Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
CHEMISTRY
Boiler Types
1 Coil
2 Fire Tube
3 Water Tube
Waste recovery
Heat Recovery Steam Generators
CPP
CCPP
IPP
Feed
pH
Cond
TH
SO3
D.O.
Soft water,
7.5 8.5
<100
<5 ppm
30-60 ppm
< 10 ppb
Feed
pH
Cond
TH
SO3
D.O.
Air Pre-heater
Economiser
De-aerator
Super Heater
Spray attemperators
DM Plant
pH
Conductivity
TH
Feed Temp
D.O.
Silica
Cl
Fe+ Cu
6.8 7.2
<0.2 cms/cm2
ND
>100 0C
< 10 ppb
<20 ppb
ND
<20 ppb
Resourcefulness
Quality
Performance
Cost-Effectiveness
Boiler
Pre-Treatment
Turbines
Process
Process
Process
Low pressure Blowdown flash
tank
steam
Flash
tank
Condensate
Receiver
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED
WITH WATER
Treatment of Boiler
Systems
Is a science
Uncontrolled factors or variables
are few
Mechanical procedures can solve
many problems
Keys are Energy Efficiency &
Equipment Reliability
MAXIMUM RELIABILITY
is Provided by
CONTROL OF OXYGEN
CORROSION
Types of Deaerator
Spray Type
Tray Type
Heat
Heat
Heat
Heat
Heat
Heat
Steam
SPRAY TYPE
TRAY TYPE
N2 + H20
O2 + (N2H3)2CO = N2 +H20
OXYGEN SCAVENGERS
SLUDGE CONTROL
PHOSPHATES
Precipitation of scale forming salts
PHOSPHONATES
Prevent deposition of precipitated salts
DISPERSANTS
Dispersion of sludge for easy removal through blow down
CONDENSATE LINE
CORROSION INHIBITOR
CYCLOHEXYL AMINE
DIETHYL AMINO ETHANOL
MORPHOLINE
A n a lc ite
T h e r m a l c o n d u c t iv it y
( B T U /f t 2 h r . o F in )
8 .8
C a lc iu m p h o s p h a te
25
C a lc iu m s u lfa te
16
M a g n e s iu m p h o s p h a te
15
M a g n e tic ir o n o x id e
20
S ilic a te s c a le ( p o r o u s )
B o ile r s te e l
F ir e b r ic k
In s u la tin g b r ic k
0 .6
310
7
0 .7
Alkaline Phosphate
Treatment
Calcium Hardness Forms Calcium
Hydroxyapatite
(3 Ca3(PO4)2 . Ca(OH)2)
Magnesium Hardness Forms Serpentine
PHOSPHATE TREATMENT
Program Operation
Phosphate Residual: 30-50 ppm PO4 in the
Boiler
Hydrate Alkalinity: 100-600 ppm as CaCO3 in
the Boiler
Co-Ordinated Phosphate 4 -10 ppm PO4 in HP
Boiler
Co-Ordinated Phosphate treatment - 4 to + 0
ppm Hydrate Alkalinity (2p-m)
AWC PRODUCTS
OXYGEN SCAVENGERS
AWC A-410: Liquid catalyzed oxygen scavenger for low
and medium pressure boilers (up to 900 psig).
AWC PRODUCTS
PHOSPHATE TREATMENTS AND SCALE
CONTROL
AWC A-430: Powdered polyphosphate blend.
AWC A-434: Liquid polymer based sludge conditioner
and metal oxide dispersant.
AWC PRODUCTS
CORROSION INHIBITORS FOR STEAM
CONDENSATE
AWC A-480: Blend of neutralizing amines for long and
short steam distribution lines.
AWC PRODUCTS
MULTI-FUNCTIONAL BLENDS
AWC A-460: Polyphosphate/sludge conditioner/scale
inhibitor/oxygen scavenger.
Organic Adjuncts
Iron Sequestering Agents
Sludge Conditioners
Synthetic Polymers
Synthetic Polymers
Long Chain of Repeating
Monomer Units, Typically of
Anionic Charge
Distort Scale Crystal Structure
Inhibit Scale Growth
Disperse Scale Particles
Combination Treatment
Approaches
Incorporate Proprietary Blends of
Sequestrates, Dispersants (Natural and
Synthetic), Reducing Agents, Etc. to
Minimize Deposition
Blends Can Be Customized to Address
Feed water Quality, System Pressure,
Testing Requirements, Governmental
Regulations
Summary
Operating conditions dictate
treatment programs
All program options have
advantages and disadvantages
Pretreatment equipment and
processes cannot be ignored
Proper control is necessary
After Boiler
Treatment
Condensate Corrosion
Acidic attack due to acid gases
Carbon Dioxide naturally forms
in boiler
Carries over in steam, enters
condensate & forms carbonic
acid
Results in
Thinning of metal
Threaded pipe
Grooving
Equipment and piping failure in the
steam and Condensate system
Metallic oxides returned to boiler
Corrosion caused leaks
CO2 Attack
Thinning below
water line
Treatment Options
Neutralizing amines
Neutralizing
Amines
Neutralizing Amines
Ammonia
Cyclohexylamine
Morpholine
Diethylaminoethanol (DEAE)
Methoxypropylamine (MOPA)
Ethylene diamine
Diethyl Tetra amine
Amino methyl butanol
Monoethanolamine (MEA)
Aminomethylpropanol (AMP)
Corrosion Inhibitors
Neutralizing amine blend
Provides control of
condensate low pH
corrosion
Reaction Mechanism
Neutralizing amines
combine with carbonic acid
to raise the condensate pH
OC4H9N + H2CO3 OC4H9NH2CO3
N
H
Advantages of
Neutralizing Amines
Easy to feed
Blends provide good distribution
Wont slough off iron oxide
Dont release ammoniacal N2
Wont degrade
Recycled
Control
Film-Forming Amines
Octadecylamine
CH3- (CH2)16 - CH2- N - (CH3)2
Ethoxylated Soya Amine
Ethoxylated Fatty Amines
MECHANISM
CONDENSATE
METAL
H
H
CH3
+
N - CH3
CH3
Advantages
Theoretically the least
expensive
Prevents O2 attack
Prevents CO2 attack
Limitations
Poor control over recycling
No meaningful chemical test
Wont film over deposits
Wont film over pits
Sloughs off iron oxide
Degrades
Susceptible to contamination
Difficult to feed
Steam to
De-aeration
T/HR
DE-AERATOR
BFW STORAGE
TANK
POLISHED
D.M.WATER
STEAM DRUM
ECONOMISER
MUD DRUM
CONDENSATE
Amines
Oxy-Scav
Scale In
Drum Operating
Pressure Kg/cm2
0 - 20
21 - 40
Dissolved O2 ppm
< 0.007 < 0.007
TDS
2500
1500
pH
9.0-10.5 9.8-10.5
OH -Alk
250
150
M-Alkalinity
500
300
Total Hardness
0.1
0.1
Phosphate (PO4)
30-70
30-50
Silica
--Oxygen Scavenger (SO3) 30-60
20- 50
(Organic Base) 0.3-1.0 0.1 -.2
Chlorides
--Iron, Fe
<1
<0.3
WATER SAMPLES TO ANALYZED.
61 - 80
< 0.007
200
9.50-10.0
10-20
20
NIL
10-20
<5
N/R
0.05-0.1
<8
<0.05
100 -120
< 0.007
50
9.2-9.8
5
10
NIL
4 -10
<1.0
--0.03-.05
<4
ND
MONITORING
THANK YOU