4/7/2015

Mid Semester Thesis review

Presentation on

Outline

Performance & Emission Testing on Diesel Engine using Blends of

Introduction

Diesel and Karanja Biodiesel produced by Ultrasonic Technique

Fundamental Of Ultrasonic Transestrification

Review of relevant papers

By
Jayesh B. Galchar
Enrolment Number 130150735007
ME 4th Sem Automobile
GEC, Bhuj

Experimental Details
Result and Discussion
Work plan

Supervise by
1)Prof. J. J. Goswami 2) Prof Dr. P.P.Rathod
Associate Professor,
Mechanical Engineering Department,
Government Engineering College, Bhuj
1

Bio-diesel
Biodiesel is a fatty acid methyl or ethyl ester made from virgin or used
vegetable oils (both edible & non-edible) and animal fats. The main sources
for bio-diesel in India can be non-edible oils obtained from plant species
such as; Jatropha ,Karanja, Neem, etc.

Introduction

Bio-Diesel Use
Bio-Diesel can be blended at any level with petroleum diesel to create a biodiesel blend or can be used in its pure form. Bio-diesel operates in
compression ignition engine with very little or no engine modifications.

Biodiesel Production by Transesterification process

Types of Biodiesel Production method

Transesterification process, as showed in Figure 1 is a conventional and the most

common method for biodiesel production

Conventional Transesterification process

Supercritical process
Microwave assisted process
In this reactions, separation of catalyst from the reaction mixture is hard and
expensive, large amount of water is used to separate catalyst and product. On the
other hand, undesired by-product formation such as glycerin can be seen, the
reaction lasts very long and energy consumption may be very high.

Ultrasonic assisted process

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Ultrasound waves

: are energy application of sound waves which is

vibrated more than 20,000 per second. Ultrasound signals are in the order of 20 kHz100 kHz and above the limit of human hearing.

Production of Ultrasonic waves

Fundamental Of Ultrasonic
Assisted Transestrification

:
with the power converter
(transducer) which is piezoelectric material. Sound waves are converted to ultrasonic
waves vibrating at high frequency with quartz crystal oscillator.

In Ultrasonic Technique:

the effect of ultrasound forms a fine

emulsion between oil and alcohol which is responsible for accelerating the
transestrification reaction.
Production of biodiesel : Ultrasonic cleaning bath, ultrasonic probe
which are usually operated at a fixed frequency are mainly used as ultrasonic apparatus.
Frequency is dependent on particular type of transducer which is 20 kHz for probes and
40 kHz for bath.
7

Figure Shows schematic diagram of

biodiesel production via ultrasound assisted

Ultrasonic processing of biodiesel involves the

following steps

method.

1.Mixing vegetable oil is with the alcohol (methanol or ethanol)

and catalyst,
2. Heating the mixture,
3. The heated mixture is being sterilized by magnetic stirrer ,
Fig. Schematic of Ultrasonic Reactor[]

4. Glycerin separation by using centrifuge

10

Fatty acid composition in Karanja oil

(Pongamia Pinnate).

Raw Materials Karanja (Pongamia Pinnate)

It is available in most area of India. The average life of Karanja
tree is 80-100 years and grows a height of 40 feet. It can grow in
humid and subtropical environment within sustainable
temperature of 5-50 0C and an average rainfall of 600-2500 mm.
The average yield of kernel per tree is about 9-90 Kg per year ,
the oil percentage of karanja is about 27-39% and the oil
production is approximately 1, 35,000 metric tons per year in
India [2]

11

Sr.No

Fatty acid

Structure

Weight (%)

Palmitic

C16:0

11.6

Stearic

C18:0

7.5

Arachidic

C20:0

1.7

Oleic

C18:1

51.5

Linoleic

C18:2

16.0

Linolenic

C18:3

2.6

Lignoceric

C24:0

1.0

12

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N. Stalin and H. J. Prabhu[1], well-thought-out under

the title of Performance test of IC engine using
Karanja biodiesel blending with diesel in 2007

Biodiesel from karanja oil was produced by alkali catalyzed

transesterification process. Performance of IC engine using karanja
biodiesel blending with diesel and with various blending ratios has
been evaluated.

Reviewof relevantpapers

Results: For all the fuel samples tested, torque, brake power and
brake thermal efficiency reach maximum values at 70% load. The
dual fuel combination of B40 can be recommended for use
in the diesel engine without making any engine modifications. Also
the cost of dual fuel (B40) can be considerably reduced than pure
diesel.
13

Venkata Ramesh et al[2], studied on Preparation of

biodiesel from karanja oil with NAOH as catalyst. In
2008

In 2009 Dahai et al[3] investigated on Ultrasonic

irradiation with vibration for biodiesel production
from soybean oil by Novozym 435

Biodiesel was prepared from the non-edible oil of Karanja by

transesterification of the crude oil with methanol in the presence of
NaOH as catalyst.

Results:

Results:

1.The fuel properties like viscosity, density, flash point fire

point
and calorific value of the transesterified product (biodiesel)
compare well with accepted biodiesel standards i.e. ASTM and
German biodiesel standards.

1. It was observed ultrasonic irradiation with vibration

was proved
to be an efficient method for enzymatic biodiesel production.
2. In ultrasonic irradiation, enzyme activity of Novozym 435 was
enhanced in transesterication reaction of soybean oil and methanol.

2.The viscosity of biodiesel oil is nearer to that of diesel and the

calorific value is about 12% less than that of diesel.

Siriporn et al[4] investigated on production of

biodiesel by ultrasonic Transesterification in 2010
Experimental work on Biodiesel Production by
Ultrasonic Technique

In this work, the effect of ultrasonic on the transesterification reaction

of Jatropha oil to biodiesel was studied .

Results:
1.Ultrasonic irradiation can provide the properties of biodiesel such
as viscosity and mono-di-tri-glyceride contents which are within the
limit of EN standard.
2. This method could reduce the transesterification reaction time to
20 sec for homogeneous system, and to 1hr for heterogeneous system
with using 15% K/Al2O3 catalyst.

Production of biodiesel with soybean oil and methanol through

transesterication by Novozym 435 were conducted under Ultrasonic
irradiation.

In 2011 Ramachandran et al[5] investigate on Performance

characterization of single cylinder diesel engine fueled
with karanja biodiesel

To make an experimental investigation on single cylinder diesel engine fuelled

with the blends of Karanja and Diesel. Engine performance is also evaluated
using pure Karanja fuel without any modification in a present engine.

Results:
1.The break power of the engine was almost same for all the loads &
break thermal efficiency of the Karanja biodiesel where improved
by 3 to 8%,
Volumetric efficiency is also improved with
reduction
in exhaust gas
temperature.
2.The Karanja biodiesel can itself directly used in the engine without any
major modification.

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Ramachandran et. al.[6] researched on biodiesel

production by ultrasonic assist transestrification using
different heterogeneous catalyst in 2013.

A review on Biodiesel Production and its Emissions

and Performance in 2012 was carried out by Ambarish
Datta et al[5]

Study the feasibility of biodiesel in current engine and its performance

and emission characteristics.

Results:

Results:

1. Ultrasonic irradiation has been conrmed to be successfully

used in a signicant way to improve the emulsication of the
reactants to increase the mass transfer rate during the
transesterication reaction.
2. Reductions in reaction temperature, reaction time, alcohol to
oil ratio and catalyst amount causing a signicant decrease in
the biodiesel production cost.

1.The engine performances of biodiesel are comparable to that of

mineral diesel
2. Emission characteristics of biodiesel are better than diesel fuel except
NOx emission. The carbon monoxide, un- burned hydrocarbon and
particulate matter are found to be less in the tail pipe emissions.

Objectives of Study

Rahul Saha et al [16]investigated on performance of

Ultrasound assisted transesterification of high free
fatty acids karanja oil using heterogeneous base
catalysts in 2014

To check the different heterogeneous catalysts used in

transesterication reaction for reducing process stages and cost
effective.

Reviewed literature following objectives has been derived

for proposed research work:

Production of fuel-quality biodiesel from high free fatty acid (FFA)

feed stock, such as karanja oil, was investigated by ultrasonic assisted
technique using dual step process.

1. To compare the reaction time and yield

between convention
trasnseterification method and ultrasonic method for biodiesel production
form karanja oil.

Results:

1. It was observed that maximum conversion attained was around 84

% at room temperature. The results obtained during this study
indicate that at lower temperature using ultrasonic irradiation the
extent of methyl ester conversion was higher .

2. To test the performance and emission of karanja biodiesel blends and

suitability of the blends of karanja biodiesel and diesel for single cylinder
diesel engine.

2. The specific gravity of karanja oil methyl ester was found to be

0.891, which is within the range of ASTM biodiesel standards.
22

Experimental set up will be divided into

two different sub systems,

Experimental Details

A. Karanja
Biodiesel Formation by Ultrasonic assists
Transestrification
B. Performance Testing of blends of biodiesel on Single
Cylinder Diesel Engine

23

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Ultrasonic Probe sonicator

Specification Of Ultrasonic Probe sonicator

Power Unit

Parameter

Details

Processor

Horn Type processor

Power Rating

1000watt

Frequency

20 to 40 KHz

Programmability

10 memories

Control Unit

Ultrasonic Probe Unit

Sequencing

Optional
Adjustable Pulse

Dimensions

15'W 12'L 6.5'H

Voltage

230V, 50 Hz

25

26

Specification Of Diesel engine

Single cylinder Diesel engine

Parameter

Details

Engine

Single Cylinder High Speed Diesel

Cooling

Water cooled

Bore Stroke

80 mm 110 mm

Engine

Compression ration

16 : 1

Maximum Power

5 hp or 3.7 kw

Rated speed

1500 rpm

Capacity

553 CC

27

28

Time (Min) and yield (%) of karanja oil for different molar ratio
and catalyst (%).

Results and Discussions

% of catalyst

Molar ratio (alcohol/oil) 12:1

Molar ratio (alcohol/oil) 9:1

(BA(OH)2

Bio Diesel Production by Ultrasonic Assist

Transestrification
Properties of Karanga biodiesel
Performance and Emission parameter for
single cylinder diesel engine

29

Time

Yield

Time

Yield

(min)

(%)

(min)

(%)

0.5%

20

92.8

21

95.2

0.75%

14

90.7

18

93.4

1%

90

15

87.7

30

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Properties of Bio-Diesel Produced

Graphical Representation of Biodiesel Production

Properties

KOME

Bio diesel standard

Density(g/cc)

0.857

0.840-0.900

Diesel

Specific Gravity

0.862

0.88( at 15.50C)

0.840

Flash Point

178

100 to 180

60 to 80

Kinematic Viscosity
(mm2/sec)Cst@40 C

4.8

1.9-6.0

1.3-4.1

Cloud point (0C)

10

-3 to 12

-15 to 5

Pour point (0C)

-15 to 10

-35 to -15

Moisture Content

0.05

0.05 max

0.161

0.830

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Performance & Emission Parameter to be checked on Engine

Preparation of Bio-diesel blends with diesel

Load

Break
power

BSFC

Break
NOx
Thermal
effiency

Hydrocarbon

Carbon
monoxide

1
2
3
4

After acquiring the data the graph will be plotted with in load Vs
break power ,Specific Fuel, NOx etc of Diesel and Bio-Diesel Fuel

Figure Fuel Blending

33

Load Vs Break Power

Load Vs Break Specific Fuel consumption

34

Load Vs Break Thermal effiency

35

Load Vs % of NOx

36

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Work Plan for Dissertation PhasePhase- I

Sr. Stage
No

Load Vs % of HC

Load Vs %of CO

June
14

Selection
of
Dissertation topic

Literature
Review

Problem
Identification

Planning
for
Experimental
setup
Report Writing
for DP-I

July 14 Aug 14 Sept 14 Oct 14 Nov 14

37

Work Plan for Dissertation PhasePhase- II

Sr. Stage
No

Dec
14

Experimental
Setup

Making
karanja
biodiesel
by
ultrasonic
method
Performance
testing

3
4

Result
and
discussion

Report writing
for DP-II

Jan
15

Feb
15

Mar
15

Apr
15

Objectives achieved and to be achieved

May June
15
15

1. As mentioned in above table the after adequate literature review

for
the selected work the, the objective of the work is well defined.
2. More literature is reviewed after DP I as per instruction.
3. As per objective, karanja biodiesel is prepared by ultrasonic assist
transestrification.
4. Blending of fuel is completed and the testing for the same is certified as
certified as per attached laboratory report (Appendix B).
5. The report writing is almost finished. Only the data will to be introduced
after the practical performance.
6. Performance Data will be taken on third week of April-15.
7. Final Report writing will be completed after analysis of the acquired
experimental data.

40

References

Current Status

1. N. Stalin and H. J. Prabhu1 Performance Test Of IC Engine Using Karanja Biodiesel Blending With Diesel ARPN Journal
of Engineering and Applied Sciences October 2007 ARPN Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences.
2. Venkata Ramesh Mamilla, et.al Preparation of Bio diesel From Karanja Oil International Journal of Energy Engineering
2008.
3. Dahai Yu Li Tian, et al Ultrasonic Irradiation With Vibration For Biodiesel Production From Soybean Oil By Novozym
435 Renewable and sustainable Energy reviews 2008
4. Babak Salamatinia et al Optimization Of Ultrasonic-Assisted Heterogeneous Biodiesel Production from Palm Oil: A
response surface methodology approach Fuel Processing Technology Elsevier Journal 2009.
5. Siriporn Larpkiattaworn et al Ultrasonic On Transesterification Reaction For Biodiesel Production 7th Biomass Asia
Workshop, November 29-December 01, 2010, Jakarta, Indonesia
6. Ramchandra S. Jahagidar, et al Performance Characterization of Single Cylinder DI Diesel Engine Fueled with Karanja
Biodiesel Proceedings of the World Congress on Engineering 2011 Vol III WCE 2011, July 6 - 8, 2011, London, U.K.
7. Ambarish Datta and Bijan Kumar Mandal Biodiesel Production and its Emissions and Performance: A Review
International Journal of Scientific &Engineering Research, Volume 3, Issue 6, June-2012
8. Ali Sabri Badday et al Intensication Of Biodiesel Production Via Ultrasonic-Assisted Process: A Critical Review on
Fundamentals and Recent Development Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 16 (2012) 45744587, 6 June 2012.
9. Bobade S.N and Khyade V.B. Preparation Of Methyl Ester (Biodiesel) From Karanja (Pongamia Pinnata) Oil Research
Journal of Chemical Sciences Vol. 2(8), 43-50, August (2012)
10. K. Ramachandran et al Recent Developments for Biodiesel Production by Ultrasonic Assist Transesterication Using
Different Heterogeneous Catalyst: A Review Renewable and sustainable Energy reviews Elsevier Journal 2013.
11. Babak Salamatinia et al Intensication of biodiesel production from vegetable oils using ultrasonic-assisted process:
Optimization and kinetic Chemical Engineering and Processing: Process Intensication Elsevier Journal 2013.
12. Swarup Kumar Nayak et al Experimental Investigation on Performance and Emission Characteristics of a Diesel Engine
Fuelled with Karanja Oil MethyEster Using Additive International Journal of Engineering and Technology (IJET) 2013.
13. Ganesh Singh Chauhanet al Experimentation on Chemical Feasibility of Karanja Seed Oil to Use as In Diesel Engines
Using 4-Stroke Single Cylinder DI Diesel Engine Test Rig International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications
(IJERA) 2013.

Work Completed
Literature Review
Experimental Details
Review paper published
Bio diesel production by Ultrasonic method
Literature Report Writing

Work Remaining
Performance work for Data
Result and Discussion
Final Report Writing
41

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14. V. D. Sonara and Dr. Pravin P. Rathod A Review Study on Bio-Diesel Droplet Ignition International Journal of
Engineering Research and Technology (IJERT) 2013
15. Sushma. S et al Production of Biodiesel From Hybrid Oil (Dairy Waste Scum and Karanja) and Characterization and
Study of Its Performance on Diesel Engine International Journal of Engineering Research and Technology (IJERT)
2014.
16. Rahul Saha Vaibhav V. Goud Ultrasound assisted transesterification of high free fatty acids karanja oil using
heterogeneous base catalysts Biomass cony bioref Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2014
17. Vlada B. Veljkovic et all Biodiesel production by ultrasound-assisted transesterication: State of the art and the
perspectives Elsevier 2011
18. Hanif A. Choudhury et allUltrasonic biodiesel synthesis from crude Jatropha curcas oil with heterogeneous base
catalyst: Mechanistic insight and statistical optimization -Elsevier 2013
19. M. Maghami et all Production of biodiesel from shmeal plant waste oil using ultrasonic and conventional methods Elsevier 2014
20. Simone Michelin et all "Kinetics of ultrasound-assisted enzymatic biodiesel production from Macauba coconut oil Elsevier 2014
21. K. Noipin et allOptimization of ethyl ester production assisted by ultrasonic irradiation Elsevier 2014
22. Mohammed Takase et all Biodiesel production from non-edible Silybum marianum oil using heterogeneous solid base
catalyst under ultrasonication Elsevier 2014
23. H.G. How et all Engine performance, emission and combustion characteristics of a common-rail diesel engine fuelled
with bioethanol as a fuel additive in coconut oil biodiesel blends the 6th International Conference on Applied Energy
ICAE20142014
24. Mehrdad Mirzajanzadeh et all A novel soluble nano-catalysts in dieselbiodiesel fuel blends to improve diesel engines
performance and reduce exhaust emissions Elsevier 2014
25. R. Mohsin et all Effect of biodiesel blends on engine performance and exhaust emission for diesel dual fuel engine
Elsevier 2014

List of Publication
A review paper with the title Performance & Testing of Diesel engine with
blends of diesel and karanja biodiesel produced by ultrasonic technique is
publish in International Journal of Advance Engineering and Research
development (3.134 impact factor) Volume 1,Issue 12, December -2014

43

44

45

46

Appendix B
LABORATORY TEST CERTIFICATE FOR BIO-DIESEL AND BLEND FUEL

Abbreviation
IC ENGINE

Internal Combustion Engine

BSEC

Brake Specific Energy Consumption

IDI ENGINE

Indirect Injection Engine

BSFC

Brake Specific Fuel Consumption

JCO

Jatropha Curcas Oils

BTE

Brake Thermal Efficiency

KOH

Potassium Hydroxide

CV

Calorific Value

LNG

Liquefied Natural Gas

CaO

Calcium Oxide

LPH

Litre per Hour

CI ENGINE

Compression Ignition Engine

CNG

Compressed Natural Gas

LPM

Litre per Minute

CO

Carbon Monoxide

MEK

Methyl Ester of Karanj

CO2

Carbon Dioxide

cSt

Centistokes

DI ENGINE

Direct Injection Engine

EGT

Exhaust Gas Temperature

HC

Hydrocarbon

HSD

High Speed Diesel

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Mha

Million Hectare

MMSCMD

Million Standard Cubic Metres per Day

MMT

Million Metric Tonne

MPNG

Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas

NaOH

Sodium Hydroxide

NO

Nitrogen Oxide

NO2

Nitrogen Dioxide

NOME

Neem Oil Methyl ester

NOX

Oxides of Nitrogen

PAH

Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons

PPM

Particles Per Million

RPM

Revolutions per Minute

SAE

Society of Automotive Engineers

SVO

Straight Vegetable Oil

TDC

Top Dead Center

TEL

Tetra Ethyl Lead

WPO

Wood Pyrolysis

49