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Annex G
[informative]
Balanced summation model for the calculation of the fire resistance
of composite columns with partially encased steel sections, for
bending around the weak axis, exposed to fire all around the column
according to the standard temperature-time curve .
b
Z
ef
u1

bc,fi

h
h w,fi
u2

b c,fi
ew

Figure G.1: Reduced cross-section for structural fire design

G.1 Introduction
(1) This calculation model is based on the principles and rules given in 4.3.5.1, but has been developed
only for bending around the axis Z such as:

N fi ,Rd ,z = z N fi , pl ,Rd

(G.1)

(2) For the calculation of the design value of the plastic resistance to axial compression
the effective flexural stiffness

N fi , pl ,Rd and of

( EI ) fi ,eff ,z in the fire situation, the cross-section is divided into four

components:
-

the flanges of the steel profile;

the web of the steel profile;

the concrete contained by the steel profile and

the reinforcing bars.

(3) Each component may be evaluated on the basis of a reduced characteristic strength, a reduced
modulus of elasticity and a reduced cross-section in function of the standard fire resistance R30, R60,
R90 or R120.
(4) The design value of the plastic resistance to axial compression and the effective flexural stiffness of
the cross-section may be obtained, according to (4) and (5) of 4.3.5.1, by a balanced summation of the
corresponding values of the four components.

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(5) Strength and deformation properties of steel and concrete at elevated temperatures complies with the
corresponding principles and rules of 3.1 and 3.2.

G.2 Flanges of the steel profile

(1) The average flange temperature may be determined from:

f ,t = o ,t + k t ( Am V )

(G.2)

where:

is the duration in minutes of the fire exposure

Am V is the section factor in m-1, with Am = 2 (h + b) in [m] and V = h b in [m]

o ,t

is a temperature in C given in Table G.1

kt

is an empirical coefficient given in Table G.1.

Table G.1
Standard Fire Resistance

R30
R60
R90
R120
(2) On behalf of the temperature

= f ,t

o ,t

kt

[C]

[mC]

550
680
805
900

9,65
9,55
6,15
4,65

the corresponding maximum stress level and the modulus of

elasticity are determined from:

f ay , f ,t = f ay , f k y ,

and

Ea , f ,t = Ea , f k E ,

with

(G.3)

k y , and k E , following Table 3.2 of 3.2.1

(G.4)

(3) The design value of the plastic resistance to axial compression and the flexural stiffness of the two
flanges of the steel profile in the fire situation are determined from:

N fi , pl ,Rd , f = 2 (b e f f ay , f ,t ) M , fi ,a and

( EI ) fi , f ,z = Ea , f ,t e f b 3

(G.5)
(G.6)

G.3 Web of the steel profile

(1) The part of the web with the height

hw , fi and starting at the inner edge of the flange may be neglected

(see Figure G.1). This part is determined from:

hw , fi = 0 ,5 (h 2e f ) 1 1 - 0,16 (H t h ) where H t is given in Table G.2.

(G.7)

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Table G.2
Standard Fire Resistance

H t [mm]

R 30
R 60
R 90
R 120

350
770
1100
1250

(2) The maximum stress level is obtained from:

f ay ,w ,t = f ay ,w 1 - (0,16H t h )

(G.8)

(3) The design value of the plastic resistance to axial compression and the flexural stiffness of the web of
the steel profile in the fire situation are determined from:

N fi , pl ,Rd ,w = ew (h 2e f 2hw , fi ) f ay ,w,t

( EI ) fi ,w ,z = Ea ,w (h 2e f 2hw , fi ) ew3

M , fi ,a

(G.9)
(G.10)

12

G.4 Concrete
(1) An exterior layer of concrete with a thickness
G.1). The thickness

bc , fi may be neglected in the calculation (see

Figure

-1

bc , fi is given in Table G.3, with Am V , the section factor in m of the entire

composite cross-section.

Table G.3
Standard Fire Resistance

bc , fi [mm]

R30

4,0

R60

15,0

R90

0,5 ( Am

V ) + 22,5

R120

2,0 ( Am

V ) + 24,0

(2) The average temperature in concrete

c ,t

is given in Table G.4 in function of the section factor

Am V of the entire composite cross-section and for the standard fire resistance classes.
Table G.4
R30

R60

c ,t

Am V

[m ]

[C]

4
23
46
-

136
300
400
-

Am V
-1

R90

c ,t

Am V

[m ]

[C]

4
9
21
50
-

214
300
400
600
-

-1

R120

c ,t

Am V

[m ]

[C]

[m ]

[C]

4
6
13
33
54
-

256
300
400
600
800
-

4
5
9
23
38
41
43

265
300
400
600
800
900
1000

-1

-1

c ,t

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(3) On behalf of the temperature

= c ,t the secant modulus of concrete is obtained from:

Ec ,sec, = f c , cu , = f c k c , cu , with k c , and cu , following Table 3.3 of 3.2.2

(G.11)

(4) The design value of the plastic resistance to axial compression and the flexural stiffness of the
concrete in the fire situation are determined from:

N fi , pl ,Rd ,c = 0 ,86 {((h 2e f 2bc , fi )(b ew 2bc , fi )) As } f c , M , fi ,c

(G.12)

where As is the cross-section of the reinforcing bars, and 0,86 is a calibration factor.

(EI )

fi , c , z

where

= Ec , sec,

[{(h 2e 2b ) ((b 2b
f

c , fi

c , fi

) e ) 12} I
3

s ,z

(G.13)

I s ,z is the second moment of area of the reinforcing bars related to the central axis Z of the

composite cross-section.

G.5 Reinforcing bars

(1) The reduction factor

k y ,t of the yield point and the reduction factor k E ,t of the modulus of elasticity

of the reinforcing bars, are defined in function of the standard fire resistance and the geometrical average
u of the axis distances of the reinforcement to the outer borders of the concrete (see Tables G.5 and
G.6).

Table G.5: Reduction factor ky,t for the yield point fsy of the reinforcing bars
u[mm]

40

45

50

55

60

R60

0,789

0,883

0,976

R90

0,314

0,434

0,572

0,696

0,822

R120

0,170

0,223

0,288

0,367

0,436

Standard
Fire Resistance
R30

Table G.6: Reduction factor kE,t for the modulus of elasticity Es of the reinforcing bars
u[mm]

40

45

50

55

60

0,830

0,865

0,888

0,914

0,935

R60

0,604

0,647

0,689

0,729

0,763

R90

0,193

0,283

0,406

0,522

0,619

R120

0,110

0,128

0,173

0,233

0,285

Standard
Fire Resistance
R30

(2) The geometrical average u of the axis distances

u1 and u 2 is obtained from:

u = u1 u 2

(G.14)

where:

u1
u2

is the axis distance from the outer reinforcing bar to the inner flange edge

[mm]

is the axis distance from the outer reinforcing bar to the concrete surface

[mm]

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If

(u1 - u2 ) > 10 mm, then u =

u 2 (u 2 + 10 ) ,

or

(u2 - u1 ) > 10 mm, then u =

u1 (u1 + 10 ) .

Note:

(3) The design value of the plastic resistance to axial compression and the flexural stiffness of the
reinforcing bars in the fire situation are obtained from:

N fi , pl ,Rd ,s = As k y ,t f sy M , fi ,s

(G.15)

(EI ) fi ,s ,z = k E ,t

(G.16)

E s I s ,z

G.6 Calculation of the axial buckling load at elevated temperatures

(1) According to (4) of G.1, the design value of the plastic resistance to axial compression and the
effective flexural stiffness of the cross-section in the fire situation are determined from:

N fi , pl ,Rd = N fi , pl ,Rd , f + N fi , pl ,Rd ,w + N fi , pl ,Rd ,c + N fi , pl ,Rd ,s

(G.17)

(EI ) fi ,eff ,z = f , (EI ) fi , f ,z + w , (EI ) fi ,w ,z + c , (EI ) fi ,c ,z + s , (EI ) fi ,s ,z

(G.18)

where

i, is

a reduction coefficient depending on the effect of thermal stresses. The values of

i,

are

given in Table G.7.

Table G.7
Standard Fire Resistance

f,

w,

c,

s,

R30

1,0

1,0

0,8

1,0

R60

0,9

1,0

0,8

0,9

R90

0,8

1,0

0,8

0,8

R120

1,0

1,0

0,8

1,0

(2) The Euler buckling load or elastic critical load follows by:

N fi ,cr ,z = (EI ) fi ,eff ,z

l 2

(G.19)

where:

l is the buckling length of the column in the fire situation.

(3) The non-dimensional slenderness ratio is obtained from:

= N fi, pl,R N fi,cr,z

(G.20)

where:

N fi , pl ,R is the value of N fi , pl ,Rd according to (1) when the factors M , fi ,a , M , fi ,c and M , fi ,s are taken
as 1,0.

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(4) Using and the buckling curve c of EN 1993-1-1, the reduction coefficient
the design axial buckling load in the fire situation is obtained from:

z may be calculated and

N fi ,Rd ,z = z N fi , pl ,Rd

(G.21)

(5) Limitations of the method of this Annex are given as follows for the different standard fire resistance
classes:
R30:
R60:

b and h 230 mm
for

230 mm b < 300 mm or h/b > 3

for

b 300 mm and h/b 3

l 13,5b

l 10b

l 13,5b

b 300 mm and h 300 mm

R90
and
R120

for h / b > 3

l 10b

for h / b 3

l 13,5b

(6) The design values of the resistance of members in axial compression or the design axial buckling
loads N fi ,Rd ,z are shown in Figures G.2 and G.3 in function of the buckling length l for the profile series
HEA and the material grades S355 of the steel profile, C40/50 of the concrete, S500 of the reinforcing
bars and for the different standard fire resistance classes R60, R90 and R120.
These design graphs are based on the partial material safety factors

M , fi ,a = M , fi ,s = M , fi ,c = 1,0 .

G.7 Eccentricity of loading

(1) For a column submitted to a load with an eccentricity , the design buckling load

N fi ,Rd , may be

obtained from:

N fi ,Rd , = N fi ,Rd (N Rd , N Rd )

(G.22)

where:

N Rd and N Rd , represent the axial buckling load and the buckling load in case of an eccentric load
calculated according to EN 1994-1-1, for normal temperature design.
(2) The application point of the eccentric load remains inside the composite cross-section of the column.