1

Suggested Readings
Chapter 1
Articles on ethical issues in genetics are preceded by an asterisk.
*American Society of Human Genetics Board of Directors and the American College of
Medical Genetics Board of Directors. 1995. Points to consider: ethical, legal, and
psychosocial implications of genetic testing in children. American Journal of Human
Genetics 57:12331241.
An official statement by two groups of professional geneticists on some of the ethical,
legal, and psychological considerations in conducting genetic tests on children.
Dunn, L. C. 1965. A Short History of Genetics. New York: McGraw-Hill.
An excellent history of major developments in the field of genetics.
Evenson, R. E., and D. Gollin. 2003. Assessing the impact of the Green Revolution,
19602000. Science 300:758762.
Summarizes the effects of the Green Revolution on the improvement of crop
productivity in developing countries.
Hedrick, P. W. 2003. Hopi Indians, cultural selection, and albinism. American Journal
of Physical Anthropology 121:151156.
A good discussion of the genetics and evolution of albinism in the Hopi Native
Americans of the American Southwest.
LAMASON, R. L., M. P.K. MOHIDEEN, J. R. MEST, ET AL. 2005. SLC24A5, a
putative cation exchanger, affects pigmentation in zebrafish and humans. SCIENCE
310:17821786.
A research report on the identification of a gene that affects pigmentation in humans.
Lander, E. S., and R. A. Weinberg. 2000. Genomics: journey to the center of biology.
Science 287:17771782.
A succinct history of genetics and, more specifically, genomics written by two of the
leaders of modern genetics.
Myocardial Infarction Genetics Consortium. 2009. Genome-wide association of earlyonset myocardial infarction with single nucleotide polymorphisms and copy number
variants. Nature Genetics 41:334341.

2
A study of single-nucleotide polymorphisms revealing the presence of several genes
that influence a predisposition to heart attacks. See other articles in the same issue of
Nature Genetics.
*Nowlan, W. 2002. A rational view of insurance and genetic discrimination. Science
297:195.
A discussion of the use of genetic information for insurance purposes from the
perspective of the insurance industry. An article by K.H. Rothenberg and S. F. Terry
in this issue of Science presents an alternative view.
OBRIEN, S. J., AND W. E. JOHNSON. 2007. THE EVOLUTION OF CATS.
SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN 297(1):6875.
POPULAR ARTICLE ON HOW ANALYSIS OF DNA SEQUENCES HAS
REVOLUTIONIZED OUR UNDERSTANDING OF CATS.
Rosenberg, K., B. Fuller, M. Rothstein, et al. 1997. Genetic information and workplace:
legislative approaches and policy challenges. Science 275:17551757.
Deals with the use of genetic information in employment.
*Shapiro, H. T. 1997. Ethical and policy issues of human cloning. Science 277:195196.
A discussion of the ethics of human cloning.
Stubbe, H. 1972. History of Genetics: From Prehistoric Times to the Rediscovery of
Mendels Laws. Translated by T. R. W. Waters. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.
A good history of genetics, especially of pre-Mendelian genetics.
Sturtevant, A. H. 1965. A History of Genetics. New York: Harper & Row.
An excellent history of genetics.
Witkop, C. J., Jr., J. D. Niswander, D. R. Bergsma, et al. 2005. Tyrosinase positive
oculocutaneous albinism among Zuni and the Brandywine triracial isolate:
biochemical and clinical characteristics and fertility. American Journal of Physical
Anthropology 36:397405.
A biochemical analysis of albinism in the Zuni Native Americans.
Woolf, C. M., and F. C. Dukepoo. 1969. Hopi Indians, inbreeding, and albinism. Science
164:3037.
A report on the incidence of albinism in the Hopi Native Americans and possible
reasons for its high frequency.

Yi, Z., N. Garrison, O. Cohen-Barak, et al. 2003. 122.5-kilobase deletion of the P gene
underlies the high prevalence of oculocutaneous albinism type 2 in the Navajo
population. American Journal of Human Genetics 72(1):6272.
Genetic characterization of albinism in the Navaho Native Americans of the
Southwest.
Chapter 2
Bouck, D. C., A. P. Joglekar, and K. S. Bloom. 2008. Design features of a mitotic spindle:
balancing tension and compression at a single microtubule kinetochore interface in
budding yeast. Annual Review of Genetics 42:335359.
A comprehensive review of the molecular basis of chromosome separation.
Glotzer, M. 2005. The molecular requirements for cytokinesis. Science 307:17351739.
A review of the molecular events in animal cytokinesis.
Jarrell, K. F., D. P. Bayley, J. D. Correia, and N. A. Thomas. 1999. Recent excitement
about archaea. Bioscience 49:530541.
An excellent review of differences among eubacteria, archaea, and eukaryotes.
King, R. W., P. K. Jackson, and M. W. Kirschner. 1994. Mitosis in transition. Cell
79:563571.
A good review of how the cell cycle is controlled.
Kitajima, T. S., S. A. Kawashima, and Y. Watanabe. 2004. The conserved kinetochore
protein shugoshin protects centromeric cohesion during meiosis. Nature 427:510
517.
Reports that shugoshin protects centromeric cohesin during anaphase I of meiosis.
Koshland, D. 1994. Mitosis: back to basics. Cell 77:951954.
A review of research on mitosis and chromosome movement.
Kotwaliwale, C., and S. Buggins. 2006. Microtuble capture: a concerted effort. Cell
127:11051108.
A short review of kinetochore proteins and their participation in attachment to spindle
fibers.

4
Mogilner, A., R. Wollman, G. Civelekogul-Scholey, and J. Scholey. 2006. Modeling
mitosis. Trends in Cell Biology 16:8896.
A review of the different parts of the protein machine that brings about the
segregation of sister chromatids in mitosis.
Nasmyth, K. 2002. Segregating sister genomes: the molecular biology of chromosome
separation. Science 297:559565.
A very good and readable review of advances in our understanding of the molecular
biology of sister-chromatid and homologous-chromosome separation in mitosis and
meiosis.
Page, S. L., and R. S Hawley. 2003. Chromosome choreography: the meiotic ballet.
Science 301:785789.
An excellent review of the molecular biology of key events in mitosis and meiosis.
See other articles in this issue of Science on bacterial chromosome replication and
separation, prokaryotic chromosomes and disease, and eukaryotic chromosome
evolution.
Pluta, A. F., A. M. MacKay, A. M. Ainsztein, et al. 1995. Centromere: the hub of
chromosome activities. Science 270:15911594.
An excellent review of centromere structure and function.
Uhlmann, F., F. Lottespeich, and K. Nasmyth. 1999. Sister chromatid separation at
anaphase onset is promoted by cleavage of the cohesion subunit Scc1. Nature
400:3742.
Reports that cleavage of cohesion protein has a role in chromatid separation.
Zickler, D., and N. Kleckner. 1999. Meiotic chromosomes: integrating structure and
function. Annual Review of Genetics 33:603754.
A review of chromosomes in meiosis, their structure and function.
Chapter 3
Bennett, R. L., K. A. Steinhaus, S. B. Uhrich, et al. 1995. Recommendations for
standardized human pedigree nomenclature. American Journal of Human Genetics
56:745752.
Contains recommendations for standardized symbols used in pedigree construction.

5
Corcos, A., and F. Monaghan. 1985. Some myths about Mendels experiments. The
American Biology Teacher 47:233236.
An excellent discussion of some misconceptions about Mendels life and discoveries.
Davenport, C. C., and C. B. Davenport. 1909. Heredity of hair color in man. American
Naturalist 43:193211.
Describes one of the first attempts to study the inheritance of red hair color.
Dunn, L. C. 1965. A Short History of Genetics. New York: McGraw-Hill.
An older but very good history of genetics.
Hartle, D. L., and D. J. Fairbanks. 2007. Mud sticks: on alleged falsification of Mendels
data. Genetics 175:975979.
Hartle and Fairbanks consider the idea that Mendel fudged his data and conclude that
the results provide no evidence for the accusation.
Henig, R. M. 2001. The Monk in the Garden: The Lost and Found Genius of Gregor
Mendel, the Father of Genetics. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
A biography of Gregor Mendel, in which the author has used historical research to
create a vivid portrait of Mendels life and work.
Klein, J. 2000. Johann Mendels field of dreams. Genetics 156:16.
An account of Mendels childhood home and schools.
Lalueza-Fox, C. 2007. A melanocortin 1 receptor allele suggests varying pigmentation
among Neanderthals. Science 318:14531455.
Reports on research showing that the Neanderthals carried a gene for red hair.
Lewis, R. 1994. The evolution of a classical genetic tool. Bioscience 44:722726.
A well-written review of the history of pedigree analysis and changes in symbols that
have been necessitated by changing lifestyles and the development of reproductive
technologies.
Monaghan, F. V., and A. F. Corcos. 1987. Reexamination of the fate of Mendels paper.
Journal of Heredity 78:116118.
A good discussion of why Mendels paper was not recognized by his peers.

6
Neal, J. 1943. Concerning the inheritance of red hair. Journal of Heredity 34:9396.
An early discussion about the inheritance of red hair.
Orel, V. 1984. Mendel. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
An excellent and authoritative biography of Mendel.
Rees, J. L. 2003. Genetics of hair and skin color. Annual Review of Genetics 37:6790.
An excellent review of the molecular genetics of hair and skin color.
Weiling, F. 1991. Historical study: Johann Gregor Mendel 18221884. American Journal
of Medical Genetics 40:125.
A fascinating account that contains much research on Mendels life as a scientist.
Chapter 4
Allen, G. E. 1978. Thomas Hunt Morgan: The Man and His Science. Princeton, N. J.:
Princeton University Press.
An excellent history of one of the most important biologists of the early twentieth
century.
Bartolomei, M. S., and S. M. Tilghman. 1997. Genomic imprinting in mammals. Annual
Review of Genetics 31:493526.
An extensive review of mammalian genes that exhibit genomic imprinting, with
information about common features of imprinted genes, the role of methylation in
imprinting, and the evolution of genomic imprinting.
Bogan, J. S., and D. C. Page. 1994. Ovary? Testis? A mammalian dilemma. Cell 76:603
607.
A concise review of the molecular nature of sex determination in mammals.
Bridges, C. B. 1916. Nondisjunction as proof of the chromosome theory of heredity.
Genetics 1:152.
One of Bridgess original papers describing his use of the nondisjunction of X
chromosomes to prove the chromosome theory of heredity.
Constancia, M., M. Hemberger, J. Hughes, et al. 2002. Placental-specific IGF-II is a
major modulator of placental and fetal growth. Nature 417:945948.

Reports that the Igf2 gene, which exhibits genomic imprinting, causes maternal
nutrients to be shunted to the fetus.
Dillon, R. T., and A. R. Wethington. 1992. The inheritance of albinism in a freshwater
snail, Physa heterostropha. Journal of Heredity 83:208210.
An article showing that albinism in the freshwater snail Physa heterostropha is due to
duplicate recessive epistasis.
Erickson, James, W. and J. J. Quintero. 2007. Indirect effects of ploidy suggest X
chromosome dose, not X:A ratio signals sex in Drosophila. Plos Biology 5:32,
doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0050332
Research demonstrating that the X: A ratio does not directly determine sex in
Drosophila.
Foster, E. A., M. A. Jobling, P. G. Taylor, et al. 1998. Jefferson fathered slaves last child.
Nature 396:2728.
Reports on the use of Y-linked markers to establish the paternity of children of Sally
Hemings, Thomas Jeffersons slave.
Gibbs, W. W. 2003. The unseen genome: beyond DNA. Scientific American 289(6):106
113.
A readable account of epigenetic processes that affect heredity.
Grutzner, F., W. R. Rens, E. Tsend-Ayush, et al. 2004. In the platypus a meiotic chain of
ten sex chromosomes shares genes with the bird Z and mammal X chromosomes.
Nature 432:913917.
Reports an unusual mode of sex determination in the platypus.
Idnurm, A., F. J. Watson, A. Floyd, and J. Heitman. 2008. Identification of the sex genes
in an early diverged fungus. Nature 451:193196.
A research report on genes that determine sex in fungi that have genic sex
determination.
Kaneda, M., M. Okano, K. Hata, et al. 2004. Essential role for de novo DNA
methyltransferase Dnmt3a in paternal and maternal imprinting. Nature 429:900903.
Reports on research demonstrating the requirement of DNA methylation for
imprinting in mice.

8
Kohler, R. E. 1994. Lords of the Fly: Drosophila Genetics and the Experimental Life.
Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
A comprehensive history of Drosophila genetics from 1910 to the early 1940s.
Kucharski, R., J. Maleszka, S. Foret, and R. Maleszka. 2008. Nutritional control of
reproductive status in honeybees via DNA methylation. Science 319:18271830.
Reports on research showing that the differences between queens and workers in
honeybees is controlled by differential DNA methylation.
Li, E., C. Beard, and R. Jaenisch. 1993. Role for DNA methylation in genomic
imprinting. Nature 366:362365.
Reviews some of the evidence that DNA methylation is implicated in genomic
imprinting.
McClung, C. E. 1902. The accessory chromosome: sex determinant. Biological Bulletin
3:4384.
McClungs original description of the X chromosome.
Michaud, E. J., S. J. Bultman, M. L. Klebig, et al. 1994. A molecular model for the
genetic and phenotypic characteristics of the mouse lethal yellow (Ay) mutation.
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
91:25622566.
Research report on the molecular basis of the lethal mutation that causes yellow coat
color in mice.
Morgan, T. H. 1910. Sex-limited inheritance in Drosophila. Science 32:120122.
First description of an X-linked trait.
Okamoto, I., A. P. Otte, C. D. Allis, et al. 2004. Epigenetic dynamics of imprinted X
inactivation during early mouse development. Science 303: 644649.
Reports new findings on the pattern of X-chromosome inactivation in the early
development of mammals.
Plath, K., S. Mlynarczyk-Evans, D. A. Nusinow, and B. Panning. 2002. Xist RNA and the
mechanism of X chromosome inactivation. Annual Review of Genetics 36:233278.
An excellent review of the molecular basis of X-chromosome inactivation.

9
Payer, B., and J. T. Lee. 2008. X chromosome dosage compensation: how mammals keep
the balance. Annual Review of Genetics 42:733732.
A good review of dosage compensation in mammals.
Sekido, R., and R. Lovell-Badge. 2008. Sex determination involves synergistic action of
SRY and SF1 on a specific Sox9 enhancer. Nature 453:930934.
A research report on the molecular effects of the SRY gene.
Shoffner, J. M., and D. C. Wallace. 1992. Mitochondrial genetics: principles and practice
[Invited editorial]. American Journal of Human Genetics 51:11791186.
A discussion of the characteristics of cytoplasmically inherited mitochondrial
mutations.
Thomson, G., and M. S. Esposito. 1999. The genetics of complex diseases. Trends in
Genetics 15:M17M20.
A discussion of human multifactorial diseases and the effect of the Human Genome
Project on the identification of genes influencing these diseases.
Thorup, T. A., B. Tanyolac, K. D. Livingstone, et al. 2000. Candidate gene analysis of
organ pigmentation loci in the Solanaceae. Proceedings of the National Academy of
Sciences of the United States of America 97:1119211197.
A report on a study looking at the genes that encode pigmentation in peppers.
Wallace, D. C. 1989. Mitochondrial DNA mutations and neuromuscular disease. Trends
in Genetics 5:913.
More discussion of cytoplasmically inherited mitochondrial mutations.
Chapter 5
Altshuler, D., M. J. Daly, and E. S. Lander. 2008. Genetic mapping in human disease.
Science 322:881888.
A review of powerful new methods for identifying and mapping genes that affect
human traits.
Arnheim, N., P. Calabrese, and I. Tiemann-Boege. 2007. Mammalian meiotic
recombination hot spots. Annual Review of Genetics 41:369399.
An extensive review of recombination hotspots.

10
Coop, G., X. Wen, C. Ober, et al. 2008. High resolution mapping of crossovers reveals
extensive variation in fine-scale recombination patterns among humans. Science
319:13951398.
More on recombination hotspots.
Creighton, H. B., and B. McClintock. 1931. A correlation of cytological and genetical
crossing over in Zea mays. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the
United States of America 17:492497.
Creighton and McClintocks finding that crossing over is associated with the
exchange of chromosome segments.
Hillmer, A. M. 2008. Susceptibility variants for male-pattern baldness on chromosome
20p11. Nature Genetics 40:12791281.
Reports on a genomewide association study on genes that influence pattern baldness.
Hillmer, A. M., S. Hanneken, S. Ritzmann, et al. 2005. Genetic variation in the human
androgen receptor gene is the major determinant of common early-onset androgenic
alopecia. American Journal of Human Genetics 77:140148.
Reports that pattern baldness is caused by variation at the androgen receptor gene on
the X chromosome.
Hillmer, A., V. Moskvina, R. Sims, et al. 2008. Genome-wide scan and fine-mapping
linkage study of androgenetic alopecia reveals a locus on chromosome 3q26.
American Journal of Human Genetics 82:737743.
Reports that pattern baldness is also influenced by one or more genes on chromosome
3.
Jensen-Seaman, M. I., T. S. Furey, B. A. Payseur, et al. 2004. Comparative recombination
rates in rat, mouse, and human genomes. Genome Research 14:528538.
Reports on research finding that humans have about 50% more recombination than do
the mouse and rat.
Kong, A., D. F. Gudbjartsson, J. Sainz, et al. 2002. A high-resolution recombination map
of the human genome. Nature Genetics 31:241247.
A detailed report on how recombination varies across the human genome.
Myers, S., L. Bottolo, C. Freeman, et al. 2005. A fine-scale map of recombination rates
and hotspots across the human genome. Science 310:321324.

11
More on recombination in the human genome.
Richards, J. B. 2008. Male-pattern baldness susceptibility locus at 20p11. Nature
Genetics 40:12821284.
Research report showing that genetic variation on chromosome 20 also contributes to
pattern baldness.
Stern, C. 1936. Somatic crossing over and segregation in Drosophila melanogaster.
Genetics 21:625631.
Sterns finding, similar to that of Creighton and McClintock, of a correlation between
crossing over and the physical exchange of chromosome segments.
Winckler, W., S. R. Myers, D. J. Richter, et al. 2005. Comparison of fine-scale
recombination rates in humans and chimpanzees. Science 308:107111.
A research report describing recombination hotspots in the genomes of humans and
chimpanzees.
Chapter 6
Arron, J. R., M. M. Winslow, A. Polleri, et al. 2006. NFAT dysregulation by increased
dosage of DSCR1 and DYRK1A on chromosome 21. Nature 441:595600.
A research report on the effect of two genes in the Down-syndrome critical region on
characteristics of Down syndrome.
Boue, A. 1985. Cytogenetics of pregnancy wastage. Advances in Human Genetics 14:1
58.
A report on a study showing that many human spontaneously aborted fetuses contain
chromosome mutations.
Brewer, C., S. Holloway, P. Zawalnyski, et al. 1998. A chromosomal deletion map of
human malformations. American Journal of Human Genetics 63:11531159.
A report on a study of human malformations related to specific chromosome
deletions.
Cohen, J. 2002. Sorting out chromosome errors. Science 296:21642166.
An interesting discussion of why humans have such a high rate of aneuploidy.

12
Cook, E. H., Jr., and S. W. Scherer. 2008. Copy-number variations associated with
neuropsychiatric conditions. Nature 455:919923.
A current review of copy-number variations and their relation to neurological and
psychiatric conditions.
Dubcovsky, J., and J. Dvorak. 2007. Genome plasticity a key factor in the success of
polyploidy wheat under domestication. Science 316:18621866.
A research article that reviews the development of polyploidy wheat and molecular
evidence for genetic changes that lead to domestication.
Durkin, S. G., and T. W. Glover. 2007. Chromosome fragile sites. Annual Review of
Genetics 41:169192.
A good review of chromosome fragile sites.
Epstein, C. J. 1988. Mechanisms of the effects of aneuploidy in mammals. Annual
Review of Genetics 22:5175.
A review of how aneuploidy produces phenotypic effects in mammals.
Feldman, M., and E. R. Sears. 1981. The wild resources of wheat. Scientific American
244(1):98.
An account of how polyploidy has led to the evolution of modern wheat.
Gardner, R. J. M., and G. R. Sunderland. 2003. Chromosome Abnormalities and Genetic
Counseling, 3d ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
A guide to chromosome abnormalities for genetic counselors.
Griffiths, S., R. Sharp, T. N. Foote, et al. 2006. Molecular characterization of Ph1 as a
major chromosome pairing locus in polyploidy wheat. Nature 439:749752.
A research report on the molecular characterization of a single locus in wheat that
prevents the pairing of related chromosomes from different genomes in meiosis.
Hieter, P., and T. Griffiths. 1999. Polyploidy: more is more or less. Science 285:210211.
A discussion of research that shows that there is some unbalanced gene expression in
polyploid cells.
Lupski, J. R. 2006. Genome structural variation and sporadic disease traits. Nature
Genetics 38:974976.

13
A short review of recent evidence to suggest that many copy-number variations are
associated with disease.
Nelson, D. L., and R. A. Gibbs. 2004. The critical region in trisomy 21. Science 306:619
620.
A commentary on research showing that trisomy of the Down-syndrome critical
region is neither necessary nor sufficient to produce the facial and cranial features of
Down syndrome in mice.
Olson, L. E., J. T. Richtsmeier, J. Leszl, and R. H. Reeves. 2004. A chromosome 21
critical region does not cause specific Down syndrome phenotypes. Science 306:687
690.
A report on research showing that trisomy of the Down-syndrome critical region is
neither necessary nor sufficient to produce the facial and cranial features of Down
syndrome in mice.
Patterson, D. 1987. The causes of Down syndrome. Scientific American 257(2):5260.
An excellent review of research concerning the genes on chromosome 21 that cause
Down syndrome.
Pennisi, E. 2008. 17q21.31: not your average genomic address. Science 322:842845.
An interesting journalistic article on the effects of deletions on chromosome 17.
Rowley, J. D. 1998. The critical role of chromosome translocations in human leukemias.
Annual Review of Genetics 32:495519.
A review of molecular analyses of chromosome translocations in leukemias.
Ryder, O. A., L. G. Chemnick, A. T. Bowling, and K. Benirschke. 1985. Male mule foal
qualifies as the offspring of a female mule and jack donkey. Journal of Heredity
76:379381.
A report on a study of a male foal (Blue Moon) born to a mule, which was discussed
in end-of-chapter Problem 32.
Salehi, A., J. Delcroix, P. V. Belichenko, et al. 2006. Increased App expression in a mouse
model of Downs syndrome disrupts NGF transport and causes cholinergic neuron
degeneration. Neuron 51:2942.
A report on the role of the App gene in Alzheimer-like symptoms seen in people with
Down syndrome.

14
Sussan, T. E., A. Yang, M. C. Ostrowski, and R. H. Reeves. 2008. Trisomy represses
ApcMin-mediated tumours in mouse model of Downs syndrome. Nature 451:7375.
A research report demonstrating that the presence of three copies of chromosome 21
reduces the incidence of solid tumors.
Torres, E. M., B. R. Williams, and A. Amon. 2008. Aneuploidy: cells losing their balance.
Genetics 179:737746l.
A good historical review and up-to-date review of studies of aneuploidy, especially
theories about how they produce phenotypic effects.
Chapter 7
Birge, E. A. 2006. Bacterial and Bacteriophage Genetics, 5th ed. New York:
Springer.
An excellent textbook on the genetics of bacteria and bacteriophages.
Chen, I., P. J. Christie, and D. Dubnau. 2005. The ins and outs of DNA transfer in
bacteria. Science 310:14561460.
A detailed and somewhat technical review of the molecular machinery for
transformation and conjugation in bacteria.
Dale, J. 1998. Molecular Genetics of Bacteria, 3d ed. New York: Wiley.
A concise summary of basic and molecular genetics of bacteria and
bacteriophages.
Davies, J. 1994. Inactivation of antibiotics and the dissemination of resistance
genes. Science 264:375382.
Reviews the crisis of antibiotic resistance in bacteria, with particular emphasis
on the physiology and genetics of resistance.
Fraser, C. M., J. A. Eisen, and S. L. Salzberg. 2000. Microbial genome
sequencing. Nature 406:799803.
A short review of DNA sequencing of bacterial genomes.
Heeney, J. L., A. G. Dalgleish, and R. A. Weiss. 2006. Origins of HIV and the
evolution of resistance to AIDS. Science 313:462466.

15
An excellent review of the evolutionary origins of HIV and of genetic factors
in humans that affect infection and disease progression.
Hershey, A. D., and R. Rotman. 1942. Genetic recombination between host-range
and plaque-type mutants of bacteriophage in single bacterial cells. Genetics
34:4471.
Hershey and Rotmans original report on mapping experiments with phages.
Ippen-Ihler, K. A., and E. G. Minkley, Jr. 1986. The conjugation system of F, the
fertility factor of Escherichia coli. Annual Review of Genetics 20:593624.
A detailed review of the F factor.
Kruse, H., and H. Srum. 1994. Transfer of multiple drug resistance plasmids
between bacteria of diverse origins in natural microenvironments. Applied
and Environmental Microbiology 60:40154021.
Reports experiments demonstrating the transfer of R plasmids between
diverse bacteria under natural conditions.
Lederberg, J., and E. L. Tatum. 1946. Gene recombination in Escherichia coli.
Nature 158:558.
One of the original descriptions of Lederberg and Tatums discovery of gene
transfer in bacteria. A slightly different set of experiments showing the same
result were published in 1946 in Cold Spring Harbor Symposium on
Quantitative Biology 11:113114.
Miller, R. V. 1998. Bacterial gene swapping in nature. Scientific American
278(1):6671.
A discussion of the importance of gene transfer by conjugation,
transformation, and transduction in nature.
Ochman, H., J. G. Lawrence, and E. A. Groisman. 2000. Lateral gene transfer and
the nature of bacterial innovation. Nature 405:299304.
A review of the role of horizontal gene transfer in bacterial evolution.
Pace, N. R. 1997. A molecular view of microbial diversity and the biosphere.
Science 276:734740.
A good review of the diversity and classification of bacteria based on DNA
sequence data.

16
Roesch, L. F., R. R. Fulthorpe, A. Riva, et al. 2007. Pyrosequencing enumerates
and contrasts soil microbial diversity. ISME Journal 1:283290.
Reports a study that determined the number of bacterial species in a gram of
soil from four localities.
Scientific American. 1998. Volume 279, issue 1.
This issue contains a special report with a number of articles on HIV and
AIDS.
Sorek, R., Y. Zhu, C. J. Creevey, et al. 2007. Genome-wide experimental
determination of barriers to horizontal gene transfer. Science 318:14491452.
Reports a study of which genes can potentially fail to transfer between species
of bacteria through horizontal gene transfer.
Steinhauer, D. A., and J. J. Skehel. 2002. Genetics of influenza viruses. Annual
Review of Genetics 36:305332.
A review of the genetics and evolution of influenza virus.
Synder, L.. and W. Champness. 2007. Molecular Genetics of Bacteria.
Washington, D.C.: ASM Press.
A textbook on the molecular aspects of genetics in bacteria.
Trifonov, V., H. Kiabanian, and R. Rabadan. 2009. Geographic dependence,
surveillance, and origins of the 2009 influenza A (H1N1) virus. New England
Journal of Medicine 10.1056/NEJMP0904572.
Information on the novel H1N1 influenza virus (commonly called swine flu
virus) that appeared in 2009.
Walsh, C. 2000. Molecular mechanisms that confer antibacterial drug resistance.
Nature 406:775781.
A very good review of how antibiotic resistance develops and how antibiotics
that are less likely to be resisted by bacteria can be developed.
Wollman, E. L., F. Jacob, and W. Hayes. 1962. Conjugation and genetic
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Original work on the use of interrupted conjugation to map genes in E. coli.

17
Chapter 8
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Avery, MacLeod, and McCartys description of their demonstration that the
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Francis Cricks personal account of the discovery of the structure of DNA.
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18
Hershey and Chases original report on their well-known experiment with T2
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19

The original paper in which Watson and Crick first presented their new structure for
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A review of the different secondary structures that DNA can assume.
Chapter 9
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20
An excellent review of the action of DNA polymerases that act at the replication fork
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A readable account of telomeres, how they are replicated, and their role in cancer.
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An excellent review of the increasing number of different DNA polymerases found in
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21

McCulloch, S. D., and T. A. Kunkel. 2008. The fidelity of DNA synthesis by eukaryotic
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22

Stahl, F. W. 1994. The Holliday junction on its thirtieth anniversary. Genetics 138:241
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Chapter 10
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23
Cramer, P., D. A. Bushnell, J. Fu, et al. 2000. Architecture of RNA polymerase II and
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A report on the detailed structure of RNA polymerase II.
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Presentation of a model of the transcription apparatus.
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24
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Another report on Piwi-interacting RNAs.
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25

A review of RNA polymerase II.

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Reports on proofreading by RNA polymerase.
Chapter 11
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26
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27
A review of what structural studies of the ribosome reveal about the process of
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Chapter 12
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A discussion of the role of methylation in gene regulation and development.

28
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29
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30
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Chapter 13

31
Chamary, J. V., and L. D. Hurst. 2009. The price of silent mutations. Scientific
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32
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Chapter 14

33

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34
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35
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Chapter 15
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36
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37
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38
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Science reports on the human genome sequence and its analysis.
Chapter 16

39

Bitttner, M., P. Meltzer, Y. Chen, et al. 2000. Molecular classification of cutaneous

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An example of the power of genomic approaches to identifying genes that
contribute to cancer.

40
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41
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42
A discussion of the first successful attempt to convert normal human cells into cancer
cells by artificially introducing telomerase-expressing genes, oncogenes, and tumorsuppressor genes into a cell.
Chapter 17
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43
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Research report on the use of QTL analysis to locate a gene that plays an important
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44

Moore, K. J., and D. L. Nagle. 2000. Complex trait analysis in the mouse: the strengths,
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intelligence in humans.

45
Chapter 18
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the apple maggot Rhagoletis pomenella.

46
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A report on the use of the molecular clock and mitochondrial DNA sequences
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