Earthing Design GuideSYNOPSIS This Earthing Design Guide provides guidance for the engineering design of earthing systems for industrial plant electrical installations for projects using Australian / New Zeelend standards with provision for IEC altematives. PagelCONTENTS 34 32 33 4a 42 43 44 45 5A 6.1 62 84 on 92 9.3 94 95 96 a7 124 12.2 123 International Codes and Standards..... wa Australian Standards and Codes. 5 ‘Standard System Drawings 5 ‘Typical Design Basis... 8 Earthing System Design Flow Chart. 7 Documentation.. 7 General Requirements. 8 4.4.1 Combined HV and LV Earthing System 8 44.2 Separated HV and LV Earthing System 8 44.3. Multiple Earthed Neutral (MEN) Earthing System .. 9 Design Verification. 9 Generator Earthing 10 5.1.1. Direct Connection ... 210 5.1.2 Connection via Step-Up Transformers 10 5.1.3 Parallel Generators 1 Earth Potential Rise. . ciigesiacssacssche. Allowable Step and Touch Potentials 12 6.2.1 Limits. 12 622 CalCUlAtIOn ..snnssnenneeee : 3 ee) Earth Resistance Testing...» costs 15 Earth Conductor Sizing, 16 9.41.4 Design Basis... 18 Earth Gia... 16 9.2.1 Earthing Rods 16 Electrical Equipment sist? ‘Structures... Earth Conductor Size 7 Earth Conductor Routing... 20 Earthing Conductor Insulation and Protection .........nsnenesen sinitensnsossi 0) Static Charge Mitigation 24 Electrostatic Bonding....nessns 24 Lightning Protection, 24 Poel12.4 Cathodic Protection. 24 12.5 Telecommunication System Earthing . 25 12.6 UPS Systems 5 acc 25 Appendices APPENDIX1- PROCEDURE FOR EARTH RESISTANCE MEASUREMENT APPENDIX 2- EXTRACTS FROM AS/NZS3008.1.1:1998 APPENDIX3- _ EARTHING DESIGN PROMPT LIST Pagel4 INTRODUCTION ‘The purpose of this Earthing Design Guide is to provide direction on the standards and procedures to bbe used and to provide general guidance ‘or the engineering design of power earthing systems for industrial plant electrical installations. It is written for projects using Australian / New Zealand ‘standards with provision for IEC alternatives. ‘The specific functional design requirements for a project are includad in the Basis of Design and Electrical Design Criteria. General requirements for electrical system engineering design are included in the Safety in Design (SID) Discipline Manual (Electrical), EMS document EPP-0260. ‘The prescriptive requirements in this guide are based on the recommendations for the design of earthing systems in Appendix B of AS 2067:2008 Substations and high voltage installations exceeding { kVac. ‘The specific design requirements for earthing of the following systems are not included: ‘+ Hazardous area electrical equipment, including intrinsically safe (I.S.) earthing systoms. This application is covered in the Explosive Atmosphere and Instrumentation Design Guides. ‘+ Power system neutral earthing. This application is covered in the Power System Design Guide ‘The requirements of this Guide and the documents referenced from it represent the bench mark for safe design of industrial plant earthing systems. They perform two roles: + They should be applied where thare are no customer standards. «They are the reference against which customer standards should be compared when assessing the adequacy of customer standards. Pane?2. DEFINITIONS Basie Shock Situations Earth Current: Earth(Ground) Potential Rise (EPR) (GPR): Earth Return Circuit: Earthing Gr Earthing System: Hazard Zone: Step Voltage: ‘Surface Material: Touch Voltage: Transferred Voltago: Zone of Influence a 1 few re | ae at t \ J Lesa Sot! A current flowing into or out of the earth or its equivalent serving as an earth, The maximum electrical potential that a substation earthing grid may attain relative to a distant earthing point assumed to be at the potential of remote earth. The voltage, EPR, is equal to the maximum grid current, timas the grid resistance A circuit in which the earth or equivalent conducting body is utilized to complete the circuit and allow current circulation or to its current source. A system of horizontal earth electrodes that consist of a number of interconnected bare conductors buried in the earth, providing a common earth for the electrical devices or metalic structures, usually in one specific location Comprises all interconnected earthing facilities in a specific area. The area in which the earth potential is of suficent magnitude to present a hazard to members of the public, or to telecommunications personnel, users or plant. The difference in surface potential experianced by a person bridging 2 distance of 4m with the feet without contacting any earthed object. A material installed over the soll consisting of, but not limited to, rock or crushed stone, asphalt, or man made materials. The surfacing material, depending on the resistivity of the material may significantly impact the bedy current for the touch and step voltages involving the person's feet. The potential difference between the EPR and the surface potential at the pcint where a person is standing while at the same time having a hand in contact with an earthed structure. ‘A spocial case of the touch voltage where a voltage is transferred into or ut of the substation from or to a remote point extemal fo the substation site, ‘An area around an earth electrode bounded by points of specified equal Pane?(zor: potential resulting from the voltage drop through the earth botween the earth electrode and remote earth. Panes3. STANDARDS 3.1 International Codes and Standards IEC 60079 - 14 IEC 60364 1 IEC 60364-4-44 IEC 60621 IEC 61000 IEC 61892, IEC 61936.1 IEC 62035 NFPAT7 NFPA 780 APIRP2003 IEEE 80 IEEE 81 Electrical apparatus for explosive gas atmospheres - Part 14: Electrical installations in hazardous areas (other than mines) Low-voltage electrical installations — Part 1: Fundamental principles, assessment of general characteristics, definitions Low-voltage electrical installations - Part 4-44: Protection for safety - Protection against voltage disturbances and electromagnetic disturbances Electrical installations for outdoor sites under heavy conditions (including open-cast mines and quarries), Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) ‘Mobile and fixed offshore units - Electrical installations: Part 2: System design Part 5: Mobile units Part 6: Installation Part T: Hazardous areas Power installations exceeding 1 KV a.c. ~ Part 1:Common rules Protection against lightning Part 1: General principles Part 2: Risk management Part 3: Physical damage to structures and life hazard Part 4: Electrical and electronic systems within structures Recommended Practice on Static Electricity Standard for the Installation of Lightning protection systems Protection Against Ignitions Arising out of Static, Lightning, and Stray Currents IEEE Guide for Safety in AC Substation Grounding IEEE Guide for Measuring Earth Resistivity, Ground Impedance, and Earth Surface Potential of a Ground System Although not specifically referenced, the following document provides a reference for general Information on earthing practice. IEEE 142 (Green Book) Recommended Practice for Grounding of Industrial and Commercial Power Systams Pane3.2 Australian Standards and Codes ‘The following Standards Australia publications are referenced within this design guide. ASINZS 1020 ASINZS 1768 AS 2067 AS 2832 all paris ASINZS 3000 AS 3007.2 ASINZS 3008 ASINZS 3835, ASINZS 3835.1 ASINZS 3835.2 ASIACIF $008 HB 100:2000 HB 219:2008 ‘The control of undesirable static electricity Ughtning protection ‘Substations and high voltage installations exceeding 1 KV a.c Cathodic protection of metals Electrical installations - the Australian/New Zealand Wiring Rules Electrical installations—Surface mines and associated processing plant Part 2: General protection requirements Electrical installations — Selection of cables Earth potential rise — Protection of telecommunications network users, personnel end plant Part 1:Code of practice Part 2: Application guide Installation requirements for customer cabling (Wiring Rules) Coordination of power and talecommunications — Manual for the establishment of safe work practices and the minimization of operational interference between power systems and paired cable telecommunications systems Earth potential rise — Protection of telecommunications network users, perscnnel end plent— Worked examples for the application guide 3.3 Standard System Drawings ‘The following earthing design drawings are available on the Technical Standards Intranet ste: Bonding and Grounding Illustrations Industrial Accident Prevention Association, 2007. PanesDESIGN 4.1 Typical Design Basis The earthing system shall be designed to: ‘© The requirements of ASINZS 3000 ‘+ The recommendations of AS 2087 ‘© Ensure step and touch potential are within acceptable levels as per IEC 61936.1. ‘+ Ensure the integrity of the earthing system is maintained with the disconnection of one earth paint. ‘+ Allow initial testing of each earth electrodes resistance. ‘+ Allow isolation equipment and sections of the grid needing to be tested in situ ‘© Allow disconnection of earthing conductors from the earth rods for testing. ‘* Allow isolation of transformer neutrals from the earth system for test purposes. Earthing conductors shall be individually identified, and racorded on drawings. All components of the earth grid shell be capable of carrying the prospective earth fault current, without damage for a minimum period equal to the operating time of the back up earth fault protection, The overall resistance to earth for the power system safety earth shall not exceed 1 chm. The resistance to earth when disconnecting one set of electrodes for testing or maintenance shall not exceed 30 ohms. Each power earth system shall have a resistance to earth net exceeding 5 ohms throughout the year considering seasonal variations in soil conditions, ‘The earth resistance of lightning protection earths shall be no more than 10 chms Refer to Design Criteria Template (Electrical) EMS document EPF-0064 Ponce4.2 Earthing System Design Flow Chart Basiodala (Earth faut current magnitude and duraton, scl characteristics) + ‘Minimum desiga to meat funcional requirements + Determine current distribution to primary earthing systems fn her recur pats | Determine earth potential ise (EPR) Lightning and transient design t ‘Explosive atmosphere design EPR “allowable touch andstep valage ‘thin nis 2 + Consrecton sppart, Determine actual tcuch and sip voltages (EPR) + (Conmissioning program and safety compliance validation ‘tual touch and step votages short-circuit current (r:m.s, over duration), in amperes = duration of short circuit, in seconds K= constant depending on the material of the current-carrying component, the initial temperature and the final temperature NOTE: Refer to Table 51 for values of constant (4°) ‘5 = cross-sectional area of the current-carrying component, in square millimetres TABLE #1 VALUES OF CONSTANT X FOR DETERMIN ATION OF PERMISSIBLE SHORT-CIRCUIT CURRENTS rr 8 fs.s [ats PaesPanes