Utilization of Electrical Energy and Traction

Scilab Textbook Companion for
Utilization of Electrical Energy and Traction

by J. B. Gupta, R. Manglik and R. Manglik1
Created by
Nitin Kumar
B.TECH
Electronics Engineering
UTTARAKHAND TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY DEHRADUN
College Teacher
Arshad Khan
Cross-Checked by
K. V. P. Pradeep
May 8, 2014
1 Funded
by a grant from the National Mission on Education through ICT,

http://spoken-tutorial.org/NMEICT-Intro. This Textbook Companion and Scilab
codes written in it can be downloaded from the Textbook Companion Project
section at the website http://scilab.in
Book Description
Title: Utilization of Electrical Energy and Traction
Author: J. B. Gupta, R. Manglik and R. Manglik
Publisher: S. K. Kataria & Sons, New Delhi
Edition: 1
Year: 2012
ISBN: 978-93-5014-222-6
Scilab numbering policy used in this document and the relation to the
above book.
Exa Example (Solved example)
Eqn Equation (Particular equation of the above book)
AP Appendix to Example(Scilab Code that is an Appednix to a particular
Example of the above book)
For example, Exa 3.51 means solved example 3.51 of this book. Sec 2.3 means
a scilab code whose theory is explained in Section 2.3 of the book.
Contents
List of Scilab Codes
1 Electric heating
3 Electrolytic processes
20
4 Illumination
26
5 Refrigeration and Air conditioning
45
7 Train Movement and Energy Consumption
47
8 Electric Traction Motors
70
9 Control of Traction Motors
77
10 Braking Mechanical Consideration and Control Equipment
83
11 Power supply for electric traction
88
List of Scilab Codes

Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9
1.10
1.11
1.12
1.13
1.14
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8
3.9
3.10
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
power drawm . . . . . . . . . . . . .
diameter and length of wire . . . . .
design the heating element . . . . .
efficiency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
average kW and kVA and pf . . . .
average kW and kVA and pf . . . .
rating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
efficiency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
power absorbed and power factor . .
height . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
frequency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
power required . . . . . . . . . . . .
voltage and current . . . . . . . . .
voltage and current . . . . . . . . .
ampere hours . . . . . . . . . . . . .
amount of copper . . . . . . . . . .
weight of copper . . . . . . . . . . .
thickness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
thickness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
current . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
energy consumption . . . . . . . . .
voltage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
WEIGHT OF ALUMINIUM . . . .
quantity of electricity and ime taken
MSCP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
lumens per watt and MSCP . . . . .
average luminance . . . . . . . . . .
Illumination . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4
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8
9
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
16
17
18
18
20
20
21
21
22
22
23
24
24
25
26
26
27
27
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
4.5
4.7
4.8
4.9
4.10
4.11
4.12
4.13
4.14
4.15
4.16
4.17
4.18
4.19
4.20
4.21
4.22
4.23
4.24
4.25
4.26
4.27
4.28
4.29
4.30
4.31
5.1
5.2
7.1
7.2
7.3
7.4
7.5
7.6
7.7
7.8
7.9
7.10
average intensity of Illumination . . . . . . . . . . .

Illumination and lamp efficiency . . . . . . . . . . .
height and Illumination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
candle power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
distance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
total light flux and average Illumination . . . . . . .
maximum and minimum Illumination . . . . . . . .
Illumination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Illumination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Illumination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Illumination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
spacing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
wattage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
candle power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
capacitance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
compare diameter and length . . . . . . . . . . . . .
constants and change of candle power per volt . . . .
average Illumination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
number location and wattage . . . . . . . . . . . . .
number rating and dipsotion of lamps . . . . . . . .
number rating and dipsotion of lamps . . . . . . . .
number and wattage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
number spacing height and totl wattge . . . . . . . .
space height ratio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Illumination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
number and size . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
rating of heater . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
distance average speed and scheduled speed . . . . .
plot the curve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
speed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
sceduled speed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
acceleration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
retardation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
duration of acceleration coasting and braking periods
torque . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
time taken and current . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
time taken and current . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5
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28
28
29
30
30
31
31
32
33
33
34
34
35
35
36
37
37
38
39
39
40
41
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
49
50
51
51
52
52
53
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
7.11
7.12
7.13
7.14
7.15
7.16
7.17
7.18
Exa 7.19
Exa 7.20
Exa 7.21
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
7.22
7.23
7.24
7.25
7.26
7.27
8.1
8.2
8.3
8.4
8.5
8.6
8.7
8.8
8.9
8.10
9.1
9.2
9.3
9.4
9.5
9.6
10.1
10.2
10.3
acceleration coasting retardation and scheduled speed

sceduled speed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
maximum power and distance travelled . . . . . . . .
energy consumption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
specific energy consumption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
sceduled speed and specific energy consumption . . . .
sceduled speed and specific energy consumption . . . .
maximum power total energy consumption and specific
energy consumption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
maximum power and energy taken . . . . . . . . . . .
maximum power and specific energy consumption . . .
Schedule speed specific energy consumption total energy
consumption and distance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
specific energy consumption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
weight and number of axles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
weight and number of axles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
trailing weight and maximum gradiant . . . . . . . . .
acceleration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
torque and weight . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
speed armature current characterstic . . . . . . . . . .
speed torque curve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
motor speed and current . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
speed and voltage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
current . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
power delivered . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
new characterstics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
motor speed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
power input and tractive efforts . . . . . . . . . . . . .
linear synchronous and vehicle speed . . . . . . . . . .
energy lost and total energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
rheostatic losses and train speed . . . . . . . . . . . .
efficiency and speed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
time duration speed and rheostatic losses . . . . . . .
diverter resistance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
speed and drawbar pull . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
braking torque . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
resistance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
electrical energy and average power . . . . . . . . . . .
6
54
55
56
57
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
66
67
68
70
71
71
72
72
73
74
74
75
76
77
78
79
79
81
81
83
84
84
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
10.4
10.5
10.6
11.1
11.2
11.3
11.4
11.5
11.6
11.7
11.8
11.9
energy returned . .
power . . . . . . . .
power . . . . . . . .
total length . . . . .
sag . . . . . . . . .
sag . . . . . . . . .
current . . . . . . .
potential . . . . . .
current . . . . . . .
voltage and kW . .
rating of the booster
voltage . . . . . . .
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85
86
86
88
88
89
89
90
90
91
92
92
Chapter 1
Electric heating
Scilab code Exa 1.1 power drawm

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
// Example 1 . 1 power drawn

clc ;
clear ;
close ;
format ( v ,6)
r1 =100; // i n ohms
r2 = r1 ; // i n ohms
V =250; // a c s u p p l y i n v o l t s
rp =((1) /((1/ r1 ) +(1/ r2 ) ) ) ; // e q u i v a l e n t r e s i s t a n c e i n
ohms
pp =(( V ^2) / rp ) ; // power drawn i n w a t t s
disp ( p a r t ( a ) )
disp ( pp , power drawn when e l e m e n t s a r e i n p a r a l l e l , (
W)= )
rs = r1 + r2 ; // e q u i v a l e n t r e s i s t a n c e i n ohms
ps =(( V ^2) / rs ) ; // power drawn i n w a t t s
disp ( p a r t ( b ) )
disp ( ps , power drawn when e l e m e n t s a r e i n s e r i e s , (W
)= )
Scilab code Exa 1.2 diameter and length of wire

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
// Example 1 . 2 // d i a m e t e r and l e n g t h
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
format ( v ,6)
P =2.5; // power i n kW
V =240; // i n v o l t s
K =1; // r a d i a t i n g e f f i c i e n c y
e =0.9; // e m i s s i v i t y
p =42.5*10^ -6; // r e s i s t i v i t y i n ohmcm
T1 =1500; // i n d g r e e c e l s i u s
T2 =450; // i n d e g r e e c e l s i u s
x =(( %pi * V ^2) /(4*( p *10^ -2) * P *10^3) ) ; //
H =((5.72* K * e ) *((( T1 +273) /100) ^4 -(( T2 +273) /100) ^4) ) ;
//
z =(( P *10^3) /( %pi * H ) ) ^2; //
l =( z * x ) ^(1/3) ; // l e n g t h i n m e t e r
d =(( sqrt ( z ) ) / l ) *10^3; // d i a m e t e r i n mm
disp (l , l e n g t h i n m e t e r )
disp (d , d i a m e t e r i n mm )
Scilab code Exa 1.3 design the heating element

1 // Example 1 . 3 // d e s i g n h e a t i n g e l e m e n t
2 clc ;
3 clear ;
4 close ;
5 format ( v ,7)
6 V =440; // v o l t s
7 P =20; // i n kW
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
K =0.6; // r a d i a t i n g e f f i c i e n c y
e =0.9; // e m i s s i v i t y
t =0.025; // t h i c k n e s s i n mm
p =1.05*10^ -6; // r e s i s i t i v i t y i n ohm m e t e r
Pp =( round ( P *10^3) ) /3; // power p e r p h a s e i n w a t t s
Pv = ( V / sqrt (3) ) ; // p h a s e v o l t a g e
R = Pv ^2/ Pp ; // r e s i s t a n c e o f s t r i p i n ohms
x =(( R * t *10^ -3) /( p ) ) ; //
H =((5.72* K * e ) *((( T1 +273) /100) ^4 -(( T2 +273) /100) ^4) ) ;
// i n W/m2
y =(( Pp ) /( H *2) ) ; // i n m2
w = sqrt ( y / x ) *10^3; // w i d t h i n mm
l = x * w *10^ -3; // l e n g t h o f s t r i p i n m e t e r
disp (w , w i d t h i n mm )
disp (l , l e n g t h o f s t r i p i n m e t e r )
Scilab code Exa 1.4 efficiency

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
// Example 1 . 4 // l o a d i n g i n kW and e f f i c i e n c y o f t h e
tank
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
format ( v ,5)
a =6; // a r e a i n m2
l = a /6; // one s i d e o f t a n k i n m e t e r
V = l * l * l ; // volume i n m2
e =90/100; // c a p a c i t y
wh =6* e *1000; // w a t e r t o be h e a t e d d a i l y i n kg
s =4200; // s p e c i f i c h e a t o f w a t e r i n J /Kg/ d e g r e e
celsius
t1 =65; // i n d e g r e e c e l s i u s
t2 =20; // i n d e g r e e c e l s i u s
10
14 hr = wh * s *( t1 - t2 ) *10^ -6; // h e a t r e q u i r e d t o
r a i s e the
temperture of water
15 hr1 = hr /3.6; // h e a t r e q u i r e d i n kWh
16 d =6.3; // d i f f e r e n c e i n w a t t s
17 l =(( d * a *( t1 - t2 ) *24) /1000) ; // l o s s e s from t h e s u r f a c e
18
19
20
21
22
o f t h e t a n k i n kWh
es = hr1 + l ; // e n e r g y s u p p l i e d i n kWh
lk = es /24; // l o a d i n g i n kW
ef =( hr1 / es ) *100; // e f f i c i e n c y o f t h e t a n k i n
percentage
disp ( lk , l o a d i n g i n kW )
disp ( ef , e f f i c i e n c y o f t h e t a n k i n p e r c e n t a g e )
Scilab code Exa 1.5 average kW and kVA and pf

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
// Example 1 . 5 // a v e r a g e kW ,KVA i n p u t , a r c v o l t a g e
, a r c r e s i s t a n c e and p f o f t h e c u r r e n t drawn
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
format ( v ,7)
sh =444; // s p e c i f i c h e a t o f s t e e l i n J /Kg/ C
lh =37.25; // l a t e n t h e a t i n kJ / kg
mp =1370; // m e l t i n g p o i n t o f s t e e l
C
t1 =19.1; // i n i t i a l t e m p e r t u r e i n
C
e =0.5; // o v e r a l l e f f i c i e n c y
ip =5700; // i n p u t c u r r e n t i n a m p e r e s
rs =0.008; // r e s i s t a n c e o f t r a n s f o r m e r r e f e r r e d t o
s e c o n d a r y i n ohms
rr =0.014; // r e c a t a n c e i n ohms
m =4.3; // s t e e l i n t o n n e s
ers =(( m *10^3*(( sh *( mp - t1 ) ) + lh *10^3) ) ) ; // e n e r g y
required in j ou l es
ersh = ers /(3.6*10^6) ; // e n e r g y r e q u i r e d i n kWh
ata =1; // t i m e t a k e n t o m e l t s t e e l i n h o u r s
11
18 ao = ersh / ata ; // a v e r a g e o u t p u t i n kW
19 ai = ao / e ; // a v e r a g e i n p u t i n kW
20 vdr = ip * rs ; // v o l t a g e d r o p due t o r e s i s t a n c e
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of
furnace leads
vdr1 = ip * rr ; // v o l t a g e d r o p due t o r e a c t a n c e o f
furnace leads
va =(( ai *10^3) /(3* ip ) ) -( vdr ) ; // v o l t a g e r e s i s t i v e i n
nature
rac = va / ip ; // a r c r e s i s t a n c e i n
oppv = sqrt (( va + vdr ) ^2+ vdr1 ^2) ; // open c i r c u i t p h a s e
voltage in volts
kvas =3* ip * oppv *10^ -3; // t o t a l kVA drawn
pf =(( va + vdr ) / oppv ) ; // power f a c t o r
disp ( ai , a v e r a g e i n p u t i n kW )
disp ( va , a r c v o l t a g e i n v o l t s )
disp ( rac , a r c r e s i s t a n c e i n
)
disp ( pf , p f o f t h e c u r r e n t drawn from t h e s u p p l y (
l a g g i n g ) )
disp ( kvas , t o t a l kVA drawn i n kVA )
Scilab code Exa 1.6 average kW and kVA and pf

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12
// Example 1 . 6 // a v e r a g e kW ,KVA i n p u t , a r c v o l t a g e
, a r c r e s i s t a n c e and p f o f t h e c u r r e n t drawn
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
format ( v ,7)
sh =0.12; // s p e c i f i c h e a t o f s t e e l i n k c a l /Kg/ C
lh =8.89; // l a t e n t h e a t i n k c a l / kg
C
t1 =19.1; // i n i t i a l t e m p e r t u r e i n
C
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m =4.3; // s t e e l i n t o n n e s
ers =(( m *10^3*(( sh *( mp - t1 ) ) + lh ) ) ) ; // e n e r g y r e q u i r e d
in jo u le s
ersh = ers /(860) ; // e n e r g y r e q u i r e d i n kWh
ao = ersh / ata ; // a v e r a g e o u t p u t i n kW
ai = ao / e ; // a v e r a g e i n p u t i n kW
vdr = ip * rs ; // v o l t a g e d r o p due t o r e s i s t a n c e o f
furnace leads
furnace leads
nature
voltage in volts
disp ( ai , a v e r a g e i n p u t i n kW )
disp ( va , a r c v o l t a g e i n v o l t s )
disp ( rac , a r c r e s i s t a n c e i n
)
disp ( pf , p f o f t h e c u r r e n t drawn from t h e s u p p l y (
l a g g i n g ) )
disp ( kvas , t o t a l kVA drawn i n kVA )
Scilab code Exa 1.7 rating

1 // Example 1 . 7 // r a t i n g o f f u r n a n c e
2 clc ;
3 clear ;
4 close ;
5 format ( v ,6)
6 sh =0.1; // s p e c i f i c h e a t o f s t e e l i n k c a l /Kg/
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lh =26.67; // l a t e n t h e a t i n k c a l / kg
C
t1 =35; // i n i t i a l t e m p e r t u r e i n
C
m =2; // s t e e l i n t o n n e s
ers =(( m *10^3*(( sh *( mp - t1 ) ) + lh ) ) ) ; // e n e r g y r e q u i r e d
in j o u le s
ersh = ers /(860) ; // e n e r g y r e q u i r e d i n kWh
ao = ersh / ata ; // a v e r a g e o u t p u t i n kW
ai = ao / e ; // a v e r a g e i n p u t i n kW
vdr = ip * rs ; // v o l t a g e d r o p due t o r e s i s t a n c e o f
furnace leads
furnace leads
nature
voltage in volts
rf = ai / ata ; // i n kW
disp ( rf , r a t i n g o f f u r n a n c e
i n kW )
Scilab code Exa 1.8 efficiency

1 // Example 1 . 8 // e f f i c i e n c y
2 clc ;
3 clear ;
4 close ;
14
of furnance
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format ( v ,3)
sh =880; // s p e c i f i c h e a t o f s t e e l i n J /Kg/ C
lh =32000; // l a t e n t h e a t i n J / kg
C
t1 =15; // i n i t i a l t e m p e r t u r e i n
C
m =1.8; // IN KG
ers =(( m *(( sh *( mp - t1 ) ) + lh ) ) ) ; // e n e r g y r e q u i r e d i n
joules
ersh = ers /(3.6*10^6) ; // e n e r g y r e q u i r e d i n kWh
TM =10; //TIME TO MELT IN MINS
ip =5; // i n p u t o f t h e f u r n a n c e i n kW
ei =( ip ) *( TM /60) ; // e n e r g y i n p u t i n kWh
n =( ersh / ei ) *100; // e f f i c i e n c y o f f u r n a n c e i n
percentage
disp (n , e f f i c i e n c y o f f u r n a n c e i n p e r c e n t a g e )
Scilab code Exa 1.9 power absorbed and power factor

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// Example 1 . 9 // power a b s o r b e d and power f a c t o r

clc ;
clear ;
close ;
format ( v ,8)
vs =10; // s e c o n d a r y v o l t a g e i n v o l t s
p =500; // power drawn i n kW
pf =0.5; //
is =( p *10^3) / pf ; // s e c o n d a r y c u r r e n t i n a m p e r e s
zs = vs / is ; // i m p e d e n c e o f s e c o n d a r y c i r c u i t i n ohms
rs = zs * pf ; // r e s i s t a n c e o f s e c o n d a r y c i r c u i t i n ohms
res = zs *( sqrt (1 - pf ^2) ) ; // r e c t a n c e t a n c e o f s e c o n d a r y
c i r c u i t i n ohms
15
13 rs1 =2* rs ; // r e s i s t a c n e when h e a r t h i s f u l l i n

14 res1 = res ; // r e a c t a n c e when h e a r t h i s f u l l i n
15 zs1 =( sqrt ( rs1 ^2+ res1 ^2) ) ; // i m p e d a n c e o f s e c o n d a r y
c i r c u i t in
16 pf1 = rs1 / zs1 ; // power f a c t o r
17 is1 = vs / zs1 ; // s e c o n d a r y c u r r e n t i n a m p e r e s
18 pd = is1 ^2* rs1 *10^ -4; // power drawn i n kW
19 disp ( pf1 , power f a c t o r i s )
20 disp ( pd , power drawn i n kW )
Scilab code Exa 1.10 height

// Example 1 . 1 0 // h e i g h t
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
format ( v ,8)
vs =10; // s e c o n d a r y v o l t a g e i n v o l t s
p =400; // power drawn i n kW
pf =0.6; //
is =( p *10^3) / pf ; // s e c o n d a r y c u r r e n t i n a m p e r e s
zs = vs / is ; // i m p e d e n c e o f s e c o n d a r y c i r c u i t i n ohms
rs = zs * pf ; // r e s i s t a n c e o f s e c o n d a r y c i r c u i t i n ohms
res = zs *( sqrt (1 - pf ^2) ) ; // r e c t a n c e t a n c e o f s e c o n d a r y
c i r c u i t i n ohms
13 x =( rs ) / res ; // h e i g h t
14 disp (x , maximum h e a t w i l l be o b t a i n e d w i t h t h e
h e i g h t o f c h a r g e a s 3/4 o f h e i g h t o f h e a r t h )
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Scilab code Exa 1.11 frequency

1 // Example 1 . 1 1 // f r e q u e n c y
2 clc ;
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3
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9
clear ;
close ;
format ( v ,5)
p =5*10^ -7; // s p e c i f i c r e s i s t a n c e i n
m
rp =1; // r e l a t i v e p e r m e a b i l i t y
dp =0.0015; // d e p t h o f p e n e t r a t i o n i n mter
f =(( p *10^7) /(( rp *( dp ) ^2) *4*( %pi ) ^2) ) *10^ -3; //
f r e q u e n c y i n kHz
10 disp (f , f r e q u e n c y i n kHz )
Scilab code Exa 1.12 power required

// Example 1 . 1 2 // power r e q u i r e d
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
format ( v ,10)
l =0.5; // l e n g t h i n m e t e r
b =0.25; // b r e a d h i n m e t e r
h =0.02; // i n m e t e r
t1 =25; // t e m p e r t u r e
C
t2 =125; // t e m p e r t u r e
C
t =10; // t i m e i n m i n u t e s
f =30; // f r e q u e n c y i n 30 MHz
w =600; // w e i g h t o f t h e wood i n kg /m3
sh =1500; // s p e c i f i c h e a t i n J /Kg/ C
e =50; // e f f i c i e n c y
vp = l * b * h ; // volume i n m3
wp = vp * w ; // w e i g h t o f plywood i n kg
hr = sh * wp *( t2 - t1 ) ; // h e a t r e q u i r e d i n j o u l e s
hrt =( hr /(3600) ) ; // h e a t r e q u i r e d t o r a i s e t h e
t e m p e r t u r e o f plywood i n Wh
20 pu = hrt /(1/6) ; // power u t i l i z e d i n w a t t s
21 pi =( pu / e ) *100; // power i n p u t r e q u i r e d i n p e r c e n t a g e
22 disp ( pi , power i n p u t r e q u i r e d , (W)= )
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Scilab code Exa 1.13 voltage and current

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// Example 1 . 1 3 // v o l t a g e , c u r r e n t and f r e q u e n c y
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
format ( v ,5)
vl =600; // i n v o l t s
p =200; // power a b s o r b e d i n w a t t s
pf =0.05; // power f a c t o r
f =30*10^6; // f r e q u e n c y i n Hz
ep =8.854*10^ -12; // c o n s t a n t
er =5; //
a =150; // i n cm2
t =0.02; // i n m e t e r
c =(( ep * er * a *10^ -4) / t ) ; // c a p a c i t a n c e i n f a r a d s
vr =( sqrt ( p /(2* %pi * f * c * pf ) ) ) ; // v o l t a g e i s r e q u i r e d i n
volts
i = p /( vr * pf ) ; // c u r r e n t i n a m p e r e s
f2 =(( f *( vr / vl ) ^2) ) *10^ -6; // f r e q u e n c y i n Mhz
disp ( ceil ( vr ) , v o l t a g e i n v o l t s )
disp ( round ( i ) , c u r r e n t i n a m p e r e s )
disp ( f2 , f r e q u e n c y i n MHz )
Scilab code Exa 1.14 voltage and current

// Example 1 . 1 4 / / v o l t a g e a c r o s s e l e c t r o d e s and
current
2 clc ;
3 clear ;
4 close ;
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format ( v ,6)
p =1000; // i n w a t t s
f =10*10^6; // i n MHz
a1 =.004; // a r e a i n m2
a2 =0.001; // a r e a i n m2
t =0.02; // t h i c k n e s s i n m e t e r
t1 =.01; // t h i c k n e s s i n m e t e r
t2 =t - t1 ; // t h i c k n e s s i n m e t e r
ep =8.854*10^ -12; // c o n s t a n t i n F/m
er =5; // r e l a t i v e p e r m i t t i v i t y o f plywood
er1 =1; // r e l a t i v e p e r m i t t i v i t y i n a i r
c =( ep *((( a1 * er1 ) / t ) +( a2 /(( t1 / er ) +( t2 / er1 ) ) ) ) ) ; //
capacitance in farads
vr =( sqrt ( p /(2* %pi * f * c * pf ) ) ) ; // v o l t a g e i s r e q u i r e d i n
volts
disp ( round ( vr ) , v o l t a g e a c r o s s t h e e l e c t r o d e s i n
v o l t s )
i = p /( vr * pf ) ; // c u r r e n t i n a m p e r e s
disp (i , c u r e e n t i n a m p e r e s i s )
19
Chapter 3
Electrolytic processes
Scilab code Exa 3.1 ampere hours

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// Example 3 . 1 // ampere h o u r r e q u i r e d
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
// g i v e n d a t a :
r =5; // i n cm
S =4* %pi * r ^2;
t =0.005; // i n mm
d =10.5;
m = S * t * d *10^ -3;
Z =(0.001118*3600) /1000;
Amr = m / Z ;
disp ( Amr , ampere h o u r r e q u i r e d , ( Ampereh o u r )= )
Scilab code Exa 3.2 amount of copper

1 // Example 3 . 2 // mass o f c o p p e r d e p o s i t e d
2 clc ;
20
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clear ;
close ;
m =20; // i n gm
I =120; // i n A
t =10*60; // i n s e c
t1 =5*60; // i n s e c
I1 =100; // i n A
Cec =63.18/2;
Cen =58.6/2;
Z = m /( I * t ) ;
Z1 =( Z *( Cec / Cen ) ) *10^ -3;
m1 = Z1 * I1 * t1 ;
disp ( mass o f c o p p e r d e p s o i t e d i s + string ( m1 ) + kg
o r + string ( round ( m1 *10^3) ) + gm )
Scilab code Exa 3.3 weight of copper

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// Example 3 . 3 // mass o f c o p p e r d e p o s i t e d
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
Z =1.044*10^ -8; // i n kg /C
I =40; // i n A
t =1*60*60; // i n s e c o n d s
m1 = Z * I * t ;
disp ( mass o f c o p p e r d e p s o i t e d i s + string ( m1 ) + kg
o r + string (( m1 *10^3) ) + gm )
Scilab code Exa 3.4 thickness

1
// Example 3 . 4 // t h i c k n e s s o f c o p p e r d e p o s i t e d
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clc ;
clear ;
close ;
A =0.00025; // i n m2
D =8900; // i n kg /m3
Z =32.95*10^ -8; // i n kg /C
I =1; // i n A
t =100*60; // i n s e c o n d s
m = Z * I * t ; // i n kg
v=m/D;
T =( v / A ) *10^3;
disp (T , t h i c k n e s s o f c o p p e r d e p o s i t e d , T(mm) = )
Scilab code Exa 3.5 thickness

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// Example 3 . 5 // t h i c k n e s s o f c o p p e r d e p o s i t e d
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
A =0.00025; // i n m2
D =8900; // i n kg /m3
Z =32.95*10^ -8; // i n kg /C
I =1.5; // i n A
t =60*60; // i n s e c o n d s
m = Z * I * t ; // i n kg
v=m/D;
T =( v / A ) ;
disp ( T h i c k n e s s o f c o p p e r d e p o s i t e d i s + string ( T ) +
m o r + string ( T *10^3) + mm )
Scilab code Exa 3.6 current

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// Example 3 . 6 // c u r r e n t
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
m =50; // i n gm
t =2*60*60; // i n s e c
ECE_silver =111.8*10^ -8; // i n kg C1
atomic_weight1 =108; // f o r s i l v e r
atomic_weight2 =63.5; // f o r c o p p e r
valency =1; // f o r s i l v e r
Ces = atomic_weight1 / valency ; // c h e m i c a l e q u i v a l e n t o f
silver
Cec = atomic_weight2 /2; // c h e m i c a l e q u i v a l e n t o f
copper
Z = ECE_silver *( Cec / Ces ) ;
I =( m *10^ -3) /( Z * t ) ;
disp (I , c u r r e n t , I (A) = )
Scilab code Exa 3.7 energy consumption

// Example 3 . 7 // e n e r g y c o n s u m p t i o n
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
a =500; // e l e c t r o l y t i c c e l l s
I =6000; // i n A
t =40; // i n h o u r / week
Z =32.81*10^ -8*3600; // i n kg /Ah
V =0.25; // i n v o l t s
Ah = a * I *( t *52) ; // t o t a l number o f ampere h o u r p e r
annum
12 Ao = Z * Ah *10^ -3; // a n n u a l o u t p u t i n t o n n e s
13 Ea = Ah * V *10^ -3; // e n e r g y consumed p e r annum i n kWh
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14 Et = Ea / Ao ;
15 disp ( Et , e n e r g y c o n s u m p t i o n , Et (kWh/ t o n n e ) = )
Scilab code Exa 3.8 voltage

1 // Example 3 . 8 // v o l t a g e
2 clc ;
3 clear ;
4 close ;
5 // g i v e n d a t a :
6 Z =1.0384*10^ -8; // i n kg /C
7 VbyZ =14.212*10^7; // i n j o u l e s
8 V = VbyZ * Z ;
9 disp (V , v o l t a g e , V( v o l t s ) = )
Scilab code Exa 3.9 WEIGHT OF ALUMINIUM

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// Example 3 . 9 // mass o f aluminium

clc ;
clear ;
close ;
ECE_silver =111*10^ -8; // i n kg /C
Cew_silver =107.98; // c h e m i c a l e q u i v a l e n t o f s i l v e r
Cew_al =27/3; // c h e m i c a l e q u i v a l e n t o f aluminium
Z =( ECE_silver * Cew_al ) / Cew_silver ;
C_efficiency =0.92;
I =3000; // i n A
t =24*60*60; // i n s e c o n d s
m = Z * I * t * C_efficiency ;
disp (m , mass o f aluminium , ,m( kg ) = )
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Scilab code Exa 3.10 quantity of electricity and ime taken

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// Example 3 . 1 0 // q u a n t i t y o f e l e c t r i c i t y and t i m e
taken
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
d =0.1; // i n m
l =.25; // i n m
Tc =2; // t h i c k n e s s o f c o a t i n g i n mm
D =8.9; // d e n s i t y o f m e t a l i n gm/CC
C_density =160; // i n A/ s q
I_efficiency =0.9;
S = %pi * d * l ;
m = S * Tc *10^ -3* D *10^3;
Z =30.43*10^ -8; // i n kg /C
Q =( m / Z ) /3600; // i n Ah
Q_dash = Q / I_efficiency ;
disp ( Q_dash , q u a n t i t y o f e l e c t r i c i t y , Q dash (Ah ) =
)
I = C_density * S ;
t = Q_dash / I ;
disp (t , t i m e r e q u i r e d , t ( h o u r s ) = )
25
Chapter 4
Illumination
Scilab code Exa 4.1 MSCP

1 // Example 4 . 1 //MSCP
2 clc ;
3 clear ;
4 close ;
5 format ( v ,3)
6 F =1000; // i n t e n s i t y i n l u m e n s
7 MSCP = F /(4* %pi ) ; // MSCP o f t h e lamps
8 disp ( MSCP , MSCP o f t h e lamp i s )
Scilab code Exa 4.2 lumens per watt and MSCP

1 // Example 4 . 2 //LUMES PER WATT AND MSCP
2 clc ;
3 clear ;
4 close ;
5 format ( v ,4)
6 V =250; // i n v o l t s
7 I =0.8; // i n a m p e r e s
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F =3000; // i n t e n s i t y i n l u m e n s
wl = V * I ; // w a t t a g e o f lapms i n s w a t t s
lpw = F / wl ; // l u m e n s p e r w a t t s i s
MSCP = F /(4* %pi ) ; // MSCP o f t h e lamps
MW = MSCP / wl ; //MSCP p e r w a t t s
disp ( lpw , l u m e n s p e r w a t t i s )
disp ( MW , MSCP p e r w a t t o f t h e lamp i s )
Scilab code Exa 4.3 average luminance

// Example 4 . 3 // a v e r a g e l u m i n a n e o f t h e s p h e r e
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
format ( v ,6)
d =0.4; // d i a m t e r i n m e t e r
p =0.20; // i n p e r c e n t a g e a b s o r p t i o n
F =4850; // l u m e n s
Fe =(1 - p ) * F ; // f l u x e m i t t e d by t h e g l o b e i n l u m e n s
sa =4* %pi *( d /2) ^2; // s u r f a c e a r e a i n m2
als = Fe / sa ; // a v e r a g e l u m n i n a n c e o f s p h e r e i n l u m e n s /m
2
12 disp ( als , a v e r a g e l u m n i n a n c e o f s p h e r e i n l u m e n s /m2
)
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5
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9
10
11
Scilab code Exa 4.4 Illumination

1 // Example 4 . 4 // i l l u m i n a t i o n
2 clc ;
3 clear ;
4 close ;
5 format ( v ,7)
6 P =20; // f i l a m e n t power i n w a t t s
27
h =5; // h e i g h t i n m e t e r s
d =4; // d i a m t e r i n m e t e r
ef =0.89; // e f f i c i e n c y i n w a t t s
cpl = P / ef ; // c a n d l e power o f lamp i n CP
Lop =4* %pi * cpl ; // l u , i n o u s o u t p u t i n l u m e n s
Fe =(1 - p ) * Lop ; // f l u x e m i t t e d by t h e g l o b e i n l u m e n s
sa = %pi *( d /2) ^2; // s u r f a c e a r e a i n m2
als = Fe / sa ; // a v e r a g e l u m n i n a n c e o f s p h e r e i n l u m e n s /m
2
16 disp ( als , a v e r a g e l u m n i n a n c e o f s p h e r e i n l u m e n s /m2
)
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
Scilab code Exa 4.5 average intensity of Illumination

// Example 4 . 5 //AVERAGE INTENSITY
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
format ( v ,6)
cpl =100; //
h =5; // i n m e t e r
th =60; // i n d e g r e e
F =1000; // i n t e n s i t y i n l u m e n s
MSCP = F /(4* %pi ) ; // MSCP o f t h e lamps
ai =(( cpl / h ^2) * cosd (90 - th ) ) ; // a v e r a g e i n t e n s i t y o f
illumination
12 disp ( round ( MSCP ) ,MSCP o f a lamp i s ,= )
13 disp ( ai , a v e r a g e i n t e n s i t y o f i l l u m i n a t i o n i s l u x )
1
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9
10
11
Scilab code Exa 4.7 Illumination and lamp efficiency

1
// Example 4 . 7 // lamp e f f i c i e n c y and i l l u m i n a t i o n

28
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clc ;
clear ;
close ;
format ( v ,7)
p =500; // lamp power i n w a t t s
mscp =1250; //
h =2.7; // i n m e t e r s
ea =( mscp ) /( h ) ^2; // i l l u m i n a t i o n d i r e c t l y b e l o w lamp
in lux
le =(4* %pi * mscp ) / p ; // lamp e f f i c i e n c y i n l u m e n s / w a t t s
h1 =3; // m e t e r s
eb =(( mscp ) /( h ^2) *(2.7^3/( h1 ^2+ h ^2) ^(3/2) ) ) ; //
i l l u m n i n a t i o n a t a p o i n t 3 m e t e r s away on t h e
h o r i z o n t a l p l a n e v e r t i c a l l y b e l o w t h e lamp i n l u x
disp ( ea , i l l u m i n a t i o n d i r e c t l y b e l o w lamp i n l u x )
disp ( le , lamp e f f i c i e n c y i n l u m e n s /W )
disp ( eb , i l l u m n i n a t i o n a t a p o i n t 3 m e t e r s away on
t h e h o r i z o n t a l p l a n e v e r t i c a l l y b e l o w t h e lamp i n
lux )
Scilab code Exa 4.8 height and Illumination

1 // Example 4 . 8 / / h e i g h t and i l l u m i n a t i o n
2 clc ;
3 clear ;
4 close ;
5 format ( v ,7)
6 l =100; // i l l u m i n a t i o n a t a p o i n t d i r e c t l y
7
8
9
10
11
12
below the
lamp i n l u m e n s /m3
cp =256; //
h1 =1.2; // i n m e t e r s
h = sqrt ( cp / l ) ; // h e i g h t i n m e t e r s
x = sqrt ( h ^2+ h1 ^2) ; //
x1 = h / x ; //
eb =(( cp ) /( h ^2) ) *( x1 ) ^3; // i l l u m n i n a t i o n a t a p o i n t
29
1 . 2 m e t e r s away on t h e h o r i z o n t a l p l a n e
v e r t i c a l l y b e l o w t h e lamp i n l u x
13 disp (h , h e i g h t i n m e t e r s i s )
14 disp ( eb , i l l u m n i n a t i o n a t a p o i n t 1 . 2 m e t e r s away on
t h e h o r i z o n t a l p l a n e v e r t i c a l l y b e l o w t h e lamp
in lux )
Scilab code Exa 4.9 candle power

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8
9
10
11
12
// Example 4 . 9 / / c a n d l e power o f lamp

clc ;
clear ;
close ;
format ( v ,7)
L1 =500; // c a n d l e power
h1 =9; // i n m e t e r s
d =2; // d i s t a n c e i n m e t e r s
I2 =20; // i l l u m i n a t i o n i n Lux
x = sqrt ( h1 ^2+ d ^2) ; // from p y t h a g o r a s theoram
Cpx =(( I2 -( L1 / h1 ^2) ) * h1 ^2) /(( h1 / x ) ^3) ; // c a n d l e power
disp ( Cpx , c a n d l e power o f lamp two i n CP )
Scilab code Exa 4.10 distance

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2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
// Example 4 . 1 0 / / d i s t a n c e
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
format ( v ,5)
h1 =10; // i n m e t e r s
eL =1; //ASSUME
Ea =1/(10) ^2; //
X =(((10^3) * eL ) /10^2) *10*(1/ Ea ) ;
30
10 x =( X ) ^(2/3) ; //
11 y = sqrt (x -100) ; //
12 disp (y , d i s t a n c e i n m e t e r s
i s )
Scilab code Exa 4.11 total light flux and average Illumination
1
2
3
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5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
// Example 4 . 1 1 // t o t a l f l u x and a v e r a g e l u m i n a n e o f
the sphere
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
format ( v ,6)
th =15; // i n d e g r e e
l =400; // c a n d e l a
d =8; // m e t e r
Fe = p *4* %pi * l ; // f l u x e m i t t e d by t h e g l o b e i n l u m e n s
dA = d * tand ( th /2) ; // d i a m e t e r i n d e g r e e
sa = %pi *( dA ) ^2; // s u r f a c e a r e a i n m2
als = Fe / sa ; // a v e r a g e l u m n i n a n c e o f s p h e r e i n l u x
disp ( Fe , t o t a l f l u x i n l u m e n s )
disp ( als , a v e r a g e l u m n i n a n c e o f s p h e r e i n l u x )
Scilab code Exa 4.12 maximum and minimum Illumination

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3
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5
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7
8
// Example 4 . 1 2 //maximum and minimum i l l u m i n a t i o n

clc ;
clear ;
close ;
format ( v ,5 )
CP =1000; //
h =12; // i n m e t e r
31
9 mil = CP /( h ) ^2; //maximum i l l u m i n a t i o n i n l u x

10 mal = mil *(12/ sqrt (12^2+12^2) ) ^3; // minimum
i l l u m i n a t i o n in lux
11 disp ( mil , maximum i l l u m i n a t i o n i n l u x )
12 disp ( mal , minimum i l l u m i n a t i o n i n l u x )

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24
// Example 4 . 1 3 / / i l l u m i n a t i o n
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
format ( v ,5 )
p =60; //
CP =200; //
h =6; // i n m e t e r
mil = CP /( h ) ^2; //maximum i l l u m i n a t i o n i n l u x
disp ( p a r t ( a ) . )
disp ( mil , i l l u m i n a t i o n a t t h e c e n t r e o f t h e a r e a
without r e f l e c t o r in lux )
mal = mil *( h / sqrt ( h ^2+( d /2) ^2) ) ^3; // minimum
i l l u m i n a t i o n in lux
tl =4* %pi * CP ; // t o t a l l u m e n s
ts =( p /100) * tl ; // t o t a l l u m e n s r e a c h i n g t h e s u r f a c e
A = %pi *( d /2) ^2; // t o t a l s u r f a c e a r e a i n m2
alf = ts / A ; // a v e r a g e i l l u m i n a t i o n w i t h r e f l e c t o r
x = sqrt ( h ^2+( d /2) ^2) ; //
y = h / x ; //
om =2* %pi *(1 - y ) ; // i n s t e r a d i a n s
tfr = CP * om ; // t o t a l f l u x r e a c h i n g t h e s u r f a c e
alwr = tfr / A ; // a v e r a g e i l l u m i n a t i o n w i t h o u t r e f l e c t o r
disp ( p a r t ( b ) . )
disp ( mal , i l l u m i n a t i o n a t t h e e d g e o f t h e a r e a
without r e f l e c t o r in lux )
32
disp ( alf , a v e r a g e i l l u m i n a t i o n w i t h r e f l e c t o r i n l u x
)
26 disp ( alwr , a v e r a g e i l l u m i n a t i o n w i t h o u t r e f l e l c t o r
in lux )
27 // w i t h t h e r e f l e c t o r t h e i l l u m i n t a i o n a t t h e e d g e
and a t t h e end w i l l be t h e same s i n c e t h e
r e f l e c t i o n d i r e c t s t h e l i g h t u n i f o r m i t y on t h e
surface
25

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13
// Example 4 . 1 4 // i l l u m i n a t i o n u n d e r e a c h lamp and

midway b e t w e e n lamps
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
format ( v ,5 )
CP =100; //
h =6; // i n m e t e r
d =16; // m e t e r
x = sqrt ( h ^2+ d ^2) ; //
em =2*(( CP / h ^2) *( h /( d - h ) ) ^3) ; // i l l u m i n a t i o n i n t h e
middle in lux
ee =(( CP / h ^2) *(1+( h / x ) ^3) ) ; // i l l u m i n a t i o n i u n d e r e a c h
lamp i n l u x
disp ( ee , i l l u m i n a t i o n u n d e r e a c h lamp i n l u x )
disp ( em , i l l u m i n a t i o n i n t h e m i d d l e i n l u x )

// Example 4 . 1 5 // i l l u m i n a t i o n u n d e r e a c h lamp and
midway b e t w e e n lamps
2 clc ;
1
33
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4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
clear ;
close ;
format ( v ,7 )
CP =800; //
h =10; // i n m e t e r
d =12; // m e t e r
x = sqrt ( h ^2+ d ^2) ; //
x1 = sqrt ( h ^2+( d /2) ^2) ; //
em =(( CP / h ^2) *(1+( h / x ) ^3+( h / x ) ^3) ) ; // i l l u m i n a t i o n
i u n d e r e a c h lamp i n l u x
12 ee =2*(( CP / h ^2) *( h / x1 ) ^3) ; // i l l u m i n a t i o n a t t h e
centrelamp in lux
13 disp ( em , i l l u m i n a t i o n u n d e r e a c h lamp i n l u x )
14 disp ( ee , i l l u m i n a t i o n i n t h e m i d d l e i n l u x )

// Example 4 . 1 6 // i l l u m i n a t i o n midway b e t w e e n lamps
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
format ( v ,5 )
CP =400; //
h =10; // i n m e t e r
d =20; // m e t e r
x = sqrt ( d ^2 - h ^2) ; //
ee =4*(( CP / h ^2) *( h / x ) ^3) ; // i l l u m i n a t i o n a t t h e
centrelamp in lux
11 disp ( ee , i l l u m i n a t i o n i n t h e m i d d l e i n l u x )
1
2
3
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5
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9
10
Scilab code Exa 4.17 spacing

1
// Example 4 . 1 7 / / d i s t a n c e
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11
12
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14
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
format ( v ,5)
cp =500; // cp
h =4; // i n m e t e r
x =((2* cp * h ^3) / h ^2) ; //
y =(( cp * h ^3) / h ^2) ; //
y1 = cp / h ^2; //
y2 = y /2; //
y21 = y1 /2; //
d = sqrt (((( x - y2 ) / y21 ) ^(2/3) ) -h ^2) *2.29; //
disp (d , d i s t a n c e i s , (m)= )
Scilab code Exa 4.18 wattage

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3
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12
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15
// Example 4 . 1 8 / / w a t t a g e o f lamp
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
format ( v ,6)
d =6; // i n m e t e r
h =4; // i n m e t e r
ef =20; // l u m e n s p e r w a t t
uc =0.5; // u t i l i z a t i o n c o e f f i c i e n t
il =750; // i n l u x
a =( %pi /4) *( d ) ^2; //
F = a * il ; // i n l u m e n s
tf = F / uc ; // t o t a l f l u x e m i t t e d by t h e lamp
watt = tf / ef ; // w a t t a g e o f lamp
disp ( watt , w a t t a g e o f lamp i n w a t t s )
Scilab code Exa 4.19 candle power

35
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13
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17
18
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20
// Example 4 . 1 9 / / c a n d l e power
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
vl =220; // v o l t a g e o f lamp
wl =60; // w a t t a g e o f lamp
wl1 =75; // i n w a t t s
v2 =440; // i n v o l t s
r1 =(( vl ^2) / wl ) ; // i n ohms
r2 =(( vl ^2) / wl1 ) ; // i n ohms
i =( v2 /( r1 + r2 ) ) ; // i n a m p e r e s
v1 = i * r1 ; // v o l t s
v12 = i * r2 ; // i n v o l t s
cp6 =( ceil ( v1 ) / vl ) ^4 *(100) ; // c a n d l e power
cp7 =( v12 / vl ) ^4*(100) ; // c a n d l e power
disp ( ceil ( cp6 ) , p o t e n t i a l d r o p a c r o s s 60 w a t t lamps
in v o l t s )
disp ( v12 , p o t e n t i a l d r o p a c r o s s 75 w a t t lamps i n
v o l t s )
disp ( round ( cp6 ) , c a n d l e power o f 60 w a t t s lampe i n
percentage )
disp ( cp7 , c a n d l e power o f 75 w a t t s lampe i n
percentage )
// a n s w e r i s wrong i n t h e book
Scilab code Exa 4.20 capacitance

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3
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5
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7
8
// Example 4 . 2 0 / / c a p a c i t a n c e
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
w =84; // w a t t s
v =240; // i n v o l t s
i =( w ) /( v * pf ) ; // i n a m p e r e s
36
9
10
11
12
13
14
rva = v * i * sqrt (1 - pf ^2) ; // r e l a t i v e v o l t a m p e r e s

cpf =1; // c o r r e c t e d power f a c t o r
rvas = v * i * sqrt (1 - cpf ^2) ; //
f =50; // i n h e r t z
c =(( rva ) /(2* %pi * f *( v ) ^2) ) ; // i n f a r a d s
disp ( c *10^6 , c a p a c i t a n c e i n ( micro F ) i s )
Scilab code Exa 4.21 compare diameter and length

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3
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7
8
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12
13
14
// Example 4 . 2 1 / / compare d i a m e t e r and l e n g t h

clc ;
clear ;
close ;
format ( v ,6)
v1 =110; // i n v o l t s
cp1 =16; // i n cp
cp2 =25; // i n cp
v2 =220; // i n v o l t s
ri =(( cp1 / cp2 ) *( v2 / v1 ) ) ; // r a t i o o f c u r e n t s
dr =( ri ) ^(2/3) ; // r a t i o o f d i a m e t e r s
di =( cp1 / cp2 ) *(1/ dr ) ; // r a t i o o f l e n g t h s
disp ( dr , r a t i o o f d i a m e t e r i s )
disp ( di , r a t i o o f l e n g t h i s )
Scilab code Exa 4.22 constants and change of candle power per volt
1
2
3
4
5
6
// Example 4 . 2 2 / / c o n s t a n t s and c h a n g e o f c a n d l e power

per v o l t
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
format ( v ,9)
c1 =71.5; // c a n d e l power
37
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25
v1 =260; // i n v o l t s
c2 =50; // c a n d e l power
v2 =240; // i n v o l t s
b = log ( c1 / c2 ) /( log ( v1 / v2 ) ) ; //
a = c2 /( v2 ) ^(4.5) ; //
disp ( p a r t ( a ) . )
disp ( c o n s t a n t s a r e + string ( a ) + and + string ( b ) +
)
v =250; // i n v o l t s
p =4; // c h a n g e i n p e r c e n t a g e
dvc = a * b *(( v ) ^( b -1) ) ; // i n c a n d l e p e r v o l t s
dc =(1+( p /100) ) ^ b ; // when v o l t a g e i n c r e a s e by 4%
pcp =(( dc -1) ) *100; // p e r c e n t a g e c h a n g e i n c a n d l e power
dc1 =(1 -( p /100) ) ^ b ; // when v o l t a g e f a l l s by 4%
pcp1 =(( dc1 -1) ) *100; // p e r c e n t a g e c h a n g e i n c a n d l e
power
disp ( p a r t ( b ) . )
disp ( dvc , c h a n g e o f c a n d l e power p e r v o l t s )
// c h a g e i n c a n d l e power p e r v o l t i s c a l c u l a t e d wrong
i n t h e book
disp ( pcp , p e r c e n t a g e c h a n g e i n c a n d l e power when
v o l t a g e i n c r e a s e by 4% )
disp ( pcp1 , p e r c e n t a g e c h a n g e i n c a n d l e power when
v o l t a g e f a l l s by 4% )
Scilab code Exa 4.23 average Illumination

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
// Example 4 . 2 3 / / a v e r a g e i l l u m i n a t i o n
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
format ( v ,5)
dp =1.2; // d e p r e c i a t i o n f a c t o r
uf =0.6; // u t i l i a z a t i o n f a c t o r
l =15; // i n m e t e r s
38
b =6; // i n m e t e r s
n =20; // no . o f lamps
lw =250; // mscp i n w a t t s
a = l * b ; // a r e a n i n m2
tl = n * lw *4* %pi ; // / t o t a l l u m e n s
lwp =(( tl * uf ) / dp ) ; // l u m e n s r e a c h i n g on t h e w o r k i n g
plane
15 e = lwp / a ; // i l l u m i n a t i o n on w o r k i n g p l a n e i n l u x
16 disp (e , i l l u m i n a t i o n on w o r k i n g p l a n e i n l u x )
9
10
11
12
13
14
Scilab code Exa 4.24 number location and wattage

// Example 4 . 2 4 / / number , l o a c t i o n and w a t t a g e
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
format ( v ,5)
ef =40; // e f f i c i e n c y i n l u m e n s / w a t t
mil =80; // minimum i l l u m i n a t i o n i n l u m e n s /m2
l =100; // i n m e t e r s
b =10; // i n m e t e r s
a = l * b ; // a r e a n i n m2
tl = a * mil ; // / t o t a l l u m e n s
glr = tl /( uf * dp ) ; // g r o s s i l l u m i n a t i o n r e q u i r e d
twr = glr / ef ; // t o t a l w a t t a g e r e q u i r e d
disp (42 , number o f lamps o f 150 w a t t r a t i n g i n 2 r o w s
)
17 disp ( twr , t o t a l w a t t a g e i n w a t t s )
1
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7
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11
12
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14
15
16
Scilab code Exa 4.25 number rating and dipsotion of lamps

39
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9
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11
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14
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19
// Example 4 . 2 5 / / number , r a t i n g and d i s p o s i t i o n o f

lamps
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
format ( v ,6)
h =4; // i n m e t e r s
wp =75; // i n l u x
l =72; // i n m e t e r s
b =15; // i n m e t e r s
a = l * b ; // a r e a n i n m2
mf =1 - dp ; // m a i n t e n a n c e f a c t o r
glr =( a * wp ) /( uf * mf ) ; // g r o s s i l l u m i n a t i o n r e q u i r e d
wec = twr /80; // w a t t a g e o f e a c h lamps
disp (80 , number o f lamps o f 150 w a t t r a t i n g i n 2 r o w s
)
disp ( w a t t a g e o f e a c h lamp + string ( wec ) + w a t t s
e q u i v a l e n t t o 200 w a t t s )
Scilab code Exa 4.26 number rating and dipsotion of lamps

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// Example 4 . 2 6 / / number , r a t i n g and d i s p o s i t i o n o f

lamps
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
a =30*30; //
e =75; //
uf =0.5; //
df =1 -0.2; //
le =15; // e f f i c i e n c y
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ph =( a * e ) /( uf * df ) ; //
W = ph / le ; //
ew =300; //W
N = W / ew ; //
disp (N , t o t a l number o f lamps i s ,= ( s a y 4 2 ) )
disp (W , w a t t a g e o f lamps i s , (W)= )
Scilab code Exa 4.27 number and wattage

// Example 4 . 2 7 / / number and w a t t a g e
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
format ( v ,6)
h =5; // i n m e t e r s
el =100; // i n l u x
l =60; // i n m e t e r s
b =15; // i n m e t e r s
a = l * b ; // a r e a n i n m2
glr =( a * el ) /( uf *(1 - dp ) ) ; // g r o s s i l l u m i n a t i o n r e q u i r e d
n =12*3; // t o t a l no . o f
wec = twr / n ; // w a t t a g e o f e a c h lamp
disp (n , number o f lamps o f 150 w a t t r a t i n g i n 2 r o w s
)
19 disp ( w a t t a g e o f e a c h lamp + string ( wec ) + w a t t s
e q u i v a l e n t t o 500 w a t t s )
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Scilab code Exa 4.28 number spacing height and totl wattge
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// Example 4 . 2 8 / / number , s p a c i n g , mounting h e i g h t and

total wattafe
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
format ( v ,6)
h =5; // i n m e t e r s
el =120; // i n l u x
tw =80; // i n w a t t s
df =1.4; // d e p r e c i a t i o n f a c t o r
l =30; // i n m e t e r s
b =15; // i n m e t e r s
a = l * b ; // a r e a n i n m2
glr =( a * el * df ) /( uf ) ; // g r o s s l u m e n s r e q u i r e d
nt = twr / tw ; // no . o f t u b e s r e q u i r e d
disp ( twr , t o t a l w a t t a g e r e q u i r e d i n w a t t s )
disp ( number o f t u b e s r e q u i r e d i s + string ( nt ) +
e q u i v a l e n t t o 48 t u b e s )
Scilab code Exa 4.29 space height ratio

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// Example 4 . 2 9 / / number o f lamps

clc ;
clear ;
close ;
format ( v ,6)
el =50; // i n l u x
df =1.3; // d e p r e c i a t i o n f a c t o r
l =30; // i n m e t e r s
b =12; // i n m e t e r s
a = l * b ; // a r e a n i n m2
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12 glr =( a * el * df ) /( uf ) ; // g r o s s l u m e n s r e q u i r e d
13 watt =[100 ,200 ,300 ,500 ,1000];
14 lum =[1615 ,3650 ,4700 ,9950 ,21500]; //
15 for i =1:5
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n ( i ) = glr /( lum ( i ) ) ; //
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disp ( i f + string ( watt ( i ) ) + w a t t lamps a r e u s e d
t h e n number o f lamps r e q u i r e d i s + string (

round ( n ( i ) ) ) + )
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19 end

// Example 4 . 3 0 / / i l l u m i n a t i o n on s u r f a c e
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
format ( v ,6)
ef =17.4; // i n mumens/ w a t t
wlf =1.3; // w a s t e l i g h t f a c t o r
l =50; // i n m e t e r s
b =16; // i n m e t e r s
n =16; // no . o f lamps
a = l * b ; // a r e a n i n m2
tl = n * lw * ef ; // / t o t a l l u m e n s
lwp =(( tl * uf ) /( wlf * dp ) ) ; // l u m e n s r e a c h i n g on t h e
working plane
17 e = lwp / a ; // i l l u m i n a t i o n on t h e s u r f a c e i n l u m e n s /m2
18 disp (e , i l l u m i n a t i o n on t h e s u r f a c e i n l u m e n s /m2 )
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Scilab code Exa 4.31 number and size

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// Example 4 . 3 1 / / s i z e and number o f p r o j e c t o r

clc ;
clear ;
close ;
format ( v ,6)
watt =[300 ,500 ,1000 ,1500];
lum =[5000 ,9000 ,18000 ,27000]; //
el =50; // i n l u x
wlf =0.5; // w a s t e l i g h t f a c t o r
l =60; // i n m e t e r s
b =15; // i n m e t e r s
a = l * b ; // a r e a n i n m2
tl = a * el // t o t a l l u m e n s
lwp =(( tl * uf ) /( wlf * dp ) ) ; // l u m e n s r e a c h i n g on t h e
working plane
n = lwp / lum (2) ; // number o f p r o j e c t o r r e q u i r e d
ang =2* atand (4.5/8) ; // s i z e
disp ( ceil ( n +1) , number o f p r o j e c t o r s a r e ,= )
disp ( watt (2) , w a t t a g e i s , (W)= )
disp ( ceil ( ang +1) , beam a n g l e i s , ( d e g r e e )= )
disp ( + string ( round ( n ) +1) + p r o j e c t o r s o f + string
( watt (2) ) + w a t t s e a c h w i t h beam a n g l e o f +
string ( round ( ang +1) ) + d e g r e e w i l l be r e q u i r e d )
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Chapter 5
Refrigeration and Air
conditioning
Scilab code Exa 5.1 power

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// Example 5 . 1 : Power
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
t1 =20; // i n d e g r e e C
t2 =5; // i n d e g r e e C
T = t1 - t2 ;
A =3000; // volume o f a i r t o be c o n d i t i o n e d i n m3
Ht =1220; // i n J
H1 = A * Ht * T ;
m =1000; // p e r m3
Hl =2450*10^3; // l a t e n t h e a t i n J / kg
w =5;; // i n kg
M =( w * A ) / m ;
H2 = T * Hl ; // i n J
H =( H1 + H2 ) ;
P = round ( H /(3600*1000) ) ;
disp (P , Power r e q u i r e d , (kW) = )
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Scilab code Exa 5.2 rating of heater

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// Example 5 . 2 : R a t i n g o f H e a t e r
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
t1 =25; // i n d e g r e e C
t2 =5; // i n d e g r e e C
T = t1 - t2 ;
A =6*5*4*(60/15) ; // volume o f a i r t o be c o n d i t i o n e d
i n m3/ h o u r
Ht =1220; // i n J
H1 = A * Ht * T ;
m =1000; // p e r m3
Hl =836*10^3; // h e a t l o s s i n J /C/h
H2 = T * Hl ; // i n J / h o u r
H =( H1 + H2 ) ;
Rh = round ( H /(3600*1000) ) ;
disp ( Rh , R a t i n g o f h e a t e r , (kW) = )
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Chapter 7
Train Movement and Energy
Consumption
Scilab code Exa 7.1 distance average speed and scheduled speed
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// Example 7 . 1 . / / d i s t a n c e , a v e r a g e s p e e d and s c h e d u l e d
speed
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
format ( v ,6)
a =5; // a c e l e r a t i o n i n kmphps
t1 =30; // i n s e c o n d s
vm = a * t1 ; //maximum s p e e d i n kmph
tfr =10; // t i m e f o r f r e e r u n n i n g i n mins
b =5; // r e t a r d a t i o n i n kmphps
ts = vm / b ; // t i m e f o r r e t a r d a t i o n i n s e c o n d s
dta =(( vm * t1 ) /(2*3600) ) ; // d i s t a n c e t r a v e l l e d d u r i n g
acceleration period
dtfr =(( vm * tfr *60) /(3600) ) ; // d i s t a n c e t r a v e l l e d
during retardation period
dtbp = dta ; // d i s t a n c e t r a v e l l e d d u r i n g b r e a k i n g p e r i o d
td = dta + dtfr + dtbp ; // t o t a l d i s t a n c e b e t w e e n s t a t i o n s
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17 disp ( td , t o t a l d i s t a n c e b e t w e e n s t a t i o n i n km )
18 T =[0; t1 ;( t1 +( tfr *60) ) ;( t1 +( t1 +( tfr *60) ) ) ]; //
19 V =[0; vm ; vm ;0]; //
20 plot2d (T , V )
21 xlabel ( Time i n s e c o n d s )
22 ylabel ( Spped i n Km p e r Hour )
23 va =( td *3600) /( t1 +( tfr *60) + ts ) ; // a v e r a g e s p e e d i n
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kmph
disp ( va , a v e r a g e s p e e d i n kmph )
tst =5; // s t o p t i m e i n mins
vs =( td *3600) /( t1 +( tfr *60) + ts +( tst *60) ) ; // s h e d u l e d
s p e e d i n kmph
disp ( p a r t ( c ) )
disp ( vs , s h e d u l e d s p e e d i n kmph )
Scilab code Exa 7.2 plot the curve

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// Example 7 . 2 // draw t h e c u r v e
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
a =1.7; // a c e l e r a t i o n i n kmphps
b =3.3; // kmphps
s =1400; //m
va =42; //kmph
tr =(( s *10^ -3) / va ) *3600; // s e c o m d s
k =((1/(2* a ) ) ) +((1/(2* b ) ) ) ; //
vm =(( tr /(2* k ) ) - sqrt ((( tr ^2) /(4* k ^2) ) -((3600* s *10^ -3)
/ k ) ) ) ; // i n kmph
t1 = vm / a ; // s e c o n d s
t3 = vm / b ; // s e c o n d s
t2 = tr -( t1 + t3 ) ; // s e c o n d s
T =[0;( t1 ) ;( t1 + t2 ) ;( t1 + t2 + t3 ) ];
V =[0; vm ; vm ;0];
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plot2d (T , V ) ;
xlabel ( Time i n s e c o n d s )
ylabel ( Spped i n Km p e r Hour )
Scilab code Exa 7.3 speed

// Example 7 . 3 //maximum s p e e d
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
format ( v ,4)
b =3.2; // r e t a r d a t i o n i n kmphps
s =1.5; // i n km
vs =45; // s h e d u l e s p e e d i n kmph
ts =( s *3600) / vs ; // s h e d u l e t i m e i n s e c o n d s
tst =20; // s t o p t i m e
tr = ts - tst ; // a c t u a l t i m e f o r run i n s e c o n d s
k =((1/(2* a ) ) +(1/(2* b ) ) ) ; // c o n s t a n t
vm =(( tr /(2* k ) ) - sqrt ((( tr ^2) /(4* k ^2) ) -((3600* s ) / k ) ) ) ;
// i n kmph
15 disp ( vm , maximum s p e e d i n kmph )
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Scilab code Exa 7.4 sceduled speed

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// Example 7 . 4 // s h e d u l e d s p e e d
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
format ( v ,4)
s =1.5; // i n Km
tsr =26; // t i m e f o r s t o p i n s e c o n d s
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rm =1.3; // r a t i o
b =3.2; // r e t a r d a t i o n i n kmphps
k =((1/(2* a ) ) +(1/(2* b ) ) ) ; // c o n s t a n t
T =1; // assume
va1 =(3600* s ) / T ; // a v e r a g e s p p e d
vm1 =( va1 * rm ) ; //maximum s p e e d
vm = sqrt (( vm1 - va1 ) / k ) ; //maximum s p e e d i n kmph
va = vm /1.3; // a c t u a s p e e d i n kmpj
ta =(3600* s ) / va ; // a c t u a l t i m e i n s e c o n d s
ts = ta + tsr ; // s h e d u l e t i m e
vs =( s *3600) / ts ; // s h e d u l e s p e e d i n kmph
disp ( vs , s c h e d u l e s p e e d i n kmph )
Scilab code Exa 7.5 acceleration

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// Example 7 . 5 : A c c e l e r a t i o n
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
S =1; // i n km
Vs =30; // i n km/h
Ts =( S *3600) / Vs ; // i n s e c
D =20; // d u r a t i o n o f s t o p i n s e c
T = Ts - D ; // i n s e c
Va =( S *3600) / T ; // A v e r a g e s p e e d i n km/ h
Vm =1.25* Va ; // Maximum s p e e d i n km/h
beta1 =3; // b r a k i n g r e t a r d a t i o n i n km/h / s e c
A =(( Vm * T ) -( S *3600) ) / Vm ^2;
B =1/(2* beta1 ) ;
alfa =1/(2*( A - B ) ) ;
disp ( alfa , The A c c e l e r a t i o n , a l f a (km/ h/ s e c ) = )
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Scilab code Exa 7.6 retardation

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// Example 7 . 6 : R e t a r d a t i o n
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
format ( v ,6)
S =4; // i n km
Vs =45; // i n km/h
Ts =( S *3600) / Vs ; // i n s e c
T = Ts - D ; // i n s e c
Vm =70; // Maximum s p e e d i n km/h
alfa =1.5; // i n km/h / s e c
A =(( Vm * T ) -( S *3600) ) / Vm ^2;
B =1/(2* alfa ) ;
Beta =1/(2*( A - B ) ) ;
disp ( Beta , R e t a r d a t i o n (km/ h / s e c ) = )
Scilab code Exa 7.7 duration of acceleration coasting and braking periods
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// Example 7 . 7 : A c c e l e r a t i o n , C o a s t i n g and B r a k i n g
periods
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
S =1.6; // i n km
Va =40; // i n km/h
V1 =64; // i n km/h
alfa =2.0; // i n km/ p / s e c
Beta_c =0.16; // i n km/h / s e c
Beta =3.2; // i n km/h / s e c
t1 = V1 / alfa ; // i n s e c
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disp ( t1 , D u r a t i o n o f A c c e l e r a t i o n , t 1 ( s e c ) = )
T =( S *3600) / Va ; // i n s e c
// Formula : T=(V1/ a l f a ) +((V1V2 ) / B e t a c ) +(V2/ Beta )
V2 =( t1 +( V1 / Beta_c ) -T ) /((1/ Beta_c ) -(1/ Beta ) ) ;
t2 =( V1 - V2 ) / Beta_c ;
disp ( t2 , D u r a t i o n o f c o a s t i n g , t 2 ( s e c ) = )
t3 = V2 / Beta ;
disp ( t3 , D u r a t i o n o f b r a k i n g , t 3 ( s e c ) = )
Scilab code Exa 7.8 torque

// Example 7 . 8 : Torque
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
W =200; // w e i g h t o f t r a i n i n t o n n e s
D =0.9; // d i a m e t e r i n m
G =(1/200) *100; // p e r c e n t a g e g r a d i e n t
r =50; // i n N/ t o n n e
gama =4; // g e a r r a t i o
eta =0.80; // g e a r i n g e f f i c i e n c y
We =1.10* W ; // i n t o n n e
Vm =48; // maximum s p e e d i n km/h
t1 =30; // i n s e c
alfa = Vm / t1 ; // i n km/h / s e c
Ft =(277.8* We * alfa ) +(98.1* W * G ) +( W * r ) ; // t r a c t i v e
e f f e c t required in N
17 T1 =( Ft * D ) /( eta *2* gama ) ; // i n Nm
18 T = round ( T1 /8) ;
19 disp (T , Torque d e v e l o p e d by e a c h motor , T(Nm) = )
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Scilab code Exa 7.9 time taken and current

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// Example 7 . 9 : Time t a k e n and c u r r e n t

clc ;
clear ;
close ;
V =3000; // l i n e v o l t a g e i n v o l t s
W =200; // w e i g h t o f t r a i n i n t o n n e s
D =0.9; // d i a m e t e r i n m
G =(30/1000) *100; // p e r c e n t a g e g r a d i e n t
r =50; // i n N/ t o n n e
Vm =50; // i n km/ h
eta =0.9; // g e a r i n g e f f i c i e n c y
We =1.10* W ; // i n t o n n e
T =4*6000; // i n Nm
eta_m =85/100; // e f f i c i e n c y o f motor
Ft =( eta * T *2* gama ) / D ;
A =(98.1* W * G ) +( W * r ) ;
B = Ft - A ;
alfa = B /(277.8* We ) ; // t r a c t i v e e f f e c t r e q u i r e d i n N
t = Vm / alfa ;
disp (t , Time t a k e n , t ( s e c ) = )
Po =( Ft * Vm ) /3600; // i n kw
Pi = Po / eta_m ;
It =( Pi *1000) / V ; // i n A
I = It /4
disp (I , C u r r e n t drawn p e r motor , I (A) = )
Scilab code Exa 7.10 time taken and current

1 // Example 7 . 1 0 :
2 clc ;
3 clear ;
4 close ;
5 // g i v e n d a t a :
C u r r e n t and t i m e t a k e n
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V =36; // s p e e d i n km/ h
W =120; // i n t o n n e
G =2; // i n p e r c e n t
r =2*9.81; // i n N/ t o n n e
Ft =(98.1* W * G ) +( W * r ) ;
e =88/100; // e f f i c i e n c y o f m o t o r s and g e a r
VL =1500; // l i n e v o l t a g e i n v o l t s
Po =( Ft * V ) /3600;
Pi = Po / e ;
I =( Pi *1000) / VL ;
bc =((98.1*(2+(0.1*2) ) ) /(277.8*1.1) ) ; // i n kmphps
tt = V / bc ; // i n s e c o n d s
disp (I , c u r r e n t r e q u i r e d i n a m p e r e s i s )
disp ( round ( tt ) , t i m e t a k e n t o come t o r e s t i n
seconds i s )
Scilab code Exa 7.11 acceleration coasting retardation and scheduled speed
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// Example 7 . 1 1 . / / a c c e l e r a t i o n , c o a s t i n g r e t a r d a t i o n
and s c h e d u l e d s p e e d
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
format ( v ,6)
t1 =24; // i n s e c
t2 =69; // i n s e c
t3 =11; // i n s e c
V1 =48; // i n km/h
alfa = V1 / t1 ;
disp ( alfa , A c c e l e r a t i o n (km/ h / s e c ) = )
r =58; // i n N/ t o n n e
G =0;
Beta = r /(277.8*1.1) ;
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17 disp ( p a r t ( b ) )
18 disp ( Beta , R e t a r d a t i o n ( kmphps ) = )
19 V2 = V1 -( Beta * t2 ) ;
20 S = round ((( V1 * t1 ) /7200) +((( V1 + V2 ) * t2 ) /7200) +(( V2 * t3 )
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/7200) ) ;
Ts = t1 + t2 + t3 + D ;
Vs = round (( S *3600) / Ts ) ;
disp ( Vs , S c h e d u l e time , Vs ( kmph ) = )
D1 =15; // when t h e d u r a t i o n o f s t o p i n s e c
Ts_dash = t1 + t2 + t3 + D1 ;
Vs_dash =( S *3600) / Ts_dash ;
disp ( Vs_dash , S c h e d u l e s p e e d , VS dash ( kmph ) = )
Scilab code Exa 7.12 sceduled speed

// Example 7 . 1 2 : S c h e d u l e s p e e d
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
t1 =30; // i n s e c
t2 =50; // i n s e c
t3 =20; // i n s e c
alpha =2; // kmphps
V1 = alpha *( t1 ) ; // i n km/h
r =40; // i n N/ t o n n e
G =1;
bc =((98.1+ r ) ) /(277.8*1.1) ; // i n kmphps
V2 = V1 -( bc * t2 ) ; //km/ h r
S =((( V1 * t1 ) /7200) +((( V1 + V2 ) * t2 ) /7200) +(( V2 * t3 ) /7200)
);
16 D =30; // d u r a t i o n o f s t o p i n s e c
17 Ts = t1 + t2 + t3 + D ;
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18 Vs =(( S *3600) / Ts ) ;
19 disp ( Vs , S c h e d u l e time , Vs ( kmph ) = )
Scilab code Exa 7.13 maximum power and distance travelled

// Example 7 . 1 3 : maximum power and t o t a l d i s t a n c e
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
format ( v ,5)
w =250; // i n t o n n e s
we =(1+(10/100) ) * w ; // e f e c t i v e w e i g h t i n t o n n e s
r =5*9.81; // i n N/ t o n n e
G =1; //
t1 =30; // i n s e c
t2 =70; // i n s e c
alpha =2; // kmphps
V1 = alpha *( t1 ) ; // i n km/h
ft =(277.8* we * alpha ) +(98.1* G * w ) +( w * r ) ; // i n n e w t o n s
po =(( ft * V1 ) /3600) ; //maximum power o u t p u t i n kW
n =0.97; // e f f i c i e n c y
pi = po / n ; // i n kW
G =1;
bc =((98.1+ r ) ) /(277.8*1.1) ; // i n kmphps
V2 = V1 -( bc * t2 ) ; //km/ h r
beta1 =3; // r e t a r d a t i o n
t3 = V2 / beta1 ; // i n s e c o n d s
S =((( V1 * t1 ) /7200) +((( V1 + V2 ) * t2 ) /7200) +(( V2 * t3 ) /7200)
);
25 disp ( round ( pi ) ,maximum power d e v e l o p e d by t r a c t i o n
motor i s (kW) )
26 disp (S , t o t a l d i s t a n c e t r a v e l l e d by t r a i n i n km i s )
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Scilab code Exa 7.14 energy consumption

// Example 7 . 1 4 : Energy c o n s u m p t i o n
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
format ( v ,8)
Vm =52; //max s p e e d i n kmph
t3 =15.8; // d u r a t i o n o f b r a k i n g i n s e c
D =(1/2) * Vm *( t3 /3600) ;
S =1400; // i n m
S1 =( S *10^ -3) -D ;
r =50; // i n N/ t o n n e
WeBY_W =1.1;
Ec =((0.01072* Vm ^2* WeBY_W ) /( S *10^ -3) ) +(0.2778* r *( S1 /(
S *10^ -3) ) ) ;
15 disp ( Ec , e n e r g y c o n s u m p t i o n i n Wh i s )
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Scilab code Exa 7.15 specific energy consumption

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// Example 7 . 1 5 : s p e c i f i c e n e r g y c o n s u m p t i o n
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
format ( v ,9)
w =1; // i n t o n n e s
we =(1+(10/100) ) * w ; // e f e c t i v e w e i g h t i n t o n n e s
S =1525; // i n m e t e r s
r =52.6/1000; // i n N/ kg
alpha =0.366; //m/ s 2
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V1 =12.2; // i n m/ s
t1 = V1 / alpha ; // i n s e c o n d s
ft = we * alpha + r ; // i n n e w t o n s
ter =((1/2) * ft * V1 * t1 ) /3600; // i n watth o u r s
seo = ter /( w * S ) ; // i n Wh/ kgm
n =0.65; // e f f i c i e n c y
sec1 = seo / n // i n Wh/ kgm
disp ( sec1 , s p e c i f i c e n e r g y o n s u m p t i o n i n Wh/ kgm )
Scilab code Exa 7.16 sceduled speed and specific energy consumption
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// Example 7 . 1 6 : S c h e d u l e s p e e d and S p e c i f i c e n e r g y
consumption
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
t1 =30; // i n s e c
t2 =50; // i n s e c
t3 =20; // i n s e c
alpha =2; // kmphps
V1 = alpha *( t1 ) ; // i n km/h
r =40; // i n N/ t o n n e
G =1;
bc =((98.1+ r ) ) /(277.8*1.1) ; // i n kmphps
V2 = V1 -( bc * t2 ) ; //km/ h r
S =((( V1 * t1 ) /7200) +((( V1 + V2 ) * t2 ) /7200) +(( V2 * t3 ) /7200)
);
Ts = t1 + t2 + t3 + D ;
Vs =(( S *3600) / Ts ) ;
disp ( Vs , S c h e d u l e s p e e d , Vs ( kmph ) = )
S1 =( V1 * t1 ) /7200; // i n m e t e r s
r =50; // i n N/ t o n n e
WeBY_W =1.1;
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23 G =1; //
24 Ec =((0.01072* V1 ^2* WeBY_W ) /( S ) ) +(0.2778*(98.1* G + r ) *((
S1 ) /( S ) ) ) ;
25 N =0.75; //
26 Sec = Ec /0.75; //
27 disp ( Sec , S p e c i f i c e n e r g y c o n s u m p t i o n i n Wh/ tonne km
i s )
Scilab code Exa 7.17 sceduled speed and specific energy consumption
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// Example 7 . 1 7 : S c h e d u l e s p e e d and s p e c i f i c e n e r g y
consumption
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
t1 =30; // i n s e c
t2 =50; // i n s e c
t3 =20; // i n s e c
alpha =2; // kmphps
V1 = alpha *( t1 ) ; // i n km/h
r =40; // i n N/ t o n n e
G = -1;
bc =(( -98.1+ r ) ) /(277.8*1.1) ; // i n kmphps
V2 = V1 -( bc * t2 ) ; //km/ h r
S =((( V1 * t1 ) /7200) +((( V1 + V2 ) * t2 ) /7200) +(( V2 * t3 ) /7200)
);
Ts = t1 + t2 + t3 + D ;
Vs =(( S *3600) / Ts ) ;
disp ( Vs , S c h e d u l e s p e e d , Vs ( kmph ) = )
S1 =( V1 * t1 ) /7200; // i n m e t e r s
r =50; // i n N/ t o n n e
WeBY_W =1.1;
Ec =((0.01072* V1 ^2* WeBY_W ) /( S ) ) +(0.2778*(98.1* G + r ) *((
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S1 ) /( S ) ) ) ;
24 N =0.75; //
25 Sec = Ec /0.75; //
26 disp ( Sec , S p e c i f i c e n e r g y c o n s u m p t i o n i n Wh/ tonne km
i s )
Scilab code Exa 7.18 maximum power total energy consumption and specific energy consumption
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// Example 7 . 1 8 . / / maximum power , t o t a l e n e r g y

c o n s u m p t i o n and s p e c i f i c e n e r g y c o n s u m p t i o n
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
format ( v ,6)
W =100; // i n t o n n e
We =1.1* W ; // i n t o n n e
S =2.5; // d i s t a n c e i n km
Va =50; // A v e r a g e s p e e d i n kmph
Dr =(3600* S ) / Va ;
alfa =1; // i n km/h / s e c
Beta =2; // i n km/h / s e c
T =180;
r =40; // i n N/ t o n n e
G =1;
K =(1/(2* alfa ) ) +(1/(2* Beta ) ) ;
Vm = round (( T /(2* K ) ) - sqrt (( T /(2* K ) ) ^2 -((3600* S ) / K ) ) ) ;
// maximum s p e e d
t1 = Vm / alfa ; // a c c e l e r a t i o n p e r i o d
t3 = Vm / Beta ; // b r a k i n g p e r i o d
t2 =T -( t1 + t3 ) ; // i n s e c
Ft =(277.8* We * alfa ) +(98.1* W * G ) +( W * r ) ;
P_max = round (( Ft * Vm ) /3600) ;
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25 disp ( P_max , Maximum power , ( kWh) = )

26 e =60/100; // e f f i c i e n c y
27 Ft =(277.8* We * alfa ) +(98.1* W * G ) +( W * r ) ;
28 Ft_dash =(98.1* W * G ) +( W * r ) ;
29 P_max = round (( Ft * Vm ) /3600) ;
30 Et =((1/2) * Ft ) *( Vm /3600) *( t1 /3600) +(( Ft_dash * Vm )
/3600) *( t2 /3600) ;
31 Ec = Et / e ;
32 disp ( p a r t ( b ) )
33 disp ( Ec , T o t a l Energy Consumption , Ec (kWh) = )
34 Sec =( Ec *1000) /( W * S ) ;
35 disp ( p a r t ( c ) )
36 disp ( Sec , S p e c i f i c Energy Consumption , (Wh/ tonne km)
= )
Scilab code Exa 7.19 maximum power and energy taken

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// Example 7 . 1 9 . //maximum power and e n e r g y t a k e n

clc ;
clear ;
close ;
format ( v ,7)
W =203; // i n t o n n e
We =1.1* W ; // i n t o n n e
r =44; // N/ t o n n e
G =(1/500) *100; // g r a d i e n t
Vm =45; // maximum s p e e d i n kmph
t1 =30; // i n s e c
alfa = Vm / t1 ; // i n kmph
Ft =(277.8* We * alfa ) +(98.1* W * G ) +( W * r ) ; // i n N
Po =( Ft * Vm ) /3600;
disp ( Po , The maximum power o u t p u t , (kW) = )
e =60/100; // e f f i c i e n c y
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19 Et =(1/2) *(( Ft * Vm ) /3600) *( t1 /3600) ;

20 E =( Et / e ) ;
21 disp ( p a r t ( b ) )
22 disp (E , The e n e r g y t a k e n (kWh) = )
Scilab code Exa 7.20 maximum power and specific energy consumption
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// Example 7 . 2 0 . maximum power and s p e c i f i c e n e r g y

consumption
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
format ( v ,7)
W =16; // i n t o n n e
We =1.1* W ; // i n t o n n e
Vs =45; // i n kmph
r =40; // i n N/ t o n n e
S =2.8; // i n km
Ts =( S *3600) / Vs ;
Td =30; // i n s e c
T = Ts - Td ;
alfa =2; // i n kmphps
Beta =3.2; // i n kmphps
K =(1/(2* alfa ) ) +(1/(2* Beta ) ) ;
Vm = round (( T /(2* K ) ) - sqrt (( T /(2* K ) ) ^2 -((3600* S ) / K ) ) ) ;
// maximum s p e e d
t1 = Vm / alfa ; // a c c e l e r a t i o n t i m e
t3 = Vm / Beta ; // d u r a t i o n o f b r a k i n g
t2 =T -( t1 + t3 ) ; // t i m e f f r e e run i n s e c
Ft =(277.8* We * alfa ) +( W * r ) ;
P_max =( Ft * Vm ) /3600;
disp ( P_max , Maximum power o u t p u t , (kW) = )
// a n s w e r i s wrong i n book
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Va =50; // A v e r a g e s p e e d i n kmph
Dr =(3600* S ) / Va ;
T =180;
G =1;
e =80/100; // e f f i c i e n c y
Dt =(1/2) *(( Vm * t3 ) /3600) ; // d i s t a n c e t r a v e l l e d d u r i n g
b r a k i n g p e r i o d i n km
S1 =S - Dt ; // d i s t a n c e t r a v e l l e d w i t h power i n km
So =(((0.01072* Vm ^2) / S ) *( We / W ) ) +((0.2778* r * S1 ) / S ) ;
Sec = So / e ;
disp ( Sec , S p e c i f i c e n e r g y c o n s u m p t i o n , (Wh/ tonne km)
= )
// a n s w e r i s wrong i n book
Scilab code Exa 7.21 Schedule speed specific energy consumption total
energy consumption and distance
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// Example 7 . 2 1 : S c h e d u l e s p e e d , s p e c i f i c e n e r g y
c o n s u m p t i o n , t o t a l e n e r g y c o n s u m p t i o n and d i s t a n c e
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
format ( v ,6)
t1 =30; // i n s e c
t2 =40; // i n s e c
t3 =30; // i n s e c
alpha =2; // kmphps
V1 = alpha *( t1 ) ; // i n km/h
r =40; // i n N/ t o n n e
G =1;
bc =((98.1+ r ) ) /(277.8*1.1) ; // i n kmphps
V2 = V1 -( bc * t3 ) ; //km/ h r
Beta =2.5; // r e t a r d a t i o n
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17 t4 = V2 / Beta ; // i n s e c o n d s
18 S =((( V1 * t1 ) /7200) +(( V1 * t2 ) /3600) +((( V1 + V2 ) * t3 ) /7200)
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+(( V2 * t4 ) /7200) ) ;
Ts = t1 + t2 + t3 + t4 + D ;
Vs =(( S *3600) / Ts ) ;
disp ( Vs , S c h e d u l e time , Vs ( kmph ) = )
S1 =(( V1 * t1 ) /7200) +(( V1 * t2 ) /3600) ; // i n km
WeBY_W =1.1;
G =1; //
Ec =((0.01072* V1 ^2* WeBY_W ) /( S ) ) +(0.2778*(98.1* G + r ) *((
S1 ) /( S ) ) ) ;
N =0.75; //
Sec = Ec /0.75; //
disp ( Sec , S p e c i f i c e n e r g y c o n s u m p t i o n i n Wh/ tonne km
i s )
W =200; //
tec =( Sec * W * S ) ; //
disp ( tec *10^ -3 , t o t a l e n e r g y c o n s u m p t i o n i n kWh )
disp ( p a r t ( d ) )
disp (S , t o t a l d i s t a n c e t r a v e l l e d i n Km i s )
Scilab code Exa 7.22 specific energy consumption

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// Example 7 . 2 2 : s p e c i f i c e n e r g y c o n s u m p t i o n
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
W =500; //
t1 =60; // i n s e c
t2 =5*60; // i n s e c
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t3 =3*60; // i n s e c
alpha =2.5; // kmphps
V1 = alpha *( t1 ) ; // i n km/h
r =25; // i n N/ t o n n e
G =1;
bc =(((98.1*(8/1000) *100) + r ) ) /(277.8*1.1) ; // i n kmphps
V2 = V1 -( bc * t3 ) ; //km/ h r
Beta =3; // r e t a r d a t i o n
t4 = V2 / Beta ; // i n s e c o n d s
S =((( V1 * t1 ) /7200) +(( V1 * t2 ) /3600) +((( V1 + V2 ) * t3 ) /7200)
+(( V2 * t4 ) /7200) ) ;
Ts = t1 + t2 + t3 + t4 + D ;
Vs =(( S *3600) / Ts ) ;
S1 =(( V1 * t1 ) /7200) +(( V1 * t2 ) /3600) ; // i n km
WeBY_W =1.1;
G =1; //
Ec =((0.01072* V1 ^2* WeBY_W ) /( S ) )
+(0.2778*((98.1*(8/1000) *100) + r ) *(( S1 ) /( S ) ) ) ;
N =0.80; //
Sec = Ec / N ; //
disp ( Sec , S p e c i f i c e n e r g y c o n s u m p t i o n i n Wh/ tonne km
i s )
Scilab code Exa 7.23 weight and number of axles

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// Example 7 . 2 3 : w e i g h t o f t h e l o c o m o t i v e abd number

of axles
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
Wl =1; //
W1 =400; //
G =2; // i n p e r c e n t a g e
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mu =0.2; //
alpha =1; //
r =40; //
x =(277.8*1.1* alpha +98.1* G + r ) /(9.81*1000) ; //
wlo =( x * W1 ) /( mu - x ) ; // i n t o n n e s
al =22; // a l l o w a b l e l o a d i n t o n n e s
na = wlo / al ; //
disp ( wlo , w e i g h t o f t h e l o c o m o t i v e i n t o n n e s )
disp ( round ( na ) , number o f a x l e s r e q u i r e d )
Scilab code Exa 7.24 weight and number of axles

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// Example 7 . 2 4 : w e i g h t o f t h e l o c o m o t i v e abd number

of axles
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
W =12*30; // t o n n e s
we =1.04*360; // t o n n e s
r =5*9.81; //
G =1; // i n p e r c e n t a g e
mu =0.2; //
alpha =0.8; //
x =13.882; //
y =0.041; //
wlo =( x ) /( mu - y ) ; // i n t o n n e s
al =20; // a l l o w a b l e l o a d i n t o n n e s
na = wlo / al ; //
disp ( wlo , w e i g h t o f t h e l o c o m o t i v e i n t o n n e s )
disp ( ceil ( na ) , number o f a x l e s r e q u i r e d )
Scilab code Exa 7.25 trailing weight and maximum gradiant

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// Example 7 . 2 5 . / / t r a i l i n g w e i g h t and maximum

gradiant
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
format ( v ,6)
w1 =100; // t o n n e s
w = w1 +500; // t o n n e s
we =1.1* w ; // e f f e c t i v e w e i g h t
alpha =1; //
G =1; //
r =45; //
ft =((277.8* we * alpha ) +(98.1* w * G ) +( w * r ) ) ; // i n n e w t o n s
ad =0.7; // a d e h s i v e p e r c e n t
mu =( ft ) /(100*10^3*9.81* ad ) ; //
w2 =130; // t o n n e s
ad2 = w2 * G ; //
tadw = w1 * ad + ad2 ; // t o n n e s
tted = mu * tadw *9.81*1000; // n e w t o n e s
W = tted /(277.8*1.1* alpha +98.1* alpha + r ) ; // i n t o n n e s
trlw =W -( ad2 + w1 ) ; //
disp ( round ( trlw ) , t r a i l i g w e i g h t i n t o n n e s i s )
w2 = w1 +500+ ad2 ; //
G1 =(( tted / w2 ) -(277.8*1.1+ r ) ) *(1/98.1) ; //
disp ( G1 , maximum g r a d i a n t i n p e r c e n t a g e i s )
Scilab code Exa 7.26 acceleration

1 // Example 7 . 2 6 ; a c c e l e r a t i o n
2 clc ;
3 clear ;
4 close ;
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w1 =100; // t o n n e s
w = w1 +500; // t o n n e s
we =1.1* w ; // e f f e c t i v e w e i g h t
alpha =1; //
G =1; //
r =45; //
ft =((277.8* we * alpha ) +(98.1* w * G ) +( w * r ) ) ; // i n n e w t o n s
ad =0.7; // a d e h s i v e p e r c e n t
mu =( ft ) /(100*10^3*9.81* ad ) ; //
w2 =130; // t o n n e s
ad2 = w2 * G ; //
tadw = w1 * ad + ad2 ; // t o n n e s
tted = mu * tadw *9.81*1000; // n e w t o n e s
W = tted /(277.8*1.1* alpha +98.1* alpha + r ) ; // i n t o n n e s
trlw =W -( ad2 + w1 ) ; //
w2 = w1 +500+ ad2 ; //
acc =(( tted / w2 ) -(98.1+ r ) ) *(1/(277.8*1.1) ) ; // i n kmphps
disp ( acc , a c c e l e r a t i o n i n kmphps i s )
Scilab code Exa 7.27 torque and weight

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// Example 7 . 2 7 : Torque and minimum w e i g h t

clc ;
clear ;
close ;
N =4; // number o f motor
W =250; // i n t o n n e
D =.95; // d i a m e t e r i n m
G =1; // p e r c e n t a g e g r a d i e n t
r =40; // i n N/ t o n n e
eta =95/100; // g e a r e f f i c i e n c y
We =1.1* W ;
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Vm =40; // kmph
t1 =20; // i n s e c o n d s
alfa = Vm / t1 ;
Ft =((277.8* We * alfa ) +(98.1* W * G ) +( W * r ) ) ;
T =( Ft * D ) /( eta *2* gama ) ;
Td = round ( T / N ) ;
disp ( Td , Torque d e v e l o p e d by e a c h motor , Td (Nm) = )
mu =0.25; // a d h e s i v e c o e f f i c i e n t
WL =( Ft /(9.81*1000) ) / mu ;
Dw = round ( WL /.75) ;
disp ( Dw , Dead w e i g h t o f l o c o m o t i v e , ( t o n n e s ) = )
69
Chapter 8
Electric Traction Motors
Scilab code Exa 8.1 speed armature current characterstic

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// Example 8 . 1 : Motor s p e e d
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
v =230; // i n v o l t s
rm =0.3; // i n ohms
Ia =[5;10;15;20;25;30;35;40]; // i n a m p e r e s
T = [20;50;100;155;215;290;360;430]; //
for i =1:8
eb ( i ) = v -( Ia ( i ) ) * rm ; //
N ( i ) =(9.55* eb ( i ) * Ia ( i ) ) /( T ( i ) ) ; //
disp ( s p e e d i n rpm i s f o r c u r r e n t + string ( Ia ( i )
) + a m p e r e s + string ( round ( N ( i ) ) ) + RPM )
end
plot2d ( Ia , N )
xlabel ( ARMATURE CURRENT , I a IN AMPS )
ylabel ( SPEED ,N IN RPM )
xtitle ( SppedArmature c u r r e n t c h a r a c t e r i s t i c )
70
Scilab code Exa 8.2 speed torque curve

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// Example 8 . 2 : SPEEDTORQUE GRAPH

clc ;
clear ;
close ;
v =600; // i n v o l t s
N1 =600; //
Ia =[20;40;60;80]; // i n a m p e r e s
EMF =[215;381;485;550]
for i =1:4
eb ( i ) = v -( Ia ( i ) ) * rm ; //
N ( i ) =( N1 / EMF ( i ) ) * eb ( i ) ; //
T ( i ) =(9.55* eb ( i ) * Ia ( i ) ) /( N ( i ) ) ; //
disp ( s p e e d i n rpm i s f o r c u r r e n t + string ( Ia ( i )
) + a m p e r e s + string ( round ( N ( i ) ) ) + RPM and
Torque i n Nm i s + string ( T ( i ) ) + )
end
plot2d (T , N )
xlabel ( TORQUE ,T IN Nm )
ylabel ( SPEED ,N IN RPM )
xtitle ( Speedt o r q u e c u r v e )
Scilab code Exa 8.3 motor speed and current

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// Example 8 . 3 : Motor s p e e d and c u r r e n t drawn

clc ;
clear ;
close ;
N1 =640; // i n rpm
I1 =15; // i n A
I2 = sqrt ((2) * sqrt (2) * I1 ^2) ;
N2 = round ((2* I1 * N1 ) / I2 ) ;
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disp ( I2 , C u r r e n t drawn , I 2 (A) = )

disp ( N2 , Motor s p e e d , N2 ( rpm ) = )
Scilab code Exa 8.4 speed and voltage

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// Example 8 . 4 : s p e e d and v o l t a g e
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
n1 =700; // rpm
n2 =750; // rpm
v =500; // i n v o l t s
ib =50; // a m p e r e s
eb1 =v -( ib * rm ) ; // i n v o l t s
eb2 = eb1 ; //
N =(( v -(2*( ib * rm ) ) ) /(( eb1 / n1 ) +( eb2 / n2 ) ) ) ; //
pdv1 =(( eb1 / n1 ) * N ) + ib * rm ; // i n v o l t s
pdv2 =(( eb1 / n2 ) * N ) + ib * rm ; // i n v o l t s
disp ( round ( N ) , s p e e d i n rpm i s )
disp ( round ( pdv1 ) ,PD a c r o s s machine 1 i n v o l t s i s )
disp ( round ( pdv2 ) ,PD a c r o s s machine 2 i n v o l t s i s )

1 // Example 8 . 5 : C u r r e n t drawn
2 clc ;
3 clear ;
4 close ;
5 format ( v ,5)
6 // g i v e n d a t a :
7 V =500; // i n v o l t s
8 Vm =40; // i n kmph
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Ft =1800; // i n N
Rm =0.4; // i n ohm
Lm =3200; // l o s s e s p e r motor i n w a t t
Mo =( Ft * Vm *1000) /3600;
Cl =3200; // c o n s a t a n t l o s s e s i n w a t t
// f o r m u l s : Mi=Po+Cl+C l o s s e s
// C l o s s e s=I 2Rm
// Mi=V I
// I 1 =(V+s q r t (V2 (4Rm (Mo+Cl ) ) ) ) / ( 2 Rm) ; l e a v i n g a s
g i v e s a very high value
I1 =( V - sqrt ( V ^2 -4* Rm *( Mo + Cl ) ) ) /(2* Rm ) ;
disp ( I1 , C u r r e n t drawn by e a c h motor , ( A) = ) ;
It = I1 *2;
disp ( It , T o t a l c u r r e n t drawn , ( A) = )
Scilab code Exa 8.6 power delivered

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// Example 8 . 6 . / / power d e l i v e r e d
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
format ( v ,6)
Ft =35300; // i n N
V =48; // i n kmph
Po =(( Ft * V *1000) /3600) *10^ -3;
Ft1 =55180; // i n N
Pd = Po * sqrt ( Ft1 / Ft ) ;
disp ( Pd , power d e l i v e r e d (kW) = )
Pd1 = Po *( Ft1 / Ft ) ;
disp ( Pd1 , power d e l i v e r e d (kW) = )
73
Scilab code Exa 8.7 new characterstics

// Example 8 . 7 : s p e e d and t r a c t i v e e f f o r t
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
Ia =[60;120;180;240;300;360]; // i n a m p e r e s
sp1 =[80;50;45;42;38;35]; // i n kmph
tf1 =[1.7;5;10;14;16;20]; // i n n e w t o n s
d1 =0.85; // i n m e t e r s
d2 =0.9; // i n m e t e r s
y1 =71/21; //
y2 =74/19; //
for i =1:6
V ( i ) =(( d2 / d1 ) *( y1 / y2 ) ) * sp1 ( i ) ; // i n kmph
tf2 ( i ) =(( d1 / d2 ) *( y2 / y1 ) ) *( tf1 ( i ) ) ; // i n n e w t o n s
disp ( f o r a r m a t u r e c u r r e n t + string ( Ia ( i ) ) +
amperes
, s p e e d i s + string ( V ( i ) ) + kmph and
t r a c t i v e e f f o r i n thousand newtons i s +
string ( tf2 ( i ) ) + )
16 end
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Scilab code Exa 8.8 motor speed

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// Example 8 . 8 : s p e e d
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
n1 =500; // i n rpm
d1 =90; // i n cm
d2 =86; // i n cm
v =600; // i n v o l t s
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vd =0.1; // d r o p
eb1 =v -( vd * v ) ; // i n v o l t s
A =[90 -86;90 90]; //
B =[240;54000]; //
X = A \ B ; //
V1 = X (1 ,1) ; // i n v o l t s
V2 = X (2.1) ; // i n v o l t s
N1 = n1 *( V1 -( vd * v ) ) /( eb1 ) ; //
N2 = N1 *( d1 / d2 ) ; //
disp ( round ( N1 ) , s p e e d i n rpm i s )
disp ( round ( N2 ) , s p e e d i n rpm i s )
//N2 i s c a l c u l a t e d wrong i n t h e book
Scilab code Exa 8.9 power input and tractive efforts

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// Example 8 . 9 ; power i n p u t and t r a c t i v e e f f o r t s

clc ;
clear ;
close ;
ia =350; //A
ib =305; //A
v =600; //V
pa =( v * ia ) /1000; //kW
pb =( v * ib ) /1000; //kW
disp ( ( i ) When m o t o r s a r e c o n n e c t e d i n p a r a l l e l and
t r a i n s p e e d i s 40kmph )
disp ( pa , power i n p u t t o motor A i s , (kW)= )
disp ( pb , power i n p u t t o motor B i s , (kW)= )
fta =1625; // kg
ftb =1480; // kg
disp ( fta , t r a c t i v e e f f o r o f motor A i s , ( kg )= )
disp ( ftb , t r a c t i v e e f f o r o f motor B i s , ( kg )= )
disp ( ( i i ) When m o t o r s a r e c o n n e c t e d i n s e r i e s and
c u r r e n t i s 400A )
rm =0.08; //ohm
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i =400; //A
eba =v -( i * rm ) ; //V
abb = eba ; //V
va =38.5; //V
vb =36.7; //V
vx =(( v -2*( i * rm ) ) *(( va * vb ) /( va + vb ) ) ) / eba ; //
Va =(( eba / va ) * vx ) +( i * rm ) ; //V
Vb =(( eba / vb ) * vx ) +( i * rm ) ; //V
pa1 =( Va * i ) /1000; //kW
pb1 =( Vb * i ) /1000; //kW
disp ( pa1 , power i n p u t t o motor A i s , (kW)= )
disp ( pb1 , power i n p u t t o motor B i s , (kW)= )
fta1 =1960; // kg
ftb1 =2060; // kg
disp ( fta1 , t r a c t i v e e f f o r o f motor A i s , ( kg )= )
disp ( ftb1 , t r a c t i v e e f f o r o f motor B i s , ( kg )= )
Scilab code Exa 8.10 linear synchronous and vehicle speed

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// Example 8 . 1 0 ; l i n e a r s y n c h r o n o u s v e l o c i t y
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
f =50; // hz
t =0.5; // i n m e t e r
s =0.25; //
vs =2* f * t *(3600/1000) ; //kmph
vc = vs *(1 - s ) ; //kmph
disp ( vs , l i n e a r s y n c h r o n o u s v e l o c i t y i n kmph i s )
disp ( vc , v e h i c l e s p e e d i n kmph i s )
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Chapter 9
Control of Traction Motors
Scilab code Exa 9.1 energy lost and total energy

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// Example 9 . 1 . / / e n e r g y l o s t and t o t a l e n e r g y
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
format ( v ,7)
V =600; // i n v o l t s
I =350; // i n A
Ts =20; // i n s e c
R =0.15; // i n ohm
E_bse =( V /2) -( I * R ) ;
E_bp =V -( I * R ) ;
Tse =( E_bse / E_bp ) * Ts ;
Tp = Ts - Tse ;
Vd =V -(2* I * R ) ;
Ed1 =( Vd /2) * I *( Tse /3600) ;
Ed2 =(( V /2) /2) *2* I *( Tp /3600) ;
El =( Ed1 + Ed2 ) *10^ -3;
disp ( El , Energy l o s t i n s t a r t i n g r h e s t a t , El (kWh) =
)
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21 El_1 =(2*( I ^2) * R * Ts ) /(3600*1000) ;

22 disp ( p a r t ( b ) )
23 disp ( El_1 , Energy l o s t i n
motors , El (kWh) = )
24 // a n s w e r i s wrong i n
part b in the textbook
25 Et =(( V * I * Tse ) +(2* V * I * Tp ) ) /(3600*1000) ;
26 disp ( p a r t ( c ) )
27 disp ( Et , T o t a l Energy , Et (kWh) = )
Scilab code Exa 9.2 rheostatic losses and train speed

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// Example 9 . 2 . r h e o s t a t i c l o s s e s and t r a i n s p e e d
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
format ( v ,7)
V =600; // i n v o l t s
I =300; // i n A
Ts =15; // i n s e c
R =0.1; // i n ohm
E_bse =( V /2) -( I * R ) ;
E_bp =V -( I * R ) ;
Tp = Ts - Tse ;
Vd =V -(2* I * R ) ;
Ed1 =( round (( Vd /2) * I *( Tse /3600) ) *10^ -3) ; //
disp ( p a r t ( i ) )
disp ( Ed1 , r h e o s t a t i c i n s e r i e s , Ed1 (kWh) = )
Ed2 =(( V /2) /2) *2* I *( Tp /3600) *10^ -3;
disp ( Ed2 , r h e o s t a t i c i n p a r a l l e l , Ed2 (kWh) = )
Vm =29; // i n kmph
alfa = Vm / Ts ;
S = alfa * Tse ;
disp ( p a r t ( i i ) )
disp (S , Speed a t t h e end o f s e r i e s p e r i o d , S (km/ h ) =
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Scilab code Exa 9.3 efficiency and speed

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// Example 9 . 3 . e f f i c i e n c y and s p e e d
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
format ( v ,5)
V =600; // i n v o l t s
I =200; // i n A
Ts =20; // i n s e c
R =0.1; // i n ohm
E_bse =( V /2) -( I * R ) ;
E_bp =V -( I * R ) ;
Tp = Ts - Tse ;
Vd =V -(2* I * R ) ;
Mi =(( V * I * Tse ) /(2*3600) ) +(( V * I * Tp ) /3600) ;
Er =(( Vd /4) * I *( Tse /3600) ) +((( V /2) /2) * I *( Tp /3600) ) ;
El =( I ^2* R * Ts ) /(3600) ;
Mo = Mi - Er - El ;
eta =( Mo / Mi ) *100;
disp ( eta , S t a r t i n g e f f i c i e n c y , (%) = )
Vm =80; // i n kmph
alfa = Vm / Ts ;
S = alfa * Tse ;
disp (S , s p e e d , S ( kmph ) = )
Scilab code Exa 9.4 time duration speed and rheostatic losses
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// Example 9 . 4 t i m e d u r a t i o n , s p e e d and r h e o s t a t i c
losses
clc
clear ;
close ;
format ( v ,6)
W =150; // i n t o n n e
We =1.1* W ; // i n t o n n e s
Vm =30; //kmph
V =600; // i n v o l t s
r =10; // N/ t o n n e
I =300; // i n A
R =0.1; // i n ohm
Ft =4*15000; // i n N
G =1; // g r a d i e n t i n %
alfa =( Ft -( W * r ) -(98.1* W * G ) ) /(277.8* We ) ;
Ts = Vm / alfa ;
E_bse =( V /2) -( I * R ) ;
E_bp =V -( I * R ) ;
disp ( Ts , D u r a t i o n o f s t a r t i n g p e r i o d , Ts ( s e c o n d s ) =
)
disp ( Tse , D u r a t i o n f o r S e r i e s r u n n i n g , Tse ( s e c o n d s ) =
)
sptr = alfa * Tse ; // i n kmph
disp ( sptr , s p e e d o f t r a i n a t t r a n s i t i o n i n kmph i s )
sptr = alfa * Tse ; // i n kmph
rls =(( V -(2* I * R ) ) /2) *(2* I ) *( Tse /3600) ; // w a t t s h o u r s
rlp =(( V /2) /2) *(4* I ) *(( Ts - Tse ) /3600) ; // w a t t s h o u r s
tl = rls + rlp ; //
disp ( rls , r h e o s t a t l o s s e s d u r i n g s e r i e s o p e r a t i o n i n
Wh o u r s )
disp ( rlp , r h e o s t a t l o s s e s d u r i n g p a r a l l e l o p e r a t i o n
i n Wh o u r s )
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disp ( tl , t o t a l l o s s e s i n Wh o u r s i s )
Scilab code Exa 9.5 diverter resistance

// Example 9 . 5 : d i v e r t e r r e s i s t a n c e
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
format ( v ,6)
nf =1; //
n2 =1.25* nf ; //
of =1; //
of2 = nf / n2 ; //
isef =1; //
ise2 =0.66667; //
ia2 =(1/ ise2 ) ; //
idiv = ia2 - ise2 ; //
rdiv = ise2 / idiv ; //
disp ( rdiv *100 , d i v e r t e r r e s i s t a n c e r e q u i r e d a s
percentage of the f i e l d r e s i s t a n c e i s )
16 // a n s w e r i s wrong i n t h e t e x t b o o k
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Scilab code Exa 9.6 speed and drawbar pull

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// Example 9 . 6 : draw c h r a c t e r s t i c s
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
format ( v ,6)
Ia =[60;80;100;120;160;180]; // i n a m p e r e s
sp1 =[47.4;40.3;35.8;33.9;29.8;28.5]; // i n kmph
dpk =[440;700;970;1245;1800;2360]; // i n kg
sp2 =[58.1;50;45;40.3;35;32]; //
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dpk1 ( i ) = (( dpk ( i ) ) *( sp1 ( i ) ) ) /( sp2 ( i ) ) ; //
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disp ( f o r c u r r e n t + string ( Ia ( i ) ) + a m p e r e s
s p e e d i n kmph i s + string ( sp2 ( i ) ) + and

drawbar p u l l i n kg i s + string ( dpk1 ( i ) ) + )
13 end
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Chapter 10
Braking Mechanical
Consideration and Control
Equipment
Scilab code Exa 10.1 braking torque

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// Example 1 0 . 1 : b r a k i n g t o r q u e
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
I =[50;100;150;200;250]; //
sp =[73.6;48;41.1;37.3;35.2];
T =[150;525;930;1335;1750];
v =600; // i n v o l t s
rm =0.6; //
eb =v -( I (2) * rm ) ; // i n v o l t s
rh =3; // i n ohms
tr = rh + rm ; // i n ohms
i = eb / tr ; // i n a m p e r e s
tr = T (3) ; //
disp ( tr , b r a k i n g t o r q u e i s (Nm) )
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Scilab code Exa 10.2 resistance

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// Example 1 0 . 2 : r e i s t a n c e
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
I =[20;40;60;80]; //
emf =[215;381;485;550]; // i n v o l t s
emf2 =[202;357;455;516]; //
lt =40*9.81; // i n Nm
N =600; // rpm
il = lt *(2* %pi *( N /60) ) ; // i n W
ia =56; // i n a m p e r e s from c u r v e
va =440; // i n v o l t s from g r a p h
tr = va / ia ; // i n ohms
tm =0.8; // i n ohms
er = tr - tm ; // i n ohms
disp ( er , e x t e r n a l r e s i s t a n c e t o be c o n n e c t e d a c r o s s
t h e motor d u r i n g b r e a k i s i n ohm )
Scilab code Exa 10.3 electrical energy and average power

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// Example 1 0 . 3 : E l e c t r i c a l e n e r g y and a v e r a g e power

clc ;
clear ;
close ;
format ( v ,6)
W =400; // i n t o n n e
We =1.1* W ; // i n t o n n e
S =2; // d i s t a n c e i n km
G =2; // g r a d i e n t i n %
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eta =75/100; // e f f i c i e n c y
D =2; // d i s t a n c e i n km
V1 =40; // i n km
V2 =20; // i n km
r =40; //N/ t o n n e
Ea =(0.01072* We *( V1 ^2 - V2 ^2) ) *10^ -3; // i n kWh
Ft =( W * r ) -(98.1* W * G ) ;
M =( - Ft * S *1000) /(1000*3600) ;
Et = Ea + M ; // t o t a l e n e r g y a v a i l a b l e
Ee = eta * Et ;
disp ( Ee , E l e c t r i c a l e n e r g y , Ee (kWh) = )
As =( V1 + V2 ) /2; // a v e r a g e s p e e d
At = D / As ; // A v e r a g e t i m e t a k e n
P = round ( Ee / At ) ;
disp (P , A v e r a g e power , P(kW) = )
Scilab code Exa 10.4 energy returned

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// Example 1 0 . 4 : Energy r e t u r n e d t o t h e l i n e
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
W =2340; // i n t o n n e
We =1.1* W ; // i n t o n n e
G =100/80; // g r a d i e n t i n %
eta =70/100; // e f f i c i e n c y
V1 =60; // i n km
V2 =36; // i n km
r =5*9.81; //N/ t o n n e
t =5*60; // i n s e c
Ea =(0.01072* We *( V1 ^2 - V2 ^2) ) *10^ -3; // i n kWh
Ft =( W * r ) -(98.1* W * G ) ; // t r a c t i v e e f f o r t i n N
D =(( V1 + V2 ) /2) *(1000/3600) * t ; // d i s t a n c e moved i n m
M =( - Ft * D ) /(1000*3600) ;
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18 Et = Ea + M ;
19 El = eta * Et ;
20 disp ( El , Energy r e t u r n e d t o t h e l i n e , El (kWh) = )

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// Example 1 0 . 5 : Energy r e t u r n e d t o t h e l i n e
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
W =500; // i n t o n n e
G =(20*100) /1000; // g r a d i e n t i n %
eta =75/100; // e f f i c i e n c y
V =40; // i n kmph
r =40; //N/ t o n n e
Ft =( W * r ) -(98.1* W * G ) ; // t r a c t i v e e f f o r t i n N
P =( - Ft * V ) /3600; // Power a v a i l a b l e i n kW
Pf = round ( P * eta ) ;
disp ( Pf , power f e d i n t o t h e l i n e , Pf (kW) = )

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2
3
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5
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8
9
10
// Example 1 0 . 6 : Power g e n e r a t e d
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
OD =640; // v o l t a g e r e p r e s e n t by p h a s o r OD
R =0.5; // r e a c t o r i n ohm
Ia = OD / R ;
V =400; // i n v o l t s
alfa =38.66; // Phase a n g l e i n d e g r e e
86
11 P =( V * Ia * cosd ( alfa ) ) *10^ -3;

12 disp (P , Power g e n e r a t e d , P(kW) = )
87
Chapter 11
Power supply for electric
traction
Scilab code Exa 11.1 total length

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11
// Example 1 1 . 1 : T o t a l Length
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
l =20; // i n m
w =0.5; // w e i g h t p e r m e t e r i n kg
T =500; // T e n s i o n a p p l i e d i n kg
del =( w * l ^2) /(2* T ) ;
two_S =2*( l +(2/3) *( del ^2/ l ) ) ;
disp ( two_S , T o t a l Length (m) = )
Scilab code Exa 11.2 sag

1 // Example 1 1 . 2 : Sag
2 clc ;
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3
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5
6
7
8
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10
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13
clear ;
close ;
format ( v ,5)
l =30; // i n m e t e r
w =0.72; // w e i g h t p e r m e t e r i n kg
E =640; // i n kg /cm2
d =1; // d i a m e t e r i n cm
T = E *( %pi /4) * d ^2;
del =(( w * l ^2) /(2* T ) ) *100;
disp ( del , s a g ( cm ) = )
Scilab code Exa 11.3 sag

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13
// Example 1 1 . 3 : Sag
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
l =30; // i n m e t e r
w1 =0.9; // a v e r a g e w e i g h t o f c a t e n a r y w i r e i n kg /m
w2 =1.2 // a v e r a g e w e i g h t o f t r o l l e y w i r e i n kg /m
w3 =(20/100) * w2 // a v e r a g e w e i g h t o f d r o p p e r and
f i t t i n g s i n kg /m
w = w1 + w2 + w3 ;
T =1000; // i n kg
del =(( w * l ^2) /(2* T ) ) ;
disp ( del , s a g (m) = )

1 // Example 1 1 . 4 :
2 clc ;
Current
89
3 clear ;
4 close ;
5 // g i v e n d a t a :
6 I =300; // i n A
7 R =0.08; // i n ohm
8 Vd =6; // v o l t a g e d r o p i n v o l t s
9 I_dash =(( R *( I /2) ) - Vd ) / R ;
10 disp ( I_dash , C u r r e n t (A) = )
Scilab code Exa 11.5 potential

// Example 1 1 . 5 : C u r r e n t
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
a =7; // f a r end v o l t a g e i n v o l t s
i =125; // i n A
r =0.02; // i n ohm
l =3; // i n km
p =( i * r * l ^2) /2;
I =(( p - a ) /( r * l ) ) ; //
disp (p , p o t e n t i a l o f t h e t r a c k a t t h a f a r end o f t h e
s e c t i o n in v o l t s i s )
13 disp (I , C u r r e n t c a r r i e d by ve f e e d e r , I (A) = )
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12

1 // Example 1 1 . 6 :
2 clc ;
3 clear ;
4 close ;
5 // g i v e n d a t a :
Current
90
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7
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15
format ( v ,8)
ix =200; // a m p e r e s
r =0.02; // i n ohms
x = poly (0 , x ) ;
p = -19+12* x +0* x ^2; //
y = roots ( p ) ; //km
ipx = ix *(3 - y ) ; // i n a m p e r e s
inx =2* ix ; // i n a m p e r e s
it = ipx + inx ; // i n a m p e r e s
disp ( it , c u r r e n t t h r o u g h n e g e t i v e b o o s t e r i n a m p e r e s
i s )
Scilab code Exa 11.7 voltage and kW

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15
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19
// Example 1 1 . 7 : p o t e n t i a l d r o p and c a p a c i t y i f
booster
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
format ( v ,8)
ix =250; // a m p e r e s
vb =2; // i n v o l t s
r =0.02; // i n ohms
x = poly (0 , x ) ;
p = -27.6+16* x +0* x ^2; //
pc = vb +( ix * r *(1.6) ^2) /2; // i n v o l t s
pd =(( ix * r *( y ^2) ) /2) ; // i n v o l t s
tcurr = (1.6* ix ) +(( ix *(3.2 - y ) ) ) ; // i n a m p e r e s
vnf = r * tcurr ; // i n v o l t s
bnb = vnf - vb ; // i n v o l t s
cb =(( bnb * tcurr ) /1000) ; // i n kw
disp ( pc , maximum p o t e n t i a l d r o p on any two p o i n t s on
the r a i l s in v o l t s i s )
91
20
disp ( cb , c a p a c i t y o f b o o s t e r i n kW i s )
Scilab code Exa 11.8 rating of the booster

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18
// Example 1 1 . 8 : r a t i n g o f b o o s t e r
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
format ( v ,8)
i =200; // A/km
r =0.01; // i n ohms /km
x = poly (0 , x )
p = -20+8* x +0* x ^2; //
i1 =400; // i n a m p e r e s
i2 =(4 - y ) * i // i n a m p e r e s
tc = i1 + i2 ; // i n a m p e r e s
vcn = r * tc ; // i n v o l t s
nb = vcn -4; // i n v o l t s
rb =( tc *10) /1000; //
disp ( rb , r a t i n g o f t h e b o o s t e r i n kW i s )
Scilab code Exa 11.9 voltage

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8
// Example 1 1 . 9 // v o l t a g e
clc ;
clear ;
close ;
format ( v ,5)
vw =60; // i n v o l t s
vt =12; // i n v o l t s
tv = vw + vt ; // i n v o l t s
92
vs =600; // i n v o l t s
va = vs - tv ; // i n v o l t s
vr =578; // v o l t s
vn =10; // i n v o l t s
vtn = tv - vn ; // i n v o l t s
vad = vs - vr ; //
vp = vtn - vad ; // i n v o l t s
disp ( va , v o l t a g e a v a i l a b l e t o t r o l l e y when i t i s a t
t h e f a r end w i t h o u t u s i n g b o o s t e r s i n v o l t s i s )
18 disp ( p a r t ( b ) )
19 disp ( p o s i t i v e b o o s t e r s h o u l d p r o v i d e b o o s t o f +
string ( vp ) + v o l t s )
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93

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Utilization of Electrical Energy and Traction - J. B. Gupta, R. Manglik and R. Manglik

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Scilab Textbook Companion for

by a grant from the National Mission on Education through ICT,

5 Refrigeration and Air conditioning

7 Train Movement and Energy Consumption

8 Electric Traction Motors

9 Control of Traction Motors

10 Braking Mechanical Consideration and Control Equipment

11 Power supply for electric traction

List of Scilab Codes

average intensity of Illumination . . . . . . . . . . .

acceleration coasting retardation and scheduled speed

Scilab code Exa 1.1 power drawm

// Example 1 . 1 power drawn

Scilab code Exa 1.2 diameter and length of wire

Scilab code Exa 1.3 design the heating element

Scilab code Exa 1.4 efficiency

Scilab code Exa 1.5 average kW and kVA and pf

Scilab code Exa 1.6 average kW and kVA and pf

Scilab code Exa 1.7 rating

Scilab code Exa 1.8 efficiency

Scilab code Exa 1.9 power absorbed and power factor

// Example 1 . 9 // power a b s o r b e d and power f a c t o r

13 rs1 =2* rs ; // r e s i s t a c n e when h e a r t h i s f u l l i n

Scilab code Exa 1.10 height

Scilab code Exa 1.11 frequency

Scilab code Exa 1.12 power required

Scilab code Exa 1.13 voltage and current

Scilab code Exa 1.14 voltage and current

Scilab code Exa 3.1 ampere hours

Scilab code Exa 3.2 amount of copper

Scilab code Exa 3.3 weight of copper

Scilab code Exa 3.4 thickness

Scilab code Exa 3.5 thickness

Scilab code Exa 3.6 current

Scilab code Exa 3.7 energy consumption

Scilab code Exa 3.8 voltage

Scilab code Exa 3.9 WEIGHT OF ALUMINIUM

// Example 3 . 9 // mass o f aluminium

Scilab code Exa 3.10 quantity of electricity and ime taken

Scilab code Exa 4.1 MSCP

Scilab code Exa 4.2 lumens per watt and MSCP

Scilab code Exa 4.3 average luminance

Scilab code Exa 4.4 Illumination

Scilab code Exa 4.5 average intensity of Illumination

Scilab code Exa 4.7 Illumination and lamp efficiency

// Example 4 . 7 // lamp e f f i c i e n c y and i l l u m i n a t i o n

Scilab code Exa 4.8 height and Illumination

Scilab code Exa 4.9 candle power

// Example 4 . 9 / / c a n d l e power o f lamp

Scilab code Exa 4.10 distance

Scilab code Exa 4.12 maximum and minimum Illumination

// Example 4 . 1 2 //maximum and minimum i l l u m i n a t i o n

9 mil = CP /( h ) ^2; //maximum i l l u m i n a t i o n i n l u x

Scilab code Exa 4.13 Illumination

Scilab code Exa 4.14 Illumination

// Example 4 . 1 4 // i l l u m i n a t i o n u n d e r e a c h lamp and

Scilab code Exa 4.15 Illumination

Scilab code Exa 4.16 Illumination

Scilab code Exa 4.17 spacing

Scilab code Exa 4.18 wattage

Scilab code Exa 4.19 candle power

Scilab code Exa 4.20 capacitance

19 Et =(1/2) (( Ft Vm ) /3600) *( t1 /3600) ;

21 El_1 =(2( I ^2) R * Ts ) /(3600*1000) ;