Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
PRESENTSIMPLE
FORM
l\ffirmative
Negative
| / You work
He / She/ lt works
We / You / Theywork
Usas
t:]:it"n"tttt t^t'':"+,,'',
Do | / youwork? .
o"""n.Jrr,'.in woiz
r;;; i ii.'*"'n,
Examples
A r e o u l a rh a b i t o r r o u t i n e
A g e n e r a tl r u t h o r s c i e n t i f i cf a c t
Stativeverbs
PRESENTCONTINUOUS
''t ,,,
FORM
Interrogatie,.
Affirmative
Negative
I am reading
Youare reading
He/ She/ lt is reading
We/ You/ Theyare reading
Uses
,,
I
'
'
.
:
AmIreadingTr-,
nre vlu.relfins?
__ 1
ls he / she/ it readingi
Are we / Vol thVreading?
Examples
An actionwhichis happening
now He is reading a magazine now.
A temporary
action
this year,bt'present
A d e f i n i t ep l a n f o r t h e n e a rf u t u r e
t h i s e v e n i n gt,o n i g h t ,t o m o r r o w ,
next Friday/ week / ear
+ Stative
Verbs
C o m oi n d i c a nu n e s t a d om, sq u eu n aa c c i ns,u e l e nu s a r s e n
con:
PresentSimple.Estnrelacionados
C
(dislike,enjoy,
y lossentimientos
lasemociones
hate, hope, like, love, prefer, want)
y la opinin(believe,forget, guess,
el pensamiento
know, remember, think, understand)
(belong,have, own).
la posesin
t a n t oe s t a d oc o m oa c t i v i d ayd p u e d e n
u s a r se n
A l g u n o isn d i c a n
l a f o r m as i m p l ey e n l a c o n t i n u a .
Sarah thinks the film is boring.
(Sarahcreeque la pelculaes abunida.)lestado]
Sarsh is thinking of selling her house.
(Sarahestpensandoen vender su casa.)[actividad]
Mientrasqueel verbosee en PresentContinuousindicauna
accinfuturafijadade antemano.
We're seeing Ann tonight.
(Veremosa Ann estanoche.)[Yahemosquedado.]
Affirmative
| / you visited
He / She/ lt vsited
We / You/ Theyvisited
Negative
lnterrogatve
Time expressions
Examples
Uses
A completed
a c t i o ni n t h e p a s t
A s e r i e so f c o m p l e t e a
d c t i o n si n t h e p a s t
PAST CONTINUOUS'
FORM
Affirmative
I was watching
Youwere watching
He/ She,/lt was watching
We/ You/ Theywere watching
Negative
I was not (wasn't)watching
Youwere not (weren't)watching
He/ She/ lt was not (wasn't)watching
Wei You/ Theywere not (werent)watching
Interrogative
Was I watching?
Were you watching?
Was he / she/ it watching?
Were we/ you/ theywatching?
Time expressons
Examples,
Uses
An incomplete
actionin progress At 9 o'clock last night, they were watching the tennis
timein the past
at a specific
match.
A n i n c o m p l e t ea c t i o ni n t e r r u p t e d
b v a n o t h e ra c t i o n
T w o i n c o m p l e t ea c t i o n si n p r o g r e s s
I was coaking dinner while he was settng the table.
a t t h e s a m et i m e i n t h e p a s t
.: .::
FUTUFE SMPLE
:FORhft
Jlffirmative
Negative
Interrogative
| / Youwill start
He/ She/ tt witl start
We/ Yo.u/ Theywill start
Wll | / youstart?
Will he/ she/ it start?
Will we I you lthey start?
Uses
Examples
A prediction
A timetable
A s o o n t a n e o uds e c i s i o n
Time expressions
in an hour,at 3 o'clock,
thisevening,
nextmonth/ year,soon,
later,tomorrow,
in thefuture,
in a few weeks,
on 1stMav
Grammar
UNIT
N o e x p r e suan ai n t e n c i nc ,o m o
sidoprogramado
conantelacin.y
Sedistinguedel PresentContinuousk
temporalqueva en la fraseindicaun t
The train is arrivng in
APPendix
a l g oq u eh a
s e gur i d a d .
e la expresin
y nopresente.
u,"t*
:: , r
Affirmative
Hegatlve
| / Youhave talked
He / She/ lt has talked
We / you / Theyhave talked
Time expressions
Uses
A n a c t i o nt h a t b e g a ni n t h e p a s ta n d c o n t i n u e s
u n t i lt h e f u t u r e
ime
A n a c t i o nt h a t t o o k p l a c ea t a n u n d e t e r m i n et d
Jack has stopped smoking.
to the present
i n t h e p a s t ,b u t i s c o n n e c t e d
ever,never,yet,just, already,
recently,lately,how long ...?,
for, since,in recentyears
."'
deI verboprincipal'
seusahavei has+ eI participio
: ponehave/ has+ not (n't)+ el participio'
have lhas + el sujeto+ el participio.
: ponemos
O
O
y
H a b l adr e a c c i o n eqsu ee m p e z a r oenn e l .p a s a d o a n
presente)'
verbo
en
el
se
traduce
(por
veces
eso,
.ontintn
pasadas
cuyosefectossonvisiblesactualmente'
Conacciones
se pone
que unaaccinacabade ocurrir'Entonces
t6 Expresar
.iust entrehave Y el ParticiPio.
They have iust arrived' (Acabande llegar')
cu
s n t ot i e m p oh a p a s a d o
C o nh o w l o n g . ' . ? p r e g u n t a m o
q
u
e
a
n
c
o
n
t
i
n ae,m p e z .
q
u
e
a
c
c
i
n
,
l
a
desde
How long have You lived in London?
(Cuntotiempo hace que vives en Londres?)
empez'
y sncecundo
durla accin
For indica
cunto
I haven't seenBethfor two Years',
fNohevistoa Bethdurantedosaos'l
Jim hasptayed tennissrnce he was 13 yearsald'
iri..iu.rit a tenisdesdequeteniatreceaos')
Forma
Usos
Afirmativa: el PresentPerfectContinuous(pretritoperfecto
seformacon have / has + been + el
continuo)
compuesto
verboen la formaing.
&
cuyosefectos
perorecientes
terminadas
acciones
Expresar
s o nv i s i b l etso d a v a .
usadascon estetiempoverbaldeben
temporales
Lasexpresiones
i n d i c au
r n p e r i o d on,o u n m o m e n t oc o n c r e t o .
Grammar APPendix
PAST PERFECTSIMPLE
FORM
Affirrnative
Negative
Uses
lr
Intrrogative
Hadl/youstarted?
Had he/ she/ it startod?
Hadwe / you/ they6tarted?
Examples
A completed
a c t i o nw h i c ht o o k p l a c e By the time we arriued at the cinema,the ftlm had
b e f o r ea n o t h e ra c t i o ni n t h e p a s t
alreadystarted.
Forma
'alreadv,
by the time, after,'
u e f o r eu, n t l ;n v e rj ,u s t
Usos
Forma
Usos
H a b l adr e u n aa c c i np r o l o n g a dqau eo c u r r i e n e l p a s a d o
a n t e sq u eo t r aa c c i nb r e v et a m b i np a s a d aE. sm u yc o m n
" l l e v a re" n p r e t r i t iom p e r f e c t+o u n v e r b o
t r a d u c i r l coo m o
e ng e r u n d i o .
Shehad been wrting short storiesfor years until she
decidedto publish them. (Llevabaatus escribiendo
cuentos hasta que decidi publicarlos.)
L o h a b i t u ael s q u ee s a sd o sa c c i o n evsa y a nu n i d a sp o ru n a
que puedesertemporalcomolasdel cuadro(when,
conjuncin,
until, before),concesiva(although)o causal(because).
He put on weight becausehe hadn't been getting enough
erercise.(Engordporque no habia estadohaciendo
suficiente ejercicio.)
Grammar
APPendix
SIMPLE
FUTUREPERFECT
Affirmative
| / Youwill havefinished
He/ She/ lt wll havefinishdd
We/ You/ TheYwill havefinished
a c t i o na t
A completed
c e r t a i nf u t u r et i m e
Negative
Interrogative
Wll I / vouhavefinished?
Will heI she/ it havefinished?
Will we/ you/ theYhavefinished?
deunverbo'
Afirmativa:seusawill have+ el participio
will not (won't)+ have+ el participio'
Negativa:ponemos
Interrogativa:seponewill + el sujeto+ have+ el participio'
Usos
enunmomento
queunaaccin
terminado
habr
{F lndicar
delfuturo.
concreto
+ Los prefiios
{F Losprefijosun, im, il, in y dis se aadena algunos
y verbosparaformarsusopuestos"
nombres
adjetivos,
unpleasant(desagradable)
pleasant(agradable)
impatient(imPaciente)
(Paciente)
patient
llegal (ilegal)
legal (legal)
i n correct(incorrecto)
correctIcorrectol
(satisfecho)
dssatisfied (insatisfecho)
satisfied
y verbospara
G El prefijomis seaadea algunosnombres
i n d i c aqr u ea l g os e h a c em a lo i n c o r r e c t a m e n t e '
misuse(mal uso)
use(uso)
quedescriben
el pasoal estado
Conen seformanverbos
esteprefijo'
porla palabra
a la queseaade
indicado
close(cerrar)
enclose(encerrar)
y
{F Losprefijosunder, over y non sonfcilesde entender,
lo
y
pre
significan
multi
bi,
inter,
anti,
re,
co,
a
en cuanfo
lengua:
m i s m oq u ee n n u e s t r a
international (internacional)
underline (subrayar)
overloaded(sobretargado) anti-hero (antihroe)
bilingual (bilinge)
non-smoker(no fumldor)
prehistoric (prehistrico)
co-pilot (copiloto)
(multirracial)
multiracial
,"*rit, [reeicribir)
C o m oc o m p lm
e e n t od i r e c t od e a l g u n ovse r b o sc:o n t i n u e '
dislike, "nioy, finish, hate, like, love, miss' prefer'
recommend, suggest, etc'
I{e likes running marathons.(Le gusta correr maratones')
G Detrsde lasprePosiciones.
She'sinterestedin doing Pilates'
(Estinteresada en hacer Pilates')
be / get used to'
t- Detrsde algunasformasverbales:
mind
/ wouldn't mind'
can't help,"can't stand, don't
spend {time)' etc'
to,
forward
look
use'
no
feel like, it's
tonight'
I feet like gong to the concert
gaas ai ir al concierto esta noche')
i*g"
Forma
El gerundo y el infinitivo
El gerundio
E sl a f o r m av e r b atle r m i n a dean i n g q u ef u n c i o n ac o m ou n
no la utilizadaen lostiemposcontinuos'Poreso
sustantivo,
p o d e m oesn c o n t r a r l o :
G C o m os u j e t oh, a b l a n ddoe h e c h o es n g e n e r a l '
Eating healthy food helps you keepfi.t'
(C";.; imld sana te yaa a mantenerte en forma')
El infinitivo
deto y se usaen estoscasos:
Esla formaverbalprecedida
I Comosujeto,hablandode un hechoconcreto'
To apptyfor that job would be a good idea',
( S o l i c i t a re s et r a b a j os e r i au n a b u e n al d e a ' J
G Detrsde verboscomo:agree, appear, choose, decide'
expect, hope, learn' manage' plan, promise, refuse,
seem, want, wish, etc.
I promisedto help him with his homework'
(Promet ayudarle con los deberes.)
t Detrsde algunosadjetivos(busy'happy,ready,tired, etc')y
adverbioslfast, high,Iow, slowly, etc')
I am happy to be here. (Estoy contenta de estar aqu')
s Detrsdel complementoindirectode'rerboscomo:advise,
invite, persuade, teach, tell o warn'
They told him to eat three meals a a!:
(Le dljeron que hiciera tres comidas al da')
(feel' hear,s9e.,5tc )' make y let
Algunosverbosde percepcin
base(infinitivosinto)'
forma
la
de veibosn
va seguidos
His parents let him participate in the race'
(Supadres le dejaron participar en la carrera')
Verbos seguidos de gerundio y de infinitivo
Verboscomobegin, propose,forbid, intend o start puedenir
y s i g n i f i c alno m i s m o .
c o ng e r u n d i o i n f i n i t i v o
I've started to go / going to the gym'
{He empezadoa ir al gimnasio.)
Perostop, remember, regret y forget no significanlo mismo
s i v a n s e g u i d odse u n g e r u n d i o d e u n i n f i n i t i v o .
Grammar
forget + gerundio se empleaen frasesnegativas
para
i n d i c alra i m p o s i b i l i d d
ae
d o l v i d aar l g oo c u r r i d e
one l p a s a d o .
I'll neuer forget seeing the EffiI Towerfor thefirst
fime. (Nunca olvidar haber visto la Torre Eiffel por
primera vez.)
forget + infinitivo significa"olvidarse
de haceralgo'i
I forgot to buy the newspaper.
(Me olvid de comprar el peridico.)
regret + gerundio significa"arrepentirse
de haberhecho
a l g oe n e l p a s a d o ' l
He regrets staying at home.
(Searrepientede habersequedadoen casa.)
regret + infinitivo significa"lamentarlo queseva a decir
a continuacin'i
I regret to tell you that we can't do anything.
(Lamentodecirte que no podemoshacernada.)
APPendix
"recordar
remember+ gerundiosigniflca
algoquesehizo
enel pasado'l
I remember buying the tickets.
lRecuerdo
habercomptado
lasentradas.)
"acordarse
remember+ infinitivo'siijnifica
algo'i
dehacer
Bememberto take your nassoon.
(Acurdate
de cogerl priupoit..)
'rdejar
stop + gerundiosignifica
un hbito'i
SJre.
stopped trainingfor a few weeks,
(ueJocleentrenarduranteuhassemanas.)
'"
'
i'i iJ
::'
;:
UNIT
rir:
EL ESTLO INDIRECTO
Direct Speech
Tense
"He
PresentSimple
works in a restaurant."
worked in a restaurant."
ShesaidthathefraaW.oiff.ffi staurant.
shesaid
,i", i,;iiiiffi:q1
is working in a restaurant."
a rstaurant.
Shesaid that heaaltr$njtfitiitgtin
llbkntg in a restaurant.
Shesaid that he had b,iii,en
"He
Past Simple
FutureSimple
"He
PresentContinuous
"He
PastContinuous
"He
PresentPerfectSimple
"He
PresentPerfectContinuou
"He
"He
Past PerfectContinuous
"He
had been working in a restaurant." She said that he had.begn working in a restauront.
I r:iir: r:i:
Speech
Reported
c&n
could
mny
might
vnust/ haueto
must / had to
utill
would
Speeeh
Graiimar
APPendix
c o n t a rl o q u ea l g u i e nh a d i c h o ,
E l e s t i l oi n d i r e c tsoeu t i l i z ap a r a
suspalabras'
pir iit citarexactamente
statements
Reported
a c a b ad e d e c i rp, a r a
p o d e m ocso n t a re n p r e s e n tl eo q u ea l g u i e n
i o . r r l O r t t uc o ns u p r i m ilra sc o m i l l ays c a m b i aer l p r o n o m b r e
delverbo.
sujetoY la Persona
"I hauegot a part-time
iob."
He says that he has got a pafr-timejob.
(Dice que tiene un trabajo a tiempo parcial.)
e n p a s a d(oH es a i d . . . ) .E n t o n c eesl
P e r ol o n o r m ael sc o n t a r l o
da un saltoatrs:el PresentSimplepasaa Past
verbosiguiente
Simple,will a would, etc. (soloel PastPerfectpermanece
p se r s o n a l ec sa,m b i a n
los
i g u a l )y, a d e m ds e l o sp r o n o m b r e
y lasexpresiones
losposesivos
de tiempoy de lugar.
demostrativos,
"I graduated
from uniuersity last year," shesaid,
She said that she had graduatedfrom uniuersitlt
the year before. (DiJoque se haba licenciado en la
universidad el ao anterior.)
u n h e c h oq u es i g u et e n i e n dvoi g e n c iean e l
S i l a f r a s ee n u n c i a
presente,
no haycambiosen lostiemposverbales.
"London the capital of Great Britin," he said.
is
He said that London is the capital of Great Britain.
(Dijo que Londres es Ia capital de Gran tsretaa.)
paraintroducirlo
son
Comova sabes,losverbosmscomunes
s a y y t e l l . T e l l s i e m p r lel e v au n c o m p l e m e nitnod i r e c tsoi nl a
p r e p o s i c i ton. S a y p u e d el l e v acr o m p l e m e nitnod i r e c too n o ,
perosi lo llevadebeir conesapreposicin.
"The
ftm will startat I o'c!ock,"he said.
He said / said to us /told us (that) therttu would start
at I o'clock.(Dijo que la pelicula empezariaa las 8.)
Reported questions
"si"
o
ffi LasYes / No questions (lasquese contestancon un
"no") pasana estiloindirectoempleando
el verboask +
un
se
if o whether.
Entonces,
comola preguntadejade serloy se convierteen una
ao
, h a yi n v e r s i dne ls u j e t oy e l v e r b os, i g n o
o r a c i ne n u n c i a t i v n
d e i n t e r r o g a c i nni ,c o m i l l a s .
"Did you haue an eram yestertlay?"Mum asked.
My mum asked me if I had had an eraw the day before.
(Mi madre me pregunt si haba tenido un examen el
dia anterior.J
conwho, what, etc.
@ LasWh-questions (lasqueempiezan
"s"
"no")
utilizan
y n o s e p u e d e nc o n t e s t acro nu n
ni un
la particulainterrogativa
en lugarde if o whether, pero
signode interrogacin,
sujeto-verbo,
tampocohay inversin
ni comillas.
"IMat
are thejob requirements?"I asked.
I asked what thejob requirementswere.
(Pregunt cules eran los requisitos para el trabajo.)
"How
many people work here?" he asked.
He asked how many people worked there.
. (Pregunt cuntas personastrabajaban all.)
+ Reported orders
el imperativo
Paraoasarunaordena estiloindirectocambiamos
mandato'
porei infinitiuo.Peroantesusamosun verboqueexprese
indirecto'
I
de
complemento
o
tell,
comoorder
seguido
"Pleasebe quiet."
The teacher told us to be quiet'
(La profesoranos dijo que nos callramos.)
S i l a o r d e ne s n e g a t i v ap,o n e m onso t d e l a n t ed e li n f i n i t i v o .
"Don't park your ccr here."
Thepoiicemn ordered me not to park my car there'
(El polica me ordenque no aparcarael cocheall')
+ Reported suggestions
en estiloindirectousamoslosverbos
unasugerencia
Paraexpresar
contamoslo quedijo
Luego,
suggest o recommend en pasado'
de dosformas:
esa0ersona
C o nu n v e r b oe n g e r u n d i oi n, d i c a n dqou eq u i e nh i z ol a
s u g e r e n csi ae i n c l u ae n e l l a .
"Let's go to the cinema tomorolu,"Jim said.
Jim suggested gaing to the cintma the following day.
(Jim sugiri ir / que furamos al cine al da siguiente'J
G 0 usandouna oracinconthat + sujeto+ verboen la forma
se referaa otra u otras
base,indicandoque la sugerencia
personas.
"Try the new restaurant,"Beth said.
Beth suggested that I try thf new restaurant.
(Beth sugiri que probara el nuevo restaurante.)
+ Reporting verbs
S a y ,t e l l y a s k s o l oi n t r o d u c eenl m e n s a jsei na a d i rm s
m,i e n t r aqs u el o ss i g u i e n t evse r b o st r a n s m i t e n
informacin
e e l m o d oe n q u eh a b l :
n e lh a b l a n to
t a m b i nl a i n t e n c i d
admit, agree, answer, apologise, boast,
@ en afirmaciones:
claim, complain, declare, deny, explain, inform, insist,
mention, offer, promise, refuse, remind, reply
"I'ue
had problems with my computer,"he said.
He complained that he had had problemswith his
computer.(Sequej de que haba tenido problemascon
su ordenador.)
enquire, request, want to know, wonder
@' en preguntas:
"Did you leaueyour previous
i65?" John asked'
John wanted to know if I had lefr my previousjob.
(John quera saber si habia dejado mi trabajo anterior.)
demand, order, shout, warn
@ en rdenes:
"Stay here!" shesaid.
She ordered me to stay there.
(Me orden que me quedara all.)
ffi
e n s p l i c ays r u e g o sb; e g
"Please
wait for me," he said.
He begged me to wait for him. (Me rog que lo esperara.)
Grammar
* Los sufijos
queaadimos
palabras
paraformar
Sonterminaciones
a algunas
otrasnuevas.
Sufijos para formar sustantvos
@ Paraformarsustantivos
lossufijos
a partirdeverbos
usamos
ment, tion / sion y er / or.
agreement(acuerdo)
inuitatio n (invitacin)
conclusian (conclusin)
drfzer (conductor)
acfor (actor)
agree(acordar)
iadte (invitar)
conclude(concluir)
driue (conducir)
acf (actuar)
ity,ship,
lossufijos
& Tambin
seforman
sustantivos
aadiento
sustantivos
o verbos.
nessy ence/ ancea algunos
adjetivos,
personal(personal)
p ersonality (personalidad)
(amigo)
friend
friendship (amistad)
happiness (felicidad)
happy (feliz)
obedient(obediente) obedience(obediencia)
antoy (molestar)
annoyance(molestia)
(cuidado'
care
UNIT
:;;:Hilt'J,iifi:1",
APPendix
# Tambin
ous,al,
lossufijos
aadiendo
seformanadjetivos
y verbos.
able/ ible e ive a algunos
sustantivos
(peligroso)
danger(peligro)
dangerous
' national(nacional)
nqtion (nacin)
predict (predecir)
, predictable(predecible)
reuersf (inverso)
reuersib Ie{feversible)
attract (atraer)
a.ttractive (atractivo)
ffi! 0trossufijos
soned e ing.
queaadimos
a verbos
bore(aburrir)
bored([estar]aburrido)
boring(lserjaburrido)
Cuandoel adjetivoterminaeried; significaquela ilersona
o cosa
a la queserefiereexperimenta
y cuando
uri efctoconcieto;
acabaen ing, significaquela ngliro.n:l,o
cosa'locausa.
shnp+,ing
LA VOZ PASIVI\
Tense
PresentSimple
Active
Manypeoplesellunwantedgifis.
PastSimple
FutureSimple
Modals
PastContinuous
Modal Perfects
Many people must have sold unwanted giits. Unwantedgifrs must have been sold by manypeople.
have to
be going to
Manypeopleare going to sell unwantedgifrs. Unwanted gifis are going to be sold by many people.
Forma
Interrogativa:laspreguntas
delverbo
empiezan
conto be,yaqueel
Afirmativa:seformaconto be + el participio
y el participio.
sujeto
secoloca
entreel auxiliar
principal,
queacabar
ened si esregular.
Wereyou advisedbyyourparents?
to be + el participio
not al auxiliar
Negativa:solohayqueaadir
(Te
aconsejaron
tus padres?)
delverbo.
In the end,theparty wasn't held last night.
(Al final no se celebrla fiestaanoche.)
Grammar
APPendix
en
o un
C 5 i e n l a p r e g u n t ha a yu n m o d a lu, n v e r b o f u t u r o
modal
pasiva
con
el
o el
empieza
la
frase
conipuesto,
tiempo
v e r b oa u x i l i a ri g, u a lq u ee n l a v o za c t i v a '
Can the dressbe taken backto the shop?
(Sepuede devolver el vestido a la tienda?)
Hasthe baby already been born?
(Hanacido ya el beb?)
G
Usos
son:
L o sp r i n c i p a l euss o sd e l a v o zp a s i v a
R e s a l t al a
r a c c i nm sq u ea l s u j e t oq u el a r e a l i z a '
C Cuandoel sujetoque realizala accines obvio,o
d e s c o n o c i doon, o s e l o q u i e r en o m b r a r '
Alt the monry has been stolen.
lHan robado todo el dinero.)
G Y relacionado
con lo anterior,paraevitarunafraseactiva
cuyosujetoseathey, somebody, nobody, etc'
+ un participioexpresan
Losverboshave y get + un sustantivo
oo
, rl o
e s m sf i e c u e n t e n i n g l sq u ee n c a s t e l l a n p
L ap a s i v a
a c c i o n eqsu ee n c a r g a m oasa l g u i e n .
q u es o l e m otsr a d u c i er l v e r b oe n a c t i v ao e n l a f o r m ai m p e r s o n a l .
I had / gat my bedroomPainted.
(Pint / Me pintaron el dormitorio.)
S P o n eer l v e r b ot o b e e n e l m i s m ot i e m p oq u et e n aeI v e r b o
puesel nombrequeva
p r i n c i p ael n l a v o za c t i v a .
Estaestructuratieneun sentidopasivo,
q
u
e
v a en p a r t i c i p i oP.e r os e
v
e
r
b
o
d
e
l
l
a
a
c
c
i
n
r
e
c
i
b
e
m
e
d
i
o
e
n
He sold his car last week.
I
sueletraduciren la voz activa.
His car was sold last week.
(Sucochefue vendido la semana.pasadaJ
I'm going to have / get nry hair cut nert .week'
(Voi a crtarme e-lpelo la semanaque viene') llo har
quehayadetrs
3 Ponercomosujetoel primercpmplemento
no Yol
otra persona,
delverboen activa,seael directoo el,indirecto., ,:rr
get es ms
y
get
se usanindistintamente,
Aunquehave
,',,.,
Theywill send some books to Pam..r .,i;"-i';i
c o m ne n e l i n g l sh a b l a d o .
y
,
p
o
r
m
s
t
n
t
o
,
i
n
f
o
r
i
a
l
'.
Some books will be sent to Pam. .,
, .. .
1::i.:r:r: '':i: I
I must get ttY watch rePaired.
(Le mandarn algunos libros a Pam l':::'l'ri!r
(Tengoque arreglar mi reloj.)
They witt send Pam s;omebooks.
:
'
i
Pam will be sent somebooks.,
+ Phrasal Verbs
(A Pam le mandarn algulos libros.)
S el l a m a na s p o r q u ev a ns e g u i d odse u n ap a r t c u l(aq u ep u e d e
o d i r e c t o s u n p i o n o m b r eh,a yq u e
S i e l c o m p l e m e n ti n
con
s e ru n ap r e p o s i c i unn, a d v e r b io l a sd o sc o s a sf)o, r m a n d o
cambiarloa la formade sujeto.
e l l au n ap a l a b r an u e v a .
Sheshowedme her new house.
Pck out the shoesyou like the most..
I was shown her new hoase.(Me ensesu nueva casa)
(Elige los zapatosque ms te $usten.J
Estapasivase suele utilizarcon losverbosask, give, lend,
y lostransitivos
e intransitivos,
Hayphrasalverbstransitivos
pay, offer, promise, sell, send. show y tell, que llevan
p
a
r
t
i
c
u
l
a
:
e
l c o m p lm
e ento
s
i
l
a
v
e
r
b
o
d
e
p
e
r
m
i
t
e
n
e
l
s
e
p
a
r
a
r
e l d o b l ec o m o l e m e n tdoi:r e c t oe i n d i r e c t o .
directoes un nombre,estepuedeir detrsdelverboo de la
G P a s aer l s u j e t od e l a o r a c i na c t i v aa l f i n a ld e l a p a s i v a
e e b ec o l o c a r sdee t r s
p a r t c u l ap,e r os i e s u n p r o n o m b rsei e m p r d
, mbiarlo
p r e c e d i ddoe b y . Y s i e su n p r o n o m b rpee r s o n acl a
delverbo.
porsu formaobjetocorrespondiente.
You can try on a few more dresses.
Shakespeare didn't write that play(Puedesprobarte algunos vestidos ms.)
That play wasn't wrtten by ShakespeareE neI e j e m p l oa n t e r i oer l c o m p l e m e ndt oi r e c t ov a d e t r sd e l
(sa br no la escribi Shakespeare')
phrasalverby no en medioporquetry on es inseparable.
The police arrested the thief.
Mirala listade phrasalverbsquehayen laspginas128-129para
The thief was arrested by the P!l!ce..
mscasos.
ver
polica-)
por
la
(El ladrn fue arrestado
y
A Comose ve en el cuadrode la pginaanterior,losmodales
b e g o i n g t o n o c a m b i a ne,se l . v e r bqou e l o ss i g u ee l q u es e
ponen pasiva(be + particiPio).
You can open the window.
Thewindow can be opened. (Sepuede abrir la ventana.)
ffi
l
I
I
r l
Grammar
Appendix
uNr
Conditional
if
Exarnples
Retult clause
clause
F u t u r eS i m p l e
m o d a l+ b a s ef o r m
SimPle
Present
i mp e r a t i v e
+ Present
Simple
u n tess
" . , '
l
wout0
if
+ PastSimple
c o u l d/ m i g h t
unless
THIRD CONDITTONAL
w o u l dh a v e
if
+ Past Perfect
+ p a s tp a r t i c i p l e
c o u l d/ m i g h th a v e
El segundo
condicional
Graiinar
APPendix
El tercer condicional
have +
Seformacon if + PastPerfecten la condicin,.y.would
es imposible'
caso
condicin
la
En
este
resultado.
n
el
e
;;d;i;i"
puederealizarse'
[r.i t refiereal pasadoy ya no
in loue with her if you had
have
fallen
You wouldn't
(No
te habras enamorado de
intentians.
her
known
ella si hubiesesconocido sus intenciones'.}
soncould have
Lasvariantesparaformarel tercercondicional
y m i g h t h a v b + p a r t i c i p ieon l a p r o p o s i c i pnr i n c i p a l '
If you hadn't gone out last night, you could / might
hve finished the proiect' (Si no hubieras salido
anoche,habrias'terminadoel proyecto.J
LAS ORACIONESDESIDERATIVAS
w i s h/ i f o n l y
+ P a s tS i m p l e
wish/ if only
+ PastPerfect
to
a desirefor something
Expresses
wish/ if only
in thefuture
+ could/ would+ baseform happen
expresan
un deseoy se puedenformar
desiderativas
Lasoraciones
if only'
con el verbowish o con la expresin
de dosmaneras:
directouna
Elverbowieh suele llevarcomocomplemento
o r a c i ns u b o r d i n a di nat r o d u c i dpao rl a c"odnejsuenacriatnh""agt. r[1qsuteq l F " ,
o
. q u i v a lael c o n d i c i o n a l
s es u e l eo m i t i r ) E
"0jal"'
d e ls i n g u l aqr u es et r a d u c ep o r
en 1'persona
excepto
" O j a l "",S ia l
L ae x p r e s i i nf o n l y t i e n ee l m i s m os i g n i f i c a d o :
menos...".
I lusn / If onty he had been here tast night'
(Ojal l hubiera estado aqui anoche.)
Tantowish comoif only puedenusarseconvariostiempos
v e r b a l e cs o
, m os ev e e n e l c u a d r o :
presentes
a situaciones
ffi Conel Pasf Simplenosreferimos
q u eq u i s i r a m opsa m b i aor m e j o r a r .
Rick wishes Mary had morePatience'
(Rick deseariaque Mary tuviese ms paciencia')
Si el verboqueva en PastSimpleesto be, hayqueusar
w e r e n t o d a sl a sp e r s o n aisn,c l u i d alsa 1 ' y l a 3 ' d e l
s i n g u l a(re su n r e s t od e ls u b j u n t i v o ) .
I wish he weren't angry with me(0jal l no estuviera enfadado conmigo')
a hechospasados,
@ Conel Pasf Perfectnosreferimos
l a m e n t a n dlo q u eh a o c u r r i d o '
I wish the eram hadn't been so dfficult'
(Ojal que el examen no hubiesesido tan difcil.)
Concould o would + un verboen la formabase
futuras,
deseos
sobresituaciones
nuestros
expresamos
, , i n d i c a n dqou ee s p o c op r o b a b lqeu eo c u r r a n .
'I
wish / lf only I could go to the pafi tomorrow'
(0jal pudiera ir a la fiesta maana.)
&
* Adjetivs$egudosd preposcn
A l g u n oas d j e t i v ossu e l e ni r s eg u i d o sd e u n ap r e p o s i c i +nu n
n o m b r ep,r o n o m b roeg e r u n d i o .
Sophie is uery fond af her grandmother'(Sphietiene mucho cario a su abuela')
His parents were Proud of him.
(suJpadresestabanorgullososde 1.)
I'm afraid of flying. (Me da miedo volar.)
qn
u eh a ye n l a p g i n a1 2 9 '
M i r al a l i s t ad e a d j e t i v ocso np r e p o s i c i
r Adietivos compuesto-s
S o nd o sp a l a b r ausn i d a sc o nu n g u i o no s i n l y q u em o d i f i c aan
u n n o m b r eA. l g u n a cs o m b i n a c i o nseosn :
@ adjetivo o nmero + sustantivo + ed
(destrozado,desconsoladoJ
.broken-hearfed
@ adjetivo, adverbio o sustantivo + verbo con ing
hard-working(trabqiador)
& adjetivo o adverbio + ParticiPio
well-knopr (conocido,famoso)
@ adjetivo + sustantivo
Iast-minute (de ltima hora)
#: sustantivo + adjetivo
world-famou.s(famoso en todo el mundo)
& sustantivo + ParticiPio
air-conditioned(con aire acondicionado)
Grammar
u*\#[T--S
r",,,.-
,
:,r:.i,,i,
,.-.'
Losadverbios
relativos
sonwhen v *lb.
S
Relative Clauses
Lasespecificativas
aportaninformacin
tan esencial
sobre
s u a n t e c e d e nqt eu es i ne l l a sl a f r a s eq u e d a r ian c o m p l e t a .
G
Appendix
Non-defining
Relative Glauses
Lasexplicativas
aadeninformacin
exirasobresu antecedente.
S u e l e ni r e n t r ec o m a sp, e r os i v a na l f i n a ld e l a o r a c i n
s ed e b e n
separarcon una coma.Seformanconwho, which, when,
where y whose peronuncacon that, y ademsno se puede
o m i t i re l r e l a t i v o .
Mary, who is my neighbtour, has gotlwo cats.
(Mary, que es mi vecina, tiene dos gatos.)
He sent meflowers, which was very nce of him.
(Me envi flores, lo cual f,uemuy amable de su parte.)
S o nm u y f o r m a l e a
s ,s q u en o s e u s a ne n e l i r [ - l sh a b l a d o .
Estructuras
formal
e informal
Cuando
e l r el a t i v ov a a c o m p a a ddoe u n ap r e p o s i c i s n
es i q u e
u t i l i z a n dw
o h i e h s i e l a n t e c e d e net es u n ac o s a ; p e rsoi e s n a
p e r s o n ae,n l u g a rd e w h o s e e m p l e a
w h o m , e s t ee su n u s om u v
formal.Lo mscomnen amboscasoses poner la preposicin
a
f i n a ld e l a o r a c i nd e r e l a t i v o
y o m i t i re l p r o n o m b r e .
This is the hotel in which we stayed.[Formal]
This is the hotel (which) we staytedrn. [lnformall
(Estees el hotel en el que nos aiojamos.)
Grammar
ApPendix
+ to o / e n o u g h
a r ai n d i c aqr u el a
T o o p r e c e dae u n a d j e t i v o a d v e r b ipo"demasiado'i
Significa
cualidadde estosesexcesiva.
These shoesare too small for me.
(Estoszapatosson demasiadopequeospara m.)
deun
predicativa
vanseguidos
Muchos
adjetivos
en posicin
o reaccones
actitudes
infinitivo
sentimientos,
praexpresar
antealgo.
I'm pleasedto seeyou. (Estoyencantadade verte')
It's not easyto understand.(Noesfcil de entender.)
y expresa
del adjetivoo adverbio
Enough, en cambio,va detrs
"bastante'i
"suficientemente"
la ideade
i
Sheis good enoughfor that job.
(EIla es lo suficientementebuena para esetrabajo')
solohayqueponerel verboto be en
Paraexpresarlo contrario,
negativa.
Dehecho,not + adjetivoo adverbio+ enough suele
usarsebastantemsquela afirmativa.
My coffee is not hot enough.
(Mi caf no est lo bastante caliente.)
ou
, es
U nc a s oa p a r t ee sc u a n d ou s a m oesn o u g h + u n s u s t a n t i v p
d e 1 .
c o m ou n d e t e r m i n a nyt es e p o n ed e l a n t e
e n t o n c efsu n c i o n a
I had enough reasons to be suspiciousof him.
(Tenamotivos suficientespara sospecharde 1.)
UNIT-S
Celehretions
LOSIVIODALES
Examples
Uses
Modal
can
Ability
Request
Possibility
Suggestion
be ableto
Ability
can't
Inability
Prohibition
Disbelief
could
Pastability
Politerequest
Politesuggestion
Possibility
may / might
Possibility
may
P o l i t er e q u e s t
would
F o r m a lr e q u e s t
0ffer
0 b l i g a t i o ns, t r o n gn e c e s s i t y
C e r t a i n t yt h a t s o m e t h i n gi s t r u e
have to
0 b l i g a t i o n n, e c e s s i t y
need to
0 b l i g a t i o n n, e c e s s i t Y
needn't
Lackof obligation
/ necessity
don't haveto
Lackof obligation
/ necessitY
mustn't
Prohibition
You mustn't
should/ ought to
Adviceo
, pinion
must
Grammar
* Los modales
Losmodales
sonverbosespeciales
quetienenestascaractersticas:
s o ni n v a r i a b l eess,d e c i ri,g u a l ees n s i n g u l ayr e n p l u r a l n; o
necesitan
do paraformarla negativai l, int.rrgrtiva;siempre
v a ns e g u i d odse u n v e r b oe n l ai o r m ab a s ey; n o t n e ni n f i n i t i v o ,
participioni futuro,formasen ing, ni tiempscompuestos.
Be able to y have to sonsemimodales,
puesse pueoen
conjugar,
y need to no es un modal,pero'lostresse han
incluido
e n e l c u a d r op o r q u ec o m p a r t eanl q u n o u
s s o sd e l o s
m o d a l e sh:a b i l i d a do,b l i g a c i ynn e c e s i d a d l
can I be able to / can't
C a n t i e n el o ss i g u i e n t euss o s :
,,pode/').
C Expresar
habilidado capacidad
(,,saber"
/
C Hacer peticiones,
dary pedirpermiso.
O I n d i c apr o s i b i l i d a d .
O T a m b i sne u t i l i z ap a r ah a c e sr u g e r e n c i a s .
maY / might
Losdosexpresan
rposibilidad,:pero
msremota
conmight.En
lrterrogativa,
may esunaforinaeducada
depediralgo;las
queempiezan
por.May
por
I hauepueden
traducirse
P:rtjclo.ne:
"ZMe
das?"
o 'M,e
dausted?,*
_.
would
;,;.,-,r_,,
,
9,.*
1
que
ientoso
must / have to
Lo.s
dosexpresan
obliqacin,
y have to en losdemls
tiem
need to / needn,t
C a n ' t , a d e m dse s i g n i f i c ai m
r p o s i b i l i deande l , p r e s e n st ee,
utilizaparaexpresar:
N e e d t o n o e su n m o d a lp, er o s e
have to, paraexpresar
oUiqaciO.
N e e d n ' t e n c a m b i os e su n m o d
3
3
C
G
mustn't
/ don't
have to
Mustn't indicaprohibicin.
H a b i l i d aod c a p a c i d aedn e l p a s a d o .
P e t i c i o n ems se d u c a d aqsu ec o nc a n .
S u g e r e n c im
a se n o sd i r e c t aqs u ec o nc a n .
P o s i b i l i d amd sr e m o t aq u ec o nc a n .
Modal Perfect
obligacin
y necesidad,
iguatqued?i
Enca
"no
tenerque"o "notenerporqu",
y denecesidad,
obligacin
comonej
Esel pasado
de can y seempleaparaexpresar:
Uses
must have
C e r t a i n t yt h a t s o m e t h i n gw a s t r u e
A g u e s sa b o u t a p a s ta c t i o n
'mundo
para
emptean
must,mientras
que
decirlo quetienequehacer.
B e a b l e t o e x p r e shaa b i l i d a d
, m oc a n ,y s e u s ae n t o d o sl o s
co
t i e m p o vs e r b a l eqsu ec a n n o t i e n e .
could
Appendix
-iiipl";
sobr
HFt#'Li
,
que
rguar
?Ilva;
#e,
setiCiade
L;!9:r:;
i,;i l:r:'
,lhaveto significa
could have
couldn't have
would have
shouldnt have
Criticism
or regretafteran event
needn'thave
An unnecessary
pastaction
i:',.
.t:.]ris:. :,"':
t',1aiE*
have + ParticiPio
'Expresa conclusin
lgicasobreun hechopasado'
una
ma | might have + ParticiPio
sobrealgopasado'
Seusaparahacerunasuposicin
could have + Partcipo
r e c h oa l g oe n e l p a s a d po e r oq u e
l n d i c aq u es e p u d oh a b e h
h
i
z
o
.
f i n a l m e n tneo s e
have + PartcPio
la certezade quealgono ocurri.
Expresa
couldn't
should
shouldn't
have + PartciPo
E x p r e suan ao p i n i nc r t i c as o b r eu n h e c h op a s a d oi n, d i c a n dqou e
r currido.
n o d e b e r haa b e o
have + ParticiPio
I n d i c aq u en o h a b an e c e s i d adde h a c e lro q u es e h i z o .
needn't