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1. Sensory neurone cillia is submerged in mucus layer. Odorant molecule dissolved in the muccus
and
2. Bound to a 7-pass transmembrane protein receptor within cillia
3. Activate G protein of the receptor (at the sitoplasm site)
4. Active G protein then activate adenylil cyclase at the plasma membrane of cillia
5. Active adenylil cyclase catayze the convertion of ATP to cAMP within cytosol
6. cAMP open ligand-gated (cAMP gated) sodium channels Na+ influx
7. Na+ influx lower plasma membrane potential (depolarization)
Actions of salty, sour, bitter and sweet substances on their respective receptor systems
Some tastants simply enter the receptor
cell through channels as ions. For
example, salty substances often contain
sodium ions. These sodium ions can
simply enter the receptor cell through
sodium or cationic channels. Sour
substances are acidic. The hydrogen ions
can enter cells through cationic channels.
Other tastants can compete for use of
potassium channels, thereby reducing
outward potassium currents (this would
result in hypopolarization). For example,
bitter substances like quinine can block
the potassium channels, leading to
hypopolarization
Still other tastants work through second
messengers to close potassium channels,
reducing potassium current. Both bitter
and sweet substances act in this way.
A final group of tastants act through
second messengers to open chloride or
non-specific ion channels
Activation phase
Cytokines
Cytotoxic
T cell
(Killer T
cell)
Produce perforin
ANTIANDROGEN
PROGESTERON
Mencegah Acne
Sensory neurones
Carries impulses from
receptors e.g pain receptors
in skin to the CNS( brain or
spinal cord)
Axon fibre
Impulses
to CNS
Motor neurones
Carries impulses from
CNS to effector e.g.
muscle to bring about
movement or gland to
bring about secretion of
hormone e.g ADH
Relay neurones
Carries impulses from sensory
nerves to motor nerves.
Impulses
from
sensory
neurones
Direction flow
of nerve
impulses
Impulses
to other
neurones
Main relay fibre
Effector
(muscle
or gland
presynapse
axon
postsynapse
axon
synapse
Na+
K+
- +++++++++++++++++
+ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - + - ++++++++++++++++
- +- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ++ - +++++++++++++++
- - +- - - - - - - - - - - - - - +++ - ++++++++++++++
- - -+- - - - - - - - - - - - - ++++ - +++++++++++++
- - - -+- - - - - - - - - - - - -
Acetylcholine
Symphatethic division
Adenylate cyclase
+ Signal
GTP
G-protein-linked Receptor
Glucagon
GTP
-GDP
+GTP
GDP
a
GDP
G protein
A
Glycogen breakdown
active
Glycogen
Synthase
Protein
Phosphatase
Glycogen
Enzyme-linked Receptor
a
Insulin
+ Signal
Activation P
kinase
P
P
SH2
domain
Non polar
Pass through the membrane cell
Receptor within the cell (Intracellular receptor)
Requires carrier molecule
Affect gene expression
Affect the quantity of active protein
Hormone-receptor complexes
Cytoplasm
inhibitory protein complex COOH
transcription
Hormone
activating domain
-binding
site
H2 N
Hinge region
DNA binding domain
steroid
hormone
RNA
polymerase DNA-binding site exposed
H2N
COOH
Nucleus
G-PROTEIN-LINKED RECEPTOR
G protein
PLC
IP3 - DAG (2nd messenger)
PKC
Other proteins
G protein
Adenylate cyclase
cAMP (2nd messenger)
PKA
Other proteins
Hormone
Phospholipase C
Hormone
Extracellular
space
Receptor
Receptor
PI
DAG
Cytosol
IP3
PIP2
cAMP
DAG
2ATP 2ADP
PI
IP3
PIP2
PKC
PKA
Other proteins
Cellular responses ( vary with cell type)