Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
& Childhood
in the Bible
A Workbook | Revised Edition
Foreword by Roy B. Zuck
DAN BREWSTER
August, 2011
Copyright Compassion International
This Workbook may be used for private study or as an instruction tool in studies and
workshops in churches, amongst child-care workers, or other settings. It may be
reproduced and/or translated in part or in whole for such purposes as long as citations of
others works are accurately preserved. It should not be sold or reproduced for other
purposes.
Design and production by Kok Chik Bu
Cover photos courtesy Compassion International.
Scriptures quoted, unless otherwise noted, are from the New International Version
Scriptures,
Note: In this the international version of this Workbook, I have chosen to largely use
British English spelling.
Contents
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
FOREWORD
INTRODUCTION
HOW
TO
USE
THIS
WORKBOOK
I
III
IV
V
3
8
14
19
26
33
39
41
47
53
58
62
67
73
75
79
84
91
96
103
105
110
116
123
125
130
134
138
143
148
155
157
163
168
175
183
185
191
BIBLIOGRAPHY
193
Acknowledgements
THE IDEA FOR this study came from a reading of the excellent book Precious in His Sight
by Roy B. Zuck (Baker Books, Grand Rapids, Mi., 1996). It is one of the best works
available on biblical texts and understandings of childhood and children. It seemed good
to capture and group some of the materials from that book into various sets of verses
which would allow learners to glean insights, principles and themes concerning children
from the grouped verses and passages. Much of the material in the first version then was
based on gleanings from Precious in His Sight, and I am grateful to Dr. Zuck for permission
and encouragement to explore in his book for those insights and principles. The studies in
that version were only a surface mining of the insights from that marvelous book.
The first version proved to be a valuable tool for study and exploration, reflection and
application, as students reviewed what the Bible says on the various topics, comparing and
contrasting these with the attitudes and mindsets of their cultures and societies today. This
Revised Version takes that mining further. I have provided some suggestions for further
reading and study from a few other resources and a bibliography at the end.
I am very grateful for the expert assistance to my friend Ms. Lim Siew Ling. She
contributed substantially to both the overall design and the content of the first version. Her
comprehensive familiarity with Scripture and wealth of pastoral and ministry experience
gave her a marvelous ability to both explore and interpret Scripture and also to craft
appropriate and provocative reflection questions. Moreover, her careful review of the
manuscript to close gaps and avoid overlap of verses, and ensure that Scriptures used
actually fit the themes, was immensely valuable. Thank you very much, Siew Ling!
For this Revised Version, my particular thanks go to Mrs. Lorie Barnes. Lories wide
experience in child development ministries and Biblical studies was extremely valuable in
further expanding the biblical content and in revising and crafting reflection questions and
case studies. Moreover, her expertise in curriculum development and writing and careful
attention to every line of the Workbook improved the overall depth and flow of the lessons
immensely, Overall, her work made this much expanded and revised edition much more
interesting and learner-friendly. Thank you very much, Lorie!
And once again, I have been helped immensely by my friend Mr. Kok Chik Bu in the
overall design, look and feel of the book. As has been the case with his work on other
Holistic Child Development (HCD) resources, his creative touch has fashioned the
attractive and readable style and format of the workbook. Thanks Chik Bu!
Finally, and not least, I am grateful to the organization in which I have served for 27 years
now, Compassion International, for the opportunity to make part of my work spending
time in the Word of God developing resources like this. Many people know Compassion as
the Christian organization sponsoring children around the world. Perhaps fewer know of
the Advocacy Initiative within Compassion, seeking to inform, influence, and inspire the
rest of the world-wide Church those parts of it that our sponsorship ministry hasnt yet
reached to understand the biblical significance of children and their strategic importance
in furthering the Kingdom.
My special thanks go to Mrs. Menchit Wong who provides outstanding, innovative, and
Godly leadership to Compassions Global Advocacy Team of which I am a part. Her
constant, consistent encouragement and guidance in the development of more, and more
effective, resources and tools for people around the world caring for needy children, help
make works like this possible.
Dan Brewster
ii
Foreword
WHY BE CONCERNED with children? They cant learn spiritual things or contribute in
any way to the life of the church.
Unfortunately this is the view of many Christians. They think of children as having no
interest in the Bible.
But nothing could be further from the truth! Children are sensitive to spiritual things and
are open to the gospel. Surveys show that many Christian leaders came to Christ for
salvation at an early age. And an individuals personality is largely formed by the time he
is six years old. A persons life as an adult is largely determined in his early formative
years.
Jesus had an intense interest in children. He brought back to life three people, two of
whom were children. He encouraged children to come to Him, and He used them as an
illustration of simple trust in Him. His interest in children is seen in His taking them in His
arms and blessing them.
Thus to neglect children is to run counter to what the Bible says about them.
This workbook will enable you to explore many aspects of ministry to children, including
ways to teach them, parental responsibilities, and theological issues related to children.
Each chapter introduces you to statements in the Scriptures about children, gives you key
insights on the topic of that chapter, and asks you reflection questions that encourage
you to think of the implications of the issues in that chapter.
May you be blessed as you study about and minister to children, all of whom are precious
in His sight.
Roy B. Zuck, Th,D.
Senior Professor Emeritus of Bible Exposition,
Dallas Theological Seminary, and editor, Bibliotheca Sacra
iii
Introduction
THE PURPOSE OF this workbook is to help learners dig deep into the Word to see what it
says about children and childhood. But more importantly, it is to create understanding of
the worth and significance of children, and their role in illumination of Christs upside
down Kingdom. As we see some of both the breadth and depth of biblical material
concerning children and childhood, we may interpret Scripture in new ways, and rethink
how we view the Church, Mission, and how best to further Gods Kingdom.
Some people have said that the Bible has little to say about children and childhood. Most
pastors and even some theologians know that Jesus said Let the children come to me and
do not hinder them, for the Kingdom of God belongs to such as these (Mark 10:14). Some
church leaders will have a few more verses in their repertoire.
But what many dont realize is that, in fact, the Scriptures are full of references to children.
A closer examination of Scripture one with the child in focus reveals that children are
not only present but very prominent in the Bible. This workbook includes nearly 1,000
verses relating to the child. Moreover, our study will show that children play a significant
role in the unfolding of the message of the Bible - that God loves and protects them; that
they are extremely perceptive in understanding the things of God; and that God often
deploys them as His messengers and models often it seems when adults may have been
too corrupt and deaf to His calling.
Dr. Keith White1 reminds us that overlooking the vast amount of biblical material about
children may well have caused us to make fundamental mistakes about the Kingdom of
God and about Mission. We [may] have gone about theology in the wrong way.2 We
have got our priorities mixed up in the church. And we have contributed to societies
where adults, power, wealth and possessions are the only things that matter. This
workbook is only a start, but it may help to address this problem.
Keith White, A Little Child Shall Lead Them Rediscovering Children at the Heart of
Mission Paper presented to the Cutting Edge conference, De Bron, Holland, 2001.
1
Ibid.
iv
Primary Scriptures: Scriptures which invite the key analysis of the questions asked.
Key Insights: For those Scriptural passages, you may find new insights or key learning
related to the theme. It may be that the number and breadth of Scriptures on a topic
surprises or impresses you. Or you may be convicted anew with the biblical perspective on
some topics which contrast sharply with the perspectives we see today and hear about in
the news. Write down your personal observations and gleaned knowledge about the
Scriptures in this section.
Think About and Discuss: This section has some questions or statement to get you
interacting with the subject matter, and applying the biblical insights to your personal
situation or that of your country or society. The response to these questions may be very
obvious while others may require a bit more reflection and discovery on your part.
Hopefully they will draw you deeper into the biblical material, and point to the
contemporary significance of the topic under discussion.
Biblical Principles/Themes: Review, list, compare and contrast the key insights and/or the
specific principles or themes which you (or your group) have discovered. What consistent
principles/themes do you see in the Scriptures explored?
Reflection Questions: These questions ask you to apply the key insights, biblical
principles or themes to your personal life, the culture in which you live, and the context of
your society and circumstances in your own country. These are similar to the Think
About and Discuss questions, but may require more inquiry, research and personal
reflection. There are no right or wrong answers to the reflection questions, but they will
provide the basis for interesting and lively discussions about how children are viewed and
treated in your own personal life, context, and culture/country.
Interact with the Scriptures: This section will allow you to apply and interact with the
material learned in another way. Several ways are mentioned at the end of each section to
enrich your learning. Best educational methodologies indicate that all of us learn in our
own unique God-given way. Therefore: perhaps you can create your own case study from
your personal experience which illustrates a concept you have learned in ministry and
leadership, list several ways where you see your cultural norms or practices differ from
Scripture, make an action plan for next steps for your own context, or note one or two of
the most significant new insights from these passages which you want to emphasize in
your teaching or leading in the future.
Where I have quoted Scripture, I have used the New International Version. However, as
you are doing your studies, you may profit from using a variety of versions if available.
Also, while often single verses are given; good Biblical scholarship requires you to read the
Scriptures around the verses, to have a fuller understanding of the historical settings, and
contexts of the Scriptures.
Note: There are frequent references especially to Dr. Roy Zucks outstanding book Precious
in His Sight,3 which inspired this Workbook. In some places we have sought to include
more of Dr. Zucks fine analysis and development of the many themes he addresses in his
book. However, the references to his book can surely not do it justice. I highly recommend
that learners using this workbook get a copy of Precious in His Sight which will add
immeasurably to the depth and breadth of the topics explored here.
This Workbook is clearly targeted to adult learners. Instructors may find it suitable as an
entire course in a Program in Holistic Child Development at either as a taught course or in
an extension learning program, either at an undergraduate or graduate level. Suitable
work-loads and learning depth can be developed using the reflection questions as starting
points for discussion, term papers or further research, and of course depending on the
supplementary reading which might be assigned.
Whether you are a front-line childcare worker, a church or organization leader, I trust that
this workbook will encourage, inspire, and provide you broad new insights about children
and childhood in the Bibleand about your ministry and mission priorities.
Roy B. Zuck, Precious in His Sight-Children & Childhood in the Bible (Grand Rapids, Michigan:
Baker Books, 1996).
3
vi
S ECTION O NE : T HE W ORTH
OF A
C HILD
ADULTS ACROSS THE world differ in their perspectives about the worth
of children in as many different ways as there are cultures, languages,
and countries! At the beginning of Roy Zucks book, Precious in His Sight,
he presents the following contrasting common attitudes about children.
Do these statements describe your feelings about children?4
Children are such a nuisance! I dont like to be around children
because they are so demanding and annoying.
My wife and I dont plan to have children. We cant be tied down to
parenting, which demands such time, energy, attention, and money.
Im pregnant, but I dont want a baby. So Ill simply get an abortion.
How can I have time for child-rearing when my career demands so
much time?
Changing diapers, getting up in the night with a sick child, helping kids
with homework are not for me. Id rather be child-free.
Or do these more accurately reflect your feelings about children and
childhood?5
Children are so much fun! They are full of life and energy, and are so
eager to learn new things.
I enjoy the way children respond so readily to love and attention.
Raising kids is one of the greatest rewards in all of life.
Its a delight to teach children. They are so open to spiritual truths.
The two extremes are common among people in many cultures today.
Interestingly, similar attitudes about children were apparently common in biblical
times as well. We know from the well-traveled passage in Mark 10:13, that
Jesus disciples certainly didnt think children were worthy of taking His valuable
time. But Jesus had a different attitude. Mark says Jesus was indignant very
4
Roy B. Zuck, Precious in His Sight Childhood & Children in the Bible (Grand Rapids,
Michigan: Baker Books, 1996), p.11.
5
Ibid.
displeased and told the disciples in no uncertain terms that they were to let the
children to come to Him, and He demonstrated His love by taking the children in
His arms and blessing them (Mark 10:16).
That contrast provides a good starting point for our reflections on what the Bible
says about children, and how our churches, communities, societies and cultures
view the worth and role of children. Our first studies will zero in on the inherent
worth of children, regardless of their gender, status, health or any other external
characteristics. You will discover that the TRUTH of Scripture speaks to the
highest standard, Gods standardevery child is a precious gift from God!
Lets begin.
4. READ: Psalm 139: 13: What expression is used by the psalmist to describe how we
are made in our mothers womb?
What other words are used in the following verses to describe the formation of the
child in the mothers womb?
Primary Scriptures
Descriptive Word(s)for
Formation of Child
Job 10:8-9
Psalm 103:14
Isaiah 29:16
Isaiah 64:8
2 Corinthians 4:7
Notes or Comments
Supplemental
Scriptures
Job 31:15
Isaiah 44:2
Romans 9:21
Notes or Comments
5. READ: Primary Scriptures: Genesis 17:16, Genesis 30: 6, 20, Genesis 48:9. In these
Scriptures, how were children viewed in the Bible? List the images attributed to the
children in these passages. Think about the implications for the way children
should be viewed today.
READ: Supplementary Scriptures: Psalm 127:3-5; Psalm 144:12; Isaiah 8:18
Think About and Discuss:
How are children viewed in your family and community? Are they treated as a
blessing or a burden? Has this changed in recent generations? Why?
How might studies on biblical perspectives of children affect the perception of
children in your culture? What role can you play to correct wrong perceptions and
treatment of children in your culture? (Think of one or two examples in terms of
your home, school, and community.)
6. READ: Genesis 17:4-7; Deuteronomy 14:1-2 and Isaiah 66:13.
How does Gods relationship with Israel in the Old Testament compare to a
fathers and mothers relationship with their children?
In summary, write or discuss at least two conclusions you could make about Gods
view of children from the Scriptures you have studied in Questions #3, #4, and #5.
5
7. There are many passages throughout the Old Testament that reveal Gods heart
and view that children are important. List the insights or themes you find
regarding:
Historical biblical children mentioned in the Scriptures:
Children in the
Old Testament
Genesis 21:17-20
Exodus 2:4-9;
I King17:22;
2Kings 5:2-5
The value of children in biblical passages:
The Value of
Children
Psalm 8:2
Psalm 34:11
Psalm 131:2
Isaiah 9:6
REFLECTION QUESTIONS:
1. In Precious in His Sight, Zuck notes the significant number of Bible references about
children viz. child. (121 times); children (448 times); childhood (4 times), and
sons (2700 times). There are more than 1,400 references to children, childhood,
parenting and other matters related to children in the Bible. What are the
implications of this number of references? How would an understanding of what
the Bible says about children affect the attitudes of adults toward children?
2. Consider the contrasting statements in the Introduction to Section One: The Worth
of the child. Which of those attitudes are common among your friends or in your
culture/society? What other similar things do people in your culture sometimes say
about children? Why?
References:
Exodus 2:8
Contents
Hebrew/Greek
Meanings
Childs
Name
Possible
Age
Miriam (when
she rescued her
brother,
Moses)
I Samuel 2:18
Samuel
I Samuel
17:14
David
Qatan or
qaton(verb)to be
small or insignificant.
I Samuel
17:56
Elema young
person of
marriageable age.
David (when
he killed
Goliath)
2 Kings 5:2
bandshad gone
out and had taken
captive a young girl
from Israel, and she
served Naamans
wife.
Naaraha
marriageable girl
I Chronicles
22:5
My son Solomon is
young and
inexperienced
Naar
inexperienced, not
accepted in
community as a
leader.
Solomon
Non-
specific
Naar
inexperienced, one
whose authority was
not yet accepted in
the community.
Jeremiah
Psalms 8:2
Otelbaby; used as a
synonym for
children here.
Non-specific
Below 1
year
speak; I am only a
child.7
Yonegnursing or
suckling infant.
According to Zuck, Jeremiah was incorrectly rendered child in the NIV, p.153.
Isaiah 7:14
Isaiah 11:6
Qatan or qaton
(verb)to be small
or insignificant.
Non-specific
Non-
specific
Isaiah 11:8b
Gamul-a weaned
child.
2 to 3 years
Cf. Matthew
1:23
Gamal (verb)to be
complete, to ripen.
2. The New Testament is rich with passages referring to children. Who is the child in
these specific passages? Can you possibly identify his/her age group as revealed from
the original meanings used in reference to them?
References:
Contents
Childs
Name
Possible
Age
Matthew
11:25
Nepiosa baby,
young child or
minor.
Non-
specific
Matthew 18:
2-5; cf. Mark
9: 36-2-37;
Luke 9:47-48
Paidonsmall
children; conveys a
feeling of affection.
Mikron-small in
amount, size or
significance.
10
Hebrew/Greek
Meanings
Matthew 19:
13-14; cf.
Mark 10:13-
15; Luke
18:16-17
Paidonsmall
children; conveys a
feeling of affection.
John 6:9
Paidarionlittle boy
or youngster.
Observations
Deuteronomy
1:39
Isaiah 7: 15-16
Jeremiah 19:4-
5
Jonah 4:11
To whom does those who do not
know their right hand from their
left refer?
For further reflection on this topic, see Biblical Perspectives on Developmental Grace
(Chapter Four) by Klaus Issler in Childrens Spirituality, Donald Ratcliff, senior ed. (Eugene, Oregon:
Cascade Books, 2004).
8
11
Nehemiah 8:2-
3
I Corinthians
13:9-11
John 9:20-21
REFLECTION QUESTIONS:
1. Many verses in the Bible state that everyone is born with a sin nature inherited from
Adam, e.g. Psalm 51:5; Psalm 58:3. Does this truth rule out any need for the age of
accountability? Why or why not?
2. Horace Bushnell, in his book, Christian Nurture, states that a child of believing parents
should grow up a Christian, and never know himself as being otherwise.9 Do you
agree or disagree with Bushnell? Why? (For further insight, read Zuck, p. 241.)
12
FURTHER EXPLORATION:
Roy B. Zuck, Precious in His Sight, pp. 21, 149-158, 238-241.
Klaus Issler, Biblical Perspectives on Developmental Grace in Childrens Spirituality,
Donald Ratcliff, senior ed., Chapter Four.
Horace Bushnell, Christian Nurture, pp. 10-32.
13
10
The 1.3 statistic is from prolifeaction.org./faq/abortionphp/ Their source was as follows: Finer
LB and Henshaw SK, Estimates of U.S. Abortion Incidence in 2001 and 2002, Alan Guttmacher
Institute, 2005 [PDF], accessed May 17, 2005.
11
14
David
Isaiah
References
Descriptions/Inferences/Implications concerning
the unborn baby
Isaiah 49:5
Jeremiah
3. What can we learn about these descriptions of the child in the womb and children after
birth from the following verses? How do these before and after descriptions affirm
the status of the unborn child?
The Child in the Womb
Reference
Description
Genesis
25:22
Job 3:16
Acts 7:19
Description
15
Luke 1:41,44
2 Timothy
3:15
1 Samuel 15:3
Think About and Discuss:
Here are two biblical arguments sometimes used by pro-abortion groups to justify
abortion. How do you respond to each one of these?
Because Adam became a living being when God breathed into his nostrils
the breath of life (Genesis 2:7), a child becomes a living being when at birth he
or she begins to breathe.
Personhood begins at birth, because, though the foetus appears human, it is not
a human being for it lacks consciousness.
4. Doctrine of Incarnation: Read Galatians 4:4 and Hebrews 2:17. In light of these, discuss
Zucks statement that If the foetus is not a person, then Jesus Christ, when he was in
Marys womb was not a person. (Zuck, p.77).
5. Doctrine of Original Sin: Read Psalm 51:5. Discuss Davids confession Surely I was
sinful at birth, sinful from the time my mother conceived me. Based upon Davids
comments, what do you think this passage says about original sin? What does this
reveal about the status of the unborn child?
16
6. Read the following Scriptures to formulate Gods thoughts about abortion. According
to these Scriptures, do you think God condemns abortion? Why?
Reference
I Samuel 1:11
Reasons Why?
Job 15:34
Proverbs 30:16
7. Read Exodus 21:22-25. This Scripture states that punishment will be meted out to the
offender if he causes a pregnant woman to give birth prematurely or inflicts serious
injury on either the mother or the unborn child. What does this Mosaic instruction
reveal about the status and value of unborn and premature babies?
REFLECTION QUESTIONS:
1. How do people in your society or culture view abortion? What are the legal aspects of
abortion in your country? Discuss the impact of abortion on society and on individual
mothers in your country?
2. Do you think there are some legitimate reasons for abortion? What about rape or
incest?
17
4. Here are two other pro-abortion arguments. How do you respond to each of these?
The foetus tissue is part of the pregnant woman and therefore, it is not a
separate person. Besides, the woman the right to do with her body what she
wishes.
5. What is the view of different kinds of birth control in your culture? Which
methodologies are validated, which are controversial?
18
Ibid.
13
www.adoptioninstitute.org.
14
19
barrenness and adoptiononce again, the child in our midst will shed some light on our
human predicament.
(Note: This study can be a painful one for some men/women who desire children but are
unable to do so. It is important to be sensitive to the members of your group who may be
wrestling with these concerns.)
Parents
2 Samuel 14:7
A woman from
Tekoa
Job 29:5
Job
Ruth 4: 10,15
Jeremiah 11:19
Luke 1:58
Zechariah and
Elizabeth
Jeremiah
2. Read the following verses which describe how parents responded to having children in
the biblical narrative. Summarize and write their responses to this news!
References:
Parents
Jeremiah 20:15
Hilkiah (Jeremiahs
father)
Luke 1:14
Zechariah
Luke 1:58
Elizabeth
Response
20
3. Read the following verses to discover how these biblical characters felt about their
children and list what they said about their love for their children:
References:
Parents
Genesis 21:15-16
Hagar
Genesis 25:28
Isaac and
Rebekah
Genesis 37:3,31-
35;42:38;
Jacob
44: 22,29,31,34
Exodus 2:3
Moses mother
From 2 Samuel:
David
13:37-14:1;
18:13
New Testament Passages:
Luke 8: 41-42
John 4:46-49
Think About and Discuss:
Some modern parents are not desperate to have children. In fact, many emphatically
do not want to have children. From your discoveries above, compare and contrast the
attitudes of parents in the Bible with the mindset of some of todays adults concerning
children. Discuss.
21
How do you feel about married couples who intentionally opt for a childless marriage?
What legitimate reasons might there be for being intentionally childless?
4. Some biblical passages refer metaphorically to motherhood or fatherhood. (Both
Jesus and the Apostle Paul also used this imagery in the New Testament.) Discover
how God explains His love for us through these metaphors.
References:
Metaphor of Parents
Owner of Vineyard
father
Luke 8:41-42
I Thessalonians
2: 7
Isaiah 49:15
Luke 20:13
5. In the Bible, there are many Scriptures which refer to adoption. In fact, there are
specific biblical characters who were either fostered or adopted. One child was
actually a servant! Read to identify these specific children:
References:
Exodus 2:7,15
Adoptive/Foster
Parents
Pharaohs daughter
Childs Name/Circumstances
Esther 2:7,15
Mordecai
I Chronicles
2:34-35
Sheshan
Jarha
22
6. After having read the I Chronicles passage above, consider Genesis 15:2. Abram
considered adopting his servant Eliezer of Damascus, before his good news concerning
Sarahs pregnancy and future birth of Isaac. He said: You (God) have given me no
children; so a servant in my household will be my heir.
Did Abram really want Eliezer as his son? Why or why not?
How do you think some foster or adoptive children might be regarded not
only then, but now in modern families? Is this a concern?
7. Read the following New Testament passages in which there is a treasure of spiritual
truths Paul taught on adoption. Discover and write the Spiritual Truths below:
References :
Pauls Words:
Romans 8:15
Romans 8: 23
Romans 9:4
Galatians 4:5
Ephesians 1:5
he predestined us to be
adopted as his sons through
Jesus Christ, in accordance
with his pleasure and will.
23
REFLECTION QUESTIONS:
1. While some women today do not want to have children, others, like most of the
biblical women, are also desperate to have children. What are some of the ways that
barren or infertile women seek to do so? What are your thoughts and feelings about
having test-tube babies, or other means available today to aid in conception?
2. How does culture influence parents attitudes and decisions about having children
(birthed or adopted)? In your role as a spiritual leader, how can you restore or increase
the capacity of parental love and respect for children in your culture?
3. Read the following excerpt from the blog called Motherhood Is a Calling (And Where
Your Children Rank) 15 by Rachel Jankovic. Does this sound like any people you
know? Discuss. Also discuss where children rank, in your society, based on the
prevailing priorities of action and attitudes.
Children rank way below college. Below world travel for sure. Below the ability
to go out at night at your leisure. Below honing your body at the gym. Below
any job you may have or hope to get. In fact, children rate below your desire to
sit around and pick your toes, if that is what you want to do. Below everything.
Children are the last thing you should ever spend your time doing.
If you grew up in this [Western] culture, it is very hard to get a biblical
perspective on motherhood, to think like a free Christian woman about your
life, your children. How much have we listened to partial truths and half lies?
Do we believe that we want children because there is some biological urge, or
the phantom baby itch? Are we really in this because of cute little clothes and
photo opportunities? Is motherhood a rock-bottom job for those who cant do
more, or those who are satisfied with drudgery? If so, what were we thinking?
Rachel Jankovic, Motherhood Is a Calling (And Where Your Children Rank). July 14, 2011.
http://www.desiringgod.org/blog/posts/motherhood-is-a-calling-and-where-your-children-
rank#.Th-UzV85Xp1.facebook. Accessed July 23, 2011.
15
24
4. What is your opinion about child adoption and fostering children? Are these practices
common in your culture? Why? Do you know adopted or fostered children? Share with
your group testimonies about child adoption or fostering children. How can the church
support those who decide to embark on adopting or fostering children who need
parental nurture and love?
5. Due to the HIV/AIDS epidemic, there are countless orphans left behind without
parents. What is being done in your culture concerning this issue? How can the Church
respond to support the plight of the orphans of HIV/AIDS?
25
Mother
Sarah
Genesis 20:18
Women in Abimelechs
household
Genesis 30:2
Rachel
Women in general
Women in general
Michal
Elizabeth
Leviticus 20: 20,21
Numbers 5:20-22,31
2 Samuel 6:20-23
Luke 1:6,7
Think About and Discuss:
We see in the Bible that it was sometimes culturally acceptable for a wife to purchase
a slave woman by whom her husband could father a child. He could then dispose of
26
the slave by sale or send her away. Discuss why this practice was acceptable during
Bible times. Why is it, or is it not acceptable today?
2. We also see that there are biblical examples of miscarriages and stillbirth which still
occur in modern times. Read the following Scriptures to discover the circumstances
and causes of these events in biblical history:
References:
Exodus 21:22-23
Exodus 23:25-26
Psalm 58:8 (imagery)
Hosea 9:14
3. Sometimes in Scriptures it was tragedy or atrocities which caused miscarriages and
stillbirths. Read the following Scriptures to discover the tragedy of these events
throughout the OT culture. Write the atrocities women suffered during these times of
wars and national upheavals.
Amos 1:13
2 Kings 8:12
Hosea 13:16
27
4. The Scriptures below tell of the anguish women suffered because of their barrenness.
List the words that expressed their pain.
References:
Genesis 29:32
Barren Wife
Leah
Words of Anguish/Joy
Genesis 30:23
Rachel
I Samuel 1:6-11, 15-18
Hannah
Luke 1:25 (positive
response)
Elizabeth
28
Women
Actions/Motivations:
Genesis 16:1-3, 15
Genesis 38
Deuteronomy 25:5-10
Women in general
REFLECTION QUESTIONS:
1. What is your opinion of surrogate motherhood? Have you heard of wealthy women
renting a womb or outsourcing their pregnancy through other women? Do you
feel it is a moral crime and/or a violation of the rights and dignity of poor women?
Discuss.
2. Bio-technology today may enable parents to design their own babies, e.g. selection
the colour of the babies eyes, hair, and predetermining the shape of the babys nose,
face and even the sex of the baby. Discuss in your group the following questions: What
is your opinion of these designer babies technology? How different or similar is this
technology from cloning?
3. Where do you think the demand for designer babies come from? Consider: Would
normal couples who genuinely want a family and nurture children of their own resort
to such means of having babies?
4. Read the Case Study here, called The Case Against Perfection, and then answer the
questions that follow.
Breakthroughs in genetics present us with a promise and a predicament. The
promise is that we may soon be able to treat and prevent a host of debilitating
diseases. The predicament is that our newfound genetic knowledge may also
enable us to manipulate our own nature to enhance our muscles, memories,
and moods; to choose the sex, height, and other genetic traits of our children; to
make ourselves "better than well." When science moves faster than moral
29
30
5. Sandel asks, If it is permissible and even admirable for parents to help their children
in these ways, (ballet lessons, swimming, SATS, etc.) why isn't it equally admirable for
parents to use whatever genetic technologies may emerge (provided they are safe) to
enhance their children's intelligence, musical ability, or athletic prowess?
6. The Case Study above speaks of Accepting Love, and Transforming Love. Some
parents over-balance on one or the other. Do you think you got more accepting love
or transforming love from your parents? Discuss. Generally in your society, do
parents tend to give more accepting love, or transforming love? Discuss.
32
Compassion Reception area
In the spacious lobby of the international headquarters of the organization for which I
work, are several slightly larger than life size bronze figures. The main figure is Jesus,
seated on a rock, with a child on his lap playing with his short beard, and the laughing
Jesus has a big smile on his face. In the setting around him, there comes another little girl,
bringing Jesus a flower, and a boy with a lamb, shyly coming towards him. A playful little
bronze dog is eagerly wagging his tail, joining in on the fun. But off in the distance (over
by the front door), is another bronze figure of a little Asian boy, pulling his mother along
Zuck, p.201, quoting from Leon Morris, The Gospel According to St. Luke: An Introduction and
Commentary. (Grand Rapids: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., 1974), p.226.
16
33
with one hand, and excitedly pointing to Jesus with the other. The message is clear. The
little Asian boy wants his mother to come meet this gentle man who so enjoys playing with
the children.
This picture depicts our understanding that Jesus did indeed have time for the children,
and that the children themselves are often spiritual resources, influential in bringing their
parents to Christ. Especially in non-Christian contexts, children are often the first to
understand the love of Jesus. They may be the ones who learn to pray for their parents.
Because the children may be learning to read, while the parents are illiterate, the children
may be the ones who are able to tell or read the stories of Jesus to their parents, and tell
them of his healing power. Compassions programs are replete with stories of just those
things happening. Countless parents testify that it was their children who first heard of the
Jesus, and who influenced them to make a decision to follow Him.
There is no better way to understand Jesus attitude and heart for children than to reflect
on how Jesus interacted with the children, what he said about the children, and the lessons
he taught about and through children. Lets see how they fared.
Jesus Words
Jesus Actions
Matthew 18:14-15
Matthew 19: 13-15; Mark
10: 13-16; Luke 18: 15-16
34
2. For each spiritual truth Jesus taught the adults, list the things the adults must do or
avoid with regard to children (the first is done for you):
Spiritual Truths
For Adults
References
Enter Gods
Kingdom
Matthew 18:1-3
(Parallel Scriptures:
Mark 9:33-34; 36; Luke
9:46-47.)
Be great in Gods
eyes
Mark 9:35(Parallel
Scriptures: Matthew
18: 4; Luke 9:48b.)
Demonstrate our
welcome of Jesus
Avoid Gods
Judgment
Matthew 18:6-7
(Parallel Scriptures:
Mark 9:42; Luke 17:1-2)
Identity with
Gods plans
3. The following passages in the Synoptic Gospels record the disciples trying to hinder
children from going near to Jesus. What was Jesus reaction to the disciples? Note if
there are any differences between the three passages. Note also, that each of these
passages was followed by the account of the rich young man. How might there be a
connection between these teachings?
References
Matthew 19:13-15
Jesus Reaction
Mark 10: 13-16
Luke 18: 15-17
Jesus Message
35
Children
Sicknesses
Matthew 17: 14-18
(Parallel Scriptures:
Mark 9: 17-27
Luke 9: 37-43)
Mark 5:21, 35-43
(Parallel Scriptures:
Matthew 9:18-19;
23-26
Luke 7:11-17
36
REFLECTION QUESTIONS:
1. Compare and contrast the attitudes of Jesus with the pastors and church leaders you
know today. Are their attitudes more like those of Jesus or more like the disciples?
Why? Give examples.
2. In your context, do children have opportunities to respond to altar calls for healing,
requests for prayers, or an opportunity to pray either in your worship service, Sunday
School or Childrens Church? Why or why not?
3. How can we apply the above principles learned from Jesus with regard to children in
our Church context today?
37
S ECTION T WO : C HILDREN
B IBLE
AND
F AMILIES
IN THE
39
40
Statements on Childbearing
Zuck, p. 53 quoting from Lennart Nilsson and Lars Hamberger, A Child is Born, trans. Clare
James (New York: Delacorte Press, 1990), pp.39,78,83,85,108.
17
Ibid.
18
41
Supplementary References:
Micah 4:9-10
2. Women in the Bible were exhilarated at the prospect of being pregnant and giving
birth to children (even through their maidservants). Read the following Scriptures to
discover how these women reacted to their pregnancies and to giving birth:
Reference
Mothers
Name
Childs Name
Mothers Expressions
Genesis 4:1
Eve
Cain
Genesis 4:25
Eve
Seth
Genesis
Leah
Gad, Issachar,
Zebulun
Rachel
Joseph
Samuel
30:11,18,20
Genesis 30: 23
The Scriptures above reflect the feelings and thoughts of women who have learned
they are expecting a child. Do you see any evidence in Scripture of an active role of
fathers in childbirth? In your culture, what roles to husbands have during their wives
pregnancy and childbirth?
3. Conditions for childbirth during Bible times were challenging. Read and describe the
conditions and help mothers received as described in the Bible during childbirth.
42
References
Conditions/Places of
Childbirth
Help Received
Genesis 35:17
Exodus 1:16
Ezekiel 16:4
(allegory)
4. Roy Zuck in Precious in His Sight (pp. 69- 70) provides 7 possible interpretations from
several commentators on the puzzling verse found in 1 Timothy 2:15: But women will
be saved through childbearingif they continue in faith, love and holiness with
propriety. Once you have read his thoughts, discuss and identify the implications of
Gods view of pregnancy and childbearing. What might be the interpretation of this
verse for women who are not able to bear children?
1. Women will be saved physically through the difficult process of childbirth.
(quoting H.A. Ironside)
2. Women will be saved spiritually through the childbearing of the Messiah.
(quoting Homer A. Kent, Jr.)
3. Women will be saved spiritually even though they must bear children.
(quoting E. F. Scott)
4. Women will be saved spiritually through being faithful to their role as
Christian women. (quoting Ann L. Bowman)
5. Women will be saved spiritually through performing their duties as mothers.
(quoting Robinson, cited in Albert Barnes work on the New Testament.)
6. Women will be kept safe from the sinful influence of society by being at
home raising children. (quoting Barnes work who cites Wetstein)
7. Women will be kept safe from Eves error of usurping the husbands
leadership role by being a godly mother. (quoting S. Jebb)
43
5. The results of mankinds Fall are reflected in the Scriptures. Genesis 3:16 states that
the consequences of sin would result in pains in child bearing. Since then, the pain of
childbirth has become a metaphor for the worst kind of suffering or anguish. Read the
following Scriptures which compare human suffering to labour pains: Note the places,
people and context of human suffering.
References
Place/Person
Isaiah 21:3
Judah
Isaiah 23:4
Tyre
Isaiah 66:7
Jerusalem
Israel/Judah
Jeremiah 48: 41
Moab
Jeremiah 49: 24
Damascus
Romans 8:22
Creation
Galatians 4:19
Paul
Revelation 12:2
a woman
REFLECTION QUESTIONS:
1. What risks do women in your culture face during pregnancy? Do these risks affect the
parents attitudes towards their children? Do these risks cause them to have more or
fewer children? Do they cause the parents to treasure or despise their children? Why?
44
2. Discuss the conditions/places and the assistance women receive during childbirth in
your culture. What are the pros and cons? What positive or negative effects do these
birth conditions/places have on the young infants and their subsequent childhood?
3. It is a well-documented fact that the nutrition of the pregnant mother influences the
health of her baby during pregnancy. Read the following Scriptures involving food and
diet. Judges 13:4-5, 7 (Manoahs wife) and Luke 1:24 (Elizabeth). What are some of the
preparations, precautions and traditional observances for pregnant women in your
culture? What are the cultural backgrounds for some of these observances? Are they
generally helpful or harmful to the mother/child?
4. Chuck Swindoll has said that Since He assigns children to parents, there is no such
thing as an accidental birth or a surprise pregnancy from Gods viewpoint.19 Do
you agree? What are the viewpoints in your society and their consequences?
45
children? Discuss and reflect about how children with special needs are treated in your
context and culture. Does the church have a calling and responsibility to children with
special needs and their parents? In what ways. ? Cite examples when applicable in your
context.
46
47
parents who name their children after nature (e.g. flowers), places (cities, towns, and
countries), an event (e.g. tsunami, el Nino), colours, days, months or gemstones.
It was common for some illiterate cultures to name their children after domestic objects
(e.g. plates, scissors), or animals (e.g. cat, dog, cow). In the past, some children were also
given derogatory names that describe their negative physical appearance or disability (e.g.
dumb, deaf, limping leg).
Because God knows each of our names, we will explore the meaning and significance of
names of children then and now throughout the Bible. We will find that parents in the
Bible who feared God chose names that were deliberate and purposeful for their children.
And children in the Bible were expected to live up to their names to fulfill Gods plans for
their lives.
Child
Genesis 29:32
Reuben
Genesis 35:18
Benjamin
I Samuel 1:20
Samuel
Luke 1:59
John
Luke 2:21
Jesus
2. Discover in the following passages how we are told the meaning of the childs name.
What are the meanings given for the names of these children? Identify the person/s
who named them. The childrens names are provided.
References
48
Childs Name
Named by:
Meaning
Genesis 3:20
Eve
Adam
Genesis 4:1
Cain
Genesis 16: 11
Ishmael
Genesis 25: 25
Esau
Genesis 25:26
Jacob
Genesis 30:24
Joseph
I Samuel 4:21-22
Ichabod
I Samuel 25:25
Nabal
2 Samuel 12:24
Solomon
I Chronicles 4:9
Beriah
Isaiah 7:14;
Matthew 1:23
Immanuel
Luke 1: 13,59
John
Luke 1: 26-31
Mary
49
3. In the Bible, some people had their names changed. Whenever this happened, it was
usually a significant event, indicating the change not only of the name, but also of the
character of the person. Discuss the new meanings and any transformations that took
place after the following name changes:
References:
Name Change:
New Meanings/Transformations
Observed
Abram to Abraham
Genesis 17: 15
Sarai to Sarah
Genesis 32:28
Jacob to Israel
Simon to Peter
Acts 4:36
Joseph to Barnabas
Acts 13:9
Saul to Paul
REFLECTION QUESTIONS:
1. How are children named in your country/culture? Describe the process of choosing
and determining names in your culture. Who chooses the names of childrenthe
father, the mother, in-laws, extended family or pastors? Are names chosen to challenge
or provide life direction? Discuss.
2. Does your culture give derogatory names to their children? What is the historical and
cultural background of this practice? To what extent is this practice a spiritual
bondage?
50
3. Is it common for believers in your culture to adopt a Christian name after they become
believers? Why? Do you agree with that practice? Describe the process of how
believers change their names and the response from their community (e.g. family,
friends, or colleagues.).
ACTION PLAN:
Names (and nick-names) can have a powerful impact on a child right into adulthood. Have
you given thought to providing a motivating, uplifting, or otherwise meaningful name to
your children? As a spiritual leader or clergy, list some ways you can influence young
parents in your church or organization to choose meaningful names for their children.
What sort of event could you plan, while leading, which would influence the positive
choices of names to bless their children?
RESOURCES:
http//www.ssa.gov/OACT/babynames
51
21
Ibid., p.92.
22
23 McCurry, Justin and Rebecca Allison The Guardian , London, Tuesday, Mar 23, 2004, quoted
53
the ways that children are victimized. This policy has caused a disdain for girl children,
and, neglect, abandonment, and even infanticide.
Unfortunately when one seriously examines the one-child policy, it is clear that these
are not the only catastrophes that have emerged. One acquaintance who works in
China made the obvious point that the One Child Policy means that children today
have no brothers and sisters. (Of course!) But if the policy is continued for more than
one generation, it also means that the child has no aunts or uncles, no cousins, no
nephews or nieces. In fact, the policy destroys the entire extended family, for such
children have no relatives at all. How tragic for a child! (And how lonely once the child
is an adult, with grandparents and parents gone not a single related person in the
world!)
Occasion
I Samuel 2:5
Job 1:2; 42:13
Jeremiah 15:9
Think About and Discuss:
Does your culture encourage, determine or prohibit large families? Are there laws that
control the gender or number of children in families?
54
What are the historical roots behind these laws? What effects (psychological,
emotional, sociological, etc.) do such laws have on parents, children, and
society at large?
2. Consider Solomons statement in Ecclesiastes 6:3: A man may have a hundred
children and live many years; yet no matter how long he lives, if he cannot enjoy his
prosperity and does not receive proper burial, I say that a still born child is better off
than he.
What does this verse say to you concerning family size in the Bible?
How does having many children compare with acquiring properties and
achieving prosperity in the Bible?
3. There are countless examples of blessed fathers in the Bible, not only with children
who were boys, but also girls. Here are a few examples24:
Fathers
Number of Boys
Number of
Girls
Ishmael
12
28
60
Cush
Ibzan
30
30
David
Isaiah
20
Zuck, Precious in His Sight, pp.92-93.
24
55
Lot
Ishmael
12
22
16
Hosea
21
Several
4. Psalm 127:5 says, Blessed is the man whose quiver is full of them. They will not be put
to shame when they contend with their enemies in the gates. Consider the list of
selected fathers and number of children above. In what ways are these fathers
blessed? How does family size play a role in being a blessing to the men in the
family in the Old Testament, in Bible culture?
5. Research the following Scriptures. You will discover that the following parents have
only ONE child. Identify the context and write your observations on the grief they
suffer at the prospect of losing their only child to a sickness or tragedy:
References:
Incident Described
I Kings3:16-28
2 Kings 4:8-37
Luke 7: 11-17
REFLECTION QUESTIONS:
56
1. Discuss the effects of a one-child policy. If practiced for more than one generation,
what are the results for the society and the extended family?
2. In many societies, modern couples delay having children, intentionally limit their
family size, or opt for childlessness today? Is such an attitude a rebellion against Gods
general command to be fruitful and multiply (Genesis 1:22)? Give your reasons and
examples if applicable.
3. Some people feel that there are already too many people in the world, especially in
some heavily populated countries, and each new child adds to the problem. Do you
agree or disagree? What is your response to this perspective? Do you think your
community or nation has too many children? Discuss.
57
Siblings:
Cain and Abel
Genesis 21:8
Galatians 4:28-29
Genesis 27:41
Numbers 12:2
Judges 11:1-3
58
I Samuel 17:28-29
Amnon and
Absalom
2. Read the following passages about the parental partiality towards one child which
results in sibling rivalry in the Bible. Describe the long-term effects of this partiality
and how it influenced their children:
References:
Parents Who
Showed Partiality
3. Read Genesis 26: 34-35; 27:46-28:8. In these passages we discover that often the childs
choice of spouse affects the partiality that parents might have towards one child over
another. Consider the role of mother and mother-in-law in this scenario. Were
Rebekahs motives and reactions towards Esaus wives godly or ungodly? Why? What
do you believe was her major concern in separating Jacob from his twin brother Esau at
this stage? Discuss.
4. In the Bible, there is a pre-eminence of the younger siblings over the older siblings in
various passages. Read the following Scriptures and identify the siblings involved and
trace the outcome of their lives. Two are done for you.
Reference:
Genesis 4:25-5:8
Younger Sibling/
Older Sibling
Seth/Cain
Outcome:
Seth was Adams genealogy
Genesis 29: 16-18
Rachel/Leah
Genesis 38: 27-30; Ruth
4:18-21; Matthew 1:3
Perez/Zerah
Genesis 48:14
Exodus 7:7
I Samuel 16: 10-13
REFLECTION QUESTIONS:
1. What are the prevailing customs concerning the rights and privileges of older and
younger siblings in your culture/country? Do conflicts arise because of traditional
views? Are the traditional views changing?
60
2. In your culture, what are the influences which in-laws have over siblings? Are the
influences positive or negative in the family?
3. What cultural practices in extended families that hinder or enhance sibling
relationships?
4. What are the cultural gender differences in your society between men and women,
mothers and mothers-in-law? Do conflicts arise because of traditional views? Are the
traditional views changing?
61
62
Genesis 27: 46
Genesis 31:27
Genesis 46:7
Judges 12:14
Luke 4:38-39
I Timothy 5:4
2 Timothy 1:5
2. The Bible refers to grandparents and the special influence they have over their
grandchildren. Read these verses which suggest the roles and responsibilities of
grandparents. What do they suggest?
References:
Genesis 48:5,9
Deuteronomy 4:9
Proverbs 13:22a
Ezekiel 37:25
I Timothy 1:4
2 Timothy 1:5
3. Not only are grandparents, in-laws, and other extended family members influential in
childrens lives, but Scripture teaches us that the children have a role in the extended
family also. Read the following Scriptures to discover these relationships:
References:
Genesis 35:29
Children
Esau and Jacob
63
Proverbs 23:22
Children in general
I Timothy 5:4-5,16
Children in general
Master of the
Household
Genesis 16:1
Genesis 17:27
Genesis 24:61
2 Samuel 12:17
64
I Kings 5:9
Acts 16: 11-15
Philemon 8-21
5. In the Old Testament, discover the activities of the family in which slaves/servants
were permitted to participate. Read the following verses and write your observations
about this subject:
References:
Leviticus 22:11
Deuteronomy 12:
11-12
Ecclesiastes 2:7
REFLECTION QUESTIONS:
1. Proverbs 17:6 states that grandchildren are a crown to the aged. Another saying is
that Grandchildren are Gods compensation for our growing old. Grandchildren
usually have a special place in their grandparents hearts. What are some common
quotations about grandchildren in your culture? Are they positive or negative? What
do these quotations imply about the general perception of grandparents/grandchildren
relationships?
2. As mentioned in the introduction, sometimes in-laws are stereotyped as outlaws
in different cultures. Why? From your observations, and in your cultural context,
discuss the types of problems in relationships with in-laws. What might be some root
causes and how can families live as godly families, with God-given roles to in-laws so
that there are no outlaws? Discuss.
65
3. Maids or domestic helpers are very common in Latin, African, and Asian homes. How
are they treated? Discus why maids/servants in your culture should or should not be
considered as part of their masters extended family.
BIBLICAL PRINCIPLES/THEMES:
The words generation(s) and related ideas occur frequently throughout Scripture. Here
is a partial list:
generation46 times (OT) ; 28 times (NT)
forefathers84 times(OT); 15 times (NT)
you and your descendants10 times (OT)
you and your children 10 times (OT) ; 1 time(NT)
Abraham, Isaac and Jacob13 times (OT); 4 times (NT)
Often the word generation is used in the context of genealogy or historical account of a
family or tribe.25 But, more significantly for us in this study, Scripture reveals that Gods
reference to generations is often future-oriented and related to His covenantal blessings!
Genesis 17:7 is only one of the many illustrations:
I will establish my covenant as an everlasting covenant between me and you
and your descendants after you for the generations to come, to be your God
and the God of your descendants after you.
As the Apostle Peter declares, God has given us His very great and precious promises. (2
Peter 1:4). Adults may have tended to think that Gods promises and blessings were meant
only for us. But the fact is that children were very often in Gods promises and blessings.
When making a covenant with Israel, God intentionally included children as the next
generation who would enjoy and perpetuate His blessingseven before they were born!
Herbert Lockyer, Sr., Nelsons Illustrated Bible Dictionary, (Thomas Nelson Publishers, 1986).
25
67
Listen to one obvious example when Moses was preparing the Israelites to enter the
Promised Land[God] will love you and bless you and increase your numbers. He will
bless the fruit of your womb, the crops of your land (Deuteronomy 7:13).
Gods covenantal blessings for mankind have always included children from the
beginning. This study will explore Gods concern for, and the promises He has made for
the next generation. (Notice though how important parental obedience is to the
generational blessings. We will discuss this more in later studies.)
Deuteronomy 4:40
Deuteronomy 12:28
Psalms 115:14
Isaiah 49:25
Acts 2:39-40
2. In Genesis 21:18, God made a promise also to Ishmael. He said: I will make him into
a great nation. (Consider the desperate circumstances under which this promise
made!) Did God keep that promise? How? Discuss.
68
3. Read the following passages concerning the promises God made about children and/or
future generations. Then, write your conclusions or lessons to be learned from these
promises:
References:
Conclusions or Lessons
from the Promises
Genesis 6:18
Deuteronomy
11:21
Psalm 25:12,13
Proverbs 20:7
5. The psalmist declares: we will tell the next generation the praiseworthy deeds of the
LORD, his power, and the wonders he has done (Psalm 78:4). Share with your group
one or two praiseworthy deeds and the wonders of God that you would like to tell
your next generation.
6. Acts 2:39 states: The promise is for you and your children What was the promise?
Is this promise still relevant for todays children? How might this verse voice a concern
about the status of children in the contemporary church?
REFLECTION QUESTIONS:
1. Based upon your experience as an advocate, church leader, or child development
worker directly working with children at risk, which of the above promises are the
most comforting to you? Why?
2. List three or four direct promises to children which you believe may be key to the areas
of your ministry to children. Discuss.
3. Read and reflect upon Luke 1:50 which states: His mercy extends to those who fear
him, from generation to generation. In what ways can we pray for the next generation,
with its challenges, opportunities, and issues?
70
71
AND
N URTURE
OF
73
Zuck, Precious in His Sight, p.105.
26
Ibid., p.107.
27
75
2. Read these verses to determine specific things parents should do for their children.
Review each set of verses and identify the specific responsibilities of fathers and
mothers. Then find one word or theme that summarizes what parents did or should do
for their children. The first one is done for you.
References:
Responsibilities of Father/Mother
One-word
Theme
Ephesians 5:23;
Genesis 18:19;
Numbers 1:4; I
Timothy 3:4-5; 5:14
Lead
Numbers 6:1-21; I
Samuel 1:11,24,28;
Luke 2:22
Joshua 4:1-7
Ephesians 6:4;
Colossians 3:21; I
Thessalonians 2:11-12
76
about their notions of who they are.. .. Some may dissociate their feelings of
self-worth from any conduct that they are personally responsible for... Other
children develop scepticism about such statements and become increasingly
inured to positive feedback of any kind. In time, this can generalize into a
distrust of adult communications, and a gnawing sense of self-doubt.28
3. Read the following verses in Proverbs. What are the two main characteristics in a son
which bring joy to the parents?
Reference:
Proverbs 10:1
Proverbs 13:1
Proverbs 17:21
Proverbs 23:24,25
REFLECTION QUESTIONS:
1. Discuss Why did Jesus say that a parent who loves his or her children more than Him
cannot be my disciple (Luke 14:26). (In other versions, Jesus said that a person
wanting to follow Him must hate his family members and his own life.) How do you
reconcile Jesus instruction here with Gods instructions to parents to love their
children?
William Damon, Greater Expectations (New York: Free Press Paperbacks, 1995), p.73.
28
77
2. What are some responsibilities modern parents (Christians included) are finding hard
to practice in your culture? Why?
3. What pro-active measures would you take as a spiritual leader to prepare young
parents for effective biblical parenting? What can the church do to encourage parents
to fulfill their parental responsibilities within their families?
78
Exodus 20:12;
Deuteronomy 5:16;
Malachi 1:6; I Timothy
3:4
Proverbs 13:13b;
Hebrews 12:7-9
Proverbs 7:1-5
79
Deuteronomy 32:7
Ephesians 5:1
I Timothy 5:4-5; 16
Jeremiah 7:18
* These 2 responsibilities are further discussed in Study 16, Biblical contexts of Honouring and
Obedience.
2. Proverbs describes undisciplined children as mockers who despise themselves in
Proverbs 13:1b; 15:12a; 32a. After reading these passages, give some other examples of
undisciplined children in the Bible and discuss how they mocked or despised
themselves.
3. Proverbs also provides us with a list of verbs and commands concerning actions
expected of children to their parents (especially the fathers) instructions. In the
following sets of verses, summarize these verbs and actions in short phrases. The first
three are done for you.
Proverbs
References:
80
1:8; 4:1,
4:10
What I say
4:20
My words
5:1
My words of insight
Me
8:33
My instructions
19:20
Advice
22:17
23:22
Your father
7:24
What I say
Pay attention to
5:1
My wisdom
22:17
5:7
3:1: 4:2
My teaching
4:5
From[my words]
1:8; 6:20
2:1
My words
10:8
Commands
19:20
Instruction
4:13
Instruction
7:2
My teaching
13:1
Fathers Instruction
16:20
Instruction
2:1; 4:4
My commands
Instruction
Words of knowledge
7:2
23:12
Psalm 148:12
Ecclesiastes 12:1
Proverbs 20:11
81
Psalm 119:9
I Timothy 4:12
2Timothy 2:22
Titus 2:6
REFLECTION QUESTIONS:
1. Roy Zuck says, To be effective, training (discipline) is two-sided; it must be given by
parents, and it must be received by children.29 In your culture, which side (parents or
children) tends to fail in their responsibilities in discipline? What generally hinders/
encourages a child from accepting discipline from their parents in your culture?
2. Do children in your culture work with and for their parents? What kinds of work or
businesses enable children and parents to work together? Discuss the challenges, joys,
benefits, disadvantages and advantages of this practice.
3. In the Introduction to this section, we said, Some people think it is natural for children
to rebel against their parents, and this occurs in dysfunctional, broken homes, and in
Christian homes where the parental unit hopefully is intact. Do you agree that
rebellion is natural or to be expected? Why or why not? If you dont think so, how
might it be prevented? Discuss.
4. How are children in your culture encouraged to nurture their own spiritual growth
and faith? Are children encouraged to ask their parents about spiritual matters? If not,
Zuck, Precious in His Sight, p.165.
29
82
CASE STUDY:
Two year old Rumi is in the market place with her parents. She spies a small bouncy ball at
the vendor and picks it up to play with. However, her parents cannot afford to and do not
wish to spend their money on such a toy so they ask Rumi to put it back in the basket.
Rumi is very distraught and doesnt want to give the toy back to the vendor. She throws
herself on the ground in a tantrum making the dust fly everywhere, wailing loudly.
What should her parents do at this point? How do you think they should deal with a
young childs misbehaviour?
83
84
15:32a
22:15
2. Read further from Proverbs. What can you determine are the consequences of an
undisciplined child? Some of these same verses give us insights into the results or
characteristics of a lovingly disciplined child. Compare and contrast the consequences
you discover.
References in
Proverbs
Consequences of an
Undisciplined Child
Consequences of a Disciplined
Child
Proverbs 10: 17
Proverbs 13: 18
Proverbs 15: 32
Proverbs 29:15
3. Continue your study of Proverbs. Read the following verses to find the loving parental
nurture and discipline. Assess what can be learned about biblical discipline from these
verses and make your comments below:
References in
Proverbs
Proverbs 3:12
Proverbs 13:24
Proverbs 23:13
Proverbs 23:14
Proverbs 29:17
85
4. How would you characterize the loving discipline and nurture described in the
following passages:
References
Deuteronomy 8:5
Hebrews 12: 6-9
Hebrews 12:10-11
Characteristics of Discipline
Zuck, Precious in His Sight. p.121.
30
86
5. Read the following Scriptures concerning the rod found in Proverbs. What do these
verses say about physical discipline?
References in Proverbs
about the rod
Proverbs 13:24
Proverbs 14:3
Proverbs 26:3
REFLECTION QUESTIONS:
1. In your mind, what are the differences in meaning between the following words?
Check a dictionary for the nuances of meaning. Training, Correction, Discipline,
Punishment, Reprimand.
2. Some people today think that the rod in Scripture is primarily metaphorical arguing
that a rod or stick should never be used to train (discipline) a child. What do you think?
3. The verses mentioned in #5 are controversial in some cultures. What is your opinion
concerning the spanking of children? How do you (or others in your context) feel about
it?
87
4. Some people today argue that children subjected to physical punishment are more
likely than others to be aggressive to siblings; to bully other children at school; to be
violent to their spouses and children and to commit violent crimes. What is your
opinion? What are your experiences or observations?
5. How are children disciplined in your culture/country today? Which of these
approaches are effective and which are not? Why?
6. What are some positive and effective ways you can train and discipline your children?
How does these relate to the Scriptures you have studied? What are some additional
verses about positive discipline in the Bible?
Beating, hitting, slapping or lashing, with or without the use of an instrument such
as a cane, stick, shoes, whip or belt;
Elanor Jackson and Marie Wernham and ChildHope. (Consortium for Street Children,
London.) 2005, www.childhopeuk.org
31
88
Other direct assaults on a childs body, such as pinching, pulling ears or hair,
twisting joints, cutting and shaving hair, cutting or piercing skin, carrying or
dragging a child against his or her will;
Jackson and Wernham also have helpful guidance on positive discipline. These include:
Positive discipline requires confidence from parents: confidence that you really are
the most important people in your childrens lives.
People learn much more through cooperation and rewards than through coercion
and punishment. The rewards dont have to be things like presents or sweets; what
children really want is parental attention. They want you to notice them, talk to
them, share your life with them, acknowledge and affirm the positives in them.
Children need your attention and will do anything to get it. The more you give
when they are being a pleasure, the less they will try to force from you by being a
pain. Do you always answer when they speak or only when they whine? Positive
discipline means trying not to be negative:
Try to say yes and well done at least as often as no and stop that. Be as ready
to praise behaviour you like as to scold for behaviour you dont.
Explain your real reasons - because I say so teaches nothing for next time.
Even when you dislike your childs behaviour, never suggest that you dislike your
child.
ACTION PLAN:
Discuss the aspects of a discipline policy in your context of working with children. Does
your organization/ church have a written document concerning guidelines for positive
nurture and discipline for those who work directly with children? How do you manage
difficult children and or teenagers in your context, if applicable?
89
Analyze the concept of child protection in your context. How do you think nurture and
discipline supports the child protection policies of your organization or church? What are
the challenges?
90
Children
Jacob
Joseph
Rahab
David
Jesus
Genesis 50: 1
Joshua 2: 12-13
I Samuel 22:3-4
John 19: 26-27
91
2. Read the biblical passages below. You will discover the consequences of dishonouring
actions. List and make note of these unfortunate consequences.
References
Consequences
Exodus 21:17;
Leviticus 20:9
Proverbs 30: 17
Ezekiel 22: 7-12
3. Read the following words from Jesus concerning the act of honouring ones parents.
How did Jesus affirm the Old Testament teachings on this subject? Was His teaching
any different? Why or why not?
References
Context
Jesus Words
Matthew 15:4-6;
Matthew 19:19
Luke 18: 20
Think About and Discuss:
How do children honour and respect their parents or elderly in your culture/country?
Name some specific actions or activities. In what ways have honour and respect
toward parents and the elderly eroded or improved in your culture? Why? How can
Honour and respect toward parents and the elderly be restored and encouraged,
particularly in the church and in your community?
92
4. Read the following passages to learn how Proverbs gives many examples of the good
things that happen to children who are open and obedient to their parents teaching.
Observe and list the good things that children will experience as a result of their
obedience to their parents.
References from
Proverbs
Proverbs 2:1-5
Proverbs 3:2
Proverbs 4:20-22
Proverbs 6:23-24
Proverbs 16: 20
5. Children in the Bible demonstrated obedience to their parents. Read the following
Scriptures to learn about their stories of obedience:
References
Children
Acts of Obedience
Genesis 22:7
Isaac
Genesis 28:6-7
Jacob
I Samuel 9:3-5
Saul
Luke 2:51
Jesus
6. Read the following passages to identify consequences for parents whey have fail to
train up their children to Honour and obey them. Can you think of other examples in
the Bible in addition to the ones listed below?
93
References
Parents
Consequences
I Samuel 2:12
Eli
I Samuel 8:1-3
Samuel
I Kings 1:5,6
David
2Kings 2:23-24
Unknown
7. In the Old Testament, the Mosaic Law instructed parents how to handle children who
were persistently rebellious. Read Deuteronomy 21:18-21 to discover the consequences
for disobedient children. What are the spiritual implications for obedience/
disobedience towards parents?
8. In the New Testament, Pauls teachings included the subject of childrens disobedience
to their parents. Read Romans 1: 28-31; 2Timothy 3:1-5 to learn of his teaching. What
are the consequences of disobedience in Pauls mind?
REFLECTION QUESTIONS:
1. Discuss and give examples of how the above Proverbs continue to be relevant today. In
your experience, have you seen any of these results?
2. What is the best age for teaching a child to honour, respect and obey his parents?
Give some practical illustrations in the home environment. Discuss the age-
appropriateness of the expectations parents might have for these godly characteristics.
94
3. What are some differences in meaning between the words: Obey, Esteem, Honour,
Revere, Respect, Cherish? (Check a dictionary to uncover some of the nuances of
meaning.) Which are appropriate attitudes/actions toward parents and ancestors?
Which are not? Why?
4. How does the biblical honour and respect for parents relate to the respecting or
veneration of ancestors (ancestor worship) in Asian (and elsewhere) customs, religions
and traditions? In what ways are these practices a counterfeit and distortion of biblical
truths?
5. Why is managing the family well and having obedient children a criterion for
qualifying as an elder in the church? (2 Timothy 3:4)? Discuss how having obedient/
disobedient children may benefit/hinder an elders ministry.
Jesus Experience of
Learning
6:3
6: 19-20
7: 3-5
Zuck, Precious in His Sight, p.196.
32
96
7: 24-27
9: 16-17
He understood the
problems with sewing new
cloth on old wineskins.
13: 52
5:15
22: 15-21
5:13, 13:33,
15: 26,
16:6,11: 23:25-
26
6:26; 13: 4;
24:28
Primary
Scriptures:
7:6,10,15;
20:2, 9-10, 13
21: 42,44
97
2. A further study of Matthew will reveal that Jesus was familiar with horticulture and
agriculture. The following words were used in His teaching to His farming, and
agricultural culture. In the following passages, how did Jesus apply his knowledge and
use it to teach his disciples?
References in
Matthew:
Lilies, grass
7: 16-20
11:7
Reeds
6:28,30,
13: 3-9, 18-23,
25:24-26;29-30
9: 37-38; 21:34,
41; 25:24, 26.
Harvesting
7:16; 20:1-16;
21:28-41
From reading the Matthew passages, what can you discover about Jesus methodology
of teaching? Why was He so effective? In what ways can you model His abilities to
communicate to His context in His culture?
98
3. We do not know for sure about any kind of formal schooling Jesus receive as a child.
His disciples asked: How did this man get such learning without having studied?
(John 7:15)? What does the phrase not having studied suggest about Jesus
schooling? Where do you suppose Jesus was educated?
4. Jesus was certainly wise (Luke 2:52) as well as educated. He knew the OT Scriptures
well. The Gospel of Luke records at least 39 times when Jesus quoted from the OT.
Discuss what the education of Jesus suggests to us in comparison with the education of
children today.
REFLECTION QUESTIONS:
1. Compare what you know of early Jewish education; explore the concept of rabbi.
How is it that Jesus was able to speak in synagogues as was His custom (Luke 4:16-
22). Was there an educational entrance requirement to speak in the synagogue?
2. It should be our hope that children everywhere have the opportunity to grow the way
Jesus didin wisdom and stature and in favour with God and Man (Luke 2:52).
What is your definition of wisdom? What is the difference between wisdom and
knowledge?
99
3. As church leaders, child development workers, and other occupations that work with
children, it is important to reflect upon where/how children today learn wisdom.
How might you, your churches or schools teach wisdom today? List some ideas.
Discuss.
4. What age do you think that children should start their formal education in public
institutions today (if at all?) What is your opinion of parents who send their children,
as young as 2 years old, to preschool centres for half-day or full day early childhood
programs? What are the benefits or harmful effects on such children?
5. Describe the ways children are educated in your culture. Discuss what options
working parents, single parents, and older siblings have to be able to receive a formal
education for themselves or their children.
Do you think this may be at least partly true in your country or society?
100
What is the learning focus children are experiencing in schools today? In what
ways, positively or negatively, does public school education affect children today?
How might parents take back some of the responsibilities for teaching and
training their children? Give examples, if possible, of the following teaching and
training characteristics:
Skills or knowledge?
101
HAS
103
Commands to Children
Proverbs 4:10
Proverbs 5:1
Proverbs 8:32-33
105
Additional: Proverbs
19:20; 22:17
2. Read the following verses with the intent of summarizing with a short phrase or
sentence what parents are to do when instructing their children.
References
Exodus 12:26-27;
13:8,14
Deuteronomy 4:9,10;
6:7,21; 11:19
Joshua 4:7,22
Summary
Psalm 44:1 78:3-6
Isaiah 38:19
3. Read Deuteronomy 6:9; 11:20. Twice Moses told the Israelites to do something when
they instruct their children at home. What is it and why?
4. The following Scriptures from Proverbs help us to identify the commands from God
and the corresponding reasons or motives to support Gods best plan for His children.
Read the verses and identify the reasons or motives we should do so to grow in
according to Gods view and wisdom:
References in
Proverbs
106
Commands of God
Proverbs 1:5,16,25-
26; 30-31
Proverbs 2:1-5
Proverbs 3: 1-12
Proverbs 3: 21-24
5. In the Old Testament, where was the teaching done after the Israelites conquered
Canaan and were designated new homes in the various cities? Discover the centres of
learning from the following Scriptures. What do you learn from these?
Old Testament
References
Deuteronomy 17:
11; 33:8,10
2 Chronicles
15:3; 17:7-9; 35:3
Think About and Discuss:
Illiteracy and dropping out of school is a problem in most cultures, including western
society. Why do you think this is happening? In your opinion, to what extent is this
problem related to the home environment, family unit, church engagement, and
community support?
6. In the New Testament, where did Jesus do most of His teaching? Read the following
Scriptures to find out more about Jesus as the Teacher. What implications do you see
for teaching children from Jesus approach? Write your observations and conclusions
below:
New Testament
Scriptures
Matthew 4:23
Mark 1:21
107
John 6:59; 18:20
REFLECTION QUESTIONS:
1. Compare and contrast the teaching environments of both the Old Testament and New
Testament. How were these similar and how was Jesus teaching different than that of
the rote memorization methods used in the Old Testament of teaching the Torah? In
what other settings, was Jesus an effective Teacher outside of the synagogue? Give
examples from Scripture. How does this apply to your culture today?
Additional Scriptures of the Old Testament reveal that children at that time learned the
Torah by repetition and memorization. Read the following to confirm this:
Primary Scriptures:
Supplemental Scriptures:
1. Numbers 15:37-41
3. Psalm 113-118
How common is this method in training children to learn the Bible today? How
effective is it? From your observations, how has this approach benefited or hindered
the faith of the children? Discuss.
2. Often Asian and African students are pushed to spend long hours in school and
experience extra tuitions, remedial, and other academic supplements to fill up their
days, often at the expense of other holistic activities such as sports, free time, or family
time. What is your opinion of this emphasis? If it is a concern, how can it be addressed
in these situations and cultures?
108
Mothers/Fathers
Example
Reference
Sons Response
Genesis 37:3-4
Genesis 35:22
2 Samuel 16:21; I
Kings 11:3
Genesis 25:28
Genesis 30: 3-12
2 Samuel 5:13-16;
I Chronicles 3:1-9
Zuck, Precious in His Sight, p.115.
33
34
110
2. Read these positive examples in Scripture. What characteristics of good parental
modeling do you see in the following examples:
Reference
Deuteronomy
6:7; 11: 19
Proverbs 14:26
Proverbs 20:7
3. Eli is one example of an apparently very poor parental model. What were the resulting
characteristics in his sons, Hophni and Phinehas? List the characteristics of Elis sons:
Reference
I Samuel 2:12-17,22
4. Read further in I Samuel 2:25, 29. Identify 2 reasons why Eli as a father failed to impact
his sons positively despite rebuking them of their sins?
a.
b.
5. Another leader, King Jeroboam, is an example of how one mans sins can affect the
entire nation for many generations. Read I Kings 12:26-33; 14:9. What are the wicked
actions that Jeroboam did which resulted in amazing and alarming consequences
amongst every one of the 19 kings of the Northern Kingdom?
111
6. Identify Jeroboams successors (the wicked kinds of the Northern Kingdom) and the
description of their wickedness in the following verses. How do these relate with
Jeroboams personal wickedness?
References to
the kings
Names of the
Wicked Kings
I Kings 15:26
Nadab
I Kings 15:34
Baasha
I Kings 16:19
Zimri
I Kings 16:26
Omri
I Kings 16:31
Ahab
I Kings 22:52
Ahaziah
2 Kings 3:3
Joram
2 Kings 10:29
Jehu
2 Kings 10:31
Jehu
2 Kings 13:2
Jehoahaz
2 Kings 13:11
Jehoash
2 Kings 14:24
Jeroboam II
2 Kings 15:9
Zechariah
2 Kings 15:18
Menahem
2 Kings 15:24
Pekahiah
2 Kings 15:28
Pekah
112
Names of
Righteous
Kings
I Kings 22:42
Jehoshaphat
2 Kings 12:1
Joash
2 Kings 14:2
Amaziah
2 Kings 15:1-2
Azariah
2 Kings 15:33
Jotham
2Kings 18:2
Hezekiah
2 Kings 22:1
Josiah
113
9. Read Exodus 20:5 and Deuteronomy 5:9 viz. I, the Lord your God, am a jealous God,
punishing the children for the sin of the fathers to the third and fourth generation of
those who hate me. To what extent are parents responsible for the divine judgment
upon their future generations?
REFLECTION QUESTIONS:
Note: Some discussions in this section may cause some participants in your group to feel
uncomfortable or hurt as they reflect on their childhood experiences. Depending upon the
openness and readiness of your group members, discuss at least two of the following
questions:
1. In your group, share specifically how your parents have been positive role models to
you during your childhood. How have their positive actions influenced you as an
adult?
2. If you are comfortable with it, reflect on how your parents were possibly a negative
role model to you. How has this impacted you?
3. As parents and child workers, leaders, do your footprints cause [your children] to
believe, and is the life you lead inspiring them to lead an obedient lifestyle?
114
4. As parents and child workers, leaders, what is one thing that is most difficult for you to
model to your children? What might be the easiest to model to your children? Give
examples from your experience and life.
5. Discuss one area in a childs life that is in serious need of parental modeling today.
Give examples if possible.
115
Act of Obedience
Exodus 12:11-13
Psalms 132:11,12
1 Kings 9:1-5
II Chronicles 7:17-22
2. Acts 13:22 says that David was a man after Gods own heart. Even though he was not a
good father, and didnt finish well, his love of God and general obedient spirit was
rewarded with a promise of eternal dynasty. Many of Davids descendants were also
disobedient, but their punishment was less than they deserved, for the sake of your
father David, though David had long since died. Note how this was the case in the
following Scriptures: 1 Kings 11: 12, 13 and 32-39; 1 Kings 15:3-5 and 11-13; II kings
8:19, II Chronicles 21:7, Isaiah 38:35.
3. The book of Hebrews in the New Testament celebrates the faithfulness and obedience
of some Old Testament Heroes of the faith. With the perspective of New Testament
glasses, reflect on how history would have been different if the fathers in these
examples had NOT been obedient:
Old Testament
Obedience
Hebrews, 11:7
Hebrews 11:8-12
Hebrews 11:23
What qualities that you have identified through the study of the Scriptures in this
lesson, become modelled out in your cultural context? In what ways are these positive
or negative influences? Give specific examples when applicable.
4. Throughout the Old Testament, promises are made to those who are obedient, and to
their descendants. In other words, it is not only the children who will enjoy the blessings
of parental obedience, but the succeeding generations as well! For each of the passages
below, indicate the obedience required, and the promise made to the children and/or
descendants.
Obedience or
Faithfulness
Expected
Deuteronomy 4:40
Deuteronomy
30:19-20
Psalms 37:25,26
Psalms 103:17-18
Psalms 112:1,2
Psalms 128
Isaiah 65:23
Proverbs 14:26
118
5. We see that there are some wonderful promises and blessings in store for the children
and descendants of obedient, faithful parents. Indeed, we may be sure from Scripture
that God wants to bless and reward faithfulness, far into the future. Read the following
Scriptures and formulate a principle or standard relating to parental obedience which
results in blessings for the descendants. The first one is done for you.
Principle or Standard
Proverbs 20:7
Jeremiah 11:4-5
Isaiah 44:2-4
Acts 16:31
Isaiah 59:21
6. Now lets look at the negative. Unfortunately the outcomes for the next generations are
not so encouraging in the following verses as those in the passages above.
Examine the following Scriptures. For each one, note the failure of obedience or
faithfulness in the father, and also the resulting problem or disaster for the children.
Failure or Lack
of Faithfulness
1 Kings 11:1-11
1 Kings 14:6-16
II Kings 5:20-27
I Chronicles 5:1
II Chronicles 21:12-20
Jeremiah 6:10-12
Hosea 9:11-16
119
Supplementary Scriptures: 1 Kings 20; 1 Kings 16:2-7; II Kings 9,10; Nahum 1:14;
2:12,13.
REFLECTION QUESTIONS:
1. Apparently David never disciplined his son Adonijah at all or even scolded him (1
Kings 1:6). This wild son then thought he could have the kingship just because he
wanted it. Adonijah was Absaloms younger brother if they were raised the same
way, it is not surprising that Absalom acted as spoiled as he did. Give examples in
your family or society of undisciplined children assuming and grabbing inheritance
that should rightly have been earned.
2. Do you think that Solomons lack of self-discipline with women was in part due to the
lack of fatherly discipline? Discuss how that might be the case.
3. See Ezekiel 16:20,21. The parents were sacrificing to idols the very children God had
given them to raise. Are we sacrificing our children whom God has entrusted to us to
our modern idols of materialism, ease, TV, self-gratification, money-making? Discuss.
4. Apparently a remnant of the Israelites wanted to stay in Egypt when God was bringing
them out of slavery (Jeremiah 42,43). Reflect on the idea that sometimes we think we
know what might be safest for our families, but the safest place is in obedience to the
Lords will. Give examples from your experience.
5. The Search Institute (www.search-institute.org) has determined that there are building
blocks of healthy developmentknown as Development Assets* (trademark Search
Institute) that help young people grow up healthy, caring and responsible. Some of the
external assets include family support, positive family communication, and other adult
120
121
OF
F AITH
35
Zuck, p. 18 quoting from Frank G. Coleman, The Romance of Winning Children (Cleveland,
Ohio: Union Gospel Press, 1967) pp.9-10.
36
Dan Brewster, The 4/14 Window: Child Ministries and Mission Strategies in Children in
Crisis: A New Commitment, Phyllis Kilbourn, ed. (Monrovia, California: MARC, 1995) pp.125-139.
37
George Barna, Transforming Children into Spiritual Champions (Ventura, California: Regal,
2003), p.34.
123
Event/Activity
Zuck, Precious in His Sight, p.18.
38
Zuck, p.18 quoting Frank G. Coleman, The Romance of Winning children (Cleveland, Ohio:
Union Gospel Press, 1967). pp.9-10.
39
125
Do you have childrens church at your church? And do you feel that childrens
church and/or a childrens sermon contributes to the participation of the children in
worship, or does it tend to dumb down the message of the Gospel for children?
Discuss.
3. Read Exodus 12:26-27 and Joshua 4:6-7. Against the backdrop of child participation in
events and religious activities found in the Old Testament, note that it is not if your
child asks, but when your children ask what do these. mean? To what extent are
children expected to participate in the activities of faith in your church, culture or
society? How can children today be encouraged to participate and even initiate faith
discussions in the home or at church? How can we encourage children today to ask
about matters of faith?
James Montgomery Boice, I Dont Do Childrens Sermons in Modern Reformation magazine at
http://articles.christiansunite.com.
40
126
4. Read the following Scriptures. What do they imply about a childs sensitivity and
openness (or inherent transcendence) to the spiritual truths of God?
References
Psalm 22:9-10
Psalm 71: 5-6,17
Matthew 11:25
Matthew 21:15-16
Luke 1:15
Acts 26:4
Implications
5. Explore the Scriptures which speak of developing a child-like faith. Search and
describe how these verses further support a childs faith development.
References about
Developing a
child-like Faith
2 Timothy3:15
REFLECTION QUESTIONS:
1. On page 21 of Precious in His Sight, Zuck gave 3 reasons why children are equipped to
respond to spiritual truths:
Their dependency and trust
Their sensitivity to sin
Their loving nature
127
Give examples of how you have seen each of these in children you know. In your
experience with children in your culture, can you give examples of each of these? Can
you think of any other reasons besides these?
2. Dr. Vinay Samuel has said,
Children are born with transcendence. While they are born into risk, children
recognize transcendence. Yet if they are not immediately invited into the
kingdomif they do not experience and enjoy the realities of kingdom, they
will lose that sense of transcendence.41
Can you think of or share a time when you sensed the transcendence of a child?
Read and reflect upon the Parable of the Sower, (Luke 4: 3-20). How might
Jesus words apply to the spiritual growth of a child, and her sense of
transcendence and child-like faith?
Vinay Samuel, Some theological Perspectives on Children at Risk in Transformation (Vol 14,
No. 2. April/June 1997), p.27.
41
128
129
References
1: 8,10,15
3: 1,11,21
4: 20
6:20
23: 15,19
24:13,21
31: 1, 26
130
In New
Testament
Ephesians 6:4
Colossians 3:21
I Thessalonians
2:11-12
2 Timothy 1:5;
3:14-15
2. Read the following verses. Write down the phrases relating to parents teaching/
training their children:
References
Genesis 18:19
Deuteronomy
32:44-46
131
Goliath? What were his gifts, talents, interests, and capacity according to these verses
and further in Chapter 17 of I Samuel?
4. Read the following Scriptures to determine specific kinds of learning parents are to
teach their children in these passages:
References:
Psalms 71:5-6, 18; 78:3-4
Isaiah 38:19
I Corinthians 10:1
2 Timothy 3:15
Titus 3:10
REFLECTION QUESTIONS:
1. Is there a difference between training and teaching our children? If so, what is the
difference? Give some examples. (Hint: does the age of the child have anything to do
with it?)
132
2. Is the church or family most responsible for teaching children how to live? Why or why
not? Discuss.
3. Why do some Christian children stray from their faith and live ungodly lives as adults
in spite of having received godly training and teaching from their parents? Discuss.
4. In the well-known passage from Proverbs 22:6, Train up a child in the way he should
go, and when he is old, he will not depart from it., the Hebrew word which is
translated train, has a meaning of narrowing or restricting. Discuss how training of
a child has the aspects of narrowing and restricting attitudes and behaviours.
133
134
Acts 11:14
Acts 18: 8
I Corinthians 1:14-16
2. Read Acts 2:39 and consider the phrase, you and your children. In light of that verse,
and the verse you have just read in Acts 16:31 in which Paul said to the jailer, Believe
in the Lord Jesus, and you will be savedyou and your household, do these verses
support the position on the faith of parent/s substituting the faith of infants hence
leading to infant baptism? How?
3. In the same light, read I Corinthians 7:14. In your opinion, what, really, might this
passage mean? Can the faith of the parent/s sanctify their children? Do a word study
on the word, sanctify What are the various meanings of this word, and how might
these meanings influence your point of view on the setting apart by the sign of
baptism?
135
What is your personal belief about infant baptism/or dedication in light of Scriptural
truths studied here? Make a case for your belief using Scriptures.
4. Once again, lets continue our study in the Book of Acts. Read about the people were
baptized in the early church. Are they adults or infants? Is Scripture definitive about
their age in these passages? Identify one common factor in these passages which
qualifies them to be water-baptized.
References:
Acts 2:41
Acts 8:12
Acts 9:18
Acts 18: 8
5. Read the passages in the Synoptic Gospels which tell of water baptism in Jesus Great
Commission (Matthew 28:19; Mark 16:16). What is the biblical implication on the
validity of infant baptism based upon these passages?
136
REFLECTION QUESTIONS:
1. From a biblical point of view, can infant baptism be equated as an act of regeneration?
If yes, why? If not, what is your opinion concerning whether or not churches should
continue to practice infant baptism? Why or why not? What Scriptures speak to this
issue?
2. Do you know of Christians who have been infant-baptized and then found a vital faith
later in life? What might that suggest to you about the validity of infant baptism?
3. Do you know of adult baptized persons (or baptized after reaching the age of
accountability however you define that), who have abandoned their commitment to
Christ? What does that suggest to you about the efficacy of adult baptism? Is baptism
at any age a guarantee of a life of personal relationship, discipleship and salvation in
Jesus Christ?
4. What is the overall purpose of baptism; could it be a sign and seal of the covenant
between God and His people? What Scriptures might support your viewpoint?
Child
Approximate
Age?
Special Tasks
Outcomes and
Impact of Others
Genesis 22:6-
12
Isaac
Used as a vessel to
test his father,
Abrahams faith and
love for God
A type of Christ
that points
people to God
Genesis 37: 5-
11; 36; 45:5-8
Joseph
Wess Stafford, Too Small to Ignore (Colorado Springs: Waterbrook Press, 2005). p.212.
42
138
Exodus 2: 4-
10
Miriam
I Samuel
2:11; 3: 1-20
I Kings 17:22
2 Kings 5: 1-6
2 Kings 11:21;
12:2
2 Kings 22: 1-
2; 23:3
2 Chronicles
34:1-7
Esther 2:17;
4:15-16; 7:3
Jeremiah 1:4-
10
2. Read the following Scriptures and discuss how God used the children mentioned for
special tasks. Note the particular ability, quality, or responsiveness needed by the
child to do the task.
Reference
2Kings 5:1-3
Psalms 8:2
Mark 9: 33-
37
John 6:5-13
139
John 6:8-14
4. Consider the phrase Now I know.. used by Naaman in 2 Kings 5:15, and the
widow of Zarephath in I Kings 17:24. What is the significance of that phrase? (Hint:
Think about what evangelism and missions are all about). How were children featured
in each of these passages, and what lessons or insights do you see?
140
5. When Jesus multiplied the 5 loaves and 2 fishes (given by the boy) to feed the
multitude in John 6, how was this event a missional event? (Note vs. 14).
REFLECTION QUESTIONS:
1. Reflect upon the life of Joseph as it unfolded in the book of Genesis. What is the most
common characteristic we know about Joseph from the many chapters devoted to his
life? What same characteristics might we pray for in our own children today?
2. Based upon the Scriptures and examples above, can you identify other similar
examples in the Bible? Does God use children in the same way today? Can you share a
case study of a child from your experience?
3. Why do you think God uses children instead of adults in accomplishing certain tasks?
In what ways are children unique from adults when accomplishing His tasks? Have
you seen Him use children in your church or community? Discuss and share examples.
4. As discussed, children often responded spontaneously to God when given a chance to
serve Him. Are children in your family, church or community given opportunities to
do His work? If not, why? How does the participation of children in Gods work
enhance the life of the church in your culture?
141
5. Based upon this study, it is apparent that God will use young people for special tasks
in the future. What do you think it might mean in Joel 2:28 and Acts 2:17 that the
young men will see visions. How does this influence your position as a leader in your
organization/church? What might be the Holy Spirits role in this calling to young
people for special tasks?
142
Stafford, Too Small to Ignore, p.211.
43
Ibid.
44
143
Mark 9: 23-24.
2. Read the following Scriptures. What are the Kingdom truths adults are to learn from
the children in these passages? Identify the contexts of these teachings for accurate
interpretation. What additional biblical passages demonstrate how God used children
to teach adults His Truth?
References
Context
John 3:5-7
Psalm 8:2
Isaiah 9:6
Isaiah 49: 15-16
Think About and Discuss:
Jesus told His disciples to change and become like little children or they will never
enter the Kingdom of heaven (Matthew 18:3). What are the changes that Jesus is
expecting from the disciples? In this context are these changes possible without the
influence of the little children?
3. Read the story of David and Goliath found in I Samuel 17. In this passage, Davids
oldest brother (Eliab) burned with anger at David for his idea to confront the giant (I
144
Samuel 17:28). Also, King Saul initially doubted Davids ability because he was only a
boy (vs. 33). Goliath, too, disdained David as only a boy (vs. 42). What spiritual
truths did Eliab, Saul and the Philistines learn from young Davids victory?
4. Read the following child-related words or phrases in the Pauline epistles. Study the
contexts and identify the Kingdom truths or message that Paul wanted to teach the
adults. The Primary Scriptures are mentioned below. For further investigation, you
may also study the Supplemental Scriptures. Some are done for you:
Pauline References:
Primary Scriptures
Child-related Words/Phrases
Romans 8: 15-16, 23
Kingdom Truths/Message
Sonship; redemption;
adoption
2 Corinthians 6:18
Galatians 4:5-7
Philippians 2:15
Pauline References:
Child-Related
Kingdom Truths/Message
145
Supplemental
Scriptures
Words/Phrases
Colossians 3:20
I Thessalonians 5:5
I Timothy 2:15
2 Timothy 3:15
Titus 1: 6
Philemon 10
REFLECTION QUESTIONS:
1. God chose Samuel to reveal His will for the Israelite nation (I Samuel 3; 1-21) during a
time when the word of the Lord was rare and there were not many visions. (I
Samuel 3:1) Why do you think God chose Samuel at that time, and how did God use
young Samuel to influence the adults in his days?
2. In 1 Corinthians 13:11 Paul says when I was a child, I talked like a child; I thought like
a child, I reasoned like a child. Discuss how it is possible to put away childish things,
and still become like little children as we are commanded to do in Mt. 18:3?
146
3. Share and discuss 1 or more examples from your own community of how adults
(believers and non-believers) are dramatically transformed because of the influence of
children.
4. In what ways in your ministry or leadership have you experienced the ability of
children to minister to, encourage, or stimulate faith in adults? Give one or two
examples. In what context did this happen?
BIBLICAL PRINCIPLES/THEMES:
147
Zuck, Precious in His Sight, p.217.
45
Ibid., p.221.
46
148
2. Read Ephesians 2:3. The Apostle Paul clearly states in his letter to the Ephesians that
we were by nature objects of wrath. What do these passages above say about the
spiritual destiny of infants who die? Are infants exempted from the wrath of God
when they are born since they are young and innocent?
3. Read the following parallel passages from the synoptic Gospels: Matthew 19:14; Mark
10:14 and Luke 18:15-17. Jesus made the statement that The kingdom of heaven
belongs to such as these. We also learn that he was also referring to infants (Luke
18:15-17). Based upon your reading of these passages, answer the following:
Are all children, regardless of age, automatic members of heaven? Why or why
not?
How do these children get into the Kingdom? (Adults must get there through
faith. How about the child?)
149
Who are the little ones who believe in Jesus in Matthew 18:6? (Do you think
this might this refer the faith of very young children?)
Think About and Discuss:
Are there babies in heaven? If so, do babies remain in their infancy age when they are
resurrected? What is your opinion concerning infants who are in heaven but still
needs to grow to maturity? (This position is against the idea that there are babies in
heaven.) If so, what are the theological implications for resurrected bodies as a whole
regardless of their age?
4. In Matthew 18:14 when Jesus said that Your Father in heaven is not willing that any of
these little ones should be lost. What did Jesus mean by that statement? Was Jesus
teaching a doctrine of universalism (everyone will ultimately be saved)? Why or why
not? How does Jesus statement implicate the spiritual destiny of infants when they
die?
5. Read 2 Samuel 12:23. In this verse, what is your interpretation of Davids response
concerning the death of his illegitimate son: I will go to him, but he will not return to
me. Do you agree that this verse suggests that Davids son was experiencing a
conscious existence in Gods presence after death and that they will meet again in
heaven? (See Zuck, p. 219.) Why or why not?
150
6. Read Romans 5:18-20. Some believe that all who die in infancy are saved? If so, on
what basis? (That is, from a theological standpoint, what will allow them into
heaven? What about the infants of unsaved parents?) Discuss. Then see the points
made by Roy Zuck in the Case Study below.
REFLECTION QUESTIONS:
1. Some Christian traditions have viewed children as sinful. Do you think it makes sense
to talk of infants as sinful? Do you think such a position could lead to cruel and harsh
treatment of children? Discuss. What Scripture references come to mind?
2. Read Revelation 7:9. Is it possible for heaven to be populated with adult multitudes
only from every nation, tribe, people and language? If not, is it then possible that
some tribes will then have to be represented in heaven by children who die in infancy
of unbelieving parents? Discuss.
CASE STUDY:
Roy Zuck presents 8 different perspectives on the question: By What Means Will Deceased
Infants Go to Heaven? 47 His premise is that infants who die will go to heaven. (See
viewpoint#7). Which viewpoint do you prefer, if any, over all the other viewpoints, and
why?
Viewpoint #1: Children who die as infants are taken to heaven because of the doctrine
of universalism. The basic premise s that everyone will ultimately be saved and not one
will be in hell. Therefore, infants will be in heaven even though they had no
Zuck, pp.220-225.
47
151
opportunity to believe. Consider the following Scriptures: Matt. 25:46; John 3:16, 18;
3:36; Rev. 20:15. Determine whether or not universalism is the basis of their salvation.
Viewpoint#2: Some believe infants will go to heaven because they are born innocent,
without sin. Examine Scriptures: I Corinthians 15:22; Proverbs 22:15; Psalm 51:5;
Romans 3:10. Discuss the analysis of this viewpoint based upon these Scriptures.
Viewpoint#3: Gregory of Nyssa of the fourth century first proposed the viewpoint that
when infants die, they immediately mature and are given opportunity to place their
faith in Christ for salvation. Zuck believes that this point of view has no biblical
support and that if infants immediately before or after death are given the opportunity
to be saved, it could suggest that some will go to heaven and others will not! Discuss.
Viewpoint#4: Zwingli, a Swiss Reformer proposed that infants who die will be in
heaven because they are elected by God. This asserts that children of believing parents
are among the elect, and will be saved, and that dying infants of non-Christian parents
are also among the elect. This discussion is, of course much more rooted in the contexts
of the elect. Discuss.
Viewpoint#5: Infants can be saved by the baptism of desire, of the Christian parents
who desired it for their children but were unable to obtain it before they died. Discuss
the idea of an infant desiring baptism, and/or the ideas of Christian parents desiring
baptism. What might happen if the parents of the infants do not desire salvation for
their infants, due to the fact that they may know nothing of salvation and baptism?
Viewpoint#6: The theologian Warfield believes that infants who die will be regenerated
because they havent rejected Christ. Three points to consider are: 1) Only those who
consciously reject Christ are condemned to hell. 2) Infants cannot knowingly turn from
Christ. 3) All dying infants will be in heaven even though they were born sinners and
do not exercise faith.
Viewpoint#7: Zuck prefers the following view (found on p. 223 of his book): all infants
enjoy heavenly bliss not because they are born sinless or because they mature
immediately after death , or because they are elect or had a desire for baptism or
salvation. Like everyone, infants need salvation. And salvation is only through
Christ. Therefore, even though infants cannot exercise faith in him, he can remove their
depravity.
Viewpoint#8: Infants enter heaven by the fact that they have been baptized. This
viewpoint has been supported by the Roman Catholic church and was first proposed
by St. Augustine (A.D. 354-430).
152
153
The Oxford Statement on Children at Risk, drafted in Oxford in January 1997 provides both a
practical and biblical rationale for Christian care for children. The entire Statement may be viewed
at: www.viva.org.
155
our hearts must similarly be broken. Consider the challenges which are facing
children at risk in your own cultures. What can you do as leaders and child care
workers do to advocate for children? Advocacy is one way EVERYONE can get
involved, whether working specifically with children or within the different
structures of society to be a voice for the vulnerable.
156
Primary Recipients of
Gods Care and Concern
Common Theme
Primary Scriptures:
Deuteronomy 27:19
Jeremiah 22:3
Lamentations 2:11,19
Matthew 18:10
James 1:27
157
Supplemental Scriptures:
Job 29: 12; 31:17
Psalm 82:3-4
Isaiah 1:17
2. Read the following Scriptures about child protection in the Bible. First, identify Gods
task as evidenced throughout the Bible. Second, identify our task according to Gods
heart for child protection through further biblical references.
Gods Task : References:
Genesis 21:17 (story of Hagar)
Deuteronomy 10:18
Psalm 10:14; 68:5
Jeremiah 49:11
Hosea 14:3
John 14:18
Our Task/Responsibilities:
References:
Isaiah 1: 17,23
158
Zechariah 7:10
Matthew 19:14
Luke 17:2
James 1:27
3. Read the following Scriptures which emphasize the kind of child protection the Mosaic
Law of the Old Testament provided for children. Write your observations concerning
Gods heart for child protection in biblical history.
References:
Numbers 27: 7-11
Deuteronomy 14:29
Deuteronomy 16: 11,14
Deuteronomy 24:17, 19-21
Deuteronomy 26:12
159
Are any of the preventive child protection actions taken in your culture related to
traditional values, similar to those provided in the Mosaic Laws of the OT? Discuss.
4. The Old Testament provides advocacy related content in Proverbs 17:7b which states
that A brother is born for adversity. Identify below the brothers in these passages
and briefly comment on the advocacy actions they took in defending their siblings in
adversities:
Reference:
Genesis 34:17
Brother
Genesis 43:34
2 Samuel 13:21
5. Read and study Isaiah 58. Answer the following questions below from your
observations of this remarkable chapter:
Vs.8-12: List the blessings that God promises to those who defend and help the
hungry, the poor wanderer, and the naked as mentioned in these verses.
Read Vs. 12 and Psalm 10:14. What did God call those who cared for and
protected those in need? How does this apply to you in your context?
160
REFLECTION QUESTIONS:
1. What are some specific kinds of child protection children in your culture need the
most? Discuss.
2. In your opinion, what kinds of risks are urban children experiencing in this decade?
What kinds of child protection measured need to be implemented in urban
environments? How can you, in your context, advocate for these measures?
3. In addition, discuss the risks rural children are facing and the measures needed for
their protection. If this is your context, how can you advocate for these measures?
4. Based upon the Scriptures in Isaiah 58 and Psalm 10 you have just read, construct a
job description for a person who would be a Repairer of Broken Walls, (Isaiah
58:12). List the job responsibilities and the benefits that will come to those who are so
called. (Then see below for my version!)
CASE STUDY:
POSITION DESCRIPTION from Isaiah 58
JOB TITLE: -REPAIRER OF BROKEN WALLS
BASIC FUNCTION: Not to turn away from your own flesh and blood. (v. 7)
REPORTING RELATIONSHIP: The Lord will guide you always; The glory of the Lord will be
your rear guard. Then you will call, and the Lord will answer; you will cry for help, and he will
say: Here am I. (vv.8,9,11)
(Your emails will be answered!)
161
(vv. 6, 7, 1 0)
BENEFITS PACKAGE: (Health, pension, etc.)
(vv. 8, 1 0, I 1, 1 2)
162
Context
Description of Infanticide
2 Kings 8:12
Exodus 1:15-22;
Acts 7:19
2 Kings 3:26-27
Psalm 137: 9
Zuck, Precious in His Sight, p.81.
49
Ibid., p.82.
50
Ibid.
51
163
Isaiah 13:16,18
Hosea 10:14
Nahum 3:10
Matthew 2:16
2. There are a disturbing number of passages in the OT which indicate that the Israelites
committed infanticide. Read the verses in context in order to understand the
circumstances, persons/kings/tribes who committed this act:
References:
Context
Jeremiah 7:31;
19:5-6
Lamentations
2:20; 4:10
Ezekiel 20: 26,31
Micah 6:7
164
Description of Infanticide by
the Israelites
Prophet
Ezekiel 23:39
Isaiah 30:33
Jeremiah 7:31
19:6; 32:35
Micah 6:7-8
5. Gods commands to the Israelites regarding infanticide are in the following Scriptures.
Determine the commands given about this subject.
Deuteronomy 18:10
165
6. Explore the root causes of infanticide as mentioned in these passages. What are these
causes?
Leviticus 26:27-29
Ezekiel 5:10
REFLECTION QUESTIONS:
This study gives us some very unpleasant topics to think/talk about. Lets learn from each
other as we discuss the following questions:
1. In Judges 11:30-31. What is your opinion concerning Jephthahs killing his daughter as
a sacrifice? Do you agree that his action constitutes murder of his daughter? Why or
why not?
2. Why did God not spare the lives of the innocent children when He passed judgment
upon the adults? Note these examples: The flood (Genesis 6:5), destruction of Sodom
and Gomorrah (Genesis 18:20); and the Canaanites (Exodus 23:33).
3. Have you ever reflected upon Abrahams sacrifice of Isaac in Genesis 22? Give your
reasons why this is not a pagan act of child sacrifice. Cf. Genesis 17:4-7.
166
4. Would you say that mothers (especially unwed teenage mothers), who abandon their
babies in public places are committing infanticide? How can you or your community
help to prevent such forms of infanticide from occurring? What might be your action
plan to help combat this practice?
167
Protecting Children: Prevention and immediate Response-Compassion Internationals Guide to
Protecting Children from Abuse (Compassion International: Colorado Springs, USA). Most portions of
this study are taken from this important Guide.
52
168
Psalm 10:18
Isaiah 10:2
2. Read the following accounts of the suffering of children in the OT. Comment on the
context and reasons for the suffering.
References:
Joshua 7:24-26
Psalms 106: 37-38
Lamentations 1:16;
2:11; 4:9,10
Joel 3:3
169
References:
Genesis 37: 12-36
Child
Circumstance
Joseph
Moses
2 Kings 5:1-3
Exodus 2:8-10
2 Kings 4:1-7
Daniel 1:3-7
4. The following Scriptures describe children who were despised in the Bible because
they were products of the sinful incestuous or illicit acts of adults. Can you identify
them? As always, also examine the verses surrounding these specific verses to
understand the context.
References:
Genesis 19:30-38
Child
Incestuous/Illicit Relationships
2 Samuel 12:15-23
Hosea 1:2-9
5. Read all we know about Abishag in 1 Kings 1:2,3, 15; 2:17-22. It is very likely that she
was a very young girl when she was brought in to sleep next to David to keep him
warm. (!?) Have you ever thought of what young Abishag might have been thinking or
how she was mistreated and passed around? We never hear a word from her she
was just a piece of property. How might you compare what happened to Abishag in
your experiences today?
170
6. What does the Bible say concerning incestuous or illicit sexual relationships? Read the
following additional Scriptures on this subject. Is the Bible silent regarding the
offspring of such relationships? Defend your answers from Scripture.
Ezekiel 22:11
7. What are some of the consequences for those who abuse and exploit children or refuse
to protect their rights? Read the following passages:
References:
Exodus 22:22-24
Proverbs 23:11
Zechariah 7:11
Malachi 3:5
REFLECTION QUESTIONS:
1. What are some of the cultural practices of your country that may contribute to child
abuse? Who are the perpetrators of this kind of abuse? How can this type of child
abuse be prevented?
2. What are some circumstances or situations which cause children in your culture to be
vulnerable victims of child abuse and exploitation?
171
CASE STUDY:
Consider the story of Dinah in Genesis 24. Note especially verses 1 12 and verse 30 and
31. (Background of story is that Dinah was the only daughter of the household of Jacob, the
youngest child of Leah. We do know that she went out to the city which placed her in a
vulnerable position for the events that followed in the passage.) Read the passage to
suggest responses to the following questions:
172
Based on her birth order and what you know about her father Jacobs time in Padan
Aram with his uncle Laban, how old might Dinah have been when she went to visit
the daughters of the land?) (Use a Hebrew dictionary to discover the meaning of
the words that are translated women, girl, etc.) If you agree that she may have
been a girl of only 10-12 years of age (or less), how does that affect your
interpretation of and feelings about the story?
How might the fact that Dinah was a daughter born to Leah have affected Jacobs
care and protection of his only daughter?
Note as many instances as you can of how adults failed to protect this vulnerable
girl.
Note the absence of anything said by or to the girl. (She is never heard from . She is
basically a piece of property.)
Based upon Jacobs response and silence, what do you think incensed Jacob the
most? His sons response? His relationship of trading with the Canaanites? His
defiled daughter? His own personal safety?
What concerns you the most in this terrible story? Is it the rape of Dinah? Jacobs
failure to protect Dinah? The sons deceit as described in vs. 13-17? Or, the brothers
revenge as described in vs. 25-29?
Discuss how this reminds you of girls who are being trafficked today.
ACTION PLAN:
Would people in your church recognize the symptoms exhibited by a child who was being
abused in the home? What training could/should be provided to equip the Church to
recognize and respond when such cases are present? What procedures does your
organization or church have in place to help prevent, identify, and report possible child
abuse? Make a preliminary plan to strategize and mobilize to prevent child abuse and
exploitation in your context.
BIBLICAL PRINCIPLES/THEMES:
174
In this study, we shall take a closer look at three representative major provisions from the
CRC and view them through the lens of Scripture. Most of the discussions here were taken
from pages 193 199 of Child, Church and Mission, Revised Edition. As you study each of
these Articles, you will discover that they merely affirm what God commanded the Church
to do as we have already learned throughout this Workbook. But watch closely to see how
they might be misinterpreted, or misused.
Dan Brewster, Child, Church and Mission, p.194.
53
54
Ibid., pp.77-78.
55
175
Gods
Commands
Supportive or
Contradictory?
Numbers 27:7
Deuteronomy
10:18
Deuteronomy
26:12
Deuteronomy
27:19
2. Article 14 of the CRC on Freedom of Thought, Conscience and Religion states: The
State shall respect the childs right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion, subject to
appropriate parental guidance.
Read the following Scriptures. Determine and discuss how Article 14 of the CRC is
supportive or contradictory of these Scriptures. Write briefly your observed biblical
implications for the Church.
References:
Deuteronomy
6:6-7
Gods
Commands
Supportive or
Contradictory?
Proverbs 22:6
176
Read the following Scriptures. Determine and discuss how Article 19 of the
CRC is supportive or contradictory of these Scriptures. Write briefly your
observed biblical implications for the Church.
References:
Gods
Commands
Supportive or
Contradictory?
Isaiah 30:
20,21
Isaiah 58:10
Genesis 21:17
Psalm 82:3,4
James 1:27
Is this Article 19 a benefit or a hindrance, in your opinion, to protecting children in
your culture? Why or why not?
4. After having an in-depth look at Articles 3, 14, and 19 of the CRC; discuss in a broader
manner how the provisions of the child rights in the CRC are reflective of Gods view
on Rights and write briefly the biblical implications for the Church based upon these
additional verses.
References:
Proverbs 31:8-9
Luke 20: 46-47
5. Some Christians argue that Rights are God-given and cannot be given or created by
people or laws. Others suggest that the emphasis of the CRC should be more about
responsibilities and obligations because rights are self-centred. Do you agree or
disagree with these statements? Why? Discuss.
178
6. Based upon the above argument, discuss and analyze how the rights in the CRC are
supportive or contradictory to God-given rights, which reflect Gods purposes, in the
following Scriptures. Once again, write briefly the biblical implications for the Church
as you reflect upon these passages:
References:
Purpose of God-
Given Rights
Supportive or
Contradictory?
Psalm 33:5
Proverbs 29:7
Isaiah 1:17
Zechariah 7: 9,10
REFLECTION QUESTIONS:
1. Some people argue that the whole discussion of rights of a child may not be
culturally appropriate (especially in Asia). Discuss why this is or is not the case, and
give specific illustrations from your context/culture.
2. Look at some of these other provisions of the CRC. Discuss how they might be very
helpful in protecting and providing for children, and encouraging their participation:
Article 2: Every child has the right to a life free from discrimination.
o
179
Article 6: Children have the right to survive and develop to the fullest.
o
How is it that the right to survive and specifically develop to the fullest
can be so different across cultures and socio-economic borders? Can the
CRC provide positive feedback and encouragement and enforcement when
the ideas of surviving and developing to the fullest can be so different?
What does this article mean to you specifically in your context? In what
ways should children express themselves? Is it ever right for a child not to
express herself/himself? Discuss.
Discuss the same articles as to how they could be misused or misappropriated in your
country or culture:
3. Despite the almost global ratification of the CRC, why are so many governments failing
so badly in protecting children at risk? Discuss and list your opinions below:
4. What are the factors in your culture that encourage or hinder a child from exercising
his or her God-given rights?
180
5. Have you seen children flaunting their rights, or behaving with an attitude of
entitlement in opposition to parental authority? Discuss. How do you think a childs
rights should be exercised in your culture?
ACTION PLAN:
Based upon all the Scriptures you have studied in this specific study and others; draft a
brief Christian Rights of the Child with at least 5 or more provisions. Support with
Scripture references.
181
Keith White, Children as Signs of the Kingdom of God a Challenge to us All, in Now and
Next: A Compendium of Papers presented at the Now & Next Theological Conference on Children
56
183
A child leading! What a triumphant picture of a new world order! Where once children
were often victimized in an urban, war-torn, consumer market-dominated jungle of
today,58 now they will enjoy the blessed freedom to roam and play even as wolves and
lambs live peaceably with each other. They will lead signifying a new and prominent
role.
Isaiah also prophesied that the new earth will never again witness an infant who lives but
a few days (Isaiah 65:20). God will remove all sorrows and sufferings. Indeed, children as
signs point us not only to the Messianic Kingdom but also help us understand our
mission on earth.
This study and the reflection questions may challenge us to think more theologically
than other studies. It is deep, but immensely significant and rewarding.
Ibid.
58
185
Reference
Circumstances/Significance
Joshua 4:6
Isaiah 7:14
Isaiah 9:6
Luke 2:12
Luke 2:33
Luke 2:38
John 3: 1-8
Revelation 12:1,2
2. Reflect on Isaiah 7:14 and 9:6 again. Discuss why God used a child to reveal His plan of
salvation to mankind, rather than some more predictable indicator (Isaiah 7:14; 9:6).
What is the implication for things that are small or insignificant in Gods
Kingdom?59
3. Reflect similarly again on Luke 2:12. Why did God use a tiny baby as a sign of His
Incarnation? What does this reveal about the character of God?
Question adapted from Keith White, A Little Child Will Lead Them.
59
186
4. What is the significance of the word child being repeated again and again in the
following Incarnation narratives of both Matthew and Luke?
Reference
Matthew 1:18, 23
5. Compare the narratives in Exodus 12 with that of Matthew 2:15, 16. What is the
common thread? Discuss how children were the first martyrs for the foundation of the
nation of Israel as well as the first martyrs for Christ.
REFLECTION QUESTIONS:
1. What is your understanding of the phrase The kingdom of God [or heaven] belongs to
such as these [the children] (Matthew 19:14; Mark 10:14 and Luke 18:16)? In what
sense(s) does the Kingdom belong to children?
2. We know almost nothing about the child that Jesus placed in the midst of the disciples
in the Matthew 18: 2-5: Mark 9:36-37; Luke 9:47-48. The only clue we have about his
nature was his humility in the Matthew account. Why then is the child here a powerful
starting point for theological discussions in Child Theology today?
187
3. In Isaiah 11, the Messianic Kingdom is vividly portrayed: The wolf will live with the
lamband a little child will lead them (v.6). What is your interpretation of this verse?
What does this verse suggest concerning the role of children in the future Messianic
kingdom?
4. Theologians commenting on the Kingdom of God often note that it is already and
not yet. The Kingdom is already and manifested in every act of kindness done in
Jesus name. At the same time, it is not yet, for many people do not believe, and there
remains much evil and incompleteness in the world. Reflect on how the child is also
already and not yet, and how they both shed light on each other. List the
similarities between the child and the Kingdom.
5. Theologians also refer to Christs Kingdom as the Upside-Down Kingdom. 60
Remembering Jesus words that unless the disciples changed and became like a child,
they would not enter the Kingdom, what does this say to you about an upside-down
Kingdom?
6. The German theologian, Jrgen Moltmann, says that children are metaphors of hope.
What do you understand by this idea? How are children metaphors of hope?
7. This unknown child is placed by Jesus and is a sign of hope, of promise, of a journey
ahead, of potential growth, of discoveries and learning. Jesus offers a sign of life, and
of encouragement. The disciples are to continue to dream, to long, to hope to
Donald Kraybill, The Upside-Down Kingdom (Scottsdale, Pa.: Herald Press, 1978).
60
188
experiment (and no doubt to fall over and have to start again) on their journey of
faith. 61 Reflect and comment.
8. The child was put in the midst as a sign of the Kingdom of God but this is not the
same as the presence of the Kingdom. The child is often a sign of hope but he or she
can also be a sign by pointing to the darkness that is still waiting for the Kingdom,
rather like the canaries taken down the mines to detect poisonous gases. Faith does not
oblige us to be cheaply optimistic about every situation.62 Reflect and comment.
John Collier & Associates, Toddling to the Kingdom (Pre-Publication: 2008) p.15.
62
189
C ONCLUSION : W HAT
HAVE WE LEARNED ?
This learning will affect not only how we view the children in our midst, but also it will
inform how we view our role in the life of those children.
Think about the children in our midst. Reflect upon the reality that if indeed each child
is Gods idea, then there is a plan and purpose for every one of us including those children
in our lives. If that child doesnt receive the nurture and love of Christ through the people
in his/her life context, then the original plans God desired for his beloved children possibly
become derailed, due to the fact that we do live in a fallen world.
Because you have children in your life, either through familial or ministerial relationships,
you are part of Gods plan for that child in your midst! What an awesome calling, what a
privilege. In order to grow in childlike faith, those of you in leadership must continue to
nurture and nourish the growth of your relationship with Jesus Christ, in order to not only
live out your part in Gods bigger story, but also to provide the responsible leadership and
call in being part of the childrens stories in your context. We learn that the only way that
can happen effectively is to keep our life centered in Christ through the core activity of our
own spiritual growth and relationship with Christ.
Who is the child in your midst? Ask God to show you your part in that childs story and
ultimately His bigger story. You will then, as the Master Storyteller Jesus said, be the
person Jesus described as a child of God, the greatest in the Kingdom: Whoever finds his
life will lose it, and whoever loses his life for my sake will find it.(Matthew 10:39). You
will find your life, through service to the children in your midst.
191
As you reflect upon how the Scriptures have opened up to teach you more about the value
of every child in Gods bigger story of redemption, it is the hope that you, too, will
continue to grow in wisdom and stature and in favour with God and men (Luke 2:52).
That will happen as you abide in Christ, and shore up your own spiritual life as a growing
child of God.
192
Bibliography
Barna, George. Transforming Children into Spiritual Champions. Ventura, Ca.: Regal, 2003.
Beeftu, Alemu. God Heard the Boy Crying. Colorado Springs, Co.: Compassion Intl., 2001.
Boice, James Montgomery. I Dont Do Childrens Sermons in Modern Reformation
Magazine. http://articles.christiansunite.com.
Brewster, Daniel. Child, Church and Mission Revised Edition. Penang, Malaysia.: Compassion
International, 2011.
Brewster, Dan. The 4/14 Window: Child Ministries and Mission Strategies in Children in
Crisis: A New Commitment, Phyllis Kilbourn, ed. Monrovia, Ca.: MARC, 1995.
Bushnell, Horace. Christian Nurture. New York: Scribner, Armstrong & Co., 1875.
Collier, John and Associates. Toddling to the Kingdom. London: Child Theology Movement,
2009.
Damon, William. Greater Expectations. New York: Free Press Paperbacks, 1995.
Green, Steve. Find Us Faithful.
http://www.stlyrics.com/songs/s/stevegreen21959/findusfaithful567183.html
Issler, Klaus and senior ed. Donald Ratcliff. Biblical Perspectives on Developmental
Grace. Childrens Spirituality (Chapter Four). Eugene, Oregon: Cascade Books,
2004.
Jankovic, Rachel. Motherhood is a Calling (and Where Your Children Rank). July 14,
2011. http://www.desiringgod.org/blog/posts/motherhood-is-a-calling-and-where-
your-children-rank#.Th-UzV85Xp1.facebook. Accessed July 23, 2011.
Kraybill, Donald. The Upside Down Kingdom. Scottsdale, Penn.: Herald Press, 1978.
Lockyer, Herbert Sr. Nelsons Illustrated Bible Dictionary. Thomas Nelson Publishers, 1986.
Sandel, Michael J. The Case Against Perfection. Atlantic Monthly (April 2004): 50-62.
Samuel, Vinay. Some Theological Perspectives on Children at Risk. Transformation 14-2
(April/June 1997): 27.
Stafford, Wess. Too Small to Ignore. Colorado Springs: Waterbrook Press, 2005.
Thomson, Judith Jarvis and ed. Ronald Munson. Intervention and Reflection: Basic Issues
in Medical Ethics, 5th ed. Belmont, Wadsworth, 1996.
White, Keith. A Little Child Shall Lead Them. Cutting Edge Conference. De Bron,
Holland, 2001.
193
Zuck, Roy B. Precious in His Sight Childhood & Children in the Bible. Grand Rapids,
Michigan: Baker Books, 1996.
Protecting Children: Prevention and Immediate Response. Colorado Springs: Compassion
International.
Guide to Protecting Children from Abuse. Colorado Springs: Compassion International.
The Duty Free Family. Touchstone (May 2008): 19.
The Oxford Statement on Children at Risk. Oxford, January 1997. www.viva.org.
Text of the Convention of the Rights of the Child. http://www.unicef.org/crc.
http://www.ssa.gov.OACT.babynames (Accessed April 29, 2008).
194