,056
5,144
5,087
5,010
4,705
4,728
4,645
4,531
4,531
Singapore
1,246
1,246
1,246
1,255
1,255
1,255
1,255
1,255
1,255
South Korea
2,598
2,598
2,598
2,598
2,598
2,598
2,598
2,598
2,598
Taiwan
732
732
732
732
874
1,159
1,159
1,159
1,159
Thailand
824
863
872
872
872
874
860
876
876
Other Asia Pacific
1,107
1,152
1,233
1,292
1,386
1,351
1,313
1,259
1,261
Total Asia Pacific
19,263
19,684
21,401
21,435
21,636
21,757
21,566
22,403
22,694
TOTAL WORLD
78,804
79,519
81,788
81,955
82,798
83,504
83,807
85,023
85,702
Source :
179
Table 8.5
World Natural Gas Proven Reserves; 1985, 1995, 2004, 2005

(Trillion cubic meter)
USA
Canada
Mexico
Total North America
Argentina
Bolivia
Brazil
Colombia
Peru
Trinidad & Tobago
Venezuela
Azerbaijan
Denmark
Germany
Italy
Kazakhstan
Netherlands
Norway
Poland
Romania
Russian Federation
Turkmenistan
Ukraine
United Kingdom
Uzbekistan
Bahrain
Iran
Iraq
Kuwait
Oman
Qatar
Saudi Arabia
Syria
Yemen
Other Middle East
Total Middle East
Algeria
Egypt
Libya
Nigeria
Other Africa
Total Africa
Australia
Bangladesh
Brunei
China
India
Indonesia
Malaysia
Myanmar
Pakistan
Papua New Guinea
Thailand
Vietnam
Other Asia Pacific
Total Asia Pacific
TOTAL WORLD
at end
1985
5.41
2.78
2.17
10.37
0.68
0.13
0.09
0.11
+
0.32
1.73
0.24
3.32
n.a
0.09
0.30
0.26
n.a
1.86
0.57
0.10
0.27
n.a
n.a
n.a
0.65
n.a
40.37
44.45
0.21
13.99
0.82
1.04
0.22
4.44
3.69
0.12
3.15
+
27.67
3.35
0.26
0.63
1.34
0.59
6.16
0.77
0.35
0.24
0.87
0.48
1.98
1.49
0.27
0.62
0.02
0.22
0.00
0.25
7.57
99.54
at end
1995
4.62
1.93
1.92
8.47
0.62
0.13
0.15
0.22
0.20
0.35
4.06
0.23
5.96
n.a
0.12
0.22
0.30
n.a
1.82
1.81
0.15
0.41
n.a
n.a
n.a
0.70
n.a
57.64
63.16
0.15
19.35
3.36
1.49
0.45
8.50
5.54
0.24
5.86
0.43
+
45.37
3.69
0.65
1.31
3.47
0.81
9.93
1.28
0.27
0.40
1.67
0.68
1.95
2.27
0.27
0.60
0.43
0.18
0.15
0.41
10.54
143.42
at end
2004
5.45
1.59
0.42
7.46
0.55
0.76
0.33
0.12
0.33
0.53
4.29
0.17
7.07
1.37
0.08
0.20
0.18
3.00
1.45
2.39
0.11
0.30
47.80
2.90
1.11
0.53
1.86
0.46
63.73
0.09
26.74
3.17
1.57
1.00
25.78
6.83
0.31
6.06
0.48
0.05
72.09
4.55
1.87
1.49
5.23
1.17
14.30
2.52
0.44
0.34
2.20
0.92
2.77
2.46
0.50
0.80
0.43
0.35
0.24
0.38
14.35
179.00
at end
2005
5.45
1.59
0.41
7.46
0.50
0.74
0.31
0.11
0.33
0.55
4.32
0.17
7.02
1.37
0.07
0.19
0.17
3.00
1.41
2.41
0.11
0.63
47.82
2.90
1.11
0.53
1.85
0.46
64.01
0.09
26.74
3.17
1.57
1.00
25.78
6.90
0.31
6.04
0.48
0.05
72.13
4.58
1.89
1.49
5.23
1.20
14.39
2.52
0.44
0.34
2.35
1.10
2.76
2.48
0.50
0.96
0.43
0.35
0.24
0.37
14.84
179.83
2005 Share of
Total
3.0%
0.9%
0.2%
4.1%
0.3%
0.4%
0.2%
0.1%
0.2%
0.3%
2.4%
0.1%
3.9%
0.8%
0.1%
0.1%
1.7%
0.8%
1.3%
0.1%
0.3%
26.6%
1.6%
0.6%
0.3%
1.0%
0.3%
35.6%
0.1%
14.9%
1.8%
0.9%
0.6%
14.3%
3.8%
0.2%
3.4%
0.3%
40.1%
2.5%
1.1%
0.8%
2.9%
0.7%
8.0%
1.4%
0.2%
0.2%
1.3%
0.6%
1.5%
1.4%
0.3%
0.5%
0.2%
0.2%
0.1%
0.2%
8.3%
100.0%
R/P Ratio
10.4
8.6
10.4
9.9
11.1
71.1
27.3
16.7
*
18.8
*
87.7
51.8
*
6.5
11.8
14.0
*
22.3
28.3
25.3
48.6
80.0
49.3
58.7
6.0
33.2
47.0
60.3
9.1
*
*
*
56.9
*
99.3
57.3
*
*
26.7
*
52.2
54.4
*
*
*
88.3
67.9
30.7
28.3
47.0
36.2
36.3
41.4
38.5
32.2
*
16.5
45.6
34.7
41.2
65.1
Source :
180
Table 8.6
World Natural Gas Production, 1997 2005

(Billion cubic metres)
USA
Canada
Mexico
Total North America
Argentina
Bolivia
Brazil
Colombia
Trinidad & Tobago
Venezuela
Azerbaijan
Denmark
Germany
Italy
Kazakhstan
Netherlands
Norway
Poland
Romania
Russian Federation
Turkmenistan
Ukraine
United Kingdom
Uzbekistan
Bahrain
Iran
Kuwait
Oman
Qatar
Saudi Arabia
Syria
Other Middle East
Total Middle East
Algeria
Egypt
Libya
Nigeria
Other Africa
Total Africa
Australia
Bangladesh
Brunei
China
India
Indonesia
Malaysia
Myanmar
New Zealand
Pakistan
Thailand
Vietnam
Other Asia Pacific
Total Asia Pacific
TOTAL WORLD
1997
543.1
165.8
31.7
740.6
27.4
2.7
6.0
5.9
7.4
30.8
2.4
82.5
5.6
7.9
17.1
19.3
7.6
67.1
43.0
3.6
15.0
532.6
16.1
17.4
85.9
47.8
13.4
899.1
8.0
47.0
9.3
5.0
17.4
45.3
3.8
36.3
3.3
175.4
71.8
11.6
6.0
5.1
4.9
99.4
29.8
7.6
11.7
22.7
23.0
67.2
38.6
1.5
5.2
15.6
15.2
0.5
3.5
242.2
2239.3
1998
549.2
171.3
34.3
754.8
29.6
2.8
6.3
6.3
8.6
32.3
2.5
88.4
5.2
7.6
16.7
19.0
7.4
63.6
44.2
3.6
14.0
551.3
12.4
16.8
90.2
51.1
12.4
915.5
8.4
50.0
9.5
5.2
19.6
46.8
4.3
37.1
3.2
184.0
76.6
12.2
5.8
5.1
5.0
104.8
30.4
7.8
10.8
23.3
24.7
64.3
38.5
1.8
4.6
16.0
16.3
0.9
3.6
242.7
2290.1
1999
541.6
177.4
37.2
756.2
34.6
2.3
6.7
5.2
11.7
27.4
2.1
90.0
5.6
7.8
17.8
17.5
9.3
59.3
48.5
3.4
14.0
551.0
21.3
16.9
99.1
51.9
11.5
934.9
8.7
56.4
8.6
5.5
22.1
46.2
4.5
38.5
3.4
193.8
86.0
14.7
4.7
6.0
5.4
116.9
30.8
8.3
11.2
25.2
25.9
71.0
40.8
1.7
5.3
17.3
17.7
1.3
3.6
260.1
2351.9
2000
550.6
183.2
35.8
769.6
37.4
3.2
7.2
5.9
14.1
27.9
2.2
97.9
5.3
8.1
16.9
16.2
10.8
57.3
49.7
3.7
13.8
545.0
43.8
16.7
108.4
52.6
11.3
959.5
8.8
60.2
9.6
8.7
23.7
49.8
4.2
38.4
3.4
206.8
84.4
18.3
5.3
12.5
5.9
126.5
31.2
10.0
11.3
27.2
26.9
68.5
45.3
3.4
5.6
18.8
18.6
1.6
3.7
272.0
2432.3
2001
565.8
186.8
35.3
787.9
37.1
4.7
7.6
6.1
15.2
29.6
2.3
102.6
5.2
8.4
17.0
15.2
10.8
61.9
53.9
3.9
13.6
542.4
47.9
17.1
105.9
53.5
11.0
967.7
9.1
66.0
8.5
14.0
27.0
53.7
4.1
39.4
3.0
224.8
78.2
21.5
5.6
14.9
6.6
126.8
32.5
10.7
11.4
30.3
27.2
66.3
46.9
7.2
5.9
19.8
18.0
2.0
3.9
282.2
2492.1
2002
544.3
187.8
35.3
767.4
36.1
4.9
9.2
6.2
17.3
28.4
2.3
104.4
4.8
8.4
17.0
14.6
10.6
59.9
65.5
4.0
13.2
555.4
49.9
17.4
103.6
53.8
11.3
989.4
9.5
75.0
8.0
15.0
29.5
56.7
5.0
43.4
2.6
244.7
80.4
22.7
5.6
14.2
6.8
129.6
32.6
11.4
11.5
32.7
28.7
70.4
48.3
8.4
5.6
20.6
18.9
2.4
5.5
297.0
2532.6
2003
551.4
182.7
36.4
770.5
41.0
6.4
10.0
6.1
24.7
25.2
2.2
115.7
4.8
8.0
17.7
13.7
12.9
58.4
73.1
4.0
13.0
578.6
55.1
17.7
102.9
53.6
10.7
1024.4
9.6
81.5
9.1
16.5
31.4
60.1
5.2
44.8
1.8
259.9
82.8
25.0
5.8
19.2
6.9
139.7
33.2
12.3
12.4
35.0
29.9
72.8
51.8
9.6
4.3
23.2
19.6
2.4
6.7
313.1
2623.3
2004
539.4
183.6
37.4
760.4
44.9
8.5
11.0
6.4
28.1
28.1
2.8
129.7
4.7
9.4
16.4
13.0
20.6
68.8
78.5
4.4
12.8
591.0
54.6
19.1
96.0
55.8
11.0
1055.9
9.8
84.9
9.7
17.2
39.2
65.7
5.3
46.3
2.5
280.4
82.0
26.9
6.5
21.8
7.0
144.3
35.3
13.3
12.2
41.0
30.1
75.4
53.9
10.2
3.8
26.9
20.3
4.2
6.5
333.0
2703.8
2005
525.7
185.5
39.5
750.6
45.6
10.4
11.4
6.8
29.0
28.9
3.5
135.6
5.3
10.4
15.8
12.0
23.5
62.9
85.0
4.3
12.9
598.0
58.8
18.8
88.0
55.7
9.8
1061.1
9.9
87.0
9.7
17.5
43.5
69.5
5.4
46.6
3.4
292.5
87.8
34.7
11.7
21.8
7.0
163.0
37.1
14.2
12.0
50.0
30.4
76.0
59.9
13.0
3.7
29.9
21.4
5.2
7.3
360.1
2763.0
Source :
181
Table 8.7
World Natural Gas Consumption, 1997 2005
USA
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002

2003
2004
2005
653.2
642.2
644.3
669.7
641.4
661.6
643.1
645.0
633.5
Canada
83.8
85.0
83.1
83.0
82.8
85.6
92.2
92.7
91.4
Mexico
32.3
35.4
37.4
38.5
39.0
42.7
45.8
48.6
49.6
769.3
762.6
764.8
791.2
763.2
789.9
781.1
786.3
774.5
28.5
30.5
32.4
33.2
31.1
30.3
34.6
37.9
40.6
Brazil
6.0
6.3
7.1
9.3
11.7
14.4
15.9
19.0
20.2
Chile
2.8
3.3
4.6
5.2
6.3
6.5
7.1
8.3
7.6
Colombia
5.9
6.2
5.2
5.9
6.1
6.1
6.0
6.3
6.8
Ecuador
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.2
0.1
0.1
0.2
0.2
Total North America

Argentina
Peru
Venezuela
0.2
0.4
0.4
0.3
0.4
0.4
0.5
0.9
1.6
30.8
32.3
27.4
27.9
29.6
28.4
25.2
28.1
28.9
8.5
10.0
11.3
11.9
13.6
14.4
15.9
17.1
18.3
82.9
89.1
88.5
94.0
98.9
100.7
105.3
117.7
124.1
Austria
8.1
8.3
8.5
8.1
8.6
8.5
9.4
9.5
10.0
Azerbaijan
5.6
5.2
5.6
5.4
7.8
7.8
8.0
8.6
8.8
Belarus
14.8
15.0
15.3
16.2
16.1
16.6
16.3
18.5
18.9
12.5
13.8
14.7
14.9
14.6
14.8
16.0
16.5
16.8
Bulgaria
4.1
3.5
3.0
3.3
3.0
2.7
2.8
2.9
3.2
Czech Republic
8.5
8.5
8.6
8.3
8.9
8.7
8.7
8.7
8.5
Denmark
4.4
4.8
5.0
4.9
5.1
5.2
5.2
5.2
5.0
Finland
3.2
3.7
3.7
3.7
4.1
4.0
4.5
4.3
4.0
France
34.6
37.0
37.7
39.7
41.7
41.7
43.3
44.5
45.0
Germany
79.2
79.7
80.2
79.5
82.9
82.6
85.5
85.9
85.9
Greece
0.2
0.8
1.4
1.9
1.9
2.0
2.3
2.5
2.5
Hungary
10.8
10.9
11.0
10.7
11.9
12.0
13.1
13.0
13.4
Iceland
3.1
3.1
3.3
3.8
4.0
4.1
4.1
4.1
3.9
53.2
57.2
62.2
64.9
65.0
64.6
70.9
73.6
79.0
Kazakhstan
7.1
7.3
7.9
9.7
10.1
11.1
13.3
15.4
17.8
Lithuania
2.6
2.3
2.4
2.7
2.8
2.9
3.1
3.1
3.2
39.1
38.7
37.9
39.2
39.1
39.3
40.3
41.1
39.5
Republic of Ireland
Italy
Netherlands
Norway
3.7
3.8
3.6
4.0
3.8
4.0
4.3
4.6
4.5
Poland
10.5
10.6
10.3
11.1
11.5
11.2
11.2
13.1
13.6
0.1
0.8
2.3
2.4
2.6
2.8
3.0
3.1
3.0
Portugal
Romania
Russian Federation
Slovakia
20.0
18.7
17.2
17.1
16.6
17.2
18.3
17.5
17.3
350.4
364.7
363.6
377.2
372.7
388.9
392.9
401.9
405.1
6.3
6.4
6.4
6.5
6.9
6.5
6.3
6.1
5.9
12.3
13.1
15.0
16.9
18.2
20.8
23.6
27.4
32.3
Sweden
0.8
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.7
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
Switzerland
2.5
2.6
2.7
2.7
2.8
2.8
2.9
3.0
3.1
Spain
Turkey
9.4
9.9
12.0
14.1
16.0
17.4
20.9
22.1
27.4
Turkmenistan
10.1
10.3
11.3
12.6
12.9
13.2
14.6
15.5
16.6
Ukraine
74.3
68.8
73.0
73.1
70.9
69.8
68.0
72.9
72.9
United Kingdom
84.5
87.9
92.5
96.9
96.4
95.1
95.3
97.0
94.6
Uzbekistan
45.4
47.0
49.3
47.1
51.1
52.4
47.2
44.8
44.0
14.7
14.6
12.9
13.5
14.7
13.8
14.2
14.4
15.3
936.1
959.9
981.3
1013.0
1025.4
1045.2
1070.6
1101.2
1121.9
182
Table 8.7
World Natural Gas Consumption, 1997 2005 (Continued)
Iran
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002

2003
2004
2005
47.1
51.8
58.4
62.9
70.2
79.2
82.9
86.5
Kuwait
9.3
9.5
8.6
9.6
8.5
8.0
9.1
9.7
9.7
Qatar
14.5
14.8
14.0
9.7
11.0
11.1
12.2
14.9
15.9
88.5
Saudi Arabia
45.3
46.8
46.2
49.8
53.7
56.7
60.1
65.7
69.5
29.0
30.4
31.4
31.4
32.3
36.4
37.9
40.2
40.4
Other Middle East
19.6
20.5
21.5
22.1
22.8
23.6
23.9
25.3
27.0
Total Middle East
164.9
173.7
180.1
185.4
198.4
215.1
226.1
242.3
251.0
Algeria
20.2
20.9
21.3
19.8
20.5
20.2
21.4
22.0
24.1
Egypt
11.6
12.0
14.3
18.3
21.5
22.7
24.6
26.2
25.5
South Africa
Other Africa
14.4
14.9
15.2
17.0
17.1
17.2
19.2
20.4
21.6
Total Africa
46.1
47.7
50.9
55.2
59.1
60.1
65.2
68.6
71.2
Australia
21.4
22.4
23.2
23.9
24.5
25.2
26.1
25.3
25.7
7.6
7.8
8.3
10.0
10.7
11.4
12.3
13.3
14.2
19.0
19.7
20.9
23.8
26.8
28.6
33.2
39.0
47.0
2.6
2.5
2.7
2.5
2.5
2.4
1.5
2.2
2.2
23.0
24.7
25.9
26.9
27.2
28.7
29.9
32.7
36.6
Bangladesh
China
China Hong Kong SAR
India
Indonesia
31.9
27.8
31.8
32.3
33.5
34.5
33.4
36.9
39.4
Japan
66.0
68.7
71.7
74.9
76.6
75.2
82.6
78.7
81.1
Malaysia
16.7
17.4
16.1
24.3
25.8
26.8
31.8
33.9
34.9
5.1
4.5
5.2
5.5
5.7
5.5
4.1
3.7
3.6
15.6
16.0
17.3
18.8
19.8
20.6
23.2
26.9
29.9
0.1
1.8
2.7
2.4
3.0
New Zealand
Pakistan
Philippines
Singapore
South Korea
Taiwan
Thailand
Other Asia Pacific
Total Asia Pacific
TOTAL WORLD
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.7
4.5
4.9
5.3
6.6
6.5
16.4
15.4
18.7
21.0
23.1
25.7
26.9
31.5
33.3
5.1
6.4
6.2
6.7
7.4
8.5
8.7
10.2
10.7
14.2
15.1
16.4
19.2
22.2
23.9
26.3
27.4
29.9
4.3
4.7
5.0
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.6
7.8
8.9
250.4
254.3
270.9
296.7
315.7
329.0
353.8
378.5
406.9
2249.7
2287.3
2336.5
2435.4
2460.8
2540.0
2601.9
2694.7
2749.6
Source :
183
Table 8.8
World Coal Proven Reserves by Type, 2005
USA
Canada
Sub-bituminous
and Lignite
Total
111,338
135,305
246,643
240
3,471
3,107
6,578
101
Mexico
Total North America
860
351
1,211
121
115,669
138,763
254,432
231
10,113
10,113
6,230
381
6,611
112
56
Brazil
Colombia
(Million tonnes)
Share of
total
R/P ratio
Anthracite and
bituminous
Venezuela
479
479
992
1,698
2,690
7,701
12,192
19,893
269
Bulgaria
Czech Republic
2,183
2,187
83
2,094
3,458
5,552
90
France
15
15
183
6,556
6,739
3,900
3,900
54
198
3,159
3,357
351
Kazakhstan
28,151
3,128
31,279
362
Poland
14,000
14,000
88
22
472
494
16
49,088
107,922
157,010
200
330
530
27
Germany
Greece
Hungary
Romania
Russian Federation
Spain
Turkey
Ukraine
25
33
278
3,908
4,186
68
16,274
17,879
34,153
436
370
United Kingdom
220
220
1,529
21,944
23,473
112,256
174,839
287,095
241
48,750
48,750
198
126
South Africa
11
Zimbabwe
502
502
Other Africa
910
174
1,084
Middle East
419
419
493
399
Total Africa & Middle East
50,581
174
50,755
200
Australia
38,600
39,900
78,500
213
China
62,200
52,300
114,500
52
India
90,085
2,360
92,445
217
Indonesia
740
4,228
4,968
Japan
359
359
New Zealand
33
538
571
111
North Korea
300
300
600
20
Pakistan
3,050
3,050
South Korea
80
80
Thailand
1,354
1,354
Vietnam
150
150
Other Asia Pacific
97
215
312
25
Total Asia Pacific
192,564
104,325
296,889
92
TOTAL WORLD
Less than 0.05%
* More than 500 years
478,771
430,293
909,064
155
37
323
*
28
64
Source :
184
Table 8.9
World Coal Production, 1995-2005

(Million Ton Oil Equivalent)
1997
USA
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
580.3
598.4
579.7
565.6
587.3
565.6
549.3
567.9
576.2
Canada
43.0
40.8
39.2
37.1
37.6
34.9
32.2
34.9
34.4
Mexico
4.5
4.8
4.9
5.4
5.4
5.2
4.6
4.7
4.8
627.8
644.0
623.8
608.1
630.3
605.7
586.0
607.4
615.3
2.1
2.0
2.1
2.9
2.1
1.9
1.8
2.0
2.2
Colombia
21.0
21.9
21.3
24.9
28.5
25.7
32.5
34.9
38.4
Venezuela
3.9
4.7
4.8
5.8
5.6
5.9
5.1
5.9
6.2
1.1
0.4
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.5
28.1
29.1
28.7
34.0
36.8
33.9
39.7
43.0
47.3
Total North America

Brazil
Bulgaria
Czech Republic
France
Germany
4.9
5.0
4.2
4.4
4.4
4.4
4.6
4.5
4.4
27.9
26.0
23.1
25.0
25.4
24.3
24.2
23.5
23.5
4.3
3.6
3.3
2.3
1.5
1.1
1.3
0.4
0.2
66.9
61.3
59.4
56.5
54.1
55.0
54.1
54.7
53.2
Greece
7.7
8.1
8.0
8.2
8.5
9.1
9.5
9.6
9.6
Hungary
3.3
3.0
3.1
2.9
2.9
2.7
2.8
2.3
2.0
Kazakhstan
37.3
36.0
30.0
38.5
40.7
37.8
43.3
44.4
44.0
Poland
92.1
79.6
77.0
71.3
71.7
71.3
71.4
70.5
68.7
7.4
5.7
5.1
6.4
7.1
6.6
7.0
6.7
6.5
109.3
103.9
112.0
115.8
121.5
114.8
124.9
128.6
137.0
Spain
9.8
9.3
8.6
8.0
7.6
7.2
6.8
6.7
6.4
Turkey
13.1
13.9
13.3
13.9
14.2
11.5
10.5
10.5
12.8
Ukraine
39.8
39.9
41.3
42.2
43.8
43.0
41.5
41.9
40.7
United Kingdom
29.4
25.0
22.5
19.0
19.4
18.2
17.2
15.3
12.5
15.9
16.7
13.4
14.0
14.3
15.2
15.6
15.6
14.6
469.2
437.0
424.3
428.6
437.3
422.2
434.6
435.2
436.2
Romania
Russian Federation
Total Middle East
0.6
0.6
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.6
0.6
0.6
124.6
127.1
125.6
126.6
126.0
124.1
133.9
136.9
138.9
Zimbabwe
3.4
3.5
3.2
2.8
2.9
2.6
2.0
2.4
2.6
Other Africa
1.2
1.4
1.3
1.2
1.2
1.3
1.2
1.3
1.3
South Africa
Total Africa
129.2
132.0
130.1
130.7
130.0
128.0
137.0
140.6
142.8
Australia
148.1
149.8
160.6
166.2
179.8
184.0
189.5
197.0
202.4
China
690.0
628.7
645.9
656.7
697.6
733.7
868.4
1007.3
1107.7
India
149.6
150.3
147.4
157.0
160.3
168.1
175.9
191.0
199.6
33.7
38.3
45.3
47.4
56.9
63.6
69.4
81.4
83.2
Japan
2.4
2.0
2.2
1.7
1.8
0.8
0.7
0.7
0.6
New Zealand
2.0
2.0
2.1
2.2
2.4
2.7
3.2
3.2
3.2
Pakistan
1.4
1.5
1.5
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.5
1.5
1.6
South Korea
2.0
2.0
1.9
1.9
1.7
1.5
1.5
1.4
1.3
Thailand
6.9
6.1
5.7
5.1
5.6
5.7
5.3
5.6
5.9
Vietnam
6.4
6.4
4.9
6.5
7.5
9.2
10.8
14.7
18.3
Indonesia
Other Asia Pacific
17.2
15.7
18.0
19.3
19.7
19.0
19.5
20.4
21.2
Total Asia Pacific
1059.7
1002.7
1035.5
1065.5
1134.8
1189.9
1345.6
1524.2
1644.9
TOTAL WORLD
2314.5
2245.5
2243.1
2267.4
2369.8
2380.0
2543.6
2751.0
2887.2
Source :
185
Table 8.10
World Coal Consumption, 1997-2005

USA
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
540.4
545.8
544.9
569.1
552.3
552.0
562.5
566.2
575.4
Canada
26.8
28.1
27.8
29.4
32.0
31.0
30.6
30.5
32.5
Mexico
5.7
5.9
6.0
6.2
6.8
7.6
8.6
7.0
6.0
573.0
579.7
578.7
604.6
591.1
590.6
601.7
603.7
613.9
Total North America

Argentina
Brazil
0.8
0.8
0.9
0.8
0.6
0.5
0.7
0.8
0.8
11.5
11.4
11.9
12.5
12.2
11.5
11.8
12.8
13.5
Chile
4.2
3.7
3.9
3.0
2.3
2.4
2.3
2.9
2.4
Colombia
3.0
2.8
2.4
2.7
2.7
2.5
2.4
2.0
2.3
0.4
0.4
0.5
0.5
0.4
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.6
0.1
Ecuador
Peru
Venezuela
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.6
0.7
0.9
1.3
1.4
1.4
20.3
19.7
20.2
20.2
19.0
18.2
19.0
20.4
21.1
3.1
3.0
3.2
3.2
2.9
3.0
2.9
2.4
2.5
Belarus
0.6
0.4
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
7.5
7.9
6.9
7.6
7.6
6.7
6.5
6.4
6.4
Bulgaria
7.8
8.2
6.6
6.3
6.9
6.5
7.3
7.7
7.4
22.8
20.5
19.0
21.0
21.2
20.6
20.8
20.5
20.5
Denmark
6.7
5.6
4.7
4.0
4.2
4.2
5.7
4.6
3.6
Finland
4.5
3.4
3.6
3.5
4.0
4.4
5.8
5.3
2.5
France
13.4
16.1
14.3
13.9
12.1
12.4
13.3
12.8
13.3
Germany
Austria
Azerbaijan
Czech Republic
86.8
84.8
80.2
84.9
85.0
84.6
87.2
85.4
82.1
Greece
7.6
8.8
9.1
9.2
9.3
9.8
9.4
9.0
9.0
Hungary
3.7
3.4
3.4
3.2
3.4
3.1
3.4
3.1
2.7
Iceland
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
Republic of Ireland
2.0
1.9
1.6
1.9
1.9
1.7
1.8
1.8
1.9
Italy
11.0
11.6
11.6
13.0
13.7
14.2
15.3
17.1
16.9
Kazakhstan
22.4
22.9
19.8
23.2
22.5
22.8
25.2
26.5
27.2
Lithuania
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.2
0.2
0.2
Netherlands
9.5
9.4
7.7
8.6
8.5
8.9
9.1
9.1
8.7
Norway
0.6
0.7
0.7
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.5
0.6
0.5
Poland
70.1
63.8
61.0
57.6
58.0
56.7
57.7
57.3
56.7
Portugal
3.6
3.6
3.6
4.5
3.7
4.1
3.8
3.9
3.8
Romania
8.4
7.0
6.7
7.0
7.2
7.6
7.8
7.4
7.1
106.3
100.0
104.1
106.0
109.0
103.9
109.4
106.8
111.6
Russian Federation
Slovakia
4.7
4.5
4.3
4.0
4.1
4.0
4.2
4.1
4.3
17.7
17.7
20.5
21.6
19.5
21.9
20.5
21.0
21.4
Sweden
2.1
2.0
2.0
1.9
2.0
2.2
2.2
2.3
2.2
Switzerland
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
22.3
24.0
22.6
25.5
21.8
21.2
21.8
23.0
26.1
Spain
Turkey
Turkmenistan
Ukraine
38.0
36.9
38.5
38.8
39.4
38.3
39.0
38.1
37.4
United Kingdom
39.6
39.7
35.6
36.7
40.0
36.6
38.8
38.1
39.1
1.2
1.2
0.9
1.0
1.1
1.0
1.0
1.2
1.1
21.3
21.7
17.0
18.0
17.3
19.0
20.1
20.9
21.3
545.8
530.8
509.6
527.3
527.2
520.5
540.8
536.7
537.5
Uzbekistan
186
Table 8.10
World Coal Consumption, 1997-2005 (Continued)

Iran
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
0.9
1.0
1.0
1.1
1.1
1.1
1.1
1.1
1.1
Kuwait
Qatar
Saudi Arabia
Other Middle East
5.4
5.8
5.7
6.2
7.2
7.6
7.9
8.0
7.9
Total Middle East
6.3
6.8
6.7
7.3
8.3
8.7
9.0
9.1
9.0
Algeria
0.3
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.6
0.9
0.8
0.8
0.9
Egypt
South Africa
0.8
0.8
0.6
0.6
0.7
0.7
0.5
0.5
0.5
84.3
83.4
82.3
81.9
80.6
83.5
89.3
94.5
91.9
Other Africa
6.8
7.0
6.5
6.4
7.4
7.2
6.6
7.0
7.0
Total Africa
92.3
91.6
89.9
89.4
89.3
92.3
97.2
102.9
100.3
Australia
45.1
47.3
47.9
48.3
49.6
52.3
50.9
52.4
52.2
Bangladesh
China
China Hong Kong SAR
India
Indonesia
Japan
0.3
0.1
0.3
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
700.2
651.9
656.2
667.4
681.3
713.8
853.1
978.2
1081.9
3.5
4.4
3.9
3.7
4.9
5.4
6.6
6.6
7.2
160.2
159.8
158.9
169.1
172.1
181.7
188.4
203.7
212.9
8.2
9.3
11.6
13.7
16.7
18.0
17.9
22.1
23.5
89.8
88.4
91.5
98.9
103.0
106.6
112.2
120.8
121.3
Malaysia
1.7
1.6
1.8
1.9
2.6
3.6
4.2
5.7
6.3
New Zealand
1.2
1.1
1.2
1.1
1.3
1.3
1.9
2.0
2.1
Pakistan
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.0
2.1
2.4
2.9
3.5
4.1
Philippines
2.4
2.7
2.9
4.3
4.5
4.7
4.7
5.0
5.9
Singapore
South Korea
34.8
36.1
38.2
43.0
45.7
49.1
51.1
53.1
54.8
Taiwan
21.9
23.8
24.9
28.9
30.8
32.9
35.3
36.8
38.2
8.7
7.3
7.9
7.8
8.8
9.2
9.4
10.6
11.8
19.9
18.4
19.1
21.7
22.5
22.0
22.5
25.4
25.7
1100.0
1054.3
1068.2
1112.2
1146.5
1203.2
1361.5
1526.2
1648.1
2337.7
2282.9
2273.2
2360.9
2381.3
2433.5
2629.2
2798.9
2929.8
Thailand
Other Asia Pacific
Total Asia Pacific
TOTAL WORLD
Source :
187
Table 8.11 World Primary Energy Production by Source, 1980-2004
Natural
Year
Coal
Gas
Natural Gas
Crude Oil 2
Plant Liquids
Nuclear Electric
Power
Hydroelectric
Power
Geothermal 3
and Other 4
1980
71.24
54.73
128.04
[R]
5.1
7.58
17.9
2.94
1981
71.63
55.56
120.11
[R]
5.37
[R]
8.53
18.26
3.1
1982
74.25
55.49
114.45
[R]
5.35
[R]
9.51
18.71
3.27
1983
74.25
56.12
113.97
5.36
[R]
10.72
19.69
1984
78.38
61.78
116.88
[R]
5.73
[R]
12.99
20.19
[R]
1985
82.2
64.22
115.37
[R]
5.83
[R]
15.3
20.42
1986
84.28
65.32
120.18
[R]
6.15
[R]
16.25
20.89
1987
86.08
68.48
121.07
[R]
6.35
[R]
17.64
20.9
[R]
1988
87.94
71.8
125.84
[R]
6.65
[R]
19.23
21.48
[R]
1989
89.43
74.24
127.83
[R]
6.69
[R]
19.74
21.53
[R]
4.34
1990
90.93
75.87
129.35
[R]
6.87
[R]
20.36
22.35
[R]
3.93
1991
86.29
76.69
128.73
[R]
7.12
[R]
21.18
22.83
[R]
1992
86.05
[R]
76.9
128.93
[R]
7.36
[R]
21.28
22.71
1993
84.28
[R]
78.41
128.72
[R]
7.66
[R]
22.01
23.94
1994
86.27
79.18
130.56
[R]
8.27
[R]
22.41
1995
88.87
[R]
80.24
133.32
8.55
[R]
23.26
24.11
25.79
[R]
4.81
[R]
372.98
[R]
8.94
[R]
23.88
26.07
[R]
4.91
[R]
380.75
[R]
9.17
[R]
24.32
26.06
[R]
4.89
[R]
384.39
[R]
9.47
[R]
25.09
[R]
26.56
[R]
5.09
[R]
385.32
[R]
397.13
[R]
[R]
[R]
282.56
[R]
[R]
281.05
[R]
3.56
[R]
283.68
[R]
3.7
[R]
299.65
[R]
[R]
3.78
[R]
307.13
[R]
[R]
3.78
[R]
316.85
[R]
3.79
[R]
324.33
[R]
3.96
[R]
336.9
[R]
[R]
343.8
[R]
[R]
349.66
[R]
4.03
[R]
346.86
[R]
[R]
4.29
[R]
347.53
[R]
[R]
4.31
[R]
349.32
[R]
24.15
[R]
4.49
[R]
355.32
[R]
25.34
[R]
4.64
[R]
364.23
[R]
88.92
83.99
[R]
136.61
1997
92.15
[R]
84.29
[R]
140.52
1998
90.86
[R]
85.95
[R]
143.14
1999
90.43
[R]
87.89
2000
91.36
[R]
91.34
[R]
146.55
[R]
9.87
[R]
25.66
[R]
27.01
[R]
5.35
[R]
2001
96.89
[R]
93.74
[R]
145.32
[R]
10.32
[R]
26.39
[R]
26.39
[R]
5.25
[R]
404.3
2002
97.05
[R]
96.72
[R]
143.11
[R]
10.53
[R]
26.68
[R]
26.44
[R]
5.58
[R]
406.12
[R]
2003
104.61
[R]
98.93
[R]
147.97
[R]
11.02
[R]
26.45
[R]
26.83
[R]
5.9
[R]
421.71
[R]
2004P
113.3
1
2
3
4
[R]
140.79
154.79
8.76
287.53
1996
102.19
[R]
[R]
Total
11.48
27.47
27.53
6.33
443.1
Dry production.
Includes lease condensate
Net generation, i.e., gross generation less plant use.
Includes net electricity generation from wood, waste, solar, and wind. Data for the United States also
include other renewable energy.
R=Revised. P=Preliminary.
Source:
Energy Information Agency, www.eia.doe.gov
188
Table 8.12
World Primary Energy Consumption, 1997-2005

USA
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2207.6
2222.0
2260.3
2312.0
2258.4
2291.1
2298.6
2344.7
2336.6
Canada
285.5
282.6
284.2
289.8
289.9
296.7
302.8
311.4
317.5
Mexico
122.2
128.2
131.7
135.8
135.3
135.3
140.4
143.8
147.2
2615.4
2632.8
2676.1
2737.6
2683.5
2723.1
2741.8
2799.9
2801.3
Total North America

Argentina
Brazil
55.8
58.1
57.5
58.9
57.7
54.3
58.7
62.2
66.8
160.6
166.9
171.3
176.9
174.1
177.9
180.3
187.0
194.5
Chile
22.1
21.6
22.5
22.8
23.5
23.9
24.2
26.5
27.0
Colombia
27.8
27.3
25.2
25.4
26.3
25.7
26.0
26.8
27.8
Ecuador
8.1
8.2
7.7
7.7
7.7
7.7
7.8
8.2
8.4
Peru
10.9
11.3
11.7
11.9
11.7
11.8
11.7
12.4
12.8
Venezuela
61.1
63.8
59.8
61.9
65.2
66.1
58.5
65.4
69.2
79.0
82.0
83.7
85.0
85.5
87.8
91.1
92.7
95.0
425.5
439.2
439.4
450.4
451.7
455.2
458.3
481.2
501.4
Austria
30.7
31.6
32.3
32.2
33.3
33.3
34.2
33.7
34.6
Azerbaijan
11.1
11.1
11.1
11.5
11.3
11.1
12.0
12.9
13.7
Belarus
22.7
22.5
21.4
21.7
21.9
22.1
22.2
24.2
23.8
60.3
63.0
64.1
66.4
64.0
64.9
68.6
71.1
72.7
Bulgaria
20.7
20.7
18.0
17.8
18.4
18.2
18.9
19.6
20.3
Czech Republic
41.7
39.9
38.5
40.0
41.5
41.5
43.6
44.3
44.4
Denmark
21.7
20.6
19.9
18.8
18.6
18.4
19.6
18.3
17.2
Finland
25.1
25.6
25.7
26.0
26.4
26.7
28.9
28.6
25.6
France
241.0
247.2
251.5
254.9
258.4
256.7
259.8
263.4
262.1
Germany
337.8
334.5
328.5
330.5
336.2
330.1
332.1
330.7
324.0
Greece
27.2
28.6
30.1
31.8
31.7
32.7
32.3
33.8
33.5
Hungary
23.8
23.8
23.7
23.0
24.1
23.5
23.8
23.8
24.9
Iceland
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.6
2.7
2.6
11.6
12.4
13.2
13.9
14.6
14.5
14.2
14.6
14.9
163.9
168.5
173.7
176.4
177.2
175.9
181.2
184.3
183.9
40.7
39.4
35.4
41.0
42.3
44.1
47.9
51.2
55.2
8.6
9.2
7.8
7.0
8.1
8.6
9.1
9.2
8.3
84.7
84.5
83.2
86.4
88.3
89.0
90.4
93.1
94.7
Republic of Ireland
Italy
Kazakhstan
Lithuania
Netherlands
Norway
39.3
40.4
41.5
45.9
41.0
42.9
38.3
39.0
45.2
Poland
98.6
94.1
91.1
88.4
88.6
87.1
88.5
90.9
91.7
Portugal
20.5
22.7
23.3
24.8
25.0
24.7
25.3
24.3
23.0
Romania
45.2
41.3
36.9
37.0
37.3
38.6
37.8
39.0
39.8
610.9
611.4
621.1
636.0
637.5
646.6
656.9
670.5
679.6
Russian Federation
Slovakia
17.1
17.6
17.5
18.1
18.6
18.7
18.1
17.6
18.2
111.7
118.1
122.7
129.2
133.0
134.7
141.2
145.5
147.4
Sweden
50.4
51.6
51.6
48.6
52.1
48.5
46.2
48.4
49.7
Switzerland
28.9
29.1
30.1
29.4
31.5
29.5
29.4
29.0
27.9
Turkey
69.6
72.1
70.7
76.3
71.5
75.1
79.9
85.3
89.7
Turkmenistan
12.1
12.6
13.8
14.9
15.3
15.8
17.4
18.5
19.8
Ukraine
138.9
133.7
136.5
136.7
135.9
134.1
134.2
139.9
139.7
United Kingdom
Spain
220.4
223.5
221.6
223.5
227.0
221.7
225.1
227.0
227.3
Uzbekistan
50.5
51.9
53.5
51.4
54.8
56.2
52.4
50.5
50.1
74.1
74.0
67.6
67.0
68.2
70.1
73.5
75.7
78.1
2763.7
2779.2
2780.0
2828.8
2856.0
2858.2
2905.4
2960.6
2984.0
189
Table 8.12
World Primary Energy Consumption, 1997-2005 (Continued)

1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
106.1
108.2
114.7
122.0
128.6
142.2
149.7
156.2
162.0
Kuwait
15.3
17.7
18.1
19.0
18.2
18.6
20.3
22.5
23.1
Qatar
14.7
15.0
14.2
10.4
12.0
13.2
14.0
16.7
18.1
104.8
110.8
111.4
116.4
120.2
123.7
131.7
142.8
149.8
Iran
Saudi Arabia
43.9
41.7
42.0
41.1
43.7
48.6
50.4
53.5
54.6
Other Middle East
85.8
88.6
90.6
94.0
97.4
98.8
97.9
99.9
102.5
Total Middle East
370.6
382.0
390.9
402.9
420.1
445.1
464.0
491.7
510.2
Algeria
26.5
27.5
27.9
26.9
27.9
28.9
30.2
31.3
33.9
Egypt
39.9
41.9
44.7
47.5
49.4
49.5
51.5
54.0
55.8
109.4
108.8
107.9
108.4
107.0
110.9
117.3
123.6
120.5
South Africa
Other Africa
85.4
88.4
91.8
93.1
95.2
96.8
99.0
102.7
106.3
Total Africa
261.2
266.7
272.2
275.8
279.5
286.2
298.0
311.7
316.5
Australia
105.2
108.1
110.5
111.2
113.4
116.6
116.3
117.6
118.7
10.6
11.0
11.0
12.7
14.1
14.8
15.5
16.4
17.4
960.9
916.9
934.1
966.7
1000.0
1057.8
1228.7
1423.5
1554.0
Bangladesh
China
China Hong Kong SAR
India
Indonesia
15.1
15.4
15.6
15.6
18.9
20.4
20.9
23.8
22.9
285.6
296.0
304.0
320.4
324.2
338.7
348.2
376.1
387.3
84.0
80.0
89.1
95.2
101.4
104.4
103.9
112.1
116.4
508.3
501.5
506.2
514.8
513.0
510.2
510.9
520.8
524.6
Malaysia
37.8
37.3
38.3
45.8
47.8
51.3
56.3
60.4
61.2
New Zealand
17.2
17.0
17.4
17.8
18.0
18.5
17.9
18.4
17.8
Pakistan
37.4
39.6
40.8
41.9
42.9
43.8
45.8
49.8
55.9
Philippines
22.6
22.9
22.7
22.6
22.7
23.5
24.4
24.9
25.2
Singapore
33.8
34.7
32.9
35.0
40.5
39.9
38.7
44.1
48.1
179.6
165.5
180.5
191.1
195.9
205.0
211.8
217.3
224.6
Taiwan
72.9
77.5
81.1
85.4
86.8
91.0
94.7
98.0
100.3
Thailand
60.9
57.4
58.8
61.2
63.3
68.8
74.7
80.6
85.6
Other Asia Pacific
45.0
45.1
47.2
51.8
54.5
55.0
56.1
61.9
63.8
2476.7
2426.0
2490.2
2589.5
2657.4
2759.5
2964.8
3245.9
3423.7
TOTAL WORLD
8913.2 8925.9 9048.8 9285.0 9348.2
* In this Review, primary energy comprises commercially traded fuels only.
9527.3
9832.2
10291.0
10537.1
Japan
South Korea
Total Asia Pacific
Source :
190
Table 8.13
World Primary Energy Consumption by Fuel, 2004-2005

(Million tonnes oil equivalent)
2004
Oil
Natural
Gas
2005
Hydro
electric
Coal
Total
Oil
Natural
Gas
Hydro
electric
Coal
Total
USA
948.8
580.5
566.2
61.4
2,344.7
944.6
570.1
575.4
60.6
2,336.6
Canada
100.6
83.4
30.5
76.4
311.4
100.1
82.3
32.5
81.7
317.5
Mexico
85.2
43.8
7.0
5.7
143.8
87.8
44.6
6.0
6.3
147.2
1,134.6
707.7
603.7
143.5
2,799.9
1,132.6
697.1
613.9
148.6
2,801.3
Total North America

Argentina
18.7
34.1
0.8
6.9
62.2
20.1
36.5
0.8
7.9
66.8
Brazil
81.9
17.1
12.8
72.6
187.0
83.6
18.2
13.5
77.0
194.5
Chile
11.3
7.5
2.9
4.8
26.5
11.9
6.8
2.4
5.9
27.0
Colombia
10.1
5.7
2.0
9.0
26.8
10.4
6.1
2.3
9.0
27.8
Ecuador
6.4
0.2
1.7
8.2
6.6
0.2
1.7
8.4
Peru
7.2
0.8
0.6
4.0
12.4
6.4
1.4
0.6
4.3
12.8
69.2
Venezuela
24.2
25.3
0.1
15.9
65.4
25.4
26.1
0.1
17.6
58.1
15.4
1.4
17.8
92.7
58.8
16.4
1.4
18.3
95.0
217.9
105.9
20.4
132.6
481.2
223.3
111.7
21.1
141.7
501.4
13.8
8.5
2.4
9.0
33.7
14.2
9.0
2.5
9.0
34.6
4.6
7.7
0.6
12.9
5.1
7.9
0.7
13.7
Austria
Azerbaijan
Belarus
7.5
16.6
0.1
24.2
6.7
17.0
0.1
23.8
38.4
14.9
6.4
0.6
71.1
39.5
15.2
6.4
0.6
72.7
20.3
Bulgaria
4.7
2.6
7.7
0.7
19.6
5.0
2.9
7.4
0.8
Czech Republic
9.5
7.8
20.5
0.6
44.3
9.9
7.7
20.5
0.7
44.4
Denmark
9.1
4.7
4.6
18.3
9.1
4.5
3.6
17.2
Finland
10.6
3.9
5.3
3.4
28.6
11.0
3.6
2.5
3.1
25.6
France
94.0
40.1
12.8
14.7
263.4
93.1
40.5
13.3
12.8
262.1
Germany
124.0
77.3
85.4
6.2
330.7
121.5
77.3
82.1
6.3
324.0
Greece
21.3
2.2
9.0
1.2
33.8
20.9
2.3
9.0
1.3
33.5
Hungary
6.3
11.7
3.1
23.8
7.0
12.1
2.7
24.9
Iceland
1.0
0.1
1.6
2.7
0.9
0.1
1.6
2.6
Republic of Ireland
8.9
3.6
1.8
0.2
14.6
9.4
3.5
1.9
0.2
14.9
Italy
89.7
66.2
17.1
11.3
184.3
86.3
71.1
16.9
9.6
183.9
Kazakhstan
9.0
13.9
26.5
1.8
51.2
10.0
16.0
27.2
2.0
55.2
Lithuania
2.6
2.8
0.2
0.2
9.2
2.7
2.9
0.2
0.2
8.3
46.2
37.0
9.1
93.1
49.6
35.5
8.7
94.7
45.2
Netherlands
Norway
9.6
4.1
0.6
24.7
39.0
9.8
4.0
0.5
30.9
Poland
21.1
11.8
57.3
0.8
90.9
21.9
12.2
56.7
0.9
91.7
Portugal
15.4
2.8
3.9
2.3
24.3
15.3
2.7
3.8
1.1
23.0
Romania
Russian Federation
Slovakia
10.9
15.7
7.4
3.7
39.0
11.3
15.6
7.1
4.6
39.8
128.5
361.7
106.8
40.8
670.5
130.0
364.6
111.6
39.6
679.6
3.2
5.5
4.1
1.0
17.6
3.5
5.3
4.3
1.1
18.2
Spain
77.6
24.7
21.0
7.8
145.5
78.8
29.1
21.4
5.2
147.4
Sweden
15.3
0.7
2.3
12.7
48.4
15.1
0.7
2.2
15.5
49.7
Switzerland
12.0
2.7
0.1
8.0
29.0
12.2
2.8
0.1
7.5
27.9
Turkey
32.0
19.9
23.0
10.4
85.3
30.0
24.6
26.1
9.0
89.7
Turkmenistan
4.6
13.9
18.5
4.9
14.9
19.8
Ukraine
13.9
65.6
38.1
2.7
139.9
13.9
65.6
37.4
2.8
139.7
United Kingdom
81.7
87.3
38.1
1.7
227.0
82.9
85.1
39.1
1.7
227.3
7.5
40.3
1.2
1.6
50.5
7.8
39.6
1.1
1.6
50.1
23.3
12.9
20.9
16.8
75.7
24.3
13.8
21.3
16.9
78.1
957.6
991.1
536.7
187.3
2,960.6
963.3
1,009.7
537.5
187.2
2,984.0
Uzbekistan
191
Table 8.13
World Primary Energy Consumption by Fuel, 2004-2005

(Continued)
2004
Oil
Natural
Gas
2005
Hydro
electric
Coal
Total
Oil
Natural
Gas
Hydro
electric
Coal
Total
Iran
74.6
77.9
1.1
2.7
156.2
78.4
79.6
1.1
2.8
162.0
Kuwait
13.7
8.7
22.5
14.4
8.7
23.1
Qatar
3.3
13.4
16.7
3.8
14.3
18.1
Saudi Arabia
83.7
59.1
142.8
87.2
62.6
149.8
17.4
36.2
53.5
18.3
36.4
54.6
Other Middle East
68.1
22.8
8.0
1.1
99.9
69.2
24.3
7.9
1.1
102.5
Total Middle East
510.2
260.7
218.1
9.1
3.8
491.7
271.3
225.9
9.0
3.9
Algeria
10.6
19.8
0.8
0.1
31.3
11.2
21.7
0.9
0.1
33.9
Egypt
26.8
23.6
0.5
3.1
54.0
29.2
23.0
0.5
3.1
55.8
South Africa
24.8
94.5
0.8
123.6
24.9
91.9
0.8
120.5
Other Africa
61.9
18.3
7.0
15.4
102.7
64.0
19.4
7.0
15.9
106.3
Total Africa
124.2
61.8
102.9
19.4
311.7
129.3
64.1
100.3
19.9
316.5
38.8
22.8
52.4
3.6
117.6
39.7
23.1
52.2
3.7
118.7
3.9
12.0
0.4
0.3
16.4
4.0
12.8
0.4
0.3
17.4
318.9
35.1
978.2
80.0
1,423.5
327.3
42.3
1,081.9
90.8
1,554.0
Australia
Bangladesh
China
China Hong Kong SAR
India
Indonesia
15.3
2.0
6.6
23.8
13.8
1.9
7.2
22.9
120.2
29.5
203.7
19.0
376.1
115.7
33.0
212.9
21.7
387.3
54.7
33.2
22.1
2.1
112.1
55.3
35.5
23.5
2.1
116.4
241.4
70.9
120.8
23.1
520.8
244.2
73.0
121.3
19.8
524.6
22.8
30.5
5.7
1.4
60.4
22.0
31.4
6.3
1.5
61.2
7.0
3.3
2.0
6.2
18.4
7.0
3.2
2.1
5.5
17.8
Pakistan
16.0
24.2
3.5
5.5
49.8
17.4
26.9
4.1
6.9
55.9
Philippines
15.8
2.1
5.0
1.9
24.9
14.7
2.7
5.9
1.9
25.2
Japan
Malaysia
New Zealand
Singapore
South Korea
38.1
5.9
44.1
42.2
5.9
48.1
104.9
28.4
53.1
1.3
217.3
105.5
30.0
54.8
1.2
224.6
Taiwan
41.7
9.2
36.8
1.5
98.0
41.6
9.6
38.2
1.8
100.3
Thailand
44.0
24.6
10.6
1.4
80.6
45.6
26.9
11.8
1.3
85.6
Other Asia Pacific
20.3
7.0
25.4
9.3
61.9
21.1
8.0
25.7
8.9
63.8
1,103.6
340.6
1,526.2
156.5
3,245.9
1,116.9
366.2
1,648.1
167.4
3,423.7
TOTAL WORLD
3,798.6
2,425.2
2,798.9
643.2
10,291.0
3,836.8
2,474.7
2,929.8
668.7
* In this Review, primary energy comprises commercially traded fuels only. Excluded, therefore, are fuels such as wood, peat
10,537.1
Total Asia Pacific
Source :
192
Table 8.14
World Hydroelectricity Consumption, 2000-2005

2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
USA
63.0
49.6
60.4
63.1
61.4
60.6
Canada
81.1
75.5
79.4
76.4
76.4
81.7
Mexico
7.5
6.4
5.6
4.5
5.7
6.3
151.6
131.5
145.4
144.0
143.5
148.6
Total North America

Argentina
Brazil
6.5
8.4
8.1
7.7
6.9
7.9
68.9
60.6
64.7
69.2
72.6
77.0
Chile
4.3
4.9
5.2
5.1
4.8
5.9
Colombia
6.9
7.1
7.6
8.1
9.0
9.0
Ecuador
1.7
1.6
1.7
1.6
1.7
1.7
Peru
3.7
4.0
4.1
4.2
4.0
4.3
14.2
13.7
13.5
13.7
15.9
17.6
Venezuela
18.5
17.0
17.9
18.2
17.8
18.3
124.8
117.3
122.9
127.8
132.6
141.7
Austria
9.8
9.8
9.5
8.7
9.0
9.0
Azerbaijan
0.3
0.3
0.5
0.6
0.6
0.7
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.5
0.6
0.6
Belarus
Bulgaria
0.6
0.4
0.6
0.7
0.7
0.8
Czech Republic
0.5
0.6
0.6
0.4
0.6
0.7
Finland
3.3
3.1
2.4
2.1
3.4
3.1
France
Denmark
16.4
18.0
15.1
14.7
14.7
12.8
Germany
5.9
6.3
6.4
5.5
6.2
6.3
Greece
0.9
0.6
0.8
1.2
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
Hungary
Iceland
Republic of Ireland
0.3
0.2
0.3
0.2
0.2
0.2
11.5
12.2
10.7
10.0
11.3
9.6
Kazakhstan
1.7
1.8
2.0
2.0
1.8
2.0
Lithuania
0.1
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
32.2
27.4
29.4
24.0
24.7
30.9
Italy
Netherlands
Norway
Poland
0.9
1.0
0.9
0.7
0.8
0.9
Portugal
2.7
3.3
1.9
3.6
2.3
1.1
Romania
3.3
3.4
3.6
3.0
3.7
4.6
37.4
39.8
37.2
35.6
40.8
39.6
Slovakia
1.1
1.2
1.2
0.8
1.0
1.1
Spain
8.3
9.9
6.0
9.9
7.8
5.2
17.8
17.9
15.0
12.1
12.7
15.5
Russian Federation
Sweden
Switzerland
8.7
9.7
8.3
8.3
8.0
7.5
Turkey
7.0
5.4
7.6
8.0
10.4
9.0
2.6
2.8
2.2
2.1
2.7
2.8
1.7
Turkmenistan
Ukraine
United Kingdom
1.8
1.5
1.7
1.3
1.7
Uzbekistan
1.3
1.2
1.6
1.7
1.6
1.6
15.9
15.4
15.1
16.0
16.8
16.9
194.5
195.3
183.1
175.8
187.3
187.2
193
Table 8.14
World Hydroelectricity Consumption, 2000-2005 (Continued)

2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
0.9
0.9
1.8
2.2
2.7
2.8
Kuwait
Qatar
Saudi Arabia
Other Middle East
1.0
1.0
1.1
1.1
1.1
1.1
Total Middle East
1.8
1.9
2.9
3.2
3.8
3.9
0.1
0.1
0.1
Egypt
3.2
3.3
3.2
2.9
3.1
3.1
South Africa
0.9
0.8
0.9
0.8
0.8
0.8
Other Africa
13.4
14.1
15.2
15.3
15.4
15.9
Total Africa
Iran
Algeria
17.6
18.2
19.3
19.1
19.4
19.9
Australia
3.7
3.7
3.6
3.7
3.6
3.7
Bangladesh
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.3
0.3
0.3
50.3
62.8
65.2
64.2
80.0
90.8
China
China Hong Kong SAR
India
Indonesia
Japan
17.4
16.3
15.5
15.7
19.0
21.7
2.3
2.6
2.3
2.1
2.1
2.1
20.7
20.8
21.1
23.3
23.1
19.8
Malaysia
1.7
1.5
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
New Zealand
5.6
5.1
5.7
5.4
6.2
5.5
Pakistan
4.0
4.1
4.6
5.8
5.5
6.9
Philippines
1.8
1.6
1.6
1.8
1.9
1.9
Singapore
1.3
0.9
1.2
1.6
1.3
1.2
South Korea
Taiwan
2.0
2.1
1.4
1.6
1.5
1.8
Thailand
1.4
1.4
1.7
1.7
1.4
1.3
Other Asia Pacific
8.1
8.9
8.8
9.5
9.3
8.9
Total Asia Pacific
120.2
132.1
134.1
137.7
156.5
167.4
TOTAL WORLD
610.5
596.3
607.8
607.6
643.2
668.7
Source :
194
Table 8.15
World Spot Crude Oil Prices, 1980 2005

US dollars per barrel
*
+
++
Year
Dubai
Brent
Nigerian
Forcados
West Texas
Intermdiate
1980
35.69
36.83
36.98
37.96
1981
34.32
35.93
36.18
36.08
1982
31.80
32.97
33.29
33.65
1983
28.78
29.55
29.54
30.30
1984
28.06
28.78
28.14
29.39
1985
27.53
27.56
27.75
27.98
1986
13.10
14.43
14.46
15.10
1987
16.95
18.44
18.39
19.18
1988
13.27
14.92
15.00
15.97
1989
15.62
18.23
18.30
19.68
1990
20.45
23.73
23.85
24.50
1991
16.63
20.00
20.11
21.54
1992
17.17
19.32
19.61
20.57
1993
14.93
16.97
17.41
18.45
1994
14.74
15.82
16.25
17.21
1995
16.10
17.02
17.26
18.42
1996
18.52
20.67
21.16
22.16
1997
18.23
19.09
19.33
20.61
1998
12.21
12.72
12.62
14.39
1999
17.25
17.97
18.00
19.31
2000
26.20
28.50
28.42
30.37
2001
22.81
24.44
24.23
25.93
2002
23.74
25.02
25.04
26.16
2003
26.78
28.83
28.66
31.07
2004
33.64
38.27
38.13
41.49
2005
49.35
54.52
55.69
56.59
1972 - 1985 Arabian Light

1986 - 2005 Dubai dated
1976 -1983 Forties
1984 -2005 Brent dated
1976 -1983 Posted WTI prices
1984 -2005 Spot WTI (Cushing) prices
Source :
195
Table 8.16
World Average Gas Prices, 1984 2005
LNG
European
UK
USA
Canada
OECD
cif
Union cif
(Heren NBP
Index) @
Henry Hub &
(Alberta) &
countries cif
1984
3.76
5.00
1985
5.23
3.83
4.75
1986
4.10
3.65
2.57
1987
3.35
2.59
3.09
1988
3.34
2.36
2.56
1989
3.28
2.09
1.70
3.01
1990
3.64
2.82
1.64
1.05
3.82
1991
3.99
3.18
1.49
0.89
3.33
1992
3.62
2.76
1.77
0.98
3.19
1993
3.52
2.53
2.12
1.69
2.82
1994
3.18
2.24
1.92
1.45
2.70
1995
3.46
2.37
1.69
0.89
2.96
1996
3.66
2.43
1.85
2.76
1.12
3.54
1997
3.91
2.65
2.03
2.53
1.36
3.29
1998
3.05
2.26
1.92
2.08
1.42
2.16
1999
3.14
1.80
1.64
2.27
2.00
2.98
2000
4.72
3.25
2.68
4.23
3.75
4.83
2001
4.64
4.15
3.22
4.07
3.61
4.08
2002
4.27
3.46
2.58
3.33
2.57
4.17
2003
4.77
4.40
3.26
5.63
4.83
4.89
2004
5.18
4.56
4.69
5.85
5.03
6.27
8.79
7.25
8.73
Year
Japan
(US dollars per million Btu)

Crude Oil
Natural Gas
2005
6.05
6.28
6.69
@ Source: Heren Energy Ltd.
& Source: Natural Gas Week
Note: cif = cost+insurance+freight (average prices)
Source :
196
Table 8.17
World Average Coal Prices, 1987 2005

(US dollars per tonne)
Northwest Europe
marker price
US Central
Appalachian coal
spot price index
Japan coking coal

import cif price
Japan steam coal

import cif price
1987
31.30
53.44
41.28
1988
39.94
55.06
42.47
1989
42.08
58.68
48.86
1990
43.48
31.59
60.54
50.81
1991
42.80
29.00
60.45
50.30
1992
38.53
28.54
57.82
48.45
1993
33.68
29.85
55.26
45.71
1994
37.18
31.71
51.77
43.66
1995
44.50
26.98
54.47
47.58
1996
41.25
29.87
56.68
49.54
1997
38.92
29.76
55.51
45.53
1998
32.00
31.01
50.76
40.51
1999
28.79
31.28
42.83
35.74
2000
35.99
29.91
39.69
34.58
2001
39.29
49.75
41.33
37.96
2002
31.65
32.96
42.01
36.90
2003
42.52
38.49
41.57
34.74
2004
71.90
64.36
60.96
51.34
2005
61.07
70.82
89.33
62.91
Source: McCloskey Coal Information Service

Price is for CAPP 12,500 BTU, 1.2 SO2 coal. Source: Platts
Note: cif = cost+insurance+freight (average prices)
Source :
197
198
CURRENT AND FUTURE ENERGY

TECHNOLOGY
IX. CURRENT AND FUTURE ENERGY TECHNOLOGY
PENGKAJIAN ENERGI
199
200
Current and Future Energy Technology

9.1
Petroleum Technology
Petroleum is an organic compound made up of a variety of hydrogen and carbon
atoms (hydrocarbons) that range from a light gas or methane to a number of heavy solids such
as bitumen. Petroleum also contains small quantities of oxygen, nitrogen and sulphur. The main
advantage of mineral oil compared to most other energy carriers is its high energy density that
makes it easier to handle and transport in atmospheric tanks at reasonable cost. The calorific
value of mineral oil is very high around 42-43 MJ/kg. The ratio of hydrogen to carbon is
typically around 2:1 two hydrogen atoms per carbon atom. The typical emission of CO2
amounts to 73-75 grams per MJ. This is equivalent to some 3.1 kg of CO2 per kg of mineral oil.
Exploration and Drilling. Seismic surveys are the most common exploration tool used
in the search for oil and gas. Geophysicists record sound waves reflected back to the surface
from structures kilometers below the seabed. They produce maps of the sub-surface showing
the location of geological features such as sedimentary basins, faults and hopefully petroleum
traps such as anticlines. Gravity and magnetic aerial surveys are also used to indicate the
extent of sedimentary rocks over wide areas. Drilling is the only way to make sure whether a
structure identified by seismic surveys actually contains hydrocarbons. Onshore, the drilling
process is relatively simple. A drill bit, made of either industrial diamonds or tungsten carbide, is
attached to a length of drill pipe and rotated at high speed. Extra pipe lengths are added as the
drill bit penetrates deeper into the rock. Specially prepared heavy mud is circulated through the
pipe and drill bit, to cool and lubricate the drill bit and carry rock cuttings to the surface for
analysis and to reduce the risk of high pressure petroleum blowing out at the surface. Offshore,
the exploration drilling is more complicated because of the movement of the rig caused by
swells and tides. Jack-up rigs are used in waters of less than 100 meters and semi-submersible
rigs are designed for use in depths of up to 300 meters. They are most efficient in calm,
protected waters. Drill ships are used extensively for deep water drilling in depths of more than
300 meters. Horizontal drilling is common these days, which enables increased production from
thin reservoirs. Fields which previously was considered too small to be economically viable can
now is tapped. A large field may require two or three production platforms, with up to 60
production wells from each platform. Wells can be drilled to over 5000 meters below the seabed. Some reach as far as eight kilometers from the platform.
Refining. The petroleum refining industry is currently changing to meeting the
environmental regulation on fuel quality. Building new refineries or revamping existing facilities
in order to satisfy these regulations, mainly, reduction of benzene and aromatics in gasoline,
reduction of sulfur in all liquid fuels, and synthesis of oxygenates. The challenge to go beyond
these objectives is in catalyst science and technology. To reduce aromatics in gasoline, the
need is to shift naphtha reforming to paraffin hydroisomerization, to achieve octane
201
requirements with less dependence on aromatics. In answer to environmental pressure, the

need is to develop heterogeneous iso-butane alkylation catalysts to replace current liquid
homogeneous catalysts, such as hydrogen fluoride and sulfuric acid. More effective catalysts
for hydrodesulfurization and benzene removal are needed.
To meet the demand for truly clean transportation fuels, fuel production will be
integrated with lube oil and petrochemical production. The production of jet fuel and diesel fuel
will surpass that of gasoline, and all of the products from the fuellube oilpetrochemical
complex will be synthesized almost free of pollutants. The raw material used by the complex will
be extended from crude oils to other resources, including natural gas, heavy oils, tar sands,
shale oil, and coal. Process technologies will be developed to reduce the cost of production and
to avoid the generation of pollutants except the emission of CO2. Facing the eventual
displacement of internal combustion engines by transportation vehicles powered by hydrogen
fuel cells, the oil industry may elect to provide hydrogen by producing it from hydrocarbons
onboard the vehicle. In refining, several processes are involved such as:
Distillation. Crude oil is a mixture of hydrocarbons with different boiling temperatures; it
can be separated by distillation into groups of hydrocarbons that boil between two specified
boiling points. Two types of distillation are performed: atmospheric and vacuum. Atmospheric
distillation takes place in a distilling column at or near atmospheric pressure. The crude oil is
heated to 350 - 400oC and the vapor and liquid are piped into the distilling column. The liquid
falls to the bottom and the vapor rises, passing through a series of trays. Heavier hydrocarbons
condense more quickly and settle on lower trays and lighter hydrocarbons remain as a vapor
longer and condense on higher trays. Liquid fractions are drawn from the trays and removed. In
this way the light gases, methane, ethane, propane and butane pass out the top of the column,
petrol is formed in the top trays, kerosene and gas oils in the middle, and fuel oils at the bottom.
Residue drawn of the bottom may be burned as fuel, processed into lubricating oils, waxes and
bitumen or used as feedstock for cracking units. To recover additional heavy distillates from this
residue, it may be piped to a second distillation column where the process is repeated under
vacuum, called vacuum distillation. This allows heavy hydrocarbons with boiling points of 450oC
and higher to be separated without them partly cracking into unwanted products such as coke
and gas. The heavy distillates recovered by vacuum distillation can be converted into lubricating
oils by a variety of processes (Figure 9.1).
Reforming. Reforming is a process which uses heat, pressure and a catalyst to bring
about chemical reactions which upgrade naphthas into high octane petrol and petrochemical
feedstock. The naphthas are hydrocarbon mixtures containing many paraffin and naphthenes.
This naphtha feedstock comes from the crude oil distillation or catalytic cracking processes, it
also comes from thermal cracking and hydrocracking processes. Reforming converts a portion
of these compounds to isoparaffins and aromatics, which are used to blend higher octane
petrol. paraffins are converted to isoparaffins, naphthenes, and naphthenes are converted to
aromatics
202
Figure 9.1 Crude oil distillation scheme
Cracking processes breakdown heavier hydrocarbon molecules (high boiling point oils)
into lighter products such as petrol and diesel. These processes include catalytic cracking,
thermal cracking and hydrocracking.
Catalytic Cracking is used to convert heavy hydrocarbon fractions obtained by vacuum
distillation into a mixture of more useful products such as petrol and light fuel oil. In this process,
the feedstock undergoes a chemical breakdown, under controlled heat (450 - 500oC) and
pressure, in the presence of a catalyst-a substance which promotes the reaction without itself
being chemically changed. Silica-alumina or silica-magnesia has proved to be the most effective
catalysts. The cracking reaction yields petrol, LPG, unsaturated olefin compounds, cracked gas
oils, a liquid residue called cycle oil, light gases and a solid coke residue. Cycle oil is recycled to
cause further breakdown and the coke, which forms a layer on the catalyst, is removed by
burning. The other products are passed through a fractionator to be separated and separately
processed.
Fluid Catalytic Cracking uses a catalyst in the three phase fluidized flows. Feedstock
entering the process immediately meets a stream of very hot catalyst and vaporizes. The
resulting vapors keep the catalyst fluidized as it passes into the reactor, where the cracking
takes place and where it is fluidized by the hydrocarbon vapor. The catalyst next passes to a
steam stripping section where most of the volatile hydrocarbons are removed. It then passes to
a regenerator vessel where it is fluidized by a mixture of air and the products of combustion
which are produced as the coke on the catalyst is burnt off. The catalyst then flows back to the
reactor. The catalyst thus undergoes a continuous circulation between the reactor, stripper and
regenerator sections. The catalyst is usually a mixture of alumina and silica. Most recently, the
introduction of synthetic zeolite catalysts has allowed much shorter reaction times and improved
yields and octane numbers of the cracked gasolines.
Thermal Cracking uses heat to breakdown the residue from vacuum distillation. The
lighter elements produced from this process can be made into distillate fuels and petrol.
203
Cracked gases are converted to petrol blending components by alkylation or polymerization.

Naphtha is upgraded to high quality petrol by reforming. Gas oil can be used as diesel fuel or
can be converted to petrol by hydrocracking. The heavy residue is converted into residual oil or
coke which is used in the manufacture of electrodes, graphite and carbides.
Hydrocracking can increase the yield of petrol components, as well as being used to
produce light distillates. It produces no residues, only light oils. Hydrocracking is catalytic
cracking in the presence of hydrogen. The extra hydrogen saturates, or hydrogenates, the
chemical bonds of the cracked hydrocarbons and creates isomers with the desired
characteristics. Hydrocracking is also a treating process, because the hydrogen combines with
contaminants such as sulphur and nitrogen, allowing them to be removed. Gas oil feed is mixed
with hydrogen, heated, and sent to a reactor vessel with a fixed bed catalyst, where cracking
and hydrogenation take place. Products are sent to a fractionator to be separated. The
hydrogen is recycled. Residue from this reaction is mixed again with hydrogen, reheated, and
sent to a second reactor for further cracking under higher temperatures and pressures. In
addition to cracked naphtha for making petrol, hydrocracking yields light gases useful for
refinery fuel, or alkylation as well as components for high quality fuel oils, lube oils and
petrochemical feedstock. Following the cracking processes it is necessary to build or rearrange
some of the lighter hydrocarbon molecules into high quality petrol or jet fuel blending
components or into petrochemicals. The former can be achieved by several chemical processes
such as alkylation and isomerisation.
Alkylation. Olefins such as propylene and butylene are produced by catalytic and
thermal cracking. Alkylation refers to the chemical bonding of these light molecules with
isobutane to form larger branched-chain molecules (isoparaffins) that make high octane petrol.
Olefins and isobutane are mixed with an acid catalyst and cooled. They react to form alkylate,
plus some normal butane, isobutane and propane. The resulting liquid is neutralized and
separated in a series of distillation columns. Isobutane is recycled as feed and butane and
propane sold as liquid petroleum gas (LPG).
Isomerisation refers to chemical rearrangement of straight-chain hydrocarbons
(paraffins), so that they contain branches attached to the main chain (isoparaffins). This is done
for two reasons: they create extra isobutane feed for alkylation; they improve the octane of
straight run pentanes and hexanes and hence make them into better petrol blending
components. Isomerisation is achieved by mixing normal butane with a little hydrogen and
chloride and allowed to react in the presence of a catalyst to form isobutane, plus a small
amount of normal butane and some lighter gases. Products are separated in a fractionator. The
lighter gases are used as refinery fuel and the butane recycled as feed. Pentanes and hexanes
are the lighter components of petrol. Isomerisation can be used to improve petrol quality by
converting these hydrocarbons to higher octane isomers. The process is the same as for butane
isomerisation.
204
Polymerisation. Under pressure and temperature, over an acidic catalyst, light

unsaturated hydrocarbon molecules react and combine with each other to form larger
hydrocarbon molecules. Such process can be used to react butenes (olefin molecules with four
carbon atoms) with isobutane (branched paraffin molecules, or isoparaffins, with four carbon
atoms) to obtain a high octane olefinic petrol blending component called polymer gasoline.
Hydrotreating and Sulphur Plants. Hydrotreating is one way of removing many of the
contaminants from many of the intermediate or final products. In the hydrotreating process, the
entering feedstock is mixed with hydrogen and heated to 300 - 380oC. The oil combined with the
hydrogen then enters a reactor loaded with a catalyst which promotes several reactions:
hydrogen combines with sulphur to form hydrogen sulphide (H2S), nitrogen compounds are
converted to ammonia, any metals contained in the oil are deposited on the catalyst, some of
the olefins, aromatics or naphthenes become saturated with hydrogen to become paraffins and
some cracking takes place, causing the creation of some methane, ethane, propane and
butanes.
Sulphur Recovery Plants. The hydrogen sulphide created from hydrotreating is a toxic
gas that needs further treatment. The usual process involves two steps: the removal of the
hydrogen sulphide gas from the hydrocarbon stream the conversion of hydrogen sulphide to
elemental sulphur, a non-toxic and useful chemical. Solvent extraction, using a solution of
diethanolamine (DEA) dissolved in water, is applied to separate the hydrogen sulphide gas from
the process stream. The hydrocarbon gas stream containing the hydrogen sulphide is bubbled
through a solution of diethanolamine solution (DEA) under high pressure, such that the
hydrogen sulphide gas dissolves in the DEA. The DEA and hydrogen mixture is the heated at a
low pressure and the dissolved hydrogen sulphide is released as a concentrated gas stream
which is sent to another plant for conversion into sulphur. Conversion of the concentrated
hydrogen sulphide gas into sulphur occurs in two stages. Combustion of part of the H2S stream
in a furnace, producing sulphur dioxide (SO2) water (H2O) and sulphur (S). Reaction of the
remainder of the H2S with the combustion products in the presence of a catalyst. The H2S
reacts with the SO2 to form sulphur. As the reaction products are cooled the sulphur drops out of
the reaction vessel in a molten state. Sulphur can be stored and shipped in either a molten or
solid state.
205
9.2
Natural Gas Technology

Natural gas is colorless and odorless in its pure form, and a promising energy
alternative due to its availability and its similar property to petroleum. Natural gas, in which
methane is the primary component, is the simplest fossil molecule of highest hydrogen to
carbon ratio (4:1). Natural gas has a high calorific value of around 55.8 MJ/kg. Because of its
high hydrogen-to-carbon fraction the CO2 emission becomes very low compared to coal and oil
at the same calorific value. The typical emission of carbon dioxide is 56 g per MJ. While the
predominant usage of natural gas is as fuel, natural gas is also an important feedstock to the
petrochemical industry for a wide range of chemicals, including methanol, fertilizer and
hydrogen.
Gas technology plays a key role in transforming natural gas industry into more
competitive market. Todays technological challenges are focusing towards greater flexibility in
development of natural gas fields. The main technology development objective is finding
transportation modes that enable to transport natural gas from remote area to markets costeffectively under difference sizes of fields. Figure 9.2 showed the options to transport natural
gas from supply side to the markets. Firstly, to transport the gas in gases form to market such
as pipelines and Compressed Natural Gas (CNG), in liquid form - Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG),
and in solid form Gas to hydrate (GTH). Secondly, to convert the gas chemically into stable
liquids, mainly, Gas to Liquids (GTL) and Gas to Chemicals (GTC). Finally, the gas is converted
into electricity/power via thermodynamic and electro-catalytic conversions, called Gas to Wire
(GTW).
Pipeline gas
Compressed Natural Gas (CNG)
GAS
SUPPLY
Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG)

Gas to Hydrate (GTH)
GAS
MARKETS
Gas to Liquids (GTL)

Gas to Chemicals (GTC)
Gas to Wire (GTW)
Figure 9.2 Strategies of natural gas utilization
Pipeline, CNG, LNG, and GTH are the physical mode of transporting natural gas in a
gaseous phase in which volume is reduced. Pipeline gas usually has diameter of 6-46 inches
and operates up to 340 bars. LNG is obtained by lowering the temperature below -162oC
(cryogenic conditions). The density of LNG is 415 kg/m3 compared to 0.7168 kg/m3 in gaseous
with volume ratio of 1/600. CNG is natural gas pressurized and stored in bottle-like tanks at
206
pressures up to 3,000 psig with volume ratio ~ 1/300. GTH is a transportation mode of natural
gas in the form of solid of natural gas hydrates (NGH). The hydrates are crystalline substance,
of which cluster made of water molecules holds in it methane molecules and carbon dioxide
molecules as guests. NGH is an artificially manufactured hydrate using such components as
guests. NGH can hold gas about 170 times its volume at -20oC under atmospheric pressure.
New innovations being considered are to reduce investment cost of pipeline by creating new
materials for manufacturing cheaper gas pipeline than conventional pipeline, to reduce cost of
LNG processing by expanding the size of LNG production units, and to develop over pressurecontainment vessel by increasing the gas-to-container weight ratio through new materials or
optimizing pressure/temperature relationship.
GTL and GTC, are the chemical conversion of natural gas into more easily
transportable and useful chemicals or fuels. These technologies may be broadly divided into two
major processes, which are described as direct and indirect routes. Direct conversion of
methane into methanol, ethylene or C2+ is an interesting alternative without synthesis gas
production reactions. Oxidative coupling of methane to produce ethylene and direct conversion
of methane to methanol/formaldehyde are that most researched reactions. Most direct
processes require oxygen to provide a thermodynamic driving force. However, direct oxidation
reactions are controlled by kinetic aspect and the formation of the undesired product of CO2
which severely limits the yield that may be achieved. There are some direct processes which do
not require oxygen as an oxidant such as direct conversion methane to aromatics and
decomposition of methane to produce simultaneously hydrogen and nano-size of carbon, but,
the yields obtained are generally small. Theoretically, direct routes should be having a distinct
economic advantage over indirect routes, but to date, no direct processes in the commercial
stages is being developed. The indirect routes depend on the formation of synthesis gas
(mixture of CO and H2) as intermediate product in the first step, either by partial oxidation or
reforming reactions, followed by conversion of synthesis gas into valuable products such as
synthetic fuels, methanol, dimethyl ether (DME) and olefins.
For mature technology of steam reforming, innovations are carried out mainly to
improve catalyst performance due to coke formation in conventional nickel catalyst. For catalytic
partial oxidation, the process needs practically pure oxygen, which requires air separation and
involves hazards of handling of large quantities of undiluted oxygen and oxygen-methane
mixture. Recent research directions are focusing on development of membrane reactor,
millisecond reactor using structured catalyst and combined steam reforming and partial
oxidation reaction that is called auto-thermal reforming.
Production of synthetic fuels which is sulfur-free and has very low aromatic from
synthesis gas are obtained by Fischer-Tropsch (FT) reaction, which is frequently also called as
GTL. Type of catalyst for FT reaction highly depends on the type of main products such as
gasoline, diesel, and wax, chemical. The catalyst must have active properties to hydrogenation
reaction, capability to produce metal carbonyl due to this carbonyl role in production of long-
207
chained hydrocarbons. Fe and Co are commonly used as catalyst for FT GTL processes. Diesel
products are typically produced by low temperature FT process in which Cetane number is
about 74 as compared of 40 in conventional diesel. The aromatic content is about 2% as
compared of 32% in conventional diesel. The emission levels of hydrocarbons, CO, NOX and
particles from FT diesel are 56, 33, 28 and 21%, respectively which is lower than ones of
conventional diesel. Gasoline products are yielded by high temperature FT process. Gasoline
produced has aromatic content of about 5% and very low benzene that fulfill the threshold,
however alkenes is very high that it must be introduced into subsequent processes such as
hydrogenation, isomerization and reforming in order to obtain high octane number. Gas based
GTL is technologically proven and is entering a commercialization stage throughout the world
with commercial production capacity in Bintulu Malaysia by Shell, called Shell Middle Distillate
Synthesis (SMDS), in Mossel Bay South Africa by Mossgas GTL project (now Petro SA), and
Oryx Qatar using Sasol technology.
DME is in liquid phase under 20oC and pressure of 5 bars. Considering it attractive
properties, DME would be as fuel substitutes for LPG and diesel. From safety and properties
aspect, DME can be handled like LPG and it is suitable to compression ignition engines due to
the Cetane number of 60. DME is conventionally produced through methanol dehydration
reaction, consisted of three steps of reaction of methane, i.e., synthesis gas production, and
methanol synthesis and methanol dehydration. Alternatively, direct conversion synthesis gas
into DME with reaction 2CO + 4H2 CH3OCH3 + H2O is interesting. This process is developed
in pilot-scale by licensors such as Topsoe and NKK Japan. Two other potential processes are
methanol-to-gasoline (MTG), which has been developed by Mobil, and methanol-to-olefin
(MTO), by UOP. The MTG process will yield high octane gasoline which is also rich in
aromatics.
GTW is to bring the gas as electricity to market. Natural gas is converted to electricity
by thermodynamic cycle such as simple cycle of steam turbine or gas turbine, combine cycle,
micro turbine, and by electro-catalytic processes such as fuel cells. New technology innovations
focusing on developing natural gas gasification combined cycle for CO2 sequestration are
proposed. Micro turbines have advantages of reducing the number of moving parts, its
compactness and lightness, and low emissions rates. Fuel cells have the ability to generate
electricity using electrochemical reactions that are an extremely exciting for the clean and
efficient generation of electricity. Basically, a fuel cell works by passing fuel (usually hydrogen)
and oxidants over electrodes that are separated by an electrolyte membrane. Oxygen flows into
the cathode and hydrogen into the anode. In the anode, hydrogen dissociated in the present of
noble metal catalyst, forming proton (hydrogen ions) and yielding electrons to the anode. Anode
reaction: H2 2H+ + 2e-. Hydrogen ions are transported through an electrolyte, as liberated
electrons flow through electrical load to the cathode to participate in the catalytic oxidation
reaction, forming water. Cathode reaction: 2H+ + 2e- + O2 H2O. This produces a chemical
reaction that generates electricity without requiring the combustion of fuel, or the addition of
heat as is common in the traditional generation of electricity. Micro turbines and fuel cells are
208
suitable for distributed power generation due to tension variation control and supply reliability
are better, and transmission and distribution costs are smaller by reason of the proximity to the
load centers.
Gas Combustion. Natural gas is burned to produce lower NOX emission than another
fossil fuel, free of SOX. NOX is emitted in percentage of about 40% by coal and about 57% by
petroleum. CO2 is emitted in percentage of about 60% by coal and of about 75% by petroleum.
Therefore, natural gas is the most environmentally friendly fossil fuel. Efficiency of natural gas
fueled furnace, particularly conventional furnace, is about 60% to about 90% for pulse
combination furnace and boiler. The strengthen environmental regulation causes the role of
catalyst in natural gas combustion becomes more important due to combustion products are
extremely low levels of NOX and simultaneously low levels of carbon monoxide (CO) and
unburned hydrocarbons (UHC). Another type of residential and industrial application is radiant
premixed catalytic combustion. In this system catalyst is in form of honeycomb, tube or fibers.
Mixture of gas and air are introduced into the catalyst which is burnt by both catalytic and gasphase oxidation, radiating energy from catalyst surface. In power density of about 120 kW/m2
and near reaction stoichiometry this system gives emission of NOX less than 5 ppm and CO of
about 150 ppm
Natural Gas Storage. Natural gas can be stored in a variety of ways. Usually, it is held
in underground formations, i.e. in depleted oil or gas reservoirs, in natural aquifers, in cavities
created in large underground salt deposits and in reconditioned hard rock mine. Gas is injected
and withdrawn from these formations using much of the same type of well drilling and
production equipment found in a working natural gas field.
Methane Hydrate is a cage-like lattice of ice containing trapped molecules of methane.
Actually, the name for its parent class of compounds is clathrates. Methane hydrates form in
generally two types of geologic settings: on land in permafrost regions where cold temperatures
persist in shallow sediments and beneath the ocean floor at water depths greater than about
500 meters where high pressures dominate. The hydrate deposits themselves may be several
hundred meters thick. These crystals, although unmistakably a combination of both water and
natural gas, would often form at temperatures well above the freezing point of ordinary ice.
Worldwide, estimates of the natural gas potential of methane hydrates approach 400 million
trillion cubic feet - a staggering figure compared to the 5,000 trillion cubic feet that make up the
world's currently known gas reserves. This huge potential, alone, warrants a new look at
advanced technologies that might one day reliably and cost-effectively detect and produce
natural gas from methane hydrates.
Coal Bed Methane. Methane, or natural gas, is usually associated with petroleum.
However, this gas can also be found in coal beds. Methane is produced by microbial processes
or from a thermal process due to the depth and heat of the coal bed. Methane reserves are
most often found in coal seams close to the Earth's surface. Water gets trapped in these seams
and creates pressure, which holds the gas inside the seam. Coal is usually has a large surface
209
area enabling coal beds to storing a large amount of methane gas. Coal beds provide a
relatively cheap source of natural gas, because the beds are often close to the surface which
makes access and well drilling easier.
9.3
Coal Technology
Coal plays an important role in the worlds energy system and hence global economic
and social development. However, further development in coal industries should recognize their
ability to meet the challenge of environmental sustainability. Programs and technologies aiming
to significantly reduce the potential greenhouse impact of coal and other carbon-intense would
determine the sustainable role of coal in the global energy mix.
The technologies employed and being developed to meet coals environmental
challenges-collectively referred as clean coal technology (CCT). Clean coal technology
represents a continuously developing range of option to suit different conditions and challenges
in the life-cycle of coal. In general the life-cycle of coal can be classified into several activities: (i)
coal extraction through surface and underground mining, (ii) coal beneficiation / preparation, (iii)
coal storage and transportation, and (iv) coal utilization. The environmental issues regarding the
activities through out the life-cycle coal can be summaries as follows:
reducing the impact of coal mining activities on the existing forests and coal mine
rehabilitation,
reducing SO2 emission and improve thermal efficiency by coal cleaning,
reducing potential loss in energy content due to spontaneous combustion during coal
storage and transportation.
reducing greenhouse gas emission, particulate and trace elements from coal utilization
activities.
In general, Figure 9.3 represents the life-cycle of coal and the area of clean coal
technology developments.
Coal Mining involves two widely applied techniques, i.e. surface and underground
mining. Surface mining only economic when the coal seam is near the surface. The equipment
used includes: draglines; power shovels; large trucks, which transport overburden and coal;
bucket wheel excavators; and high capacity conveyors. This method is widely used in the USA,
Australia and Indonesia. Currently, almost two-thirds of hard coal production worldwide comes
from underground mines. Good coal mining
practices including coal mine rehabilitation would secure safety and sustainability of the mining
area and its surrounding.
Coal Beneficiation. Depend upon the site geological structure, as-mined coal has
variable quality and contains substances such as clay, sand and carbonates. Coal preparation
210
or coal washing/cleaning also known as coal beneficiation is required to clean and to remove
mineral matter from mined coal. The coal is also sized and blended to meet customer
specifications. Cleaner coal usually has better quality representing by higher value and lower
sulfur and mineral constituents.
The coal beneficiation process involves characterization, liberation, separation and
disposition. The composition of the different raw coal particles is identified during the
characterization process. Liberation involves crushing the mined coal and reducing it to very fine
particles. Separation is the partitioning of the individual particles into their appropriate size
groupings and separating the mineral matter particles from the coal. Finally the disposition stage
involves the dewatering and storage of the cleaned coal and the disposal of the mineral matter.
Coal Storage and Transportation. During long-term storage in open air stockpiles or
long-distance transportation most coals are susceptible to weathering and oxidation. This
oxidation is undesirable because it consumes or reduces the energy available in the coal. In
addition to degrading the energy potential of the coal, the exothermic reaction of coal raises the
internal temperature of the stockpile, increasing the risk of spontaneous combustion. The
application of stockpile management principles could reduce weathering and oxidation
problems.
Activated carbon
injection
Electrostatic
precipitators
Fabric fulters
Flue gas
desulphurization
Hot gas filtration

systems
SCR dan SNCR

Wet particle
Coal up-grading,
scrubbers
briquetting,
Bio-coal, synergies
Gasification,
with renewables
liquefaction
UTILIZATION : POWER GENERATION

MINING
BENEFICIATION
Sustainable mining
activities
Mine site
rehabilitation
STORAGE and
TRANSPORTATION
Improve storage design

and efficiency
PRECOMBUSTION
POSTCOMBUSTION
Pulverized coal
combustion
Fluidized bed
combustion:
AFBC, CFBC,
PFBC, IGCC
Pressurized
pulverized bed
combustion
Supercritical and
ultra supercritical
technology
Figure 9.3 The life cycle of coal and the area of clean coal technology
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Coal Utilization
Pre-combustion technologies
Coal gasification process is carried out in an apparatus called coal gasifier. A gasifier
converts hydrocarbon feedstock into gaseous components. In a gasifier, coal is fed at the top of
the gasifier through a lockhopper. The coal reacts while moving down through the gasifier. The
coal ash is removed from the bottom of the gasifier. From the bottom of the bed, steam and
oxygen injected, and react with the coal as the gases move up through the bed. This
countercurrent actions result in wide temperature difference between the top and bottom of the
gasifier. A gasifier differs from a combustor in that the amount of air or oxygen available inside
the gasifier is carefully controlled so that only a relatively small portion of the fuel burns
completely. This "partial oxidation" process provides the heat. Rather than burning, most of the
carbon-containing feedstock is chemically broken apart by the gasifier's heat and pressure,
setting into motion chemical reactions that produce "syngas." Syngas is primarily hydrogen,
carbon monoxide and other gaseous constituents, the proportions of which can vary depending
upon the conditions in the gasifier and the type of feedstock.
Coal liquefaction. Direct liquefaction processes include those that normally, proceed to
liquids in a single processing sequence, using solid coal as the primary reactant. Some direct
liquefaction schemes also involve chemical pretreatment steps. Indirect liquefaction processes
involve gasification as the first step conversion, followed by catalytic recombination of the
resulting synthesis gas mixture (CO + H2) to form hydrocarbon and oxygenates.
Hydrogenation or hydro-liquefaction and pyrolysis are the two means used for direct
liquefaction. In direct hydrogenation the primary reactions are a combination of homogeneous
thermal cracking. Process schemes that apply pyrolysis chemistry normally involve thermolysis
in an inert or reducing atmosphere and produce two principal products from coal: a tar and char.
Indirect liquefaction includes 3 (three) kinds of operating condition:
-
The low pressure synthesis process, which operated at relatively low pressures, in the range
of 100-200kPa (1-2 atm). Catalysts were primarily cobalt based, with catalyst lives of one to
two months.
The medium pressure synthesis process, which operated at pressures of 500-2,000 kPa (520 atm). Cobalt catalysts similar to those used for the normal pressure typically used at
temperatures ranging from 170 to 200oC in tubular heat exchanger type reactors.
The high pressure synthesis process, which operated at pressures of 10 to 20 MPa (100-200
atm) and temperatures in the 400oC ranges. The plant utilizes iron catalyst in both fixed and
fluidized reactor schemes.
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Efficient combustion technologies

Pulverized Coal Combustion. Conventional coal-fired generation today is normally via
the route of pulverized coal combustion (PCC). PCC can be used to fire a wide variety of coals,
although it is not always appropriate for those with high ash content. In PCC power stations,
coal is first pulverized then blown into a furnace where it is combusted at high temperature. The
resulting heat is used to raise steam, which drives a steam turbine and generator. Efficiencies
have been steadily rising and hence emissions reducing for many years and the trend
continues.
Fluidized Bed Combustion. In fluidized bed combustion (FBC), coal is burnt in a bed
of heated particles suspended in flowing air. At sufficiently high air velocity, the bed acts as a
fluid resulting in rapid mixing of the particles. This fluidizing action allows complete coal
combustion at relatively low temperatures. This improves combustion, heat transfer and
recovery of waste products. The higher heat exchanger efficiencies and better mixing of FBC
systems allows them to operate at lower temperatures than conventional (pulverized) coalburning systems. By elevating pressures within a bed, a high pressure gas stream can be used
to drive a gas turbine, generating electricity. FBC systems are popular because of the
technologys fuel flexibility; almost any combustible material can be burnt. Fluidized bed
combustion (FBC), in its various forms, can reduce SOx and NOx by 90% or more.
Fluidized bed combustion technologies include atmospheric pressure fluidized bed
combustion in both bubbling (BFBC) and circulating (CFBC) beds, pressurized fluidized bed
combustion (PFBC), while pressurized circulating fluidized bed combustion (PCFBC) is being
demonstrated.
Circulating Fluidized Bed Combustion (CFBC) is the version of the technology that has
been most widely applied and for which there is the most extensive operating history.
Circulating fluidized bed combustion (CFBC) is of particular value for low grade, high ash coals
that are difficult to pulverize and which may have variable combustion characteristics, while still
ensuring low emissions of NOx and SOx. CFBC uses the same thermodynamic cycle as PCC
and therefore its power generation efficiency is in the same range, which is normally between
38% and 40%.
Pressurized Fluidized Bed Combustion (PFBC) is based on the combustion of coal
under pressure in a deep bubbling fluidized bed at 850C. Depending on the velocity of the air
through the fluidized bed, two PFBC variants exist bubbling bed PFBC (lower velocities) and
circulating bed PFBC (higher velocities).
Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle. In Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle
(IGCC) systems, coal is not combusted directly, but reacted with oxygen and steam to produce
a syngas composed mainly of hydrogen and carbon monoxide. The syngas is cleaned of
impurities and then burned in a gas turbine to generate electricity and to produce steam for a
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steam power cycle. IGCC technology offers high efficiency levels and as much as 95-99% of
NOx and SOx emissions are removed.
Pressurized Pulverized Coal Combustion. Pressurized pulverized combustion of coal
(PPCC) is a technology currently under development, mainly in Germany. Similar to
conventional pulverized coal combustion, in that it is based on the combustion of a finely ground
cloud of coal particles, the heat released from combustion generates high pressure, high
temperature steam, which is used in steam turbine-generators to produce electricity. The
pressurized flue gases exit the boiler and are expanded through a gas turbine to generate
further electricity and to drive the gas turbines compressor; hence this is a form of combined
cycle power generation.
Supercritical & Ultra Supercritical Technology. Supercritical pulverized coal-fired
power plant operate at higher steam temperatures and pressures than conventional sub critical
PCC plant, and offer higher efficiencies up to 45% and hence lower emissions, including
emissions of CO2, for a given power output. Even higher efficiencies up to 50% can be
expected in ultra supercritical (USC) power plant, operating at very high temperatures and
pressure.
Post-combustion technologies
Activated Carbon Injection. Activated carbon injection involves activated carbon being
injected into the flue gas stream exiting the boiler and absorbing pollutants such as mercury
onto particulate matter, which is then removed in existing particulate control equipment.
Electrostatic Precipitators (ESPs). Electrostatic precipitators are the most widely
used particulate emissions control technology in coal-fired power generating facilities.
Particulate/dust laden flue gases are passed horizontally between collecting plates, where an
electrical field creates a charge on the particles. The particles are then attracted towards the
collecting plates, where they accumulate. In dry electrostatic precipitators the agglomerated
particles are then removed in a dry form by mechanical rapping or vibration to create a powder
for disposal. In wet electrostatic precipitators the particles are sprayed and washed off as slurry.
Fabric Filters. Fabric filters, also known as bag houses, collect particulates from the flue gas on
a tightly woven fabric by sieving and other mechanisms. The choice between electrostatic
separation and fabric filtration depends on coal type, plant size, and boiler type and
configuration. Fabric filters are useful for collecting particles with resistivities either too low or
too high for collection with electrostatic precipitators.
Flue Gas Desulphurization. Flue gas desulphurization (FGD) technologies are used to
remove sulphur emissions post-combustion. FGD technologies can be classified into six main
categories: wet scrubbers; spray dry scrubbers; sorbent injection processes; dry scrubbers; regenerable processes; and combined SO2/NOx removal processes. Wet scrubbers tend to
dominate the global FGD market. The technology uses alkaline sorbent slurry, which is
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predominantly lime or limestone based. A scrubbing vessel or scrubber is located downstream

of the boiler and flue gas cleaning plant, in which the sulphur dioxide in the flue gases reacts
with the limestone sludge, forming gypsum.
Hot Gas Filtration Systems. Hot gas filtration systems operate at higher temperatures
(500-1000C) and pressures (1 - 2 MPa) than conventional particulate removal technologies,
eliminating the need for cooling of the gas. A range of technologies such as cyclones, ceramic
barrier filters, high-temperature fabric filters, granular bed filters and high-temperature ESPs
have been under development for many years. Some of these are in the demonstration stage
but further development is needed to enable commercial exploitation.
Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) & Selective Non-Catalytic Reduction (SNCR).
In selective catalytic reduction systems, ammonia vapor is used as the reducing agent and is
injected into the flue gas stream, passing over a catalyst. The optimum temperature is usually
between 300C and 400C. The key difference between SCR and SNCR is the presence in
SCR systems of a catalyst, which accelerates the chemical reactions. The catalyst is needed
because SCR systems operate at much lower temperatures than SNCR; typical temperatures
for SNCR are 870-1200C.
Wet Particle Scrubbers. Wet particle scrubbers for particulate control are used in a
limited number of coal-fired plants, with most of these installations located in the USA, to
capture fly ash in addition to sulphur dioxide (SO2). Water is injected into the flue gas stream to
form droplets. The fly ash particles impact with the droplets forming a wet by-product, which
then requires disposal. Wet particle scrubbers have a removal efficiency of 90-99.9%.
9.4
Renewable Energy Technology

Renewable energy uses energy sources that are continually replenished by naturethe
sun, the wind, water, the earths heat, and plants. Renewable energy technologies turn these
fuels into usable forms of energymost often electricity, but also heat, chemicals, or
mechanical power. One can classify renewable energy as follows:
Bio-energy or biomass energy
Wind energy (moving air masses driven by solar energy)
Solar energy
Hydropower
Ocean/Marine energy (such as wave energy, marine current energy, and energy from
tidal barrages)
Geothermal energy
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BIOMASS ENERGY
Biomass energy or bio-energy is the energy derived from biomass - a term that
generally refers to any plant or animal matters. Bio-energy in the form of heat can be produced
by using biomass directly as a fuel or by converting it to biogas or liquid bio-fuels. The heat
produced can be converted to electricity by delivering hot fluid through a gas turbine. The main
sources of biomass include industrial waste such as sugar cane waste (bagasse), wood waste
from forestry operations, and wastes from crop harvest such as straw and husks. Organic
wastes from animal husbandry may also be converted to biogas. Therefore, biomass energy
may be classified in the forms of:
1. Biofuels.
Biofuels are fuels for vehicles derived from biomass chemical or biochemical conversions
such as ethanol or biodiesel; fuels for engines obtained from biomass gasification via
physical or chemical conversion process to a secondary gaseous fuel; and fuels obtained
from biological conversion via bacterial anaerobic digestion to methane-rich biogas as a
gaseous fuel.
2. Biopower
Biopower is electricity generated from biomass combustion or gasification
Biofuels
Biomass can be converted directly into liquid fuelsliquid biofuelsfor use in vehicles.
Conversion routes for producing biofuels from biomass and the differences in maturity of biofuel
options are illustrated in the following Figure 9.4.
Source: Girard and Fallot, 2006, brown box and arrow depict 1st generation biofuels, blue box
and arrow indicate 2nd generation biofuels.
Figure 9.4 Production pathway of biofuels
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Biofuels such as ethanol prepared by fermentation of starch/sugar-rich plant, biodiesels

straight vegetable oil (SVO) and fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) from oil crops are called 1st
generation because these technologies already exist.
The second generation biofuels assure clear advantages over first generation biofuels,
in terms of land-use efficiency, and environmental performance. Large quantities of
lignocellulosic feedstock from biomass residues and wastes are already available, and can be
more readily prolonged compared to food crops.
Ethanol
Ethanol can be mass-produced by fermentation of sugar or by hydration of ethylene
from petroleum and other sources. Current interest in ethanol lies in the production derived from
crops (bio-ethanol), since it is a sustainable energy resource that offers environmental and
long-term economic advantages over fossil fuels, like gasoline or diesel. It is readily obtained
from the starch or sugar in a wide variety of crops. Ethanol fuel production depends on
availability of land area, soil, water, and sunlight
Biodiesel
First generation biodiesel uses oilseed-yielding plants like palm, jatropha, castor, soy,
rapeseed, etc. from which straight vegetable oils (SVO) can be derived by physical and
chemical treatments. SVO can then be further processed into fatty acid methyl esters (FAME),
which are also known as biodiesels. Another route for biodiesels is through hydro thermal
upgrading (HTU) of unprocessed bio-oils so that no transesterification is needed.
.Biopower
Most electricity generated using biomass today is by direct combustion using
conventional boilers. These boilers burn primarily waste wood products generated by the
agriculture and wood-processing industries. When burned, the wood waste produces steam,
which is used to spin a turbine. The spinning turbine activates a generator that produces
electricity.
The low-cost option for the use of biomass is cofiring with coal in existing boilers.
Cofiring refers to the practice of introducing biomass as a supplementary energy source in highefficiency boilers. The current coal-fired power generating system substituting biomass-based
renewable carbon for fossil carbon represents a direct system for carbon mitigation. Extensive
demonstrations and trials have shown that effective substitutions of biomass energy can be
made up to about 15 percent of the total energy input with little more than burner and feed
intake system modifications to existing stations. Since the size of large-scale power boilers
ranges from 100 MW to 1.3 GW, the biomass potential in a single boiler ranges from 15 MW to
150 MW. Preparation of biomass for cofiring involves well-known commercial technologies.
Since biomass in general has significantly less sulfur than coal, there is a SO2 benefit, and early
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test results suggest that there is a potential reduction of NOx of up to 30 percent with woody
biomass. Investment levels are very site specific and are affected by the available space for
yarding and storing biomass, installation of size reduction and drying facilities, and the nature of
the boiler burner modifications. .
Another potentially attractive biopower option is based on gasification. Gasification for
power production involves the devolatilization and conversion of biomass in an atmosphere of
steam and air to produce a medium- or low-calorific gas. This "biogas" is then used as fuel in
combined cycle power generation involving a gas turbine topping cycle and a steam turbine
bottoming cycle. Biomass gasification systems will also stand ready to provide fuel to fuelcell
and hybrid fuel-cell/gas turbine systems, particularly in developing countries or rural areas that
do not have access to cheap fossil fuels or that have an undependable transmission
infrastructure. The first generation of biomass GCC systems would realize efficiencies nearly
double those of the existing industry. In a cogeneration application, efficiencies could exceed 80
percent. This technology is very near to commercial availability, with one mid-size plant
operating in Finland. Small modular biomass gasification systems are well suited for providing
isolated communities with electricity. Producing electricity from biomass is most cost effective if
biomass power or biopower plants are located near biomass feedstocks
In addition, the decay of biomass in landfills produces gas (primarily methane) naturally,
which can be harvested and burned in a boiler to produce steam for generating electricity.
WIND ENERGY
A wind turbine converts the energy in the wind into electrical energy or mechanical
energy to pump water or grind grain. Wind turbines are rated by their maximum power output in
kilowatts (kW) or megawatts (1,000 kW, or MW). For commercial utility-sized projects, the most
common turbines available in the market are in the range of 600 kW to 1 MW large enough to
supply electricity to 600 - 1,000 homes. The newest commercial turbines are rated at 1.5-2.5
megawatts. A typical 600 kW turbine has a blade diameter of 35 meters and is mounted on a 50
meters concrete or steel tower. Most commercial wind turbines operating today are at sites with
average wind speeds greater than six meters/ second (m/s) or 22 km/h. A prime wind site will
have an annual average wind speed in excess of 7.5 m/s (27 km/h).
Advantages
Wind energy is fueled by the wind, so it's a clean fuel source. Wind energy doesn't
pollute the air like power plants that rely on combustion of fossil fuels, such as coal or natural
gas. Wind turbines don't produce atmospheric emissions that cause acid rain or greenhouse
gasses.
Wind energy relies on the renewable power of the wind, which can't be used up. Wind is
actually a form of solar energy; winds are caused by the heating of the atmosphere by the sun,
the rotation of the earth, and the earth's surface irregularities. Wind energy is one of the lowest-
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priced renewable energy technologies available today, costing between 4 and 6 cents per
kilowatt-hour, depending upon the wind resource and project financing of the particular project.
Wind turbines can be built on farms or ranches, thus benefiting the economy in rural
areas, where most of the best wind sites are found. Farmers and ranchers can continue to work
the land because the wind turbines use only a fraction of the land. Wind power plant owners
make rent payments to the farmer or rancher for the use of the land.
Disadvantages
Wind power must compete with conventional generation sources on a cost basis.
Depending on how energetic a wind site is, the wind farm may or may not be cost competitive.
Even though the cost of wind power has decreased dramatically in the past 10 years, the
technology requires a higher initial investment than fossil-fueled generators.
The major challenge to using wind as a source of power is that the wind is intermittent
and it does not always blow when electricity is needed. Wind energy cannot be stored (unless
batteries are used); and not all winds can be harnessed to meet the timing of electricity
demands. Good wind sites are often located in remote locations, far from cities where the
electricity is needed. Effective storing of electricity could enhance the value and reduce the
uncertainty of wind-generated electricity through the levelling out of delivered power. There is a
need for different storage techniques at different time scales.
Although wind power plants have relatively little impact on the environment compared to
other conventional power plants, there is some concern over the noise produced by the rotor
blades, aesthetic (visual) impacts, and sometimes birds have been killed by flying into the
rotors. Most of these problems have been resolved or greatly reduced through technological
development or by properly siting wind plants.
Stand-alone turbines will be built in vast numbers, but the installed total capacity may
not be large. However, the value of electricity from these machines can be of great importance,
such as in remote locations where grid connection is not feasible. System integration of wind
generators with other power sources such as photovoltaic solar cells (PV) or diesel generating
systems is essential in small grids where high reliability is required
SOLAR ENERGY
Solar energy can be used as (a) solar thermal and (b) photovoltaic solar electricity.
Solar Thermal
The suns energy can be collected directly to create both high temperature steam
(greater than 100oC) and low temperature heat (less than 100oC) for use in a variety of heat and
power applications. High temperature solar thermal systems use mirrors and other reflective
surfaces to concentrate solar radiation. Parabolic dish systems concentrate solar radiation to a
single point to produce temperatures in excess of 100oC. Line-focus parabolic concentrators
focus solar radiation along a single axis to generate high temperatures. Central receiver
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systems use mirrors to focus solar radiation on a central boiler. The resulting high temperatures
can be used to create steam to either drive electric turbine generators, or to power chemical
processes such as the production of hydrogen.
Low temperature solar thermal systems collect solar radiation to heat air and water for
industrial applications including: space heating for homes, offices and greenhouses, domestic
and industrial hot water, pool heating, desalination, solar cooking, and crop drying.
These technologies include passive and active systems. Passive systems collect
energy without the need for pumps or motors, generally through the orientation, materials, and
construction of a collector. These properties allow the collector to absorb, store, and use solar
radiation. Passive systems are particularly suited to the design of buildings (where the building
itself acts as the collector) and thermo siphoning solar hot water systems. In colder climates, a
passive solar system can reduce heating costs by up to 40 percent while in hotter climates,
passive systems can reduce the absorption of solar radiation and thus reduce cooling costs.
The most common active systems use pumps to circulate water or another heat absorbing fluid
through a solar collector. These collectors are most commonly made of copper tubes bonded to
a metal plate, painted black, and encapsulated within an insulated box covered by a glass
panel.
Photovoltaic Solar Electricity

A photovoltaic (PV) cell generally consists of two or more semiconductor layers. These
layers have the interesting property of generating electrons when they absorb sunlight. Sunlight
is composed of photons, or particles of solar energy. When photons are absorbed by the
semiconductor, the energy of the photon is transferred to an electron in an atom of the material.
This energised electron is able to escape from the material to become part of the direct current
(DC) in an electric circuit. A number of different types of semiconductor materials can be used in
PV cells. These include silicon, copper indium diselenide, cadmium telluride and gallium
arsenide each has its advantages and disadvantages and there is no one ideal material for all
types of applications. Silicon is the most common type of semiconductor material used at this
time and happens to be one of the most abundant materials on Earth.
Most PV cells are made of one of three types of very pure silicon monocrystalline (the
cell contains one silicon crystal), polycrystalline (the cell contains many sili
con crystals) or amorphous (a thin layer of non-crystalline silicon). Monocrystalline silicon cells
are the most efficient but also the most costly to produce. Amorphous silicon cells are the least
efficient but are flexible and so can be attached to flexible steel or plastic surfaces. These are
very useful for certain applications. The semiconductor material is attached to a metallic grid
that collects the electrons generated and transfers them to the external load. Another metallic
grid backs the semiconductor layers to complete the electrical circuit and transfer the electrons
back to the semiconductor material. A PV cell is covered with low-iron content glass or some
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other kind of transparent encapsulant to seal the cell from the external environment. This glass
cover is backed with an anti-reflective coating to allow as much sunlight as possible to penetrate
through to the semiconductor layers.
Photovoltaic cells come in many sizes, but most are 10 cm by 10 cm and generate
about half a volt of electricity. PV cells are encapsulated into modules, several of which are
combined into an array to produce higher voltages and increased power. A 12-volt module, for
example, depending on its power output, could have 30 to 40 PV cells. A module producing 50
watts of power measures approximately 40 cm by 100 cm. PV arrays are not highly efficient,
converting only 12 to 15 per cent of the suns light into electricity, but laboratory prototypes are
reaching 30 per cent efficiency. PV modules generate direct current (DC). Most electric devices
require 220-volt alternating current (AC) as supplied by utilities. A device known as an inverter
converts DC to AC current. Inverters vary in size and in the quality of electricity they supply.
Less expensive inverters are suitable for simple loads, such as lights and water pumps, but
models with good quality waveform output are needed to power electronic devices such as TVs,
stereos, microwave ovens and computers. A PV array is usually part of a system that may also
include energy storage devices (usually batteries), support frames and electronic controllers; all
these systems are collectively referred to as the balance-of-system or BOS.
Efficiency of photovoltaic cells

The conversion efficiency of a PV cell is the proportion of light energy falling on the cell
surface that is converted to electrical energy. Much research has gone into improving the
efficiency of PV cells while also reducing the cost of production. This is very important in order
to make PV energy competitive with other sources of energy, such as coal or gas, and to
develop systems that use as little surface area as possible per unit of energy produced. The
earliest PV cells were less than 2% efficient. Today, mass produced PV modules using
monocrsytalline silicon are generally 15-18% efficient (the actual efficiency depending on such
factors as the strength of light and the temperature), although some of the newest modules
being manufactured have been verified as over 20% efficient. Modules made of polycrystalline
silicon cells are 12-15% efficient. Amorphous silicon cells are only 6-10% efficient, but this is
compensated by the fact that their performance degrades less than other cells at normal
working temperatures. To make an efficient silicon PV cell, the crystalline structure of the silicon
must be very pure, which makes the cost of manufacturing this material quite high. Furthermore,
the silicon doping processing must be done very carefully and precisely, which again adds to
the manufacturing costs. However, manufacturing costs are decreasing as the manufacturing
technology improves and demand increases. Because the sun's energy is abundant and free,
efficiency is usually not the major factor limiting the use of PV today. This is because there is
usually more than enough area on a structure for PV modules to generate the energy required,
particularly if the PV material can perform another function, such as acting as a roof or a wall
cladding. The cost of manufacturing the PV module is usually the limiting factor today.
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PV modules have a power and voltage rating determined under "standard conditions" of
solar input of 1000W/m2 and a temperature of 25oC. Thus, a module rated at 75Wp (the "p"
stands for "peak") will produce 75 watts of power under standard conditions. Typical system
size varies from 50 watt (W) to 1 kilowatt (kW) for stand-alone systems with battery storage and
small water pumping systems; from 500 W to 5 kW for roof-top grid connected systems and
larger water pumping systems; and from 10 kW to megawatts for grid connected ground-based
systems and larger building integrated systems.
HYDROPOWER
The energy in falling water can be converted into electrical energy or into mechanical
energy to pump water. The amount of energy that can be captured is a function of the vertical
distance the water drops and the volume of the water. The definition of small-scale hydropower
varies, only projects that have less than 10 megawatts (MW) of generating capacity are
considered here. This definition also includes mini-hydro (<1 MW), micro-hydro (<100 kilowatts,
or kW), and pico-hydro (<1 kW).
Most conventional hydroelectric plants include four major components:
1. Dam. It raises the water level of the river to create falling water. It also controls the flow of
water. The reservoir formed is, in effect, stored energy.
2. Turbine. The force of falling water pushing against the turbine's blades causes the turbine to
spin. A water turbine is much like a windmill, except the energy is provided by falling water
instead of wind. The turbine converts the kinetic energy of falling water into mechanical
energy.
3. Generator. It is connected to the turbine by shafts and possibly gears so when the turbine
spins it causes the generator to spin also. It converts the mechanical energy from the
turbine into electric energy. Generators in hydropower plants work just like the generators in
other types of power plants.
4. Transmission lines. They conduct electricity from the hydropower plant to homes and
business.
The main components of a small-scale hydro (SSH) system are a turbine and a
generator. Other components include the physical structures to direct and control the flow of
water, mechanical and/or electronic controllers, and structures to house the associated
equipment. Small-scale hydro systems are modular and can generally be sized to meet
individual or community needs. However, the financial viability of a project is subject to the
available water resource and the distance the generated electricity must be transmitted.
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Advantages
Hydropower is a fueled by water, so it's a clean fuel source. Hydropower doesn't pollute the air
like power plants that burn fossil fuels, such as coal or natural gas. Hydropower relies on the
water cycle, which is driven by the sun, thus it's a renewable power source. Hydropower is
generally available as needed; engineers can control the flow of water through the turbines to
produce electricity on demand.
Hydropower plants provide benefits in addition to clean electricity. Impoundment
hydropower creates reservoirs that offer a variety of recreational opportunities, notably fishing,
swimming, and boating. Other benefits may include water supply and flood control.
Disadvantages
Most of the adverse impacts of dams are caused by habitat alterations. Reservoirs
associated with large dams can cover land and river habitat with water and displace human
populations. Diverting water out of the stream channel (or storing water for future electrical
generation) can dry out streamside vegetation. Insufficient stream flow degrades habitat for fish
and other aquatic organisms in the affected river below the dam.
Water in the reservoir is stagnant compared to a free-flowing river, so water-borne
sediments and nutrients can be trapped, resulting in the undesirable growth and spread of algae
and aquatic weeds. In some cases, water spilled from high dams may become supersaturated
with nitrogen gas and cause gas-bubble disease in aquatic organisms inhabiting the tailwaters
below the hydropower plant.
Hydropower projects can also affect aquatic organisms directly. The dam can block
upstream movements of migratory fish. Downstream-moving fish may be drawn into the power
plant intake flow and pass through the turbine. These fish are exposed to physical stresses
(pressure changes, shear, turbulence, strike) that may cause disorientation, physiological
stress, injury, or death. Fish populations can be impacted if fish cannot migrate upstream past
impoundment dams to spawning grounds or if they cannot migrate downstream to the ocean.
Upstream fish passage can be aided using fish ladders or elevators. Downstream fish passage
is aided by diverting fish from turbine intakes using screens or racks or even underwater lights
and sounds, and by maintaining a minimum spill flow past the turbine.
In the US, biological tests are being conducted that will quantify the physical stresses
that cause injury or death to fish. In addition to these tests, tools are being developed to help
both the engineers and biologists to include a sensor fish, which is a "crash dummy fish." It will
be able to measure the physical stresses in a turbine passage and can be used instead of live
fish to gather information. Another tool is the development of a computational fluid dynamics
program that models potential fish behavior in the turbine passage. The test results and tools
will help turbine manufacturers design a more environmentally friendly turbine, which will reduce
the physical stresses exposed to fish. New products such as greaseless bearings eliminate the
possibility of petroleum products being released in the water.
223
OCEAN/MARINE ENERGY
Oceans cover two-thirds of the earths surface. These bodies of water are vast
reservoirs of renewable energy. In a four-day period, the planet's oceans absorb an amount of
thermal energy from the sun and kinetic energy from the wind equivalent to all the world's
known oil reserves. Several technologies exist for harnessing these vast reserves of energy for
useful purposes. The most promising are ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC) and wave
power plants. Both of these produce electricity from the oceans' reserves of renewable energy.
As the ultimate source of energy from the oceans is the sun, ocean energy systems are
renewable, have no fuel costs and are relatively nonpolluting when compared to conventional
sources of energy such as coal, oil and natural gas.
Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) power plants exploit the difference in
temperature between warm surface waters heated by the sun and colder waters found at ocean
depths to generate electricity. A temperature difference of 20C or more between surface waters
and water at depths of up to 1000 m is required. OTEC power plants can be located either onshore or at sea, with the generated electricity transmitted to shore by electrical cables or used
on site for the manufacture of electricity intensive products or fuels. There are three potential
types of OTEC power plants, open-cycle, and closed-cycle and hybrid systems. Closed-cycle
systems use the ocean's warm surface water to vaporize a working fluid, which has a lowboiling point, such as ammonia. The vapor expands and turns a turbine. The turbine then
activates a generator to produce electricity. Open-cycle systems actually boil the seawater by
operating at low pressures. This produces steam that passes through a turbine/generator.
Hybrid systems combine both closed-cycle and open-cycle systems.
GEOTHERMAL ENERGY
Geothermal energy is the energy contained in the heated rock and fluid that fills the
fractures and pores within the earth's crust. It originates from radioactive decay deep within the
Earth and can exist as hot water, steam, or hot dry rocks. Commercial forms of geothermal
energy are recovered from wells drilled 1004,500 meters below the Earths surface. The
technology is well proven, relatively uncomplicated, and involves extracting energy via
conventional wells, pumps, and/or heat exchangers. Geothermal energy can be used directly or
indirectly, depending on the temperature of the geothermal resource. Geothermal resources are
classified as low temperature (less than 90C), moderate temperature (90C - 150C), and high
temperature (greater than 150C). The highest temperature resources are generally used only
for electric power generation and found in volcanic regions. Geothermal energy can be used
directly in temperatures ranging from about 35C to 150C to heat buildings, greenhouses,
aquaculture facilities and to provide industrial process heat. Indirectly, high temperature
geothermal steam can be used to drive a turbine and create electricity or in heat pumps.
Using geothermal energy directly is 50 to 70 percent efficient compared to the 5 to 20
percent possible for the indirect use of generating electricity (although using the waste heat from
generating electricity can also be used and thus boost the overall efficiency). Applications that
224
use geothermal energy directly can also draw from both high and low temperature geothermal
energy resources.
Economics of Geothermal Energy
Geothermal power plants can produce electricity as cheaply as some conventional
power plants. It costs 4.5 to seven cents per kWh to produce electricity from hydrothermal
systems. In comparison, new coal-fired plants produce electricity at about four cents per kWh.
The cost of producing electricity over time is lower because the price and availability of the fuel
is stable and predictable. The fuel does not have to be imported or transported to the power
plant. The power plant literally sits on top of its fuel source. Initial construction costs for
geothermal power plants are high because geothermal wells and power plants must be
constructed at the same time.
Geothermal Energy and the Environment
Geothermal energy is a renewable energy source that does little damage to the
environment. Geothermal steam and hot water do contain naturally occurring traces of hydrogen
sulfide (a gas that smells like rotten eggs) and other gases and chemicals that can be harmful in
high concentrations. Geothermal power plants emit only about one to three percent of the sulfur
compounds that coal and oil-fired power plants do. Geothermal power plants use "scrubber"
systems to clean the air of hydrogen sulfide and the other gases. Sometimes the gases are
converted into marketable products, such as liquid fertilizer. Newer geothermal power plants
can even inject these gases back into the geothermal wells.
225
9.5
Electricity Technology
The technological challenges in power generation are to develop more efficient (high
thermal efficiency) and more environmental friendly plants. There are promising advanced
power generation such as gas turbine based technologies especially combined cycle gas
turbine (CCGT), integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC), small engines suitable for
distributed applications such as microturbines, and various fuel cell technologies. These
technologies are strategically important to meet electricity production with high efficiency and
greatly reduced emissions to the environment and taking into account their full fuel cycles.
Combined Cycle Gas Turbine (CCGT). A technology which combines gas turbines
and steam turbines, connected to one or more electrical generators at the same plant. The gas
turbine, usually fuelled by natural gas or oil, produces mechanical power, which drives the
generator, and heat in the form of hot exhaust gases. These gases are fed to a heat recovery
steam generator (HRSG), where steam is raised at pressure to drive a conventional steam
turbine which is also connected to an electrical generator. The thermal efficiency of a CCGT
could reach about 55 % which is higher than an open cycle turbine.
Microturbines are small gas turbines used to generate electricity. They occupy a small
space and typically have power outputs in the range of 25 to 300 kW. The small size of
microturbines is a major advantage that allows them to be situated right at the source of
electricity demand. This eliminates energy losses that usually occur when transmitting electricity
from power stations. Advantages of microturbines are quiet operation with little vibration, low
emission levels and, thermal efficiencies of 15-30%, low maintenance and high reliability.
However, the main draw back of microturbines is the limit to the number of times that they can
be started up and shutdown.
Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle (IGCC). The gas turbine is driven by firing a
gas fuel derived from the gasification of liquid and solid carbonaceous materials, such as coal
and biomass, the cycle is known as an Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle (IGCC). IGCC's
are able to convert liquid and solid fuels to electricity at high efficiencies and with low emissions.
In this cycle, carbon monoxide from the synthetic gas with the help of air can be converted into
CO2 , which will then be captured and sequestered into underground and ocean storages to
reduce greenhouse gas.
Combined Heat and Power (CHP) plant is one in which there is simultaneous
generation of usable heat and power (usually electricity) in a single process. The basic elements
comprise one or more prime movers usually driving electricity generators, where the steam or
hot water generated in the process may be utilized via heat recovery equipment for a variety of
purposes, including industrial processes, community heating, and space heating. The direct use
of heat which might otherwise be wasted (or which would otherwise have to be provided from
some alternative fuel use) means that CHP units can offer greater conversion efficiency than
simple electricity generators.
226
Power Generation from Biomass. Biomass fuels range from wood by-products, sugar
cane and other agricultural residues to domestic/industrial wastes. The major driving force that led to
the development of fluidized-bed combustion was the need for more efficient combustion
technologies for the utilization of low-grade fuels such as biomass. Both Bubbling Fluidized-Bed (BFB)
and Circulating Fluidized-Bed (CFB) technologies have both received significant attention. Biomass IGCC
power plant technology is an advanced power generation technology for large-scale gasification in
the range of 30-100 MWe. Although fully demonstrated plant, which has achieved higher efficiencies
and lower emissions than conventional technologies, biomass IGCC can not compete at present with
natural gas combined cycles and low-cost conventional CFBs. Furthermore, a secured fuel supply for
a biomass IGCC plant over its lifetime is questionable.
Fuel Cells. The fuel cell converts fuel into electricity electrochemically, without first
burning it to produce heat. Fuel cells have attractive features for electricity markets
characterized by increasing competition and environmental regulations: high thermodynamic
efficiency (40-60%), because fuel cells convert chemical energy directly to electrical energy and
not involve conversion of heat to mechanical energy., low maintenance requirements, quiet
operation, near-zero air pollutant emissions without exhaust-gas controls, and high reliability.
Fuel cells are likely to be economically viable even in small-scale applications. Its properties
make it possible to site systems in small, unobtrusive generating facilities close to end users.
Such distributed power sources make cogeneration designs economically attractive and offer
the potential of reducing losses for electricity transmission and distribution equipment. Lowtemperature phosphoric acid fuel cells (PAFCs) and proton exchange membrane fuel cells
(PEMCs) are well suited for combined heat and power applications in small-to medium-scale
commercial and residential buildings, providing domestic hot water and space heating and
cooling. PEMC has high power density, fast variable power output so that it is appropriate to
automotive. The PAFC is the only commercial fuel cell. Several hundred PAFC power plants
(~200 kWe natural gas fuelled units) are operating. Plug Power is focusing on smaller (less than
35-kilowatt-electric) units and plans to install in residential. In initial applications it is expected
that most systems would use mainly existing natural gas infrastructure and, like PAFCs, process
natural gas at the point of use in an external fuel processor into an H2-rich gas the fuel cell can
use.
High-temperature (600 -1000oC) molten carbonate fuel cells (MCFCs) and solid-oxide
fuel cells (SOFCs) are targeted to medium- to large-scale industrial applications. They are well
suited for cogeneration, including applications that use the waste heat to operate heat-driven air
conditioners. They also offer the option of using directly natural gas or syngas derived through
gasification from coal or other feedstocks without an external fuel processor. Comparison of fuel
cell technology by type are illustrated in the following table.
227
Type of Fuel Cell

Characteristics
Polymer Electrolyte
Membrane Fuel Cell
Phosphoric Acid
Fuel Cell
Molten Carbonate
Fuel Cell
(PEMC)
(PAFC)
(MCFC)
Solid Oxide Fuel

Cell (SOFC)
Electrolyte Ion
Exchange
Membrane
Phosphoric Acid
Alkali Carbonates
Mixture
Yutria Stabilized
Fuel
H2
H2
H2, CO, HCs
H2, CO, HCs
Operating
o
Temperature, C
80
200
650
1,000
Charge Carrier
CO3
Cathode Reaction
Anode Reaction
H
+
O2+2H +2e H2O

H2 2H++2e
O2+2H +2e H2O

H2 2H++2e
2-
O2
-
O2+2CO+4e 2CO32O2+2CO2+4e- 2CO32-
O2+4e- 2O2-
2CO+2CO32- 4
CO2+4e-
2CO+2O2- 2 CO2+4e-
2H2+2CO32 2H2O+2
CO2+4e-
O2+4e- 2O22H2+2O2- 2 H2O +4e-
Electrolyte State
Solid
Immobilized liquid
Immobilized liquid
Solid
Material of cell
Carbon or Metal
Based
Graphite Based
Stainless Steel
Ceramic
Catalyst
Platinum
Platinum
Nickel
Perovskites
Heat Generation
None
Low Quality
High
High
Efficiency, %LHV
<40
40-45
50-60
50-60
228
ECONOMICS OF ENERGY ALTERNATIVE
X. ECONOMICS OF ALTERNATIVE FUELS AND ELECTRICITY GENERATION
PENGKAJIAN ENERGI
229
230
The Economics of Alternative Fuels and Electricity Generation

Synthetic Liquid Fuels
Liquid synthetic fuels are fuels obtained by natural gas conversions called gas to liquids
(GTL), by coal conversion called coal to liquids (CTL), or by biomass conversions called
biomass to liquids (BTL). In principle, liquid synthetic fuels can be produced by two processes,
i.e. indirect liquefaction through a stage involving synthetic gas (mixture of hydrogen and carbon
monoxide) and direct liquefaction. The indirect liquefaction process starts from reforming
reactions in gasification to produce synthetic gas, followed by Fischer-Tropsch (FT) which
produces synthetic crude. The next stage involves upgrading of synthetic crude to synthetic
fuels especially synthetic diesel fuels known as FT diesel fuels and other side products such as
liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), kerosene and naphta. FT diesel fuels have some advantages
compared to oil-based diesel fuels i.e. low sulfur content (< 5ppm), low aromatic content (<1%),
high centane number (~70), biodegradable and non toxic. The liquid synthetic fuels can be
produced without significant infrastructure modification of oil-based diesel fuels. Their
combustion emissions are lower than those from fossil fuels (ultraclean fuels).
Direct coal liquefaction used for the production of the liquid synthetic fuels proceeds by
reacting coal and a solvent with hydrogen gas at high pressure and temperature to produce coal
liquid. The following stages of the liquefaction are similar to those in the indirect liquefaction.
Even though its efficiency is high, the quality of the products of the direct liquefaction is lower
than that obtained by the indirect liquefaction.
GTL technology is already proven and has achieved commercial stage. More than 950
million barrel synthetic fuel via FT process has been marketed through the entire world. GTL
plant in commercial scale with capacity 45,000 bpd has been operated since 1991 in Mossel
Bay, South Africa by PetroSA using Sasol license, and Shell in Bintulu Malaysia, Shell Middle
Distillate Synthesis (SMDS) with capacity 12,500 has been operated since 1993. More than
800,000 bpd of GTL plants just under EPC or on planning stage in Qatar (Sasol, Chevron,
ExxonMobil, Shell, and ConocoPhilips) involving about US $ 25 billion investment. GTL refinery
Oryx I in Qatar has capacity 34,000 bpd and operate on June 2006, meanwhile Escravos GTL
Nigeria has capacity 34,000 bpd will start to operate on 2008.
The economic aspect of GTL and CTL projects is affected primarily by capital cost of
plant which is relatively more expensive than that of oil refinery and feedstock price. As an
illustration, GTL project Oryx I in Qatar needs investment cost about US $ 0.95 billion for
refinery capacity of 34,000 bpd or about US $ 28,000/bpd. CTL refinery with capacity 80,000
bpd in China needs investment for US $ 3 billion or US $ 37,500/bpd. However, petroleum
refinery (PR) needs about US $ 12,000 to 16,000/bpd. BTL refinery is also still expensive
requiring about US $ 90,000/bpd. The most expensive components in GTL and CTL refinery
capital cost are synthesis gas production unit and FT reactor, so further effort should be directed
on cost reduction of these units.
231
By using simple calculation (Figure 10.1) with assumption that US $ 1 equals to Rp

9,000,-, synthetic fuel distribution cost may be just 15% of petroleum fuels production cost. With
tax of about 15%, then it can be estimated that for gas price of US $ 2-3.5/mmbtu (equal to US
$ 20-35/barrel), the GTL fuel cost will be approximately Rp 2,700-3,700 per liter. By utilizing
lignite worth about US $ 10-20/ton (equals to US $ 4-8/barrel) for producing synthetic fuels, the
price of CTL synthetic fuels is about Rp 2,600-2,900 per liter. As the crude oil cost around US $
30-50/barrel, petroleum fuel price is estimated to be around Rp 2,900-4,200 per liter.
80
70
US$/lb
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
PR30
PR50
Feedstocks
GTL20
Capex
GTL35
Opex
CTL4
Dist. Cost
CTL8
Taxes
Note: PR stands for petroleum refinery

Source: Sasol, IFP, Foster Wheeler (data further processed)
Figure 10.1 Production cost of synthetic fuels
Liquid Biofuels
Biofuels currently used in industrialized countries is 1st generation biodiesel produced
from rapeseed and sunflower, and bioethanol from starches. They have a typical feature that
their costs comprise mainly biomass feedstock costs, which cannot be flexibly reduced and may
even increase if demands from other uses rise or in the event of adverse weather conditions.
Feedstocks for current (1st generation) biofuels in developing countries are palm oil,
castor, soy for biodiesels, and cassava, sorghum, molasses etc. for ethanol. They are in
competition with food production, so that their economy is also affected by the development of
agricultural commodities on the world market.
232
Ethanol
For conventional ethanol, production costs depend on feedstocks, plant investment,
and operation, and also on the revenue from byproducts. The following figure shows indicative
production costs of bioethanols from various feedstocks. The table shows that the lowest cost of
production of ethanol is found in the production based on sugar cane and straw feedstocks.
Molasses
Bioethanol surgar cane low
Bioethanol surgar cane high
Bioethanol surgar beet low
Bioethanol surgar beet high
Bioethanol corn low
Bioethanol corn high
Bioethanol Wheat low
Bioethanol Wheat high
Bioethanol straw 2010
Bioethanol straw
Gasoline low
Gasoline high
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
(US$/liter)
Biomass cost
O & M cost
Other cost
Adopted from Girard and Fallot, 2006, except Bioethanol from molasses. The larger part
of other cost is capital cost.
Figure 10.2 Comparison of bioethanol production costs
Biodiesel
As for bioethanol, the largest biodiesel cost component (about 50-80%) comes from
the feedstocks. Remaining are plant and operating costs. The plant size also affects the
production cost. Feedstock production costs vary depending on where the crop is grown, quality
of soils, climate, fertilizers and pesticides used for crop plantation.
233
Biodiesel soybean low
Biodiesel soybean high
Biodiesel jatropha
Biodiesel rapeseed low
Biodiesel rapeseed high
Biodiesel rapeseed longterm
Diesel low
Diesel high
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
US$/liter
Biomass cost
O & M cost
Other cost
Adopted from Girard and Fallot, 2005. The larger part of other cost is capital cost. Longterm cost of biodiesel is an estimate on the basis of better use of co-products.
Figure 10.3 Comparison of biodiesel production costs
Electricity Generation
Cost breakdown estimation of electricity generations based on chiefly renewable
technology can be summarized in the following table. It consists of specific investment cost,
fixed operational and maintenance cost, variable operational and maintenance cost, efficiency,
and capacity factor.
234
Table 10.1 Typical cost breakdown of electricity generation

Investment
cost ($/kWe)
Fixed O&M
($/kWe)
Variable O&M
($/kWh)
Wind onshore large
810
25
n.a.
0.24
Wind onshore small

Wind offshore
PV off-grid
PV grid-connected
Solar thermal power
900
1620
10000
4860
2160
22
42.75
45
18
27
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
0.24
0.375
0.2
0.15
0.25
Fission: light water reactor

Mini hydro
Large hydro
Tidal power
Geothermal
2070
1260
1850
2000
1200
45
28
30
37.5
30
n.a.
0.33
0.85
0.466
0.392
0.23
0.7
3000
14.5
0.0055
0.5
0.9
1180
800
35
0.005
0.63
0.3
0.75
0.9
510
10
0.002
0.55
0.8
1315
28
0.008
0.43
0.8
7000
67
0.01
0.25
0.75
1600
1900
43
0.002
0.015
0.38
0.35
0.75
0.75
Proton exchange
membrane fuel cells
Natural gas solid oxide
fuel cells
Micro gas turbine
Gas combined cycle (CC)
Integrated gasification
combined cycle (IGCC)
Solid waste incineration
Biomass fired
conventional
Biomass IGCC
Efficiency
Capacity
factor
Source: Smekens et al, 2003.
The table demonstrates that a gas combined cycle requires the lowest investment
cost/kWe as well as lowest operating cost. The cycle may be prepared by burning natural gas,
fossil fuels and coals. However, a combined cycle which is integrated with gasification (IGCC)
will increase both investment and operating costs. The costs will even higher if gasification
utilizes biomass as feedstocks.
Renewable energy in general requires relatively high investment cost and moderate
operating cost. Among various renewable energy types, wind energy onshore is estimated to
have lowest investment cost. Photovoltaic, fuel cell and light water fission are still considered to
be expensive due to high investment cost associated with these types of electricity generation.
235
236
ENERGY REGULATION
XI. ENERGY REGULATIONS
PENGKAJIAN ENERGI
237
238
ENERGY REGULATIONS
Figure 11.1
Oil and Gas Regulation Hierarchical Tree Structure
239
Figure 11.1
Oil and Gas Regulation Hierarchical Tree Structure (Continued)
Translated from that of Indonesian version available in www.esdm.go.id
240
Figure 11.2 Electricity Regulation Hierarchical Tree Structure
Note :
This Electricity Law was overturned by the Indonesian Constitutional Court in 2004, and
currently under reviewed by the Government of Indonesia.
241
Figure 11.3 Geothermal Energy Regulation Hierarchical Tree Structure
242
ENERGY CONSERVATION
XII. ENERGY CONSERVATION
PENGKAJIAN ENERGI
243
244
Energy Conservation
With the tendency of continuing increase in energy prices and stringent environmental
regulations, many governments have encouraged the implementation of energy conservation
measures, which also known as measures concerning the rational use of energy. The first oil
crisis in 1973 has triggered Japan and European countries to launch energy conservation
initiatives. On the supply side, the diversification of energy sources has been pushed forward by
switching to alternative energies such as natural gas, nuclear power or renewable energy. On
the demand side, on the other hand, the industrial sector is playing a central role in terms of
energy conservation.
In the meantime, concern on global warming has encouraged developed nations at the
rd
3 Session of the Conference of the Parties in Kyoto 1997 to cut their Green House Gas (GHG)
emissions. This agreement also known as Kyoto protocol boosted further effort of energy
conservation. This is not surprising since more than 90% of GHG consists of carbon dioxide and
approximately 90% of carbon dioxide is emitted from combustion of fossil fuels. That means
nearly 80 percent of GHG emissions originates from energy use.
On the basis of this
reasoning, improvement in energy efficiency by energy conservation program can solve energy
and environmental problems simultaneously.
As part of the Kyoto protocol, Japan for example, pledged a 6% reduction in
greenhouse gas emission from the 1990 level, to be achieved in terms of the average annual
value for the 2008-2012. As a result, the Long-term Energy Supply-Demand Outlook was
reviewed and revised aiming to attain the GHG emission reduction target committed to Kyoto
protocol as illustrated in Figure 11.1.
In the case of Business as Usual (BAU), energy
consumption and the emission of greenhouse gas in 2010 will increase respectively to
456million kL of crude oil equivalent and to 347 million carbon tons as CO2. To attain Japans
target of the Kyoto protocol commitment, it would need not only to maintain the energy
consumption in 2010 at 400 million kL, which means reducing it by 56 million kL through energy
conservation, but also to introduce more active energy supply measures with lower CO2
emissions, including new and non-fossil fuel energy technologies.
245
Source: Japan Energy Conservation Handbook 2003/2004, ECCJ, 2003.

Figure 11.1 GHG emission reduction target committed to Kyoto protocol.
As mentioned above, since the first oil crisis in 1973, many industrialized nations have
launched energy conservation initiatives. In Japan, the Law concerning the Rational Use of
Energy (Energy Conservation Law) was adopted in 1979, thus energy consumption efficiency
standards for vehicles, air conditioners, and electric refrigerators were set for the first time.
Some Asian countries also adopted energy conservation law, for example South Korea and
Thailand.
The increase of oil price recently and in years to come (Figure 11.2) is expected to
affect many countries to once again consider wide range policy to promote energy conservation
activities. Compare to industrialized countries, many ASEAN countries including Indonesia
consume less energy per capita, but have higher energy intensity (Figure 11.3).
246
Figure 11.2 Oil price between 1973 to 2005
600
indeks (Japan = 100)
500
400
300
200
100
0
Japan
Energy Insensity
OECD
Thailand Indonesia Malaysia
Energy per Capita
North
America
German
Source : National Energy Blueprint 2005-2025 (Blue Print PEN 2005-2025)

Figure 11.3 Energy intensity and energy consumption in ASEAN and some developed countries
247
In general, energy conservation potential of industry, transportation, household and

commercial sectors in Indonesia is quite high. Table 11.1 shows that energy efficiency
improvement of 15 to 30 % is achievable for typical for various sectors in Indonesia.
Table 11.1 Energy Conservation Potential in Indonesia
Sector
Total Consumption
Energy Conservation Potential
(Thousand BOE)
(Thousand BOE)
(%)
Industry
194.35
29.15 -58.31
15 - 30
Transportation
169.73
42.43
25
Household and
Commercial
134.63
13.46 40.39
10 30
Source : DGEEU, 2006
In Indonesia the first regulation regarding the energy conservation program was
introduced in 1982, as a response to high oil price at that time. The related regulations for
energy conservation can be summarized as follows.
Presidential Instruction No. 9/1982 concerning the Reporting System of Energy Use in
Government-office Buildings,
Presidential Decree No. 43/1991 concerning the Energy Conservation,
Minister of Mines and Energy Decree acting as BAKOREN Chief No. 100.K/148/M.PE/
1995 concerning National Master Plan of Energy Conservation,
Minister of Energy and Mineral Resources Decree No. 2/2004 concerning the Policy on
Renewable Energy Development and Energy Conservation (Green Energy),
Minister of Energy and Mineral Resources Decree No. 0983.K/16/MEM /2004

concerning National Energy Policy.
Presidential Instruction No. 10 / 2005 concerning Efficient Use of Energy.
Ministerial Regulation No. 0031/2005 on Energy Ministerial Regulation No. 0031/2005

on Energy Conservation Procedure
Presidential Decree No.5/2006 on National Energy Presidential Decree No.5/2006 on

National Energy Policy.
248
To encourage the implementation of energy conservation efforts in buildings, several

National Standards (SNI) have been introduced, for example:
-
SNI 03-6389-2000 : Energy Conservation on Building Envelope
SNI 03-6390-2000 : Energy Conservation on Air Conditioning System for Building
SNI 03-6196-2000 : Energy Audit Procedure for Building
SNI 03-6197-2000 : Energy Conservation on Lighting System for Building.
Effects of energy conservation in Indonesias primary energy demand, is estimated in

National Energy Blueprint 2005-2025. As shown in Fig. 11.4, without energy conservation effort
Indonesias primary energy demand in 2025 is expected to reach fivefold of the 2005 level. A
nation wide policy and strong commitment to implement energy conservation in all sectors is
pre-requisite in reducing primary energy demand to threefold as encouraged under energy
conservation scenario. As stated earlier, energy conservation measures have to objectives, (i)
Energy demand (Million BOE )
to reduces energy demand and (ii) to meet greenhouse gas emission target.
Year
------
Year
Business as
as Usual
Usual
Business
Withenergy
energy conservation
With
conservationscenario
scenario
Source : National Energy Blueprint 2005-2025 (Blue Print PEN 2005-2025)

Figure 11.4 Prediction of energy conservation measures on Indonesias primary energy
demand.
249
250
APPENDICES
PENGKAJIAN ENERGI
251
252
APPENDICES
A1. Gross Energy Content
Gas
- Natural Gas
37.23
MJ/m3 (*)
- Ethane (liquid)
18.36
GJ/ m3
- 70 % ethane 30 % propane
3.308
Million Btu/Barrel
- Propane (liquid)
25.53
GJ/ m3
- 60 % butane 40 % propane
4.130
Million Btu/Barrel
- Butanes (liquid)
28.62
GJ/ m3
- Isobutane
3.974
Million Btu/Barrel
- Pentanes Plus
35.17
GJ/ m3
- LPG
4.0
Million Btu/Barrel
3.7
Million Btu/Barrel
Crude Oil
- Light
38.51
GJ/ m3
- Heavy
40.90
GJ/ m3
- Anthracite
29.30
GJ/metric ton
- Imported Coal
25.10
GJ/metric ton
- Kalimantan Coal
25.10
GJ/metric ton
- Ombilin Coal
28.40
GJ/metric ton
Coal
- Tanjung Enim Coal
22.20
GJ/metric ton
- Lignite
18.10
GJ/metric ton
- Aviation Gasoline
32.60
GJ/ m3
- Gasoline Super
34.20
GJ/ m3
- Gasoline Premium
34.20
GJ/ m3
- Aviation Turbo Fuel
34.60
GJ/ m3
- Kerosene
34.80
GJ/ m3
- ADO
38.10
GJ/ m
- IDO
38.80
GJ/ m3
- Light Fuel Oil
38.68
GJ/ m3
- Heavy Fuel Oil
41.73
GJ/ m3
- Petroleum Coke
42.38
GJ/ m3
Petroleum Products
- Gasohol (10% ethanol, 90% gasoline)
120,900
Btu/gallon
- Middle Distillate or Diesel Fuel Oil
138,690
Btu/gallon
- Residual Fuel Oil
149,690
Btu/gallon
253
Ethanol
84,400
Btu/gallon
Methanol
62,800
Btu/gallon
Biofuel
Wood (wet, freshly cut)
10.9
MJ/kg
Wood (air dry, humid zone)
15.5
MJ/kg
Wood (air dry, dry zone)
16.6
MJ/kg
Wood (oven dry)
20.0
MJ/kg
Charcoal
29.0
MJ/kg
8.2
MJ/kg
Bagasse (air dry)
16.2
MJ/kg
Coffee husks
16.0
MJ/kg
Rice hulls (air dry)
14.4
MJ/kg
Wheat straw
15.2
MJ/kg
Corn (stalk)
14.7
MJ/kg
Corn (cobs)
15.4
MJ/kg
Cotton stalk
16.4
MJ/kg
9.8
MJ/kg
Bagasse (wet)
Coconut husks
Coconut shells
17.9
MJ/kg
Chaff (Seed Casing)
14.6
MJ/kg
Pyrolysis oil
17.5
MJ/kg
28.4
MJ/kg
37.665
MJ/kg
37.8
MJ/kg
39.49
MJ/kg
39.5
MJ/kg
39.25-39.25
MJ/kg
10
MJ/kg
Ecalene
MT
Fat
Biodiesel
Sunflower oil
Castor Oil
Olive Oil
Animal Manure/Waste
Electricity
3,413
Btu/kilowatt-hour
Note :
The (*) energy content of 37.23 MJ/m3 approximately the equivalent of 1,000 BTU/ft3 in the
imperial system. The actual energy content will vary depending on the amount of natural gas
liquids (mostly ethane) contained in the gas.
254
A.2 Conversion Factor
Type of Energy
From
To Barrel Oil Equivalent/

BOE
Refinery Fuels
Refenery Feedstock
Refinery Fuel Gas (RFG)
Refinery Fuel Oil (RFO)
Barrel
Barrel
Barrel
1.0423
1.6728
1.1236
Petroleum Products
ADO
Aviation Gasoil (avgas)
Aviation Turbin Gas (avtur)
Fuel Oil (FO)
Industrial Diesel Oil (IDO)
Kerosene
Premium
Premix
Super Tt
Kilo Liter
Kilo Liter
Kilo Liter
Kilo Liter
Kilo Liter
Kilo Liter
Kilo Liter
Kilo Liter
Kilo Liter
6.4871
5.5530
5.8907
6.9612
6.6078
5.9274
5.8275
5.8275
5.8275
Coal
Antrasit
Import Coal
Ombilin Coal
Tanjung Enim Coal
Briqutte
Riau Peat
Lignit
Ton
Ton
Ton
Ton
Ton
Ton
Ton
4.9893
4.2766
4.8452
3.7778
3.5638
2.5452
3.0649
Biomass
Charcoal
Woods
Ton
Ton
4.9713
2.2979
Crude Oil, Condensate, and Products

Condensate
Crude Oil
Products
Barrel
Barrel
Barrel
0.9545
1.0000
1.0200
Geothermal
MWh
1.5937
Natural Gas and Products

Natural Gas
CNG
City Gas
LNG
LNG
LPG
Thousand SCF
Thousand KCal
Thousand KCal
MMBTU
Ton
Ton
0.1796
0.0007
0.0007
0.1796
8.0532
8.5246
Hydropower
MWh
1.5937
Electricity
MWh
0.6130
255
Crude Oil
From
ton (metric)
To
kilolitres
barrels
US Gallon
ton/year
Multiply by
ton (metric)
1.165
7.33
307.86
--
kilolitres
0.8581
6.2898
264.17
--
barrels
0.1364
0.159
42
--
0.00325
0.0038
0.0238
--
--
--
--
--
49.8
US Gallon
Barrels/day
Natural Gas and LNG

From
To
Billion cubic
meters NG
Billion
cubic feet
NG
Million ton oil

equivalent
Million
ton LNG
Trillion British
thermal units
Million barrels
oil equivalent
Multiply by
1 billion cubic
meters NG
35.3
0.90
0.73
36
6.29
1 billion cubic
feet NG
0.028
0.026
0.021
1.03
0.18
1 million ton oil

equivalent
1.111
39.2
0.805
40.4
7.33
1.38
48.7
1.23
52.0
8.68
0.028
0.98
0.025
0.02
0.17
0.16
5.61
0.14
0.12
5.8
1 million ton
LNG
1 trillion British
thermal units
1 million barrels
oil equivalent
Products
barrels to ton
ton to barrels
LPG
0.086
11.6
0.542
1.844
Gasoline
0.118
8.5
0.740
1.351
Kerosene
0.128
7.8
0.806
1.240
Gas Oil/ Diesel
0.133
7.5
0.839
1.192
Fuel Oil
0.149
6.7
0.939
1.065
To
Convert
From
Kilo :
Million
: 10
Mega :
Billion
: 109
Giga :
Trillion
: 10
12
Tera :
Quadrillion
: 1015
Peta :
Quintillion
: 1018
Exa :
: 10
ton to kilolitres
Multiply by
PREFIX
Thousand
kilolitres to ton
UNIT
1 metric tons = 2204.62 lb = 1.1023 short tons
1 kilolitre = 6.2898 barrels = 1 cubic meters
1 kilocalorie (kcal) = 4.187 kJ = 3.968 BTU
1 kilo joule (kJ) = 0.239 kcal = 0.948 BTU
1 British Thermal Unit (BTU) = 0.252 kcal = 1.055 kJ
1 kWh = 860 kcal = 3,600 kJ = 3,412 BTU
256
A3. Glossary
ADO: Automation Diesel Oil.
Anthracite: The highest rank of coal; used primarily for residential and commercial space
heating. It is a hard, brittle, and black lustrous coal, often referred to as hard coal, containing a
high percentage of fixed carbon and a low percentage of volatile matter. The moisture content of
fresh-mined anthracite generally is less than 15 percent. The heat content of anthracite ranges
from 22 to 28 million Btu per ton on a moist, mineral-matter-free basis. This fuel typically has a
heat content of 15 million Btu per ton or less.
API Gravity: An arbitrary scale expressing the gravity or density of liquid petroleum products.
The measuring scale is calibrated in terms of degrees API. A lighter, less dense product has a
higher API gravity.
API: The American Petroleum Institute.
APPI: Asia Pacific Petroleum Index
Ash: The non-combustible residue of a combusted substance composed primarily of alkali and
metal oxides.
Asphalt: A dark brown-to-black cement-like material obtained by petroleum processing and
containing bitumens as the predominant component; used primarily for road construction. It
includes crude asphalt as well as the following finished products: cements, fluxes, the asphalt
content of emulsions (exclusive of water), and petroleum distillates blended with asphalt to
make cutback asphalts. Note: The conversion factor for asphalt is 5.5 barrels per short ton
Aviation Gasoline (Avgas) : A complex mixture of relatively volatile hydrocarbons with or
without small quantities of additives, blended to form a fuel suitable for use in aviation
reciprocating engines. Fuel specifications are provided in ASTM Specification D910 and Military
Specification MIL-G-5572.
Aviation Turbine Fuel (Avtur): Aviation Turbine fuel used by turboprops and jet aircraft.
BAPPEDA: Badan Perencanaan Pembangunan Daerah (Bureau of Local Development
Planning)
BAPPENAS: Badan Perencanaan Pembangunan Nasional (Bureau of National Development
Planning)
Barrel: A unit of volume equal to 42 U.S. gallons.
Biodiesel: Any liquid biofuel suitable as a diesel fuel substitute or diesel fuel additive or
extender. Biodiesel fuels are typically made from oils such as soybeans, rapeseed, or
sunflowers, or from animal tallow. Biodiesel can also be made from hydrocarbons derived from
agricultural products such as rice hulls.
Biofuels: Liquid fuels and blending components produced from biomass (plant) feedstocks,
used primarily for transportation.
Biomass: Organic nonfossil material of biological origin constituting a renewable energy
source.
Bituminous coal: A dense coal, usually black, sometimes dark brown, often with well-defined
bands of bright and dull material, used primarily as fuel in steam-electric power generation, with
substantial quantities also used for heat and power applications in manufacturing and to make
coke. Its moisture content usually is less than 20 percent. The heat content of bituminous coal
ranges from 21 to 30 million Btu per short ton of a moist, mineral-matter-free basis.
BMG: Badan Meteorologi dan Geofisika (Agency for Meteorology and Geophysics.
257
BOE: barrels of oil equivalent.

BPPT: Badan Pengkajian dan Penerapan Teknologi (Agency for Assessment and Applications
of Technology)
BPS: Biro Pusat Statistik (Bureau of Statistics)
British thermal unit (BTU): The quantity of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 pound
of liquid water by 1 degree Fahrenheit at the temperature at which water has its greatest density
(approximately 39 degrees Fahrenheit).
Capacity Factor:
kWh of annual gross electric production

x 100%
kW of installed capacity x 8,760 hour
kWh of gross electric production is kWh (energy) generated before subtracted by own-use
energy.
Charcoal: A material formed from the incomplete combustion or destructive distillation
(carbonization) of organic material in a kiln or retort, and having a high energy density, being
nearly pure carbon. (If produced from coal, it is coke.) Used for cooking, the manufacture of
gunpowder and steel (notably in Brazil), as an absorbent and decolorizing agent, and in sugar
refining and solvent recovery.
CIF (cost, insurance, freight): A type of sale in which the buyer of the product agrees to pay a
unit price that includes the f.o.b. value of the product at the point of origin, plus all costs of
insurance and transportation. This type of transaction differs from a delivered purchase in that
the buyer accepts the quantity as determined at the loading port rather than pay on the basis of
the quantity and quality ascertained at the unloading port. It is similar to the terms of an F.O.B.
sale, except that the seller, as a service for which he is compensated, arranges for
transportation and insurance.
Coal briquets: Anthracite, bituminous, and lignite briquets comprise the secondary solid fuels
manufactured from coal by a process in which the coal is partly dried, warmed to expel excess
moisture, and then compressed into briquets, usually without the use of a binding substance. In
the reduction of briquets to coal equivalent, different conversion factors are applied according to
their origin from hard coal, peat, brown coal, or lignite.
Coal: A readily combustible black or brownish-black rock whose composition, including inherent
moisture, consists of more than 50 percent by weight and more than 70 percent by volume of
carbonaceous material. It is formed from plant remains that have been compacted, hardened,
chemically altered, and metamorphosed by heat and pressure over geologic time.
Coke (coal): A solid carbonaceous residue derived from low-ash, low-sulfur bituminous coal
from which the volatile constituents are driven off by baking in an oven at temperatures as high
as 2,000 degrees Fahrenheit so that the fixed carbon and residual ash are fused together. Coke
is used as a fuel and as a reducing agent in smelting iron ore in a blast furnace. Coke from coal
is grey, hard, and porous and has a heating value of 24.8 million Btu per ton.
Coke (petroleum): A residue high in carbon content and low in hydrogen that is the final
product of thermal decomposition in the condensation process in cracking. This product is
reported as marketable coke or catalyst coke. The conversion is 5 barrels (of 42 U.S. gallons
each) per short ton. Coke from petroleum has a heating value of 6.024 million Btu per barrel.
Combined cycle: An electric generating technology in which electricity is produced from
otherwise lost waste heat exiting from one or more gas (combustion) turbines. The exiting heat
is routed to a conventional boiler or to a heat recovery steam generator for utilization by a steam
turbine in the production of electricity. This process increases the efficiency of the electric
generating unit.
Commercial Sector: Business establishments that are not engaged in transportation or in
manufacturing or other types of industrial activity (agriculture, mining, or construction).
Commercial establishments include hotels, motels, restaurants, wholesale businesses, retail
258
stores, laundries, and other service enterprises; religious and nonprofit organizations; health,
social, and educational institutions;
Compressed natural gas (CNG): Natural gas which is comprised primarily of methane,
compressed to a pressure at or above 2,400 pounds per square inch and stored in special highpressure containers. It is used as a fuel for natural gas powered vehicles.
Condensate: A mixture consisting primarily of pentanes and heavier hydrocarbons which is
recovered as a liquid from natural gas in lease or field separation facilities. Note: This category
excludes natural gas liquids, such as butane and propane, which are recovered at natural gas
processing plants or facilities.
Consumer Price Index (CPI): These prices are collected in 85 urban areas selected to
represent all urban consumers about 80 percent of the total U.S. population. The service
stations are selected initially and on a replacement basis, in such a way that they represent the
purchasing habits of the CPI population. Service stations in the current sample include those
providing all types of service (i.e., full, mini, and self service).
Cord of wood: A cord of wood measures 4 feet by 4 feet by 8 feet, or 128 cubic feet.
Crop residue: Organic residue remaining after the harvesting and processing of a crop.
Crude Oil: A mixture of hydrocarbons that exists in liquid phase in natural underground
reservoirs and remains liquid at atmospheric pressure after passing through surface separating
facilities. Crude oil may also include: 1. Small amounts of hydrocarbons that exist in the
gaseous phase in natural underground reservoirs but are liquid at atmospheric pressure after
being recovered from oil well (casing head) gas in lease separators and that subsequently are
commingled with the crude stream without being separately measured. 2. Small amounts of non
hydrocarbons produced with the oil, such as sulfur and other compounds. Some products and
other materials are either mixed with the crude oil and cannot be separately measured or they
are logically associated with crude oil for accounting purposes.
Cubic foot (cf), natural gas: The amount of natural gas contained at standard temperature and
pressure (60 degrees Fahrenheit and 14.73 pounds standard per square inch) in a cube whose
edges are one foot long.
Cull wood: Wood logs, chips, or wood products that are burned.
DCO: Diluted Crude Oil
Demand Factor:
kW at peakload
x 100 %
kVA of connected power x cos
cos = 0.8
DESDM: Departemen Energi dan Sumber Daya Mineral (Ministry of Energy and Mineral
Resources)
DFO: Diesel Fuel Oil
Diesel fuel: A fuel composed of distillates obtained in petroleum refining operation or blends of
such distillates with residual oil used in motor vehicles. The boiling point and specific gravity are
higher for diesel fuels than for gasoline.
DPK: Dual Purpose Kerosene
DPPU: Depo Pengisian Bahan Bakar Pesawat Udara (Airplane Fuel Filling Depo)
Dry natural gas: Natural gas which remains after: 1) the liquefiable hydrocarbon portion has
been removed from the gas stream (i.e., gas after lease, field, and/or plant separation); and 2)
any volumes of nonhydrocarbon gases have been removed where they occur in sufficient
quantity to render the gas unmarketable. Dry natural gas is also known as consumer-grade
natural gas. The parameters for measurement are cubic feet at 60 degrees Fahrenheit and
259
14.73 pounds per square inch absolute.

Electricity Grid: A common term referring to an electricity transmission and distribution system.
Electricity: A form of energy characterized by the presence and motion of elementary charged
particles generated by friction, induction, or chemical change.
Energy consumption: The use of energy as a source of heat or power or as a raw material
input to a manufacturing process.
Energy End-Use Sectors: Major energy consuming sectors of the economy. The Commercial
Sector includes commercial buildings and private companies. The Industrial Sector includes
manufacturers and processors. The Residential Sector includes private homes. The
Transportation Sector includes automobiles, trucks, rail, ships, and aircraft.
Energy Intensity: Energy consumption per GDP
Energy: The capacity for doing work as measured by the capability of doing work (potential
energy) or the conversion of this capability to motion (kinetic energy). Energy has several forms,
some of which are easily convertible and can be changed to another form useful for work. Most
of the world's convertible energy comes from fossil fuels that are burned to produce heat that is
then used as a transfer medium to mechanical or other means in order to accomplish tasks.
Electrical energy is usually measured in kilowatthours, while heat energy is usually measured in
British thermal units.
Ethanol (CH3-CH2OH): A clear, colorless, flammable oxygenated hydrocarbon. Ethanol is
typically produced chemically from ethylene, or biologically from fermentation of various sugars
from carbohydrates found in agricultural crops and cellulosic residues from crops or wood. It is
used in the United States as a gasoline octane enhancer and oxygenate (blended up to 10
percent concentration). Ethanol can also be used in high concentrations (E85) in vehicles
designed for its use.
Expenditure: The incurrence of a liability to obtain an asset or service.
Flare: Gas disposed of by burning in flares usually at the production sites or at gas processing
plants.
Fossil fuel: An energy source formed in the earths crust from decayed organic material. The
common fossil fuels are petroleum, coal, and natural gas.
Free on board (f.o.b.): A sales transaction in which the seller makes the product available for
pick up at a specified port or terminal at a specified price and the buyer pays for the subsequent
transportation and insurance.
Fuel oil: A liquid petroleum product less volatile than gasoline, used as an energy source. Fuel
oil includes distillate fuel oil (No. 1, No. 2, and No. 4), and residual fuel oil (No. 5 and No. 6).
Gallon: A volumetric measure equal to 4 quarts (231 cubic inches) used to measure fuel oil.
One barrel equals 42 gallons.
Gas oil: European and Asian designation for No. 2 heating oil and No. 2 diesel fuel.
Gas turbine plant: A plant in which the prime mover is a gas turbine. A gas turbine consists
typically of an axial-flow air compressor and one or more combustion chambers where liquid or
gaseous fuel is burned and the hot gases are passed to the turbine and where the hot gases
expand drive the generator and are then used to run the compressor.
Gas: A non-solid, non-liquid combustible energy source that includes natural gas, coke-oven
gas, blast-furnace gas, and refinery gas.
Gasohol: A registered trademark of an agency of the state of Nebraska, for an automotive fuel
containing a blend of 10 percent ethanol and 90 percent gasoline.
Gasoline: A refined petroleum product suitable for use as a fuel in internal combustion engines.
260
Gas-Steam Power
Geothermal energy: Hot water or steam extracted from geothermal reservoirs in the earth's
crust. Water or steam extracted from geothermal reservoirs can be used for geothermal heat
pumps, water heating, or electricity generation.
Geothermal plant: A plant in which the prime mover is a steam turbine. The turbine is driven
either by steam produced from hot water or by natural steam that derives its energy from heat
found in rock.
Gigawatt (GW): One billion watts or one thousand megawatts.
Gigawatt-electric (GWe): One billion watts of electric capacity.
Gigawatthour (GWh): One billion watthours.
Gross Domestic Product (GDP): The total value of goods and services produced by labor and
property located in Indonesia. As long as the labor and property are located in Indonesia, the
supplier (that is, the workers and, for property, the owners) may be either Indonesian residents
or residents of foreign countries.
Heavy gas oil: Petroleum distillates with an approximate boiling range from 651degrees
Fahrenheit to 1000 degrees Fahrenheit.
HOMC: High Octane Motor Component
Household: A family, an individual, or a group of up to nine unrelated persons occupying the
same housing unit. "Occupy" means that the housing unit is the person's usual or permanent
place of residence.
HSD: High Speed Diesel Oil
HSFO: High sulfur fuel oil
Hydrocarbon: An organic chemical compound of hydrogen and carbon in the gaseous, liquid,
or solid phase. The molecular structure of hydrocarbon compounds varies from the simplest
(methane, a constituent of natural gas) to the very heavy and very complex. : The production of
electricity from the kinetic energy of falling water.
Hydroelectric power: The use of flowing water to produce electrical energy.
ICP: Indonesian Crude Price
IDO: Intermediate Diesel Oil
IFO: industrial fuel oil
Indicated Resources, Coal: Coal for which estimates of the rank, quality, and quantity are
based partly on sample analyses and measurements and partly on reasonable geologic
projections. Indicated resources are computed partly from specified measurements and partly
from projection of visible data for a reasonable distance on the basis of geologic evidence.
Industrial Sector: Manufacturing industries, which make up the largest part of the sector, along
with mining, construction, agriculture, fisheries, and forestry. Establishments in this sector range
from steel mills, to small farms, to companies assembling electronic components.
Installed Capacity: The total capacity of electrical generation devices in a power station or
system.
JOB: Joint Operation Body; A form of cooperation between PERTAMINA with private
companies for oil and gas exploration and exportation
Joule (J): The meter-kilogram-second unit of work or energy, equal to the work done by a force
of one newton when its point of application moves through a distance of one meter in the
261
direction of the force; equivalent to 107 ergs and one watt-second.

Kerosene: A type of heating fuel derived by refining crude oil that has a boiling range at
atmospheric pressure from 400 degrees to 550 degrees F.
Kilovolt-Ampere (kVa): A unit of apparent power, equal to 1,000 volt-amperes; the
mathematical product of the volts and amperes in an electrical circuit.
Kilowatt (kW): One thousand watts.
Kilowatt-electric (kWe): One thousand watts of electric capacity.
Kilowatthour (kWh): A measure of electricity defined as a unit of work or energy, measured as
1 kilowatt (1,000 watts) of power expended for 1 hour. One kWh is equivalent to 3,412 Btu.
LAPAN: Lembaga Penerbangan dan Antariksa Nasional (National Space and Aeronautics
Administration).
Light gas oils: Liquid petroleum distillates heavier than naphtha, with an approximate boiling
range from 401 degrees to 650 degrees Fahrenheit.
Light oil: Lighter fuel oils distilled off during the refining process. Virtually all petroleum used in
internal combustion and gas-turbine engines is light oil. Includes fuel oil numbers 1 and 2,
kerosene, and jet fuel.
Lignite: The lowest rank of coal, often referred to as brown coal, used almost exclusively as
fuel for steam-electric power generation. It is brownish-black and has a high inherent moisture
content, sometimes as high as 45 percent The heat content of lignite ranges from 9 to 17 million
Btu per ton on a moist, mineral-matter-free basis.
LIPI: Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia (Institution of Sciences Indonesia).
Liquefied natural gas (LNG): Natural gas (primarily methane) that has been liquefied by
reducing its temperature to -260 degrees Fahrenheit at atmospheric pressure.
Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG): Natural gas (primarily methane) that has been liquefied by
reducing its temperature to -260 F at atmospheric pressure.
Load (electric): The amount of electric power delivered or required at any specific point or
points on a system. The requirement originates at the energy-consuming equipment of the
consumers.
kWh of annual total electric production

Load Factor:
kW at peakload x 8,70 hour
x 100%
kWh of total electric production is the sum of kWh produced by PLN and kWh purchased from
outside party.
Peak load is the highest load achieved within the calendar year.
Load factor: The ratio of the average load to peak load during a specified time interval.
LPG: Liquefied petroleum gases such as propane and butane produced at refineries or natural
gas processing plants, including plants that fractionate raw natural gas plant liquids.
LSDE: Lembaga Sumber Daya Energi (Center for Research on Energy Resources)
LSWR: Low sulfur waxy residual fuel oil
Macroeconomics: a sub-field of economics that examines the behavior of the economy as a
whole, once all of the individual economic decisions of companies and industries have been
summed. Economy-wide phenomena considered by macroeconomics include Gross Domestic
Product (GDP) and how it is affected by changes in unemployment, national income, rate of
262
growth, and price levels.

Measured Resources, Coal: Coal resources for which estimates of the rank, quality, and
quantity have been computed, within a margin of error of less than 20 percent, from sample
analyses and measurements from closely spaced and geologically well known sample sites.
Measured resources are computed from dimensions revealed in outcrops, trenches, mine
workings, and drill holes. The points of observation and measurement are so closely spaced
and the thickness and extent of coals are so well defined that the tonnage is judged to be
accurate within 20 percent.
Megavoltamperes (MVA): Millions of voltamperes, which are a measure of apparent power.
Megawatt (MW): One million watts of electricity.
Megawatt electric (MWe): One million watts of electric capacity.
Methane: A colorless, flammable, odorless hydrocarbon gas (CH4) which is the major
component of natural gas. It is also an important source of hydrogen in various industrial
processes. Methane is a greenhouse gas.
Methanol (CH3OH; Methyl alcohol or wood alcohol): A clear, colorless, very mobile liquid
that is flammable and poisonous; used as a fuel and fuel additive, and to produce chemicals.
MFA: Mega Volt Ampere
MFO: Marine Fuel Oil
Middle Distillate
Naphtha: A generic term applied to a petroleum fraction with an approximate boiling range
between 122 degrees Fahrenheit and 400 degrees Fahrenheit.
Natural Gas Liquids (NGL): Those hydrocarbons in natural gas that are separated as liquids
from the gas. Natural gas liquids include natural gas plant liquids (primarily ethane, propane,
butane, and isobutane) and lease condensate (primarily pentanes produced from natural gas at
lease separators and field facilities).
Natural Gas: A hydrocarbon gas obtained from underground sources, often in association with
petroleum and coal deposits. It generally contains a high percentage of methane, varying
amounts of ethane, and inert gases; used as a heating fuel.
Net (Lower) Heating Value (NHV): The potential energy available in a fuel as received, taking
into account the energy loss in evaporating and superheating the water in the fuel. Equal to the
higher heating value minus 1050W where W is the weight of the water formed from the
hydrogen in the fuel, and 1050 is the latent heat of vaporization of water, in Btu, at 77 degrees
Fahrenheit.
Nuclear electric power (nuclear power): Electricity generated by the use of the thermal
energy released from the fission of nuclear fuel in a reactor.
Ocean energy systems: Energy conversion technologies that harness the energy in tides,
waves, and thermal gradients in the oceans.
Ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC): The process or technologies for producing energy
by harnessing the temperature differences (thermal gradients) between ocean surface waters
and that of ocean depths. Warm surface water is pumped through an evaporator containing a
working fluid in a closed Rankine-cycle system. The vaporized fluid drives a turbine/generator.
OECD (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development): Current members are
Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Czech Republic, Denmark and its territories (Faroe Islands
and Greenland), Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Greenland, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland,
Italy, Japan, Luxembourg, Mexico, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, Portugal,
South Korea, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, United Kingdom, and United States and its
territories (Guam, Puerto Rico, and Virgin Islands).
263
Oil reservoir: An underground pool of liquid consisting of hydrocarbons, sulfur, oxygen, and
nitrogen trapped within a geological formation and protected from evaporation by the overlying
mineral strata.
Oil: A mixture of hydrocarbons usually existing in the liquid state in natural underground pools
or reservoirs. Gas is often found in association with oil.
OPEC (Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries): Countries that have organized for
the purpose of negotiating with oil companies on matters of oil production, prices, and future
concession rights. Current members are Algeria, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Libya, Nigeria,
Qatar, Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, and Venezuela.
P3B: Penyaluran dan Pusat Pengatur Beban Jawa Bali (Electricity Load Distribution Center
Java-Bali)
Panel (Solar): A term generally applied to individual solar collectors, and typically to solar
photovoltaic collectors or modules.
Paraffin (wax): The wax removed from paraffin distillates by chilling and pressing. When
separating from solutions, it is a colorless, more or less translucent, crystalline mass, without
odor and taste, slightly greasy to touch, and consisting of a mixture of solid hydrocarbons in
which the paraffin series predominates
Peak load: The maximum load during a specified period of time.
Peat: Peat consists of partially decomposed plant debris. It is considered an early stage in the
development of coal. Peat is distinguished from lignite by the presence of free cellulose and a
high moisture content (exceeding 70 percent). The heat content of air-dried peat (about 50
percent moisture) is about 9 million Btu per ton.
Perpres: Peraturan Presiden (Presidential Regulation).
Pertamax: High octane gasoline brand produced by Pertamina.
PERTAMINA: Perusahaan Pertambangan Minyak dan Gas Nasional (Oil and Gas State-Owned
Company)
Petroleum refinery: An installation that manufactures finished petroleum products from crude
oil, unfinished oils, natural gas liquids, other hydrocarbons, and alcohol.
Petroleum: A broadly defined class of liquid hydrocarbon mixtures. Included are crude oil, lease
condensate, unfinished oils, refined products obtained from the processing of crude oil, and
natural gas plant liquids. Note: Volumes of finished petroleum products include nonhydrocarbon
compounds, such as additives and detergents, after they have been blended into the products.
PGN: Perusahaan Umum Gas Negara (State Owned Gas Transmission and Distribution
Company)
Photovoltaic and solar thermal energy (as used at electric utilities): Energy radiated by the
sun as electromagnetic waves (electromagnetic radiation) that is converted at electric utilities
into electricity by means of solar (photovoltaic) cells or concentrating (focusing) collectors.
Photovoltaic cell (PVC): An electronic device consisting of layers of semiconductor materials
fabricated to form a junction (adjacent layers of materials with different electronic
characteristics) and electrical contacts and being capable of converting incident light directly into
electricity (direct current).
Pipeline (natural gas): A continuous pipe conduit, complete with such equipment as valves,
compressor stations, communications systems, and meters for transporting natural and/or
supplemental gas from one point to another, usually from a point in or beyond the producing
field or processing plant to another pipeline or to points of utilization. Also refers to a company
operating such facilities.
Pipeline, distribution: A pipeline that conveys gas from a transmission pipeline to its ultimate
264
consumer.
Pipeline, transmission: A pipeline that conveys gas from a region where it is produced to a
region where it is to be distributed.
PJB: Pembangkitan Jawa-Bali (electricity producer that supplies electricity needs of the people
in East Java and Bali)
PLTMG: Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Micro Gas (Gas Micro scale Power Plant)
PLN: Perusahaan Listrik Negara (State-Owned Electricity Company)
Power (electrical): An electric measurement unit of power called a voltampere is equal to the
product of 1 volt and 1 ampere. This is equivalent to 1 watt for a direct current system, and a
unit of apparent power is separated into real and reactive power. Real power is the workproducing part of apparent power that measures the rate of supply of energy and is denoted as
kilowatts (kW). Reactive power is the portion of apparent power that does no work and is
referred to as kilovars; this type of power must be supplied to most types of magnetic
equipment, such as motors, and is supplied by generator or by electrostatic equipment. Energy
is denoted by the product of real power and the length of time utilized; this product is expressed
as kilowathours.
Power loss: The difference between electricity input and output as a result of an energy
transfer between two points.
Premium gasoline: Gasoline having an antiknock index (R+M/2) greater than 90. Includes both
leaded premium gasoline as well as unleaded premium gasoline.
Primary energy consumption: Primary energy consumption is the amount of site
consumption, plus losses that occur in the generation, transmission, and distribution of energy.
Primary energy: All energy consumed by end users, excluding electricity but including the
energy consumed at electric utilities to generate electricity. (In estimating energy expenditures,
there are no fuel-associated expenditures for hydroelectric power, geothermal energy, solar
energy, or wind energy, and the quantifiable expenditures for process fuel and intermediate
products are excluded.)
Probable (indicated) reserves, coal: Reserves or resources for which tonnage and grade are
computed partly from specific measurements, samples, or production data and partly from
projection for a reasonable distance on the basis of geological evidence. The sites available are
too widely or otherwise inappropriately spaced to permit the mineral bodies to be outlined
completely or the grade established throughout.
Probable energy reserves: Estimated quantities of energy sources that, on the basis of
geologic evidence that supports projections from proved reserves, can reasonably be expected
to exist and be recoverable under existing economic and operating conditions. Site information
is insufficient to establish with confidence the location, quality, and grades of the energy source.
Production Sharing Contract: A form of cooperation between Pertamina and private
companies in accordance with Law No 44 Prp of 1960 jo Law No 8 of 1971.
Propane (C3H8): A normally gaseous straight-chain hydrocarbon. It is a colorless paraffinic gas
that boils at a temperature of -43.67 degrees Fahrenheit. It is extracted from natural gas or
refinery gas streams. It includes all products designated in ASTM Specification D1835 and Gas
Processors Association Specifications for commercial propane and HD-5 propane.
Proved (measured) reserves, coal: Reserves or resources for which tonnage is computed
from dimensions revealed in outcrops, trenches, workings, and drill holes and for which the
grade is computed from the results of detailed sampling. The sites for inspection, sampling, and
measurement are spaced so closely and the geologic character is so well defined that size,
shape, and mineral content are well established. The computed tonnage and grade are judged
to be accurate within limits that are stated, and no such limit is judged to be different from the
computed tonnage or grade by more than 20 percent.
265
Proved energy reserves: Estimated quantities of energy sources that analysis of geologic and
engineering data demonstrates with reasonable certainty are recoverable under existing
economic and operating conditions. The location, quantity, and grade of the energy source are
usually considered to be well established in such reserves.
Quad: One quadrillion Btu. (1,000,000,000,000,000 Btu)
Refinery fuel: Crude oil and petroleum products consumed at the refinery for all purposes.
Refinery gas: Noncondensate gas collected in petroleum refineries.
Refinery: An installation that manufactures finished petroleum products from crude oil,
unfinished oils, natural gas liquids, other hydrocarbons, and oxygenates.
Renewable energy resources: Energy resources that are naturally replenishing but flowlimited. They are virtually inexhaustible in duration but limited in the amount of energy that is
available per unit of time. Renewable energy resources include: biomass, hydro, geothermal,
solar, wind, ocean thermal, wave action, and tidal action.
Reserve: That portion of the demonstrated reserve base that is estimated to be recoverable at
the time of determination. The reserve is derived by applying a recovery factor to that
component of the identified coal resource designated as the demonstrated reserve base.
Reservoir: A porous and permeable underground formation containing an individual and
separate natural accumulation of producible hydrocarbons (crude oil and/or natural gas) which
is confined by impermeable rock or water barriers and is characterized by a single natural
pressure system.
Residual fuel oil: A general classification for the heavier oils, known as No. 5 and No. 6 fuel
oils, that remain after the distillate fuel oils and lighter hydrocarbons are distilled away in refinery
operations. It conforms to ASTM Specifications D 396 and D 975 and Federal Specification VVF-815C. No. 5, a residual fuel oil of medium viscosity, is also known as Navy Special and is
defined in Military Specification MIL-F-859E, including Amendment 2 (NATO Symbol F-770). It
is used in steam-powered vessels in government service and inshore powerplants. No. 6 fuel oil
includes Bunker C fuel oil and is used for the production of electric power, space heating, vessel
bunkering, and various industrial purposes.
Resources (Coal) : Naturally occurring concentrations or deposits of coal in the Earth's crust, in
such forms and amounts that economic extraction is currently or potentially feasible.
SLC: Sumatran Light Crude
Solar energy: The radiant energy of the sun, which can be converted into other forms of
energy, such as heat or electricity.
Speculative resources (coal): Undiscovered coal in beds that may occur either in known types
of deposits in a favorable geologic setting where no discoveries have been made, or in deposits
that remain to be recognized. Exploration that confirms their existence and better defines their
quantity and quality would permit their reclassification as identified resources.
Steam: Water in vapor form; used as the working fluid in steam turbines and heating systems.
Subsidy: Financial assistance granted by the Government to firms and individuals.
TAC: Technical Assistance Contract; A from of cooperation between PERTAMINA and private
companies for oil and gas exploration and exploitation.
Therm: One hundred thousand (100,000) Btu.
UPPDN: Unit Perbekalan dan Pemasaran Dalam Negeri
Volt (V): The volt is the International System of Units (SI) measure of electric potential or
electromotive force. A potential of one volt appears across a resistance of one ohm when a
266
current of one ampere flows through that resistance. Reduced to SI base units, 1 V = 1 kg times
m2 times s-3 times A-1 (kilogram meter squared per second cubed per ampere).
Voltage: The difference in electrical potential between any two conductors or between a
conductor and ground. It is a measure of the electric energy per electron that electrons can
acquire and/or give up as they move between the two conductors.
Wax: A solid or semi-solid material consisting of a mixture of hydrocarbons obtained or derived
from petroleum fractions, or through a Fischer-Tropsch type process, in which the straightchained paraffin series predominates. This includes all marketable wax, whether crude or
refined, with a congealing point (ASTM D 938) between 100 and 200 degrees Fahrenheit and a
maximum oil content (ASTM D 3235) of 50 weight percent.
Wind energy: Kinetic energy present in wind motion that can be converted to mechanical
energy for driving pumps, mills, and electric power generators
Wind Power Plant: A group of wind turbines interconnected to a common power provider
system through a system of transformers, distribution lines, and (usually) one substation.
Operation, control, and maintenance functions are often centralized through a network of
computerized monitoring systems, supplemented by visual inspection. This is a term commonly
used in the United States. In Europe, it is called a generating station.
Wood energy: Wood and wood products used as fuel, including round wood (cord wood), limb
wood, wood chips, bark, sawdust, forest residues, charcoal, pulp waste, and spent pulping
liquor.
WTI: West Texas Intermediate
267
268
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272
Profile of Editors
th
Widodo Wahyu Purwanto, born in Sidoarjo, November 11 1960,

received his doctorate degree in chemical engineering (1992) from
Ecole Nationale Suprieure dIngnieurs de Gnie Chimique
(ENSIGC), lInstitut Nationale Polytechnique de Toulouse (INPT),
France. He is an active member of the American Institute of
Chemical Engineers (AIChe), the current director of Center for
Energy Studies University of Indonesia and head of Sustainable
Energy Research Group at the Department of Chemical
Engineering University of Indonesia. Clean Energy Technology
and Chemical Reaction Engineering are his preferred research
domains. He regularly gives lectures to undergraduate as well as
graduate students of Chemical Engineering University of Indonesia
and to professionals in the oil and gas business on certain
occasions.
Yulianto Sulistyo Nugroho, was born in Jakarta, July 28 1968.
He got his Ph.D degree from Department of Fuel and Energy, The
University of Leeds, UK. Combustion engineering and Energy
Study are his expertise. His research work in Coal Combustion
especially spontaneous combustion of coal have been published
by FUEL International Journal, International Conference on Coal
Science, Proceeding of Combustion Institute, and Coal Tech. He is
a Lecturer in Mechanical Engineering Department FTUI; active
Instructor in professional trainings for Industrial Safety and Fire
Protection Systems; and also member of Indonesian Coal Society
(ICS) and Combustion Institute. He is an acting Vice Director of
Center for Energy Studies in University of Indonesia.
Rinaldy Dalimi, was born in Pekanbaru on April 24 1956, with the
latest education in Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State
University, Virginia Tech (USA), Electrical Engineering Department
(with Doctoral Certificate, Ph.D). His expertise is Power System
Engineering, and he is a lecturer of Undergraduate and
Postgraduate Program of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of
Engineering Universitas Indonesia (FTUI). He is The Dean of
Faculty of Engineering University of Indonesia, and an expert staff
of Center for Energy Studies University of Indonesia
A Harsono Soepardjo, was born in Solo on July 7, 1951, latest

education in University of Montpellier II France with Doctoral
Degree. Beside lecturer of Undergraduate and Postgraduate
Program of Material Science Program and Physics of Mathematic
and Natural Science (FMIPA-UI), he is an expert staff in Center for
Energy Studies of University of Indonesia, Chief of Center for
Marine Studies and Chief of Post Graduate for Marine Sciences
Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science University of
Indonesia. Since 2001 till now, he is a Director of International
Ocean Institute Affiliation Indonesia
273
Abdul Wahid was born in Tegal, July 1 1967, latest education in

Postgraduate Department of Chemical Engineering University of
Indonesia. Research conducted in Process System Engineering
such as Evaluation on the Impact of Department of Mining and
Energy toward the National Economy, Optimization of LNG
Refinery Capacity: a System Dynamic Approach. Now, he is a
lecture of Undergraduate Program in Department of Chemical
Engineering Faculty of Engineering UI and Head of Chemical
Process System Laboratory.
Dijan Supramono was born in Malang, December 8, 1958.. He

was awarded MSc degree in Process Integration in 1991 from
Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Manchester
Institute of Science and Technology (UMIST), England. His
research interest is fluid mechanics and coal combustion. He is a
lecturer at Department of Chemical Engineering, University of
Indonesia.
Dinna Herminna, was born in Jakarta, January 26 1983, latest

education in Undergraduate Program from Chemical Engineering
Study Program Department of Gas and Petrochemical Engineering
Faculty of Engineering University of Indonesia. She responsible for
Sponsorship, Compiling and Managing Data for this book.
Teguh Ahmad Adilina, was born in Jakarta, Desember 8 1983,

latest education in Undergraduate Program from Chemical
Engineering Study Program Department of Gas and Petrochemical
Engineering Faculty of Engineering University of Indonesia. He
responsible for Managing the Energy Model (INOSYD).
274
SPONSORS
PT. Pacific Oil & Gas Indonesia

Jl. M.H. Thamrin No. 31
Jakarta 10230, Indonesia
Telp. (62 21) 3149189
Fax. (62 21) 3149188
Email : pacificoilandgas@po-and-g.com
Homepage : www.po-and-g.com
Premier Oil Indonesia

Jakarta Stock Exchange Building, Tower 1, 10 Floor
Jl. Jend. Sudirman Kav. 52-53
Jakarta 12190
Homepage : www.premier-oil.com
Star Energy
Wisma Mulia 50th Floor
Jl. Jend. Gatot Subroto No. 42
Jakarta 12710 - Indonesia
Telp. (62-21) 52906060
Fax. (62-21) 52906050
PT. Bakrie & Brothers, Tbk

Wisma Bakrie II
Jl. H.R. Rasuna Said Kav B-2,
16th - 17th floor
P.O.Box 660 JKTM
Telp. (62 21) 936 33 333, 99 999
Fax. (62-21) 520 0361
Homepage : www.bakrie-brothers.com
PT. Pendawa Consultama Sejati

Gedung Graha Seti
Jl. KH. Abdullah Syafei, Kav. A, No. 19
Gudang Peluru, Tebet, Jakarta Selatan 12830
PO BOX 1789, Jakarta 12017-Indonesia
Telp. (62-21) 837 00235
Fax. (62-21) 837 00786
Homepage : www.pendawa.co.id
275
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277
Wisma Mulia 50th Floor

Jl. Jend. Gatot Subroto No. 42
Phone : 62-21-52906060
Fax : 62-21-52906050
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INDONESIA

OUTLOOK & STATISTICS 2006

INDONESIA ENERGY OUTLOOK AND STATISTICS 2006

ISBN No. 979-95967-1-8

: A4 (21 cm x 29.7 cm)

Number of Pages : 276 pages

: Matte Paper 120 gram

: Art Carton 260 gram, Full Color

: Pengkajian Energi Universitas Indonesia

First Printing, December 2006

Copyright 2006 by Pengkajian Energi Universitas Indonesia

Dr. Ir. Widodo Wahyu Purwanto, DEA

I am sincerely delighted to welcome the publication of the 2006 edition of

Prof. dr. Usman Chatib Warsa PhD. SpMK

I. ENERGY OUTLOOK AND ANALYSIS OF INDONESIA ............................................ 1

Gross Domestic Product.........................................................................7

Petroleum Fuels Consumption by Sector ...............................................8

Natural Gas Consumption by Sector ......................................................9

Coal Consumption by Sector................................................................10

Electricity Consumption by Sector........................................................11

Total Energy Consumption by Sector (including Biomass) .................12

Total Energy Consumption by Sector (excluding Biomass) .................13

Industrial Energy Consumption by Type...............................................14

Commercial Energy Consumption by Type .........................................15

Residential Energy Consumption by Type (include Biomass) ..............16

Transportation Energy Consumption by Type ......................................17

Electricity Energy Consumption by Type ..............................................18

Total Energy Consumption by Type (including Biomass) .....................19

Total Energy Consumption by Type (excluding Biomass) ....................20

Total Energy Consumption by GDP Scenario ......................................21

Crude Oil Balance ................................................................................22

Natural Gas Balance ............................................................................23

Coal Balance ........................................................................................24

Energy Production by Type ..................................................................25

Total Energy Balance ...........................................................................26

Reserves-Production Ratio of Crude Oil ..............................................27

Reserves-Production Ratio of Natural Gas ..........................................27

Reserves-Production Ratio of Coal ......................................................28

R/P Ratio of Crude Oil, Gas, Coal ........................................................28

CO2 Emission per Sector .....................................................................29

NOx Emission per Sector .....................................................................30

SOx Emissions per Sector....................................................................31

Total Capacity of Oil Refinery...............................................................32

Total Capacity of Gas Refinery.............................................................32

Total Capacity of Power Generator ......................................................33

Investment Cost of Oil ..........................................................................33

Investment Cost of Gas ........................................................................34

Investment Cost of Coal .......................................................................34

Investment Cost of Electricity ...............................................................34

Intensity of Total Energy Consumption.................................................35

GDP Elasticity of Energy Consumption ................................................36

Emissions per GDP ..............................................................................37

Emissions per Capita............................................................................38

Contribution of Primary Energy Supply ................................................39

Contribution of Final Energy Consumption ...........................................40

ENERGY ANALYSIS, PERSPECTIVE, and POLICY.................................................. 41

II. SELECTED ECONOMIC INDICATORS OF INDONESIA........................................ 55

Population, GDP, Energy Consumption, Energy Intensity, and Energy

Average Rates of Foreign Currencies and Gold in Market, 1997-2005

Description of Indonesia Macroeconomics, 1997 2005.....................58

Gross Domestic Product based on Current Market Prices by Industry

Gross Domestic Product based on Constant 2000 Market Prices by

Investment in Oil and Gas, 1997-2004 .................................................61

Ratio of Electrification and Electricity Consumption per Capita, 2003..62