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Webinar: IPv6

Mestre em Engenharia de Telecomunicaes


Cisco Certified Academy Instructor (CCAI)
IPv6 Forum Certified Trainer

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A Internet
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Esgotamento dos Endereos IPv4

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IPv6 na Internet
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A Internet

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A Internet foi concebida por pesquisadores no final da


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level
dcada
de 60
(1966) com financiamento da DARPA, uma
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level
agncia do
Departamento
de Defesa dos EUA.
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O projeto consistia na construo de uma rede experimental


que tivesse a premissa arquitetural de uma rede distribuda
que fosse resiliente a falhas;

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Arquitetura Distribuda

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A Internet um conglomerado de vrias redes
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que se comunicam entre si atravs do TCP/IP.
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Endereo IP = Identificador de Rede + Identificador de Host

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O identificador
usado
na camada
de rede para cada
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dispositivo conectado denominado Endereo IP. O IPv4
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um nmero de 32 bits (ou 4 bytes) que identifica unvoca e
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universalmente um host conectado na Internet, permitindo
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aproximados 4,3 bilhes de endereos.
Fifth level

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Adistribuio
de endereos para os computadores
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que se
conectam
Internet coordenada por
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level
autoridades
delevel
abrangncia mundial, de maneira a
Fourth
evitar sua duplicao
Fifth level e/ou m distribuio.
A autoridade local responsvel pela distribuio dos
Endereos IPs aos provedores no Brasil o NIC.br
(Ncleo de Informao e Coordenao do Ponto BR).

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Esgotamento dos Endereos IPv4

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O esgotamento dos aproximados 4,3 bilhes de endereos
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IPv4 j era algo previsto pela academia desde o incio da
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level
dcada
de 1990
quando a Internet se tornou comercial;
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Para que houvesse
tempo hbil para desenvolver um novo

protocolo, foram criadas vrias medidas paliativas para


amenizar/postegar o esgotamento dos endereos, a saber:

(1) CIDR, (2) DHCP e (3) NAT


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No
projeto
inicialMaster
do IPv4 existiam
apenas trs classes que
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eram identificadas pelos bits iniciais, ou seja, no existia a
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mscara de rede.
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O
CIDR foi
em setembro
1993 na RFC 1519 com o
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intuito de propor a flexibilizao das classes padres do IPv4,
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criando o conceito da mscara de rede.
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O exemplo abaixo mostra como o CIDR otimiza bastante a


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alocao de endereos e evita o desperdcio para enderear
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level
uma rede
com
400 hosts:
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O DHCP foi especificado em outubro de 1997 na RFC 2131
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com a finalidade de distribuir endereos automaticamente
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level
para que
as operadoras
pudessem reaproveitar os endereos
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level entre seus clientes;
de maneira
dinmica
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Com ele foi criado um modelo de negcios em que as


conexes residenciais no precisam ter um endereo
dedicado para cada cliente, afinal os endereos eram
dinamicamente reaproveitados.

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Click
O
NAT to
(RFCedit
2663Master
de 1999)text
foi ostyles
maior responsvel pela
sobrevida
IPv4 atravs de um processo de
Seconddolevel
compartilhamento
Third level de um endereo pblico rotevel na
Internet para
vrios
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levelendereos privados de uma rede interna;

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Na RFC 1918 foram reservadas algumas faixas de endereos


dentro de cada uma das classes para uso apenas local, sem
comunicao com a Internet, a saber:

10 /8, 172.16 /12 e 192.168 /16


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Second level
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O NAT considerado ruim do ponto


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de vista arquitetural porque quebra
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o modelo de comunicao
fim-a-fim
da Internet!

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Second level
RIR

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Esgotamento

APNIC
19/04/2011
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RIPE NCC Fifth level 14/09/2012

Remanescente (/8)
0.8411

0.8733

LACNIC

10/08/2014

2.1548

ARIN

28/12/2014

1.8777

AfriNIC

19/09/2020

3.6402

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IPv6 na Internet

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level
1. Gerao:
Internet das Mquinas
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2. Gerao:

das Pessoas

3. Gerao: Internet das Coisas

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Gerao:
Click toInternet
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3.
das Coisas
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Dentre
Clickastoprincipais
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vantagens
IPv6, temos:
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Quantidade Ilimitada de Endereos


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Autoconfigurao de Endereos (SLAAC)
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Cabealho Simplificado e de Tamanho Fixo (40 bytes)
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Menor Carga de Processamento dos Cabealhos nos Roteadores
Distribuio Organizada de Endereos
Suporte Integrado Segurana via IPSec
Suporte Integrado Mobilidade via MIPv6
Dispensa a Adoo de NAT

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Obrigado!

BRITO, Samuel Henrique Bucke.


IPv6 - O Novo Protocolo da
Internet. 1. Edio. Editora
Novatec. So Paulo. 2013.
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